General Chemistry 2 –Senior High School (STEM)

EQ: Why do solids and liquids behave

differently?
VS
 There are two kinds of forces, or
attraction that operate in a molecule
-Intramolecular and Intermolecular.
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a
molecule.
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.
Ionic bonds occur when valence electrons are completely transferred
between atoms, resulting in two oppositely charged ions. Metals lose
electrons to become positively charged cations while nonmetals
accept those electrons to become negatively charged anions.
Covalent bond: This bond is formed between atoms with
similar electronegativities—the affinity or desire for
electrons. Because both atoms have similar affinity for
electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them,
they share electrons to achieve octet configuration and
become more stable.
A nonpolar covalent bond is formed between same atoms or atoms
with very similar electronegativities—the difference in
electronegativity between bonded atoms is less than 0.5.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the properties of
solids and liquids in terms of intermolecular forces of
attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual
particles.
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.

2. These are particles are in constant motion.

3 The speed of particle is proportional to temperature.

Increased temperature means greater speed.
.
Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between
4 particles, in the freedom of motion of particles, and in the
extent to which the particles interact.
.
a. Compare the distances among molecules in the gas, liquid
and solid and rank the phases in increasing distance between
particles.
b. Describe the characteristic movement of the particles of gas,
liquid and solid.
c. How are the molecules of gas, liquid and solid arranged?
d. Arrange the three phases of matter in order of increasing
volume of empty space between its molecules.
 General Chemistry 2 –Senior High School (STEM)

EQ: How is intermolecular forces defined by nature

of particles?
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES are attractive
forces between molecules or particles in the
solid or liquid states.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (IMF) are
relatively weaker than the forces within the
molecules forming bonds (intramolecular
forces)

Intramolecular Forces hold atoms together in

a
molecule.
 The intermolecular forces of attraction in a
pure substance are collectively known as van
der Waals forces.
1. Dipole-dipole
2.Hydrogen bonding
3. Ion-dipole
4.London dispersion
5.Dipole-induced dipole force
 Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar
molecules. One end of a dipole attracts the
oppositely charged end of the other dipole.
It is a special and very strong type of dipole –
dipole force that exists between a hydrogen
atom bound to a small and highly
electronegative non-metal atom.

Hydrogen bond occurs in polar molecules

containing H and any of highly
electronegative elements, in particular
Nitrogen, Fluorine, and Oxygen.
 It acts between an ion
(either positive or negative)
and a polar molecule.

This explains the solubility of

ionic compounds in water,
which is polar
molecule.
 The ions and the oppositely charged ends
of the polar water molecules overcome the
attraction between ions themselves.
Each ion becomes separated and water
molecules cluster around it.
 It is the weakest type of intermolecular force.

When two non-polar molecules approach

each other, an instantaneous dipole moment
forms.
 Interaction between Polar and non-polar
molecules.
What type of intermolecular force will act in the
following substances? Justify your answer.

1 2 sulfur dioxide (SO )

.
2 nitrogen gas (N2)
. hydrogen fluoride (HF)
3
carbon dioxide (CO2)
. neon gas (Ne)
4
. magnesium chloride (MgCl2) dissolved in water
(H2O)
5
General Chemistry 2 –Senior High School (STEM)

EQ: How do intermolecular force influence the

properties of liquids? s
 Liquids do not have a
simple or regular
structure, but many
of their properties
can be explained
qualitatively by
viewing them at the
particulate level.
 Surface
Tension

Viscosity
Capillary
Action

General
Properties
of Liquids
Vapour
Heat of Pressure
Vaporization

Boiling Point
• It is the measure of the elastic force in the surface of a
liquid.

• It is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase

the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

• It is manifested as some sort of skin on the surface of a

liquid or in a drop of liquid.
 Surface tension allows needles and paper
clips to float in water if placed carefully on the
surface. It also explains why drop of water are
spherical in shaped
 These intermolecular forces tend to pull the
molecules into the liquid and cause the
surface to tighten like an elastic film or
“skin”.
Capillary action is the
tendency of a liquid to
rise in narrow tubes or
be drawn into small
openings such as in
drawing of blood
sample by pricking the
finger with a needle.
The rising of the blood or any liquid in a
tube is called capillarity or capillary action.
Two types of forces are involved in capillary
action:
Cohesion/ Cohesive forces is the intermolecular
attraction within the liquid molecules.

Adhesion/Adhesive forces is an attraction between

the liquid molecules and the walls of the tube or solid.
The meniscus curve of a liquid is the upward
or downward curve seen at the top of a
liquid in a container.

When water is placed in a narrow tube, the

surface of takes a U-shape (concave)
(adhesive force is greater than cohesive force)

In mercury, the meniscus is curved downward

(convex)
(cohesive force is greater than adhesive force)
• When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules
are greater than the adhesive forces between the liquid
and the walls of the container, the surface of the liquid is
convex.

• When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules

are lesser than the adhesive forces between the liquid and
the walls of the container, the surface of the liquid is
concave.
 Capillarity is also
observed in the transport
of water from the roots to
the other parts of a plant.
 It is defined as the resistance of a
liquid to flow.

It is loosely referred to as the

thickness or thinness of a
liquid.

Syrup and oil flow more slowly than

water and are thus described as more
viscous.
The viscosity of liquid depends
on their intermolecular
attraction.

The stronger the

intermolecular force, the
higher is the liquid’s viscosity
When liquid particles at the surface of a
liquid have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces of
neighboring molecules, they escape into
the gaseous or vapor state.

This process is called evaporation.

As the vapor particles increase,
some collide with the liquid
surface and return to the liquid
state.

This is known as condensation.

Volatility is the ability of a substance to
vaporize.

Liquids like acetone and alcohol have high vapor

pressure and are considered volatile
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the liquid and vapour
phase of the substance exists in equilibrium
for a specific pressure condition.
At higher altitude, the atmospheric pressure is
lower, hence, the boiling point will subsequently
decrease.

The greater intermolecular force, the higher the

energy needed to increase the kinetic energy of the
molecules to break these forces.
General Chemistry 2 –Senior High School (STEM)

EQ: How do you describe solids?

 Solid can be classified as crystalline or
amorphous based on the arrangement of
their particles.

Crystalline solids have highly regular

arrangement of particles, while amorphous
solids have considerable disorder in their
structure.
Amorphous solids, such
a glass, are formed
rapidly that its
constituent particles do
not have time to align or
organize into a more
crystalline lattice.
 Crystalline Solids have well-defined crystal
lattice.

A lattice is a three-dimensional system of

points designating the positions of the
components (ions, atoms, or molecules) that
makeup a crystal.
 A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit of
lattice.