Microprocessor and Its Types

Microprocessor and Its Types
• A microprocessor can be classified into three

categories:
• RISC Processor
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.
RISC Processor has a limited number of instructions,
because of simple and small instruction it execute it
very fastly .
• It is designed to reduce the execution time by simplifying
the instruction set of the computer. Using RISC
processors, each instruction requires only one clock cycle
to execute results in uniform execution time.
continue:-
• Some of the RISC processors are −
• Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620
• DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164
• MIPS: TS (R10000) RISC Processor
Characteristics of RISC
The major characteristics of a RISC processor are as follows −
•It consists of simple instructions.
•It supports various data-type formats.
•It utilizes simple addressing modes and fixed length
instructions for pipelining.
•It supports register to use in any context.
•One cycle execution time.
•“LOAD” and “STORE” instructions are used to access the
memory location.
•It consists of larger number of registers.
•It consists of less number of transistors.
CISC Processor:-
•CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set
Computer. CISC processor can perform multi-
step operations. It contains large number of
complex instructions.
• It is designed to minimize the number of
instructions per program, ignoring the number
of cycles per instruction.
CISC Processor:-
• The compiler has to do very little work to

translate a high-level language into assembly
level language/machine code because the
length of the code is relatively short, so very
little RAM is required to store the instructions.
• Some of the CISC Processors are −
• IBM 370/168
• VAX 11/780
• Intel 80486
Characteristics of CISC:-
•The instructions are complex.
•The numbers of instructions are relatively more than RISC
microprocessor almost 100 to 200.
•It takes more than four cycles to somewhere around 120 to complete
complex instructions.
•The program is executed sequentially thus no feature of pipelining
(parallel execution).
•The instructions are executed by micro program where the complexity
lies.
•The instruction format and size may vary as opposed to RISC fixed
instructions.
•The program code in CISC is simple and short thus it uses less
memory or RAM.
• Special Processors
• These are the processors which are designed
for some special purposes. Few of the special
processors are briefly discussed −
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor):-This processor
is specially designed to process the analog
signals into a digital form
• They receive some digitized signal
information, perform some mathematical
operations on the information and give the
result to an output device.
• The chips of this processor are employed in
SONAR,RADAR,home theaters,Mobile
phones,TV setup Box
• Coprocessor
• Input/Output Processor
• Transputer (Transistor Computer)
s.no RISC CISC
1 Simple instruction set Complex instruction set
2 Consists of Large number of Less number of registers

registers
3 Larger Program Smaller program
4 More RAM usage Little Ram usage
5 Fixed length instructions Variable length instructions
6 fixed number of clock cycles for Variable number of clock cycles for
executing one instruction each instructions
7 Simple addressing modes Variety of addressing modes
8 Single cycle instruction Instructions can take several clock
cycle.
9
Limitations of 8085 microprocessor:-
• In 8085 Microprocessor, Processor can
perform any arithmetic and logical operation
only on 8 bit data at a time.
• In 8085 microprocessor, only 16 bit address
lines, we can address only up to 64KB of
memory
• Flags are very limited in 8085.
• Interrupts are very limited in 8085.
• Operating frequency is less in 8085
microprocessor, so the speed of execution is slow.
• In 8085 Microprocessor, we cannot design multi-
processor system.
• In 8085 microprocessor due to limited 8 bit size of
the all registers, we can store limited data bytes
in the microprocessor memory.
•
Features of a Microprocessor
•Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor −
•a) Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and
results its low cost.
•b) Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
•c) Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metal
oxide semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
•d) Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in
a number of applications by configuring the software program.
•e) Reliability − The failure rate of microprocessors is very low, hence it is
reliable.
Applications of 8085
•The microprocessor has created a significant impact in its various fields. The
availability of low cost, low power and small weight, computing capability
allows user to use it in different applications. Nowadays, a microprocessor
based systems are used in automatic testing product, speed control of motors,
traffic light control, light control , moving message display etc. Some of the
important areas of applications are mentioned below:
1. Instrumentation: It has very wide applications in the field of
instrumentation. Frequency counters, function generators, frequency
synthesizers, frequency divider, digital meter and many other instruments are
available, where microprocessors are used as controller. It is also used in
medical instrumentation like ECG (electronic cardiogram) etc
2. Control Systems: -Microprocessor based controllers are available in home based appliances, such as
microwave oven, washing machine etc., where microprocessors are being used to control various
parameters like speed, pressure, temperature, mode of operation etc.
3. Communication :- Microprocessors are being used in a wide range of communication equipment's. In
telephone industry, these are used in digital telephone sets, telephone exchanges and modem, etc. The
uses of microprocessor in television, satellite communication have made teleconferencing possible.
Railway reservation and air reservation system also uses this technology.
4. Office and Home Based Automation:- Microprocessor based microcomputer with software packages
has changed the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are being used for word
processing, spread sheet operations, storage, attendance counting using fingerprint verification of
employee, home automation system etc. The microprocessor has revolutionized the publication
technology.
5. Entertainment:- The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and home applications
•is making them more entertaining and full of features. The use of microprocessors is more
•widespread and popular.

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Microprocessor and Its Types

• A microprocessor can be classified into three

• The compiler has to do very little work to

1 Simple instruction set Complex instruction set

2 Consists of Large number of Less number of registers

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