Chem 02 - Mod - WK1L2

CAPITOL UNIVERSITY
Cagayan de Oro City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
LESSON PACKET
SUBJECT: General Chemistry 2

ESSENTIAL TOPICS: Properties of Liquids LESSON CODE: W1L2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1) Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization
2) Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular
forces
DISCUSSION
DESCRIBING THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

 Electron clouds of molecules also exert repulsive forces when they move closer together. The magnitude
of these forces change inversely with the distance between molecules, that is, they become stronger as
molecules become closer together.
 Liquids and solids are virtually incompressible. The repulsive forces between their particles prevent them
from being packed closer together, even as they are subjected to greater pressure.
1. Surface Tension- this refers to the amount of energy needed to increase the surface area of a liquid by a
certain degree. Liquids with stronger intermolecular forces have higher surface tension than those with
weak intermolecular forces. This explains why water, which exhibits hydrogen bonding, has a relatively high
surface tension compared to other liquids
(Left) the near-spherical shape of a water droplet (right) surface tension caused by molecular interactions at the air-liquid interface
2. Cohesion and adhesion- a liquid may spontaneously move within a narrow tube as a result of its interior
molecules trying to overcome surface tension. This behavior of liquids is called capillary action. The
balance of these two types of forces is responsible for capillary action: cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion
refers to the IMF between the molecules of a liquid that allows them to attract the same type of molecules
within the liquid. Adhesion is the net attractive force between a liquid’s molecules and molecules of other
types of matter that the liquid happens to be in contact with. When a film of water adheres to the surface of
the tube, surface tension acts to hold the liquid’s surface intact and causes a net force that drives water
along an upward direction within the tube. Water rising within a narrow tube is an example of a liquid going
through capillary action when adhesion is stronger than cohesion. In contrast, when a liquid’s adhesion is
weaker than its cohesion, its molecules tend to be attracted more strongly to similar molecules than to the
molecules of the tube. This results in a net force with an inward direction that causes the liquid to minimize
contact with the tube’s surface.
The differences in the adhesion-cohesion properties of water and mercury

3. Viscosity- this refers to the physical property of liquids that measures their internal resistance to flow. The
magnitude of the viscosity of a liquid is determined by its IMF. Liquids with strong IMF tend to be highly
viscous; hence, they flow more slowly. Viscosity is also affected by a liquid’s temperature. In general, the
viscosity of a liquid decreases as its temperature increases. This is because molecules have higher energy
and can move faster and more freely at higher temperatures.
4. Vapor pressure and boiling point- as a liquid evaporates, its gaseous molecules exert vapor pressure.
The stronger a liquid’s IMF, the lower its vapor pressure at a given temperature, which in turn, makes a
liquid harder to vaporize. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is
equal to the atmospheric pressure acting upon it. If a liquid’s IMF are weak, the liquid has a high vapor
pressure. However, its boiling point will be low, as only a small amount of heat energy will be needed to
vaporize the liquid. The quantity of heat that is required to change one mole of a liquid at its boiling point
into a gaseous or vapor state is known as the liquid’s molar heat of vaporization at that particular
temperature. In general, substances with stronger IMF have higher boiling points as it will require more
energy to overcome these forces to cause molecules initially attracted to each other to separate.
EXPLAINING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER USING INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 Water has several interesting properties, all of which can be explained by its molecular structure. These
properties make water crucial in the functions and processes required by life to sustain its existence.
1. Excellent solvent for many ionic and molecular compounds. Due to its polar geometry, water can
form almost any type of interactions with a wide variety of compounds, which in turn, allows these
compounds to be dissolved into simpler units. This earns it the moniker “universal solvent”. As such,
biological systems are for the most part aqueous since water enables organisms to consume a wider variety
of ions and compounds.
2. High specific heat capacity. This refers to the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of
the substance by one degree (for example, from 1 K to 2 K or 12° C to 13° C) Water has a specific heat
capacity of 4.184 J/g•K, owing to its molecules’ ability to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds present in
this substance. This means water can absorb a substantial amount of heat, such as solar heat, with its
temperature only increasing slightly.
3. The lower density of solid water compared to liquid water. In ice, the molecules of water are joined
together by an extensively ordered three-dimensional network. Each oxygen atom is bonded to four
hydrogen atoms (two by covalent bonds, two by hydrogen bonds) forming a tetrahedral geometry. This
geometry allows for a lot of empty space to exist between water molecules in ice. At the melting point of
ice, however, this network becomes more energetic and mobile, allowing for some water molecules to get
trapped within the cavities of the three-dimensional network. This higher number of molecules per unit
volume contained in liquid water’s structure is what makes ice les dense than liquid water, which in turn
explains why ice floats on water. This tendency of water is unusual since in general, substances in their
solid-state tend to be denser than their liquid state.
4. The ability to rise in thin tubes. This property gives water an important biological function, particularly,
in the transport of water and nutrients within plants from the roots upward.
References:
 Castrosanto, et. al. 2021. General Chemistry 2. TechFactors Inc.
Photos used:
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=water+droplet+on+leaf&hl=en&authuser=0&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=
1366&bih=667&ei=W-URYqOTGo-B-
AaL1ZKQCw&iflsig=AHkkrS4AAAAAYhHza9BG4_QMvFMnHAxskcy0maM2CGlL&oq=water+droplet+on+lea&gs_lcp
=CgNpbWcQAxgAMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBggAEAgQHjoICAAQgAQQsQM6
CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBUABYlx9g6iloAHAAeACAAaoDiAG7FpIBCDAuMTkuNC0xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&scl
ient=img#imgrc=iuw6nRlqRWrtcM
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=water+and+mercury+meniscus&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiOhoH22Y32Ah
XQy4sBHQ-rBi4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=water+and+mercury+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBAgAEB4yBggAEAU
QHjIGCAAQBRAeMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYOgQIABBDOggIABCABBCxAzoLCAAQgAQQsQMQgwE
6BwgAELEDEENQkgZY7h1g8jJoAHAAeACAAa0CiAHjFpIBCDAuMTguMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&
sclient=img&ei=MeYRYs6pPNCXr7wPj9aa8AI&authuser=0&bih=667&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=d0GePDxr4OI09M
END

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CAPITOL UNIVERSITY

Cagayan de Oro City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SUBJECT: General Chemistry 2

DESCRIBING THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

The differences in the adhesion-cohesion properties of water and mercury

EXPLAINING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER USING INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Castrosanto, et. al. 2021. General Chemistry 2. TechFactors Inc.

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