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    Management Ppts

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    Shubham Tayade
    The key milestones in processor evolution were the introduction of the microprocessor, which is a processor implemented on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971, which had 2300 transistors, a clock speed of 740 kHz, and could process 92,000 instructions per second while dissipating 0.5 watts of power. When selecting a processor, factors like performance, power, memory, peripheral set, operating voltage, and price must be considered. Performance depends on architecture, cache size, and fabrication technique. Power is impacted by clock speed, logic density, and power management techniques. Memory selection impacts cost and upgradability.

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    Management Ppts

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Tayade
    7 views14 pages
    The key milestones in processor evolution were the introduction of the microprocessor, which is a processor implemented on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971, which had 2300 transistors, a clock speed of 740 kHz, and could process 92,000 instructions per second while dissipating 0.5 watts of power. When selecting a processor, factors like performance, power, memory, peripheral set, operating voltage, and price must be considered. Performance depends on architecture, cache size, and fabrication technique. Power is impacted by clock speed, logic density, and power management techniques. Memory selection impacts cost and upgradability.

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    Management ppts

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    Management ppts

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    The key milestones in processor evolution were the introduction of the microprocessor, which is a processor implemented on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971, which had 2300 transistors, a clock speed of 740 kHz, and could process 92,000 instructions per second while dissipating 0.5 watts of power. When selecting a processor, factors like performance, power, memory, peripheral set, operating voltage, and price must be considered. Performance depends on architecture, cache size, and fabrication technique. Power is impacted by clock speed, logic density, and power management techniques. Memory selection impacts cost and upgradability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    7 views14 pages

    Management Ppts

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Tayade
    The key milestones in processor evolution were the introduction of the microprocessor, which is a processor implemented on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971, which had 2300 transistors, a clock speed of 740 kHz, and could process 92,000 instructions per second while dissipating 0.5 watts of power. When selecting a processor, factors like performance, power, memory, peripheral set, operating voltage, and price must be considered. Performance depends on architecture, cache size, and fabrication technique. Power is impacted by clock speed, logic density, and power management techniques. Memory selection impacts cost and upgradability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    Emerging Trends in Electronics

    (22636)
    Presented by,

    Mugdha A. Tamhan
    Unit 1
    Advance Processors
    (Marks 16)
    • Advances in processor architecture: Introduction, Processor Selection Criteria
    • ARM: Introduction, Features of ARM7 and ARM7TDMI, advantages, applications.
    • Arduino: Introduction, Compatible R2/R3 Uno board Features. ATmega 328: Introduction, pin
    description.
    • Arduino IDE: Features, Sketch: C, C++ functions setup (), loop (), pinMode (), digitalWrite (),
    digital Read () and delay ()
    • Arduino Interfacing: LED, Relay and DC motor.
    • Graphical Processing Unit (GPU): Introduction, Features, Basic architecture of GPU,
    Architectural difference between GPU and CPU, GPU applications
    • Advances in processor architecture:
    • Processors have undergone a tremendous evolution throughout their history.

    • A key milestone was the introduction of the microprocessor.

    • Microprocessor – processor is implemented in a single chip.

    • The first microprocessor was


    • Introduced by – Intel • Clock speed – 740 KHz
    • Name – Intel 4004 • No. of instructions /sec – 92000
    • Year – 1971 • Power dissipation – 0.5 watts
    • No. of transistor – 2300
    • Few reasons behind the complexity of an integrated circuit are listed below,
    • Chip’s heat dissipation.
    • The number of interconnections possible on the chip.
    • Number of transistors that can be mounted onto one chip with limited size.
    • The package terminations provided that allows the processor to connect to
    other parts of the system.
    • A key milestone in the evolution of processors was the introduction of the _____.
    Microprocessor

    • Microprocessor is implemented in a _________.


    Single Chip

    • The first microprocessor was introduced by,


    a) Intel
    b) Atmel
    c) Motorola
    d) silicon
    • The name of first microprocessor _____.
    Intel 4004

    • The first microprocessor was introduced in the year _____.


    1971

    • The no. of transistor on 1st microprocessor are___.


    2300

    • Power dissipated by first microprocessor was______.


    0.5 watts
    • The clock speed of first microprocessor is _____.
    740 KHz

    • No. of instructions /sec delivered by first microprocessor ______.


    92000
    • The complexity of an integrated circuit is bounded by,
    a) Physical limitations on the number of transistors that can be put onto one
    chip.
    b) The number of package terminations that can connect the processor to
    other parts of the system.
    c) The number of interconnections it is possible to make on the chip.
    d) The heat that the chip can dissipate.
    • Processor Selection Criteria:
    1. Performance Considerations
    2. Power considerations
    3. Memory
    4. Peripheral Set
    5. Operating Voltage
    6. Specialized Processing Units
    7. Price
    • Performance:
    • The performance speed is dependent on its architecture and its silicon design.

    • Fabrication techniques helped packing more transistors in same area which reduces the
    propagation delay.

    • Presence of cache reduces instruction/data fetch timing.

    • Pipelining and super-scalar architectures improves the performance of the processor.

    • Branch prediction, speculative execution etc. techniques used for improving the
    execution rate.

    • Multi-cores improves the performance.

    • So, size of cache, processor architecture, instruction set etc. has to be taken into
    account when comparing the performance.
    • Power:
    • Increase in logic density and clock speed increases the power requirement.

    • A higher clock implies faster charge and discharge cycles leading to more power consumption.

    • More logic leads to higher power density which makes the heat dissipation difficult.

    • for optimal power usage, many systems becoming battery operated.

    • frequency scaling – reduces the clock frequency depending on the load.

    • voltage scaling – varying the voltage based on load can help in achieving lower power usage.

    • asymmetric multiprocessors, under near idle conditions, can effectively power off the more
    powerful core and load the less powerful core for performing the tasks.

    • SoC comes with advanced power gating techniques that can shut down clocks and power to
    unused modules.
    • Memory:
    • designers make the decision to use internal or external memory after they define
    the required amounts of code space and data memory.
    • Internal memory is the most cost effective memory type, but it is also the least
    flexible.
    • Due to this reason, designers must determine future growth possibilities and
    whether there is an upgrade path to microcontrollers with larger code space.
    • Since cost is always a factor, the microcontroller with the least amount of
    memory to fit the application is typically selected.
    • Therefore, care must be taken when predicting code size, since an increase in
    code size might require a different microcontroller.
    • Peripheral Set:
    • Every system design needs, apart from the processor, many other peripherals for
    input and output operations.

    • Since in an embedded system, almost all the processors used are SoCs, it is better
    if the necessary peripherals are available in the chip itself.

    • This offers various benefits compared to peripherals in external IC’s such as


    optimal power architecture, effective data communication using DMA etc.

    • So it is important to have peripheral set in consideration when selecting the


    processor.
    • Operating Voltages:
    • Each and every processor will have its own operating voltage condition.

    • The operating voltage maximum and minimum ratings will be provided in the
    respective data sheet or user manual.

    • While higher end processors typically operate with 2 to 5 voltages including 1.8V
    for Cores/Analogue domains, 3.3V for IO lines, needs specialized PMIC devices, it
    is a deciding factor in low end micro-controllers based on the input voltage.

    • For example it is cheaper to work with a 5V micro-controller when the input


    supply is 5V and 3.3 micro-controllers when operated with Li-on batteries.

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