E CC 8

CECM
p III EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK
CONVENTION EUROPEENNEDE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIOUE
E K 8 II EURO PAISCHE KONVENTION FOR STAHLBAU

ECCS - Advisory Committee 5

Application of Eurocode 3

Essentials of Eurocode 3
Design Manual for
Steel Structures in Building

FIRST EDITION
This document
pages
(ntains

1991 N°65
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted inanyformorby anymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, orotherwise.
withoutthe prior permission of the Copyright owner:

ECCS General Secretariat

CECM Avenue des Ombrages, 32/36 bte 20
EKS B-1200 BRUSSELS (Belgium)
ECCS assumesno liabilitywith respect to the use for anyapplication of the material and Information
contained in this publication.
CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope of the Essentials of Eurocode 3/1

1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Notation

2. BASIS OF DESIGN

2.1 Fundamental requirements

2.2 Definitions and classifications
2.3 Design requirements

3. MATERIALS

3.1 General
3.2 Nominal values for hot rolled steel
3.3 Connecting devices
3.4 Design values of material coefficients

4. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

4.1 Basis
4.2 Deflections
in
4.3 Slip resistance for preloaded bolts, when slip of connections is not allowed
serviceability limit state

5. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

5.1 Basis
5.2 Calculation of internal forcesand moments
5.3 Classification and resistance of cross sections
5.4 Stability
5.5 Net sectionfailure
5.6 Web crippling

6. CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO STATIC LOADING

6.1 Basis
6.2 Bolted connections
6.3 Welded connections
PREFACE

The Eurocodes are being prepared to harmonize design procedures between countries which are
members of CEN (European Committee for Standardization).

Eurocode 3 - Part 1 (EC3/1) "Design of Steel Structures: General Rules and Rules for Buildings'has been
- for
published initially as an ENV document (European pre-standard a prospective European Standard
provisional application).

The national authorities of the member stateshave issued National ApplicationDocuments (NAD) to make
EC 3/1 operatIve whilst it has ENV-status.

These Essentials of EC 3/1 (E - EC 3) have been prepared by the ECCS - AdvisoryCommittee 5 as a

design aid in supplement to the complete EC 3/1 to facilitate the use of EC 3/1 for the design of steel
buildings in the ENV-period.

The E - EC 3 only contain those rules from EC 3/1 that are likely to be needed for daily practical design
work. References to EC 3/1 are given in [...]. Quotations from EC 3/1 are identified by cursiveletters, any
other text, tables or figuresnot quoted from EC 3/1 are deemed to satisfy the rules specified in EC 3/1;
in case of doubt or when rules are missing (e.g. for the designof thin walled or fatigue loaded structures
or reference standards for products or for fabrication and erection) EC 3/1 should be consulted in
conjunctionwith the NAD.
The ECCS - AdvisoryCommittee 5 is at present composed of thefollowingmembers:

Aasen, B. Norway
Arda, T.S. Turkey
Bock, H. United Kingdom
Burgholzer, L Austria
Danieli, S. Italy
Dowling, P.J. United Kingdom
Falke, J. Germany
Gemperte, C. Switzerland
Gettins, H.J. (Chairman) United Kingdom
Lequien, Ph. France
Lutteroth, A. Germany
Schleich, J.B. Luxembourg
Sedlacek, G. Germany
Takanashi, K Japan
Thomasson, P.O. Sweden

The Committee gratefully obtainedcontributionsfrom:

Dier, A.F. United Kingdom

Grotmann, D. Germany
Morrow, A.W. United Kingdom
Ta1or, J.C. United Kingdom

Particular thanksare given to the ECCS Technical Committees who have contributed to the work.
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE OF THE ESSENTIALSOF EUROCODE3/1

(1) These Essentials of EC 3/1 apply to the design of buildings and similar structures in steel. Not
included are structures susceptible to fatigue or exposed to low temperatures or fire for whichthe
the completeEC 3/1 rules.
complete EC 3/1 documentshould be consulted. In caseof doubt use

1.2 [1.3]
ASSUMPTIONS

(1) [1.3.(1)]
The followingassumptions apply:

- Structures are designed by appropriately qualifiedand experienced personnel.

of the work.
- Adequate supervision and qualitycontrol is provided during execution
- Construction is carried out by personnelhaving the appropriate skill and experience.
- The construction materials and products used are as specifiedin this document or in the
relevantmaterialor product specifications.
- The structure will be adequately maintained.
- The use of the structure will be in accordancewith the design brief.

1.3 [1.4]
DEFINITIONS

(1) [1.4.(1)]
Unless otheiwisestated, the terminologyused in International Standard ISO 8930 applies.

1.4 [1.6]
NOTATION

(1) [1.6.6.(3)]
Where symbols with multiplesubscriptsare needed,theyhavebeen assembledin the following
sequence:
- main parameter (eg. M, N, 8)
- variant type (eg. p!, eff, b, c)
- sense (eg. t, v)
- axis (eg. y, z)
- location (eg. 1, 2, 3)
- nature (eg. R, S)
- level (eg. d, k)
- index (eg. 1, 2, 3)

Resistance Momentof the gross section, y axis)

Example: MPIYRd (design plastic

(2) Dots are used to separate subscriptsinto pairs of characters, except as follows:
- Subscriptswith more than one character
- Combinations Rd, Sdetc.
Table 1.1 DimensiOnsand axes of sections

z 2 2

tf
y-
h

z z

z
U

V
N U
h h
y—- y y— —

:4t U—

2
2 BASIS OF DESIGN

2.1 [2.11
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

(1) [2.1.(1)]
A structureshall be designedand constructedin such a way that:
- with acceptableprobability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having
due regard to its intended life and its cost, and

- with appropriatedegrees of reliability, it will sustainall actions and influenceslikely to

occur during execution (i.e. the construction period) and use and have adequate
durabilityin relation to maintenance costs.

(2) [2.1.(2)]
A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like
to the original
explosions, impactor consequences ofhuman errors, to an extent disproportionate
cause.

(3) [2.1.(4)]
The aboverequirementsshall be met by the choice of suitablematerials, by appropriate design
and detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as
relevantfor the particularproject.

2.2 [2.2]
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

2.2.1 [2.2.1.1]
Limit states

(1) [2.2.1.1.(1)]
Limit states are states beyond which the structureno longer satisfies the design performance
requirements.

Limit states are classifiedinto:

- ultimate limit states

- serv'iceabilltj' limit states.

(2) [2.2.1.1.(2)]
Ultimate limit states are those associatedwith collapse, or with other forms of structuralfailure
which may endangerthe safetyofpeople.

(3) [2.2.1.1.(5)]
Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified service criteria are no
longer met.

3
 2.2.2 (2.2.2]
Actions

2.2.2.1 [2.2.2.1J
Definition and principal classification *)1

(1) [2.2.2.1.(1)]
Anaction (F) is:
- a force (load) applied to the structure(direct action), or
- an imposeddeformation(indirectaction);for example, temperature effectsordifferential
settlement.

(2) [2.2.2.1.(2)I
Actions are classified as:

- permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fittings, and/lanes and fixed
equipment

- variable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads, wind loads or snow loads

- accidentalactions (A), e.g. explosions or impact from vehicles

2.2.2.2 [2.2.2.2]
Characteristic values of actions

(1) [2.2.2.2.(1)]
Characteristic values Fk are specified:

- in the Eurocodefor Actions or other relevantloading codes, or

- by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum
provisions specified in the relevantloading codes or by the competentauthorityare
observed.

2.2.2.3 [2.2.2.4]
Design values of actions

(1) [2.2.2.4.(1)]
The design value Fd of an action is expressedin general terms as:

Fd = (2.1)

where: '7F= Partial safetyfactor for actions

Fk
= Characteristic value of the action

*) Fuller definitions of the classification of actionswill be found in the Eurocodefor Actions.

4
2.3 12.31
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 [2.3.1]
General

(1) [2.3.1.(1)]
It shall be verified that no relevantlimit state is exceeded.
(2) [2.3.1.(2)1
All relevantdesign situationsand load cases shall be considered.

(3) [2.3.1.(3)]
Possible deviationsfrom the assumeddirections or positions of actions shall be considered.

(4) [2.3.1.(4)J
Calculations shall be performedusing appropriate design models (supplemented, if necessary,
to predict the
by tests) involvingall relevant variables. The models shall be sufficientlyprecise and
structuralbehaviour, commensurate with the standard of workmanship likely to be achieved,
with the reliabilityof the information on which the design is based.

2.3.2 [2.3.2]
Ultimate limit states

2.3.2.1 [2.3.2.1]
Verification conditions

(1) [2.3.2.1.(2)1
When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or
connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:

Rd (2.2)
Sd

where Sd is the design valueofan internalforce or moment(orof a respectivevectorofseveral

internal forces or moments)

and Rd is the correspondingdesign resistance,

associatingall structuralpropertieswith the respective design values.

2.3.2.2 [2.3.2.21
Combinations of actions

(1) [2.3.2.2.(1)]
For each load case, design values for the effects of actions shall be determined from
combination rules involvingdesign values of actionsas identifiedby table 2.1 and table 2.2.

5
Table 2.1 CombinatIons o actionsfor ultimate limit state
Load combinations to be considered: - permanent actions,
GK e.g. self weight

1G .EG + "0Lmiix - variable actions,e.g. Imposed loads

on floors, snow loads, wind loads
1. 1,35.EG1 + 1,50**.Qk.
Q- the variable action which causes the
largest effect
'i0 + 0,9yQ.EQk
partial safety factor for permanent
2. 1,35'sEGk + 1,35 .EQ, actions

'i0 partial safetyfactor for variable

actions
If the deadload G counteractsthe variable
action Q:

= 1,00

I I II I I T-# F

$ I I 1111111 windioadQ
deadload G

If a variableload Q counteracts the

dominant loading:

=0

The load combination which givesthe largest effect (i.e. internal forces or
moment) is decisive

6
 Table 2.2 Examples for the applicationof the combination rules in table 2.1.
All actions(g, q, P, s, w) are considered to originate from different sources.

f1IIHIIHIIIHtS
fljHIl!IlHlt I I
g
1.1,3&g+1,50•q
2. 1,35.g + 1,50.s
I I 1
3. 1,35.(g-fq+s)
)7
'P
Iii liii HLLIq $

I ,.
2. 1,35.g +1,50.P
I
I I 3. 1.35.g +1,50.s
4. +q+ S+
1,35.(g
7777 '777

II! III Lt s
tlHIiiIliitq
$i1IlII!LLLJ g 1. 1,35.g+1,50.w
w 2. 1,35.g + 1,50.q
3. 1,35.g + 1,50.s
4. 1,35.(g+q+w+s)

g- dead load Assuming P is independent of g,q,s and w

q -
Imposed load
P- Point load
s - snow load
w- windload

2.3.3 [2.3.41
Serviceability limit states

(1) For each loadcase, designvalues for the effects ofactionsshall be determined from combination
rules involving designvalues of actionsas identified by table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Combinations of actionsfor servicebilfty limit state

Load combinations to be considered: G- permanent actions, e.g. self weight

- variable actions,e.g. imposed loads,

snow loads, wind
1. EGK +
- the variable action which causesthe
largest effect
2. EG, + O,9EQ,

The load combination which gives the largest effect (i.e. deformations, deflections) is decisive

7
 3 MATERIALS

3.1 [3.1]
GENERAL

(1) [3.1.(1)J
The materialpropertiesgiven in this chapter are those required for the puipose of
design.

3.2 13.2.21
NOMINAL VALUES FOR HOT ROLLED STEEL

Table 3.1 Nominal values of yield strength f, and ultimatetensile strength for
structural steels to EN 10025
t
Thickness t mm1
Nominal steel
grade t 40 mm 40 mm <t 100 mm

f (N/mm2) (N/mm2) f (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

Fe360 235 360 215 340
Fe 430 275 430 255 410
Fe 510 355 510 335 490
t is the nominal thickness of the element
- of the flange of rolled sections C
- of the particular elements of the weldedsections

= yield strength
= ultimate tensile strength
= rotted weLded

3.3 13.3]
CONNECTING DEVICES

3.3.1 [3.3.2]
Bolts

[ Table 3.2 Nominal values

tensile strength
of yield strength
for bolts
f and ultimate

bolt grade 4.6 5.6

ff
8.8 10.9

[N/mm2] 240 300 640 900

[N/mm2] 400 500 800 1000

3.3.2 [3.3.5]
Weldingconsumables

(1) [3.3.5.(2)]
The specifiedyieldstrength, ultimate tensile strength, elongationatfailureand minimum
V-notch energy value of the filler metal, shall all be either equal to, or better Charpy-
than, the
correspondingvalues specified for the steel grade being welded.

8
3.4 [3.2.5]
DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIALCOEFFICIENTS

modulus of elasticity E= 210000 [N/mm2]

shear modulus G = 81000 [N/mm2]

coefficient of linearthermal expansion a 12.10 [1/K]

density p= 7850 [kg/rn3]

4. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

4.1 [4.1]
BASIS

(1) [4.1.(1)]
Serviceability limit states, see also 2.2.1, for steelwork are:

- deformations ordeflectionswhich affectthe appearanceor effective use ofthe structure

(includingthe malfunction of machines or services)
- vibration, oscillationor swaywhich causesdiscomfortto the occupantsof a building or
damageto its contents
- damageto finishes ornon-structural elements due to deformations, deflections,vibration,
oscillation or sway.

(2) [4.1.(2)]
To avoid exceedingthese limits it is necessaryto limit deformations, deflections and vibrations
for serviceability limit states unless other specifications are agreed upon.

4.2 [4.2]
DEFLECTIONS

4.2.1 [4.2.1]
Requirements

(1) [4.2.1.(1)]
Steel structures and components shall be so proportioned that deflections are within limits
agreed between the client, the designer and the competentauthorityas beingappropriateto the
intended use and occupancyof the building and the nature of the materials to be supported.

(2) [4.2.1.(2)]
The values given in 4.2.2 are empiricalvalues. They are intended forcomparisonwith the results
of calculationsand should notbe interpretedas performance criteria.

9
(3) [4.2.1.(4)]
The design values given in table 2.3 should be used In connection with the limiting values given
in Section 4.2.2.

(4) [4.2.1.(5)I
Thedefiectionsshouldbe calculated makingdue allowance for any second ordereffects, and the
possible occurrenceof any plastic deformations at the serviceability limit state.

4.2.2 [4.2.2]
Limiting values

(1) [4.2.2.(1))
The limiting values for vertical deflections given in table 4.2 are illustrated by reference to the
simply supported beam shown in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Vertical deflections to be considered

= sagging in the final state relative to the

max = 6+ -
62 6 straight line joining the supports.

tote o 60 = pre-camber (hogging) of the beam in

the unloaded state (state 0)
L
:12H— I
—————

/ _6rnax 8 = duetoG
(variation of the deflection of the beam
siat e 1/ ate 2 due to the permanent loads) (state 1)
L = duetoQ
(variation of the deflection of the beam
__________________________________________ due to the variable loading) (state 2)

Table 4.2 Recommended limiting values for vertical deflections

Conditions Limits

roofs generally
8 *
L/200 L/250
roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for maintenance L/250 L/300
floors generally L/250 L/300
floors and roofs supporting brittle finish or non-flexible partitions
L/250 L/350
floors supporting columns (unless the deflection has been included in
L/400 L/500
the global analysis for the ultimate limit state)
where6,, can impairthe appearance of the building L/250 -
For cantilever beams: L = twice cantilever span

Discharge of rainwater:

slope of the roof less than 5% checkthat rainwater cannot collect in pools
slope of the roof less than 3% additional checkthat incremental collapse cannot occur
due to theweightof water

10
(2) [4.2.2.(4)]
The limitingvalues for horizontal deflections given in table 4.3 are illustrated by reference to the
multi-storey and single-storey frame.

Table 4.3 Recommended limitsfor horizontal defections

Multistorey Single storey

h1/300 Portal frames without

gantry cranes S < h/150
62 h2/300

6 h3/500 Other buildings 6 h/300

(3) [4.3.2]
Floorvibrations
If thefrequencies and deformations givenin table4.4 are notexceeded theconditionsfor comfort
are deemed to be satisfied.

Recommended limiting values for floor vibrations

[Table 4.4
limited total
lowest natural frequency deflection 61 + 62
f[Hz] [mmj
Floors over which people walk regularly 3 28

Floorswhich are jumped or danced on in a 5 10

rhythmical manner

. 2itL2Nm
[iii [Hzj

f
E
- natural frequency
- modulus of elasticity
- second moment of area

z
L -span
m - mass per unit length
a - coefficientof frequency of the basic mode of vibration

a = 9,869 a = 22,37 a= 3,516 a= 15,418

11
4.3 [6.5.8]
SUP RESISTANCEOF PRELOADEDBOLTS, WHEN SUP OF CONNECTIONSIS NOTALLOWED
IN SERVICEABIUTYUMIT STATE

(1) In connections designed for slip-resistance at serviceabiltythe design

seMceabllty shear load
shouldnot exceed thedesignslip resistance, obtaIned from 4.3.(2). Thedesignultimate shear load
shall not exceed the design shear resistance nor the design bearing resIstance, see clause 6.2.3.

(2) The design slip resistance of a preloaded high strength bolt shall be taken as:

FM = (4.1)

F, seetable 4.5.
(3) The numerical value of the partial safety factor shall be taken from table 6.1.

Table 4.5 Characteristic slip resistance per bolt and friction interface for 8.8 and 10.9 bolts,
where the holes in all the plies have standard nominal clearances

's.Rk = O,7I.Lf A5

Bolt diameter d 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
[mm]
Tensile stress area 84,3 157 245 303 353 459 561 817
of bolt A, [mm2]

F,, for 8.8 bolts p 0,2

EkN] class D 9,4 17,6 27,4 33,9 39,5 51,4 62,8 91,5
F,, for 10.9 bolts p= 0,2
[kN] class D 11,8 22,0 34,3 42,4 49,4 64,3 78,5 114,4

surface class description multiplication factor

class A - surfaces blasted with shot or grit, with any loose
(p = 0,5) rust removed, no pitting 2,5
- surfaces blasted with shot or grit, and spray-metalli-
zed with aluminium or a_zinc-based_coating
class B - surfaces blasted with shot or grit, and painted with 2,0
(p = 0,4) an alkali-zinc_silicate_paint
class C - surfaces cleaned by wire brushingor flameclea- 1,5
(p = 0,3) fling, with any_loose rust removed
class 0 - surface not treated 1,0
(p = 0,2)

12
5 Ultimate Limit State

5.1 [5.1]
BASIS

5.1.1 [5.1]
General

(1) [5.1.1.(2)]
Thepartial safetyfactor YM can be taken as follows:
- for resistance of cross-section to overall yielding
- for resistance to buckling IMI

- for resistance of net section at bolt holes

- for resistance of connections see chapter 6

(2) Numerical values of the partial safety factors (as indicated at the time of preparation of the
document) are given in table 5.1

Numerical values
[rable 5.1
EC 3 A B CH 0 OK E El F GR I IS L N NL P S2' SF TA UK
Part1
'Mo 1,10 1,00 1,00" 1,10 1,10 100 1,10 l,00 1,10 1,10 1,00 1,10 1,00 1,10 1,00 1,10 1,05
1,10 1,10 1,00 1,10 1,00 1,10 1,05
1,10 1,00 1,10 110 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10
1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,20 1,25 1,20
1,25 1,25 1,25 125 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25

" in exceptional cases 5% higher 2) in

exceptional cases 10% higher in exceptionalcases 15% higher

5.2 [5.2]
CALCULATIONOF INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS

5.2.1 [5.2.1]
Global analysis

5.2.1.1 [5.2.1.11
Methods of analysis

(1) [5.2.1.1.(2)1
The internal forces and moments in a statically indeterminate structure may generally be
determinedusing either:

a) elastic global analysis

b) plastic global analysis

(2) [5.2.1.1.(3)]
Elastic global analysis maybe used in a!! cases.

(3) [5.2.1.1.(4)]
Plasticglobal analysis maybe used onlywherethe member cross sectionsand the steel material
satisfy the requirements specified in clause 5.2.7, 5.3.3 and 3.2.2.2 of EC 3/1.

13
5.2.1.2 [5.2.1.2]
Effectsof deformations

(1) [5.2.1.2.(1)]
TheInternalforces and moments maygenerallybe determined in the global anaJys1staking Into
acour* the effects of Imperfections using either:

a) first airier theoy, using the initial geometiy of the structure

b) second ordertheoiy, takingintoaccountthe influenceofthedeformationofthe structure.

(2) [5.2.5.2.(3)]
If theclassification criterion

0,1 (5.1)

where M is the increase of action effectdue to the influence of thedeformation of

the structure
M Is the action effectdue to first order theory

is satisfied, theinfluence of thedeformation of the structure on the internal forces and moments
may be neglected

5.2.2 [5.2.21
Design AssumDtions

(1) Table 5.2 showsthe modelling of connections in the global analysis depending on their rotational
stiffness.

Table 5.2 ModellIngof connections

Type of connection Symbolin the analysis Designed for Design or Detail crite-
ria
Pinned connection tension, compression small restraint to suffi-
or shear only cient rotations

Rigid connection
.

moment, shear,
J]:
small rotations, suffi-
tensionor cient elastic moment
compression from an and shear strength
elastic or plastic
global analysis

I
for semi-rigid connections see EC 3/1

14
5.2.3 [5.2.3]
Structural systems

5.2.3.1 Frame systems

(1) Anyframeshall be analysed taking into account the frame imperfections, see clause 5.2.3.1.2.

(2) [5.2.5.3.(2)]
A frame may be treated as braced if the criterion In table 5.3 is satisfied.

(3) [5.2.6.2.(6)]
For eachstorey the sway deformations resulting from theanalysis shall be checked against the
classification criterion In table 5.4.

(4) If the limit Implied by this criterion is exceeded the second order effects shall be taken into
account by the methodspecified in clause 5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.1.1 Classification of frames

Table 5.3 Classification of frames laterally supported by bracing systems I

ifl1
4Jç

A frame laterally supported by a bracing system may be classified as a braced frame when
O,2
where
- is the sway stiffness of the unbraced frame
- Is the sway stiffness of the bracing system

Table 5.4 Classification as sway or non-sway

6 - horizontal displacement at the top

of the storey, relative to the bottom
of the storey, resulting from first
order theory
V h - storey height
0' 1 EH - total horizontal reactionat the bot-
h'V' H
tom of the storey (H1 + H2)
- total vertical reactionat the bottom
— H2 of thestorey (V1 + V2)

f f treated as non-sway

15
5.2.3.1.2 [5.2.4]
Allowance for frame Imperfections

(1) 15.2.4.1.(1)J
Appropriateallowances shall be Incorporated to cov& the effects of practical imperfections,
including residual stresses and geomelilcal imperfectionssuch as lack of verticality, lack of
straightness due to welding or lack of fit and the unavoidable minor eccentricities present in
practical connections.

(2) [5.2.4.3.(1)]
The effects of imperfections shall be allowed for in frame ana)ysls by means of an equivalent
geometricImperfection in the form of an initial sway Imperfection or of equivalent horizontal
forcesaccordingto table 5.5, either method Is permissible.

Table 5.5 Frame imperfections

sway imperfections equivalent forces

F2
F2
F2 ii I II

F1

H_I_I_I

.( F1+F2)
I
(3) [5.2.4.3.(4)J
These initial sway imperfectionsapply in all horizontal directions, but need only be considered
in one direction at a time. The numerical values are given in table 5.6.

16
 Table 5.6 Values for the Initial sway imperfections

number of
columns n=2 n=3
in plane _______ _______ _______ ________

__________

k=4(05+_!_)110
nc
__ _
storeys
jf I lIllIlilLI
=
j(02
+ .1)
nil
1,0 ________
f
= I
[
________
1/200 1/220 1/240
1/230
_____ _____ _____ ______
=2
- number of columns 1 1/240 1/260 1/275 1/285

n5 - number of storeys ______

=
1 f 1/275 1/300 1/315 1/325

n3 =4 1/300 1 /325 1/345 1/355

[5.2.4.3.(2)]
(4)
Only those columnswhich cam,' a verticalload N
ofat least 50% of mean value of the vertical
load per column in the plane considered,shall be included in n.

(5) [5.2.4.3.(3)]
n in
Only those columnswhich extendthroughall the storeys included in shall be included n.
Only those floor or roof levels which are connectedto all the columnsincluded in shall n
be
included when determining n.

5.2.3.1.3 [5.2.6.2]
Elastic analysis of sway frames

(1) [5.2.6.2.(1)]
When elastic global analysis is used, the second order effects in the sway mode shall be
included, either directlyby using second orderelastic analysis, or indirectlyby using one of the
following alternatives
- first order elastic analysis, with amplifiedswaymoments;

- first orderelastic analysis, with sway-mode buckling lengths.

(2) [5.2.6.2.(3)J
In the amplifiedswaymoments method, the swaymoments found by a first order elasticanalysis
should be increasedby multiplying them by the ratio:
1
(5.2)
V
1- 6E
hEH
where6, h, H and V are as defined In table 5.4.

17
 (3) [5.2.6.2.(4)J
The amplifiedswaymomentsmethod should not be used when:

8 E v> 0,25 (53)

h•E H
(4) [5.2.6.2.(7)]
When the amplifiedswaymomentsmethod is used, in-planebuckling lengths for the
non-sway
mode should be used for memberdesign.

(5) When first order elastic analysis, with sway-mode in-planebuckling lengths, is used for column
design, see EC 3/1

5.2.3.2 [5.2.5.3.(6)]
Bracing systems

(1) Any bracing systems shall be analysed taking into accountthe bracing imperfections.

5.2.3.2.1 [5.2.4.4]
Bracing systemimperfections

(1) 15.2.4.4.(1)]
The effects of imperfectionsshall be allowed for in the design of bracing
systems which are
required to provide lateral stabilitywithin the length of beams or compression members, by
meansof an equivalent geometricimperfection of the membersto be restrained, in the form of
an initial bowimperfection, or of the equivalent stabilizing force according to table 5.7.

Table 5.7 Bracing system imperfections

Initial bow imperfection equivalent stabilizing force

N1 —
t""""
/eO M1Sd I q
1

N2
JT N2.Sd

rrrfl7m3
m

N3sd41N3sd
$ t ft t

L
I t

(2) The numerical values for the stabilizing force Eq are given in table 5.8.

18
 5.8 Valuesfor the equivalentstablizing forceEq
able
krL n, n,=1 n,=2 n,=3 n,4 n,=5 n,=c
e

but
=

k, 10
n, = numberof membersto
6\ L/2500
u I I

be restrained
52,1 L 60,3 L 67,2 L 71,8 L 75,1 L 98,6 L

Eq - ---lk L/2000 Ely

62,5L
' +
50 L 57,5 L 63,8 L 67,9 L 70,8 L 89,6 L

u 5006g
1.
L/1500 çN
46,9 L
LEN
L
53,4
EN
58,8 L
CLN
62,2 L
çEN
64,7 L
CENM
80 L
L/1000 çN
41,7 L 46,8 L
ENs
L
50,8
çEN
L 53,4
EN
58,2 L
kEN
66 1.

numberof 2 3 4 5 6 7
panels
Md b&b4
ç 1,0 9/8 1,0 25/24 1,0 49/48

- the in-plane deflectionof the bracing system due to Eq plus any externalloads
q

5.3 [5.3]
CLASSIFICATIONAND RESISTANCEOF CROSS-SECTIONS

5.3.1 [5.4.4]
Members In ComDression

(1) If usingtheplastic compression resistance of the cross-section the b/t, h/t, cit and d/t limitsfor
class 3 sections shall be met, see table5.9.

(2) [5.4.4.(1)]
Formembersin axial compression, thedesign valueof thecompressive forces N$dat eachcross-
sectionshall satisfy:
A f.
N, NM =
Yuo
(5.4)

(3) [5.4.4. (4)]

In addition, thebuckling resistance of the membershall be verified, see 5.4.2

(4) [5.4.4.(5)1
Fastenerholes need notbe allowedfor in compressionmembers, exceptforoversize and slotted
holes.

(5) If the b/t, h/t, c/t or d/t ratios are greaterthan the values given In table 5.9 the verificationshall
be canied out accordingto clause 5.3.5.

19
Table 5.9 MaxImum width-to-thickness ratiosfor class3 elements In cross-sections loaded
by axial compression; for plate thickness t 40 mm
Profiles Ranges Webs

C2
c/t 15 d/t 42

[Id
b

h
]
h2
d—h1
b= h2 —
3t
3
b/t42

h/t. 15; (b + h)/2t

d/t42

11,5

1b
For Fe 430 multiply above values by 0,92
For Fe 510 multiply above values by 0,81

d/t 90

J
For Fe 430 multiply above value by 0,85
For Fe 510 multiplyabove value by 0,66

20
Table 5.10 Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for class2 elements in cross-sections loaded
by bending moments moments; for platethickness 40 t mm

Webs
ProfUes Flanges

c/t11 d/t83

b/t38 d/t83

1ci[T1i11+° d a 1,0 0,75 0,5 0,25

.

d
_—
I
LI 4i J1r b/t 38
d/t 38 52 83 166

C
:t:i c/t I.

0,75 0,5
C
b/t 38
T c/t 11 17 31
4

I4±
-- r
LU
—

IIJ J0
C
a

C/t
1,0

11
0,75

15
0,5

22

For Fe 430 multiply above values by 0,92

For Fe 510 multiply abovevalues by 0,81

dJ 0
For Fe 430 multiplyabove value by 0,85
For Fe 510 multiply above value by 0,66
d/t 70

21
Table 5.11 MaxImum width-to-thIckness ratiosfor class3 elements In cross-sections loaded
by bending moments; for platethickness < 40 mm t
Profiles Flanges Webs

It < 124

d/t s 124

•fi •1- W 1,0 0,0 -1,0 -2,0

4 b/t42
d/t 42 63 124 263

w
-1'-- -L +_jY -:;-:;;- 0,0 -1,0

J —b--J/ b/t42
Lt Aj c/t 15 30 112
-IL---

—
i w 1,0
——_
0,0 -1,0

cnuuy
L ft ®j c/t 15 17 21

For Fe 430 multiplyabove values by 0,92

ForFe 510 multiplyabove values by 0,81

d 0J
ForFe 430 multiplyabove value by 0,85
ForFe 510 multiplyabove value by 0,66
d/t90

22
5.3.2 [5.4.51
Members in bending

(1) If using the plastic moment resistance of the cross-section the b/t, c/t and d/t limits for class 2
sections shall be met, see table 5.10.

(2) If using the elastic moment resistance of the cross-section the b/t, cit and d/t limits for class 3
sectionsshall be met, see table 5.11.

(3) [5.4.5.(1)]
In the absenceofshear force, the design value ofthe bendingmomentMsdat eachcross-section
shall satisi':
M, M (5.5)

where is the design moment resistance of the cross-section, seetable 5.12

Table 5.12 Design moment resistance

plastic resistance elastic resistance Deduction of holes

comression no deductionof holes

LJH
SI 0
J7 in the tension zone

YAW YAW

(4) [5.4.5.(4)]
In addition, theresistanceofthe memberto lateral-torsional buckling shall be verified, see 5.4.3.

(5) if the b/t, c/t or d/t ratiosare greater than the values given in table 5.11 the verification shall be
carried out accordingto clause 5.3.5.

23
5.3.3 (5.4.6)
Members In shear

(1) If usingthe plastic shear resistance of the cross-section the d/t limas in table 5.13 shall be met.

Table 5.13 Maximum width-to-thickness ratio for elements

loaded by shear to avoid shear bucklingverification

Profiles Webs fri shear

d/t69
IL

d/t
DIft
in case of transverse stiffeners
(k, accordingto table5.28) d/t s 30y'k,.
For Fe 430 multiply above values by 0,92
For Fe 510 multiply above values by 0,81

(2) [5.4.6.(1)]
Thedesign valueof the shear force V at each cross-section shall satisIj:
V54Vp4A (5.6)
'1MO
(3) 15.4.6.(2)1
The shear area A may be taken from table 5.14

24
(4) [5.4.6.(8)
Fastener holes in webs need not be allowedfor provided that:

(5.7)

Otherwise see Eurocode 3 Part 1

(5) [5.4.6.(9)]
The blockshear criterion given in 5.5.2 shall also be verifiedat the ends of a member.

(6) If the d/t ratio is greaterthan the value given in table 5.13, the shear buckling resistance of the
web shall also be verified as specified In 5.4.5.

5.3.4 [5.4.9]
Interaction of bending, shear and axial force

(1) For class 2 cross-sections with plastic resistances the interaction formula in table 5.15 shall be
used. The values MNv herein. may be taken from table 5.17, or more accurately from EC 3/1
clause 5.4.8.

Plastic interaction formula, when no member stability check is necessary.

[Fable 5.15
I Il
i
\ m5
11
1 \
(M,j,,4
a fi

or H section 2 1

ircular hollow section 2 2

rectangular hollow section 1,66 1,66

;olid rectangles and plates 1,73 1,73

or more exact values see 5.4.8 of EC 3/1

(2) For class 3 cross-sections with elastic resistances the interaction formulaein table 5.16 shall be
used.

Bi-axial elastic Interaction formulae

[Fable 5.16
Rolled or welded I sections V, O.5•V, V>

1III I
] My.ML1fl
MYM M,,,

1, p see table 5.17

(3) In addition, the resistance ofthemember to buckling or lateral torsional buckling shall be verified,
see 5.4.4.

25
able 5.17 Reduced plasticresistance momentaflowing for axial load and shear MNV4
olIed orwelded I
ectlons .evel of axial load V,4 0,5•V,, V> O,5•V
MMVM = MKV.Rd
lOW 1,0 1 -
MYM

high MMV.M1,ll(l_m
M MM=1111(1_fl_
MMvM
low
M,M
1,0 Mkv.M1_
MLM
Z Z
MKVM - 1,56(1-(n.O, MMV - 1,56(1
high u,_w 1-
-lollow sections
V, 0,5•V, V> O,5•V,,

Q
MMVM
N,40,25•N,4 =1,0 MMV,41
MM MM

N,4> O,25•NM
MMV,4 =
MM
1,04(1 - MNVM =
MM
1,04 (- P

MNvM 1.0 MNI,.M

low
M,4 MM
I i— high
MkvM = 126
MM
' (1 - n) MNVM
MM
1,26 (1 - n - p)
low
M,tvM = 1,0 MN.,4 = 1 -p
My,4
y- -•—•- -y
MYM

high
MN.v.,4
1,33 (1 - ri) MM 1,33 (1 - n - p)
MYM MYM

low
MNV,4 = 1,0 MN.M = 1 -p
M,M
1 MMVM = 1 - MkVM = 1 - fl - p
high
MZM 0,5 + MLM ht
+—
0,5
A

1)
N,, 0,25 NM
d t 1'
N> 0,25 NM
Low level High level: dt
N,4>
{ 1

= =
p = (2_t! - 1)2
NM V,4
YM

26
5.3.5 [5.3.5J
Effective cross-section prooertles of class4 cross-sectIons

(1) [5.4.4]
Members with class 4 cross-sections shall be verified with elastic resistances determined with
effective cross sectional data:

Al
Rd
A,f
YMI
(5.8)

tmaRd - w1dvfy

(2) [5.3.5.(1)I
Theeffectivecross-section propertiesof class 4 cross-sectionsshall be based on the effective
widths of the compressionelements as given in table 5.18 for symmetrical cross sections. For
unsymmetrical cross sections see clause 5.3.5 of EC 3/1

(3) [5.3.5.(3)]
As an approximation, thereduction factor p thereinmay be obtainedfrom the following:
p=l,O wheni0,673
p =
'ii - ' ' when 1,> 0,673
(59)

where A. can be taken from table 5.18 or may be derived from:

b
= t (5.10)
28.4€ fk
where: e=

k, - buckling factor as given In table 5.19

For: Fe 360: e = 1,00
Fe 430: E = 0,92
Fe 510: E = 0,81

(4) To determine the effective cross-sectional data, table 5.18 may be used.

(5) Where the stresses

) may be decreased by
a
from effective cross sectional data are less than f. the plate slenderness

=
fi which maycause an increase of the effective width

27
Table 5.1$ Effective cross-sectional data for sI,mmetrlcal proiles

Members In compression

L
gross section i A effective cross section

t56,8 .}LE
1I
ci
iijjj
ii I

t
—

0 92b
-®
C)
1
jJ
cc:J4 12®
cL
—
Members In bending

t± C)
-6M 1

- 1

91.ib®

C)
- 1

-1 o.63.fb®
C) t138,8

b®
1•
L
0 b•i
b®t O.6

For Fe 430 multiplyvalues by 1.09

For Fe 510 multiplyvalues by 1,23

28
 Table 5.19

stress

_n °-°
I + 1
Buckling coefficients

4,00
4______

6,97
--o O--
5,41
Support conditions

5,41
—
1,28
.-
1,28
-0,43

1,70
0,43

0,57
p
I

7,81 13,54 11,73 9,54 5,91 1,61

'cJ 23,9 39,52 39,52 23,94 2,13 23,8 0,85

(6) [5.7.71
For members in bending thethickness ratio d/ç of thewebs shall be limited to the values given
in table 5.20 to preventthe compression flange buckling In the plane of the web.

Table 5.20 Maximum width-to-

thickness ratio d/t
steel grade o Fe 360 Fe 430 Fe 510
flange

d/ 360 300 240

(7) For co-existing bending, shear and axial force the interaction formulae In table 5.17 and clause
5.3.4.(3) apply.

5.4 [5.51
STABIUTY'

5.4.1 Overall stability of structures

(1) The overall stability of structures shall be checked. The stabilizing elements shall be designed to
resist horizontal forces during and after construction.

5.4.2 [5.5.1]
Buckling of concentricallyloaded comDression members

(1) The stabilityof compression members (buckling by plane bending) shall be checked according
tothetwo principal axesofthesectionwith theappropriate effective lengths. Exceptionally, lateral-
torsional buckling govern.

N,---- YM1
(5.11)

where: x = f(X) seetable 5.21

N I-- •.I 1

A1

Fe360 Fe430 Fe510

= 76,4
93,9 86,8

72

29
Table 5.21 Rsductionfactorx A)
oiled /b > 12; t 40mm my h/b; i/b> 1,2 my h/b >othsxls
100mm
-sections 1<lOOmm 4Omm 100mm
h -
b4tf 44
I

o
velded <4Onirn f>4Omm; Itf<4Omm •>4Omm
-sections

4••4z z-j- —f
ollow iot rolled: any axis
ections

,elded box .
ny axis sick weldsand
ections
i/t1<30;h/t<3O
ny axis
Tl
ther
U
U-, L-, T- and solid sections
iectiong .
my axis

A a b
ftLT
c d
0.2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.3 0.9775 0.9641 0.9491 0.9235
0.4 0.9528 0.9261 0.8973 0.8504
0.5 0.9243 0.8842 0.8430 0.7793
0.6 0.8900 0.8371 0.7854 0.7100
0.7 0.8477 0.7837 0.7247 0.6431
0.8 0.7957 0.7245 0.6622 0.5797
0.9 0.7339 0.6612 0.5998 0.5208
1.0 0.6656 0.5970 0.5399 0.4671
1.1 0.5960 0.5352 0.4842 0.4189
1.2 0.5300 0.4781 0.4338 0.3762
1.3 0.4703 0.4269 0.3888 0.3385
1.4 0.4179 0.3817 0.3492 0.3055
1.5 0.3724 0.3422 0.3145 0.2766
1.6 0.3332 0.3079 0.2842 0.2512
1.7 0.2994 0.2781 0.2577 0.2289
1.8 0.2702 0.2521 0.2345 0.2093
1.9 0.2449 0.2294 0.2141 0.1920
2.0 0.2229 0.2095 0.1962 0.1766
2.1 0.2036 0.1920 0.1803 0.1630
2.2 0.1867 0.1765 0.1662 0.1508
2.3 0.1717 0.1628 0.1537 0.1399
2.4 0.1585 0.1506 0.1425 0.1302
2.5 0.1467 0.1397 0.1325 0.1214
2.6 0.1362 0.1299 0.1234 0.1134
2.7 0.1267 0.1211 0.1153 0.1062
2.8 0.1182 0.1132 0.1079 0.0997
2.9 0.1105 0.1060 0.1012 0.0937
3.0 0.1036 0.0994 0.0951 0.0882

30
(2) 15.8.3.(1)]
Theeffective slenderness ofanglesconnected at least with twobolts maybe calculated as follows:
z
buckling about the v-v axis: z

0,35 + 0,7i

bucklingabouty-yorz-zaxis:
h V\
y—-
-
0,50 + 0,Th,
= 0,50 + 0,7I
/ I

(3) For class 4 sectIons A, instead of A should be used, however A (A = f/i) may be determined
=
using the radius of gyrationof the grosssection (p 1,00).

5.4.3 15.5.2]
Lateral-torsional buckllna of beams

(1) [5.5.2.(1)]
Thedesign buckling resistancemomentof a laterallyunrestrainedbeam shall be taken as:

MRd - XLT ___ (plastic design)

YMI
(5.12)
MRd XLT (elastic design)

XLT = f (I,) see table 5.25

where:

Table 5.22 Design moment resistance

plastic resistance elastic resistance

- I
kT M, M(,

ALT 0,4 no allowance for lateral torsional buckling is

necessary

(2) The critical moment Mr for doubly symmetric cross sections with in plane end moment loading
may be taken as

(k2I + 0,0391L,Ht
IkWI (5.13)
M.,=C1
Iz

where t = kL effective lengthfor out of plane bending

effective lengthfactor k seetable 5.23

CI maybe takenfrom table 5.24

31
 Table 5.23 Effective length factors

for different out-of-plane for different warping

bending end conditions end conditions

k=1,O HJ Iç=l,o

k=O,5 Hi Iç=O.5

Table 5.24 Numerical values for C1 and the definitionof

1,0 0,5 0 0,5 10

z_te,t,flz_fl,.t.,.,.,.

FSd
iitiJ-

q MSd MSd

32
 abI. 5.25 ReductIon factor X11 - (kT)
rolled sections (curve a) welded sections (curvec)
kT
0.4 0.9528 0.8973
0.5 0.9243 0.8430
0.6 0.8900 0.7854
0.7 0.8477 0.7247
0.8 0.7957 0.6622
0.9 0.7339 0.5998
1.0 0.6656 0.5399
1.1 0.5960 0.4842
1.2 0.5300 0.4338
1.3 0.4703 0.3888
1.4 0.4179 0.3492
1.5 0.3724 0.3145
1.6 0.3332 0.2842
1.7 0.2994 0.2577
1.8 0.2702 0.2345
1.9 0.2449 0.2141
2.0 0.2229 0.1962
2.1 0.2036 0.1803
2.2 0.1867 0.1662
2.3 0.1717 0.1537
2.4 0.1585 0.1425
2.5 0.1467 0.1325
2.6 0.1362 0.1234
0.1267 0.1153
2.7
0.1182 0.1079
2.8
0.1105 0.1012
2.9
0.1036 0.0951
3.0
determined on the
(3) For class 4 sectIons W,, Instead of W should be used. However, ALT may be
basis of thegross sectionproperties (p = 1,00).

5.4.4 [5.5.4
Members In bendina and axial comoresslon

In case of compression and bending or biaxial bending the interactionrules for buckling
and
(1)
lateral torsional buckling of members in table5.26 apply.
the upper
(2) Wheresignificant torsionIs prevented by suitable restraints, or hollow sections are used,
Interaction formula In table 5.26 applIes.

33
able 5.26 InteractIon formulaefor the stabilityverification members
Without lateral torsional budding phenomena

+ kM -
My_Pd

1,50.M + 1,50M, -
MA,
plastic resistance elastic resistance

= = W,
MYPd WpyJL; MZPd = W,,1 MyPd MZPd = W
Yw YUI
With lateral torsional buckling phenomena

+ 1 -
I MYPd M,4
1 00 ,5OM
:•'\/
\1I MYM
+
1

MJ4
-
—-- plastic resistance elastic resistance

—
.
M,Pd XLTy Yw Myp XLTWY
YMI

W,, W
•1'Ml Yui
vhere:

t.=max ny =
N ;n =
N
Equivalent uniform moment factor 13M

Frrir—i—i--i
more accurate verification can be achieved by using:
= 1,8 —

-
1) k 1
Yui
instead of 1,50 -1 < <

siiiiii'
2) k = 1 - instead 0(1,50
1M = 1, 3
Iz=Az(2PM.z_4) + a 0,9

3) kLT = 1 - instead of 1,00

I1LT = 0,151zIMLT - 0.15 0,9 1,4

= W/W - 1 0,15 for plastic resistance

= 0,0 for elastic resistance:

34
5.4.5 [5.6]
Shear bucklinu resistance

(1) Webswith d/ç exceeding the limits given In table 5.13 shall be checked for resistance to shear
buckling and transverse stiffeners shall be providedat the supports.

5.4.5.1 [5.6.21
Design methods

(1) 15.6.2.(1)1
For webswith and withoutintermediate transverse stiffeners, the shear buckling resistance may
be verified using
- the simple post-critical method
- thetension field method (see 5.6.4 EC 3/1)

5.4.5.2 [5.6.3]
Simple post-critical method

(1) [5.6.3.(1)J
In the simplepost-criticalmethod, the design shearbucklingresistanceVRd shouldbe obtained
from:

U A# tb.
— UI (5.14)
Vb&Rd

where r is the simple post-critical shear strength, see table 5.27.

able
5.27 Simple post-critical shear strengt h r
.
0,8 X1,2 1,2
X 0,8

'. - -(1,5
f
- 0,6251 W )
!
(2) [5.6.3.(2)]
Theweb slenderness should be determined from:

= d/t (5.15)
37,4 a
where the buckling factor k, for shear is given in table 5.28 with a/d being the aspect
ratio:

where: a . For: Fe 360: = 1,00

Fe 430: = 0,92
Fe 510: 0,81

35
5.4.5.3 [5.6.7.2]
Bending and shear

(1) [5.6.7.2.(3)]
When V
reducedto
exceeds 50% of
M as follows:
V, the design resistance moment of the cross-section shall be

(5.16)
MV.M=MLM+(M_M3[1 _(2 v_1)2}
where M = the
only
designmoment resistance ofacross-section consistIngofthe flanges

Vb— is the design shear budding resistance

= the design momentresistance.

rable 5.29 Interaction of bending and shear

MR d

MFRd

OISVbQRd VbQRd

5.4.5.4 [5.6.5]
Intermediate transverse stiffeners

(1) [5.6.5.(1)]
For the simple post-critical method, the compressionforce N In an intermediate transverse
stiffenershould be obtainedfrom:

N, = V, —

(5.17)
butN, 0
in which is the initial shear buckling strength (the lower of the values r, for the two panels
adjacent to the stiffenershould be used).
The initial shear buckling strength r, should be determined from table 5.30:

36
 5.30 Initial shear buckhng strength
frabse
)
Tbb
-
v' I
-(1 ,64 - 0,81 ) !
1,25

v'1v
For the bucklingresistance of the stiffenerstheproperties are calculated usingeffective areas from
table 5.31.

rable 5.31 The effective area

15 £ 15Cl 15Ef
t w____
tw w
I__ ,,J7,,z
I
T
I

-r
A, :" -"-T—--—'

(2) 15.7.6.(2)J
The out-of-plane buckling resistance should be determinedfrom 5.4.2, usIng buckling curve c
I if
and a buckling length of not less than O,75d, or more appropriate for the conditions of
restraint.

(3) 15.7.6.(3)I
End stiffeners and stiffeners atinternalsupportsshouldnormallybe double sided and symmetric
about thecentrelineof the web.

(4) [5.7.6.(4)]
Stiffeners at locations where significant external forces are applied should preferably be
symmetric.

(5) L5.7.6.(5)]
Where single sided or other asymmetric stiffeners are used, the resulting eccentricityshould be
allowed for, using clause 5.4.4.

(6) [5.6.5.(3)J
Thesecond momentof areaof an intermediate transverse stiffenershould satislj theconditions
from table 5.32:

rable 5.32 Second momentof inertia of an

intermediate transverse stlffener

d
< I,150
'—j-
a

a I,O,75d4

37
5.5 NET SECTION FAILURE

5.5.1 [5.4.3, 6.5.2.3]

Axially loaded members

(1) [5.4.3.(1)]
Members in tension shall be checked for gross-section yielding and net sectionrupture.

sectiona-a: gross section aI b

Nsd
YMoI
section b-b: net section

NN,=O,9 YM2 'A blAnet

(2) [6.5.2.3.(2)I
Angles in tension shall be verified WIth the following resistances of the net sections:

for a 1 bolt connection

- O,5d0) t f
L1
N
N,N,= 2,O(e2
i
Sd H
YM2

for a 2 bolt connection 4e2

N N - 132A,,t!U
*42

Or a 3 bolt connection or c reater p1 e

NSd NRd - I33Af
YA42

where:
d0 = holediameter
t = material thickness
= reductionfactors to be taken from table 5.33

_Table5.33 Reduction factors$2 and

pitch p1 2,5 d0 3,3 d0 3,75 d0 4,2 d0 5,0 d0

$2 0,4 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,7

(2 bolts)

$3
(3 or 0,5 0,6 0,7
more
bolts)
For Iniermedatevalues of p1 the values of 132 and
interpolation
li may be determined by linear
38
5.5.2 [6.5.2.2]
Block shear resistance

(1) The block shear resistance of webs shall be checked with

0,6 f, A,,,
V, V, = YM2
(5.18)

wherethe net sectionA is takenfrom table 5.34

5.6 [5.7]
WEB CRIPPLING

5.6.1 15.7.11
Introduction

(1) Theflange throughwhich the load is applied should normally be restrained in positionat the point
of loadapplication. Where this is not practicable, a special buckling investigation shouldbe carried
out, table 5.35.

39
 'rable 5.35 Instability (formation of hinges) resulting from the introductionof forces at points
without lateral support

I I

JIIj _ C)

T
lateral restraint is necessary, e.g by stiffeners, floor beams or bracings

(2) [5.7.1.(1)]
The resistance of an unstiffenedweb to forces applied through a flange, will be governedby:
- the crushing resistance (see 5.6.3),
- the crippling resistance (see 5.6.4),
- the buckling resistance (see 5.6.5),
see table 5.36.

(3) In addition the effect of thetransverse force on the momentresistance ofthe member should be
considered.

kb1e 5.36 Failure modes due to load introduction

Crushing Crippling Buckling

e
w
I I
e
— I - I
-
- ,——-—.
I I I

"—' It I
I I I I I /
.L ——'
5.6.2 [5.7.21
Lencith of stiff bearinci

(1) [5.7.2.(3)1
s
The length of stiffbearing should be determined by the dispersion of load at a slope of 1:1
through solid steel material which is properlyfixed in place, see table 5.37. No dispersionshould
be taken through loose packs.

40
 Table 5.37 Length of stiff bearing

ss ---J
---J

5.6.3 [5.7.3]
Crushing resistance

(1) [5.7.3.(1)]
The design crushing resistance RYRd
of the web of an I, H or U section, see table 5.38, should
be obtainedfrom:

Ay.Rd - (s5+s)tf, (.
in which s, is given by:

2t,! - {
-
=
()1 (5.20)

but b, should notbe taken as more than 25t,

where a,Ed is the longitudinalstress in the flange.

(2) 15.7.3.(3)1
At the end of a member s, should be halved.

41
 rable 5.38 Load introduction

R
F
r
Msd ( Msd

5.6.4 [5.7.4]
CriDDling resistance

(1) 15.7.4.(1)J
The design crippling resistance RaRd of the web of an!, H or U section seetable 5.37 should be
obtainedfrom:

O5t/Ec(\fii+3 css)
1
(5.21)
'(ui
where s is the length of stiffbearingfrom table 5.36
but sjdshould notbe taken as more than 0,2.
(2) (5.7.4.(2)]
Where the member is also subject to bending moments, the following criterion should be
satisfied:
R M
+ 15 (5.22)
MRd

5.6.5 [5.7.5]
Buckling resistance

(1) [5.7.5.(1)]
The design buckling resistance RbRd of the web of an I, H or U section, see table 5.38, should
be obtainedby consideringthe web as a virtualcompressionmember with an effective breadth
b, obtainedfrom:
b.,,. = jh2 + 83 (5.23)
see table 5.39

(2) [5.7.5.(3)]
The buckling resistance should be determined from 5.4.2 using buckling curve c.

(3) [5.7.5.(4)]
The bucklinglength ofthe virtual compressionmembershouldbedeterminedfrom theconditions
of lateraland rotational restraintat the flanges at the point of load application.

42
 Effective breadth for web buckling resistance
able 5.39

b = h

fI
-L h b=/h2+S

b;:X h

ss

bØff=ih2÷s+x+
but b9ff Ih2 +

6. Connections Subject to Static Loading

6.1 [6.1]
BASIS

6.1.1 [6.1.1]
General

(1) [6.1.1.(1)]
All connectionsshall have a design resistancesuch that the structure remainseffectiveand is
capable of satisIjing all the basic design requirements gWen in Chapter2.

43
(2) [6.1.1.(2)]
The partial safetyfactor Y*i can be takenas follows

- for resistanceof bolts

- for resistance of welds
- for sUp resistance
- for resistance of members and cross sections
y see chapter4 for Category B

7I)• IM1' 'y, see chapter5

(3) Numerical values of the partial safety factors (as Indicated at the time of preparation of the
document) are given in table 6.1

frabI. 6.1 Numericaj values

— — — — —- —
EC 3 A B CH D DK E El F GR I IS L N NL P S SF TR UK
Patti

'Tu 1,25 1,30 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,20 1,25 1,40
'y..•, 1,10 1,20 1,25 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,35

6.1.2 [6.1.2]
Appliedforces and moments

(1) [6.1.2.(1)]
The forces and momentsapplied to connectionsat the ultimate limit state shall be determined
by global analysis conformingwith Chapter 5.

6.1.3 16.1.4]
Design assumptions

(1) [6.1.4.(1)]
Connections may be designed by distributing the internal forces and moments in whatever
rational way is best, provided that

(a) the assumedinternalforcesand moments are in equilibriumwith the applied forces and
moments,

(b) each elementin the connectionis capable of resistingthe forces or stresses assumed
in the analysis, and

(c) the deformations implied by this distributionare within the deformation capacityof the
fastenersor welds and the connectedparts.

6.1.4 [6.2]
Intersections

(1) [6.2.(1)]
Membersmeetingata joint shall normallybe arrangedwith their centroidalaxesIntersectingat
a point.
(2) [6.2.(2)j
Where there is eccentricityat intersections this shall be taken into account in the design of the
joint and the member.

44
(3) [6.2.(3)]
In the case of bolted connectionsof angles and tees with at least two bolts per connection, the
of
setting out lines of the bolts may be regarded as the centroida! axes for the purpose
intersectionatjoints.

6.2 [6.5]
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

6.2.1 [6.5.11
Positioning of holes for bolts
6.2.1.1 [6.5.1.11
Basis

(1) [6.5.1.1.(1)]
Thepositioning of holes for bolts shall be such as to preventcorrosion and local buckling and
to facilitate the installation of the bolts.

(2) [6.5.1.1.(2)]
Thepositioning of the holes shall also be in conformitywith the limits ofvalidityof the rules used
to determine the design resistances of the bolts.

(3) The minimum and maximum distances between bolts and recommended distances as used in
table 6.6 for the bolt bearing resistances are given in table 6.2. These values are valid for
structures not exposed to weather or other corrosive Influences.

able 6.2 Designation of distancesbetween bolts, (a) for a shear joint, (b) for a tension
or compression joint.
The designations e2 and p2 also apply when distances measured are not in
the direction of stress.
(a) max (121 150 mm)
1,2d0
1,5d0 82 max (12 150 mm)
22d0 p1 mm (14t, 200 mm)

3,0d0 p2 mm (14t 200 mm)

Recommended distances
e2 Bolts Recommended distancesin mm

p1; p2 a, e2
(b)
M12 40 30 25

M16 55 40 30

M20 70 50 40

M24 80 60 50

M27 90 70 55

M30 100 75 60

M36 120 90 70

In casesof smaller values of e2 and p2 see EC 3/1

45
6.2.2 [6.5.4J
Distribution of forces betweenfasteners

(1) [6.5.4.(1)J
Where the designshearresistance of a Is less than the design
fastener bearing resistance
F, seetable6.3, the distributionofinternalforcesbetween
shall be proportionalto the distance from the centre of
at the
fasteners
rotation.
ultimate limit state

(2) (6.5.4.(2)]
In other cases of bearingtype connections the distributionofinternalforces between fasteners
at the ultimate limit state maybe plastic, seetable 6.4.

(3) [6.5.9.(1)J
Where fasteners are requiredto cariy an applied tensile force, theyshall beproportionedto also
resist the additionalforce due to plying action, see table6.5.

Table 6.3 Unear distribution of loads between fasteners

p
p

p
p
0,5Fh

FhSd
Sd 4
VSd
)s
M
-
h.Sd

F '13d

v)
F
f,
111w3di
\2 (,
IVSd
+—
\2

46
Table 6.4 Possible plastic distribution of loads between fasteners. Any realistic
combination could be used, e.g.

)MSd
d

2
M
F----2F
fFsd + F
Table 6.5 Prying forces

N + a N= + Q
FN FN

Oprying force

I 2FN

47
6.2.3 [6.5.5]
Design resistances of bolts

(1) [6.5.5.(2)J
At the ultimate ilmit state the design shear force F on a bolt shall not exceed the lesser oL
- the design bearingresistanceFRd, see6.2.3.1
- the design shear resistanceFVRO, see6.2.3.2
(2) [6.5.5.(3)]
The design tensile force
lesser of:
F, inclusive of any force due to prying action, shall notexceedthe
- the designtension resistance F, see6.2.3.3.(1)
- the design punching shear resistance see 6.2.3.3.(2)

6.2.3.1 Bearing resistance

(1) The design bearing resistance shall be taken as

(6.1)
YMb

Fb see table 6.6

48
Table 6.6 Bearing resistance per bolt for recommended detailing for t = 10 mm in [kN]

.
-- -. = 2,5af, dt

I*
e2 I

p i i—s •..i
—G•
e2

e1 p1

20 22 24 27 30 36
Bolt diameterd 12 16
[mm]
Hole diameter d0 13 18 22 24 26 30 33 39
[mm]

20 27,5 35 37,5 40 45 50 60
compact e1
detailing 30 40 50 55 60 67,5 75 90
p2

20 25 30 32,5 35 40 45 55
e2

Fe 360 55,4 70,7 91,4 101,8 110,8 121,5 136,4 166,2

Fe 430 66,2 84,4 109,1 121,5 132,3 145,1 162,9 198,5

Fe 510 78,5 100,1 129,4 144,1 156,9 172,1 193,2 235,4

recommended 30 40 50 55 60 70 75 90
e1
values 80 90 100 120
p1, p2 40 55 70 75

25 30 40 45 50 55 60 70
e2

Fe 360 83,1 106,7 136,4 151,3 166,2 182,3 204,5 249,2

Fe 430 99,2 127,4 162,9 180,7 198,5 217,7 244,3 297,7

Fe 510 117,7 151,1 193,2 214.3 235,4 258,2 289,8 353,1

40 55 70 75 80 90 100 120
high bearing e1

50 70 85 95 100 115 130 150

p1. p2
35 50 60 65 70 80 90 110
e2

Fe 360 108,0 144,0 180,0 198,0 216,0 243,0 270,0 324,0

Fe 430 129,0 172,0 215,0 236.5 258,0 290,3 322,5 387,0

Fe 510 153,0 204,0 255,0 280,5 306,0 344,3 382,5 459,0

For intermediate values of a the value of Fb may be determined by linear interpolation

For different plate thicknesses t in [mm] multiply the values by -

49
6.2.3.2 Shear resistance

(1) The design shear resistance of a bolt shall be taken as follows

=
(6.2)
YA&,

F seetable 6.7

Table 6.7 Shearresistance per bolt and shear plane in [kN]

Fv =
C1iA5
where: C1 = 0,6 for strength grades4.6, 5.6 and 8.8
C1 = 0,5 for strength grades4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9

shear in thread

Bolt diameter 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
d [mm]
Hole diameter 13 18 22 24 26 30 33 39
*
d0 [mml
Tensile stress area 84,3 157 245 303 353 459 561 817
of bolt A, [mml

Shearresistance grade
per bolt and shear
plane 4.6 20,2 37,7 58,8 72,7 84,7 110,2 134,6 196,1
Fv.Rk in IkN]
5.6 25,3 47,1 73,5 90,9 105,9 137,7 168,3 245,1
8.8 40,5 75,4 117,6 145,4 169,4 220,3 269,3 392,2
10.9 42,2 78,5 122,5 151,5 176,5 229,5 280,5 408,5
*
standard clearance holes, for other clearances see EC 3/1

6.2.3.3 Tensionresistance

(1) The design tension resistance of a bolt shall be taken as follows

(6.3)

seetable 6.8

50
 Table 6.8 Tension resistance per bolt in [kNI I

'LRk = 09b A8
bolt diameter 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
grade
d [mm]
Tensionresistance 4.6 30,3 56,5 88,2 109,1 127,1 165,2 202,0 294,1
F1F [kN] 367,7
5.6 37,9 70,7 110,3 136,4 158,9 206,6 252,5

8.8 60,7 113,0 176,4 218,2 254,2 330,5 403,9 588,2

10.9 75,9 141,3 220,5 272,7 317,7 413,1 504,9 735,3

(2) When the platethicknesst, is smaller than 0,5d, the design punching shear resistance shall be
checked according to EC 3/1 clause 6.5.5.(4).

6.2.3.4 [6.5.5.(5)]
Interaction shear and tension

(1) [6.5.5.(5)J
Bolts subject to both shear force and tensileforce shall in addition satisfythe following criterion

F 1,4F
i,o
which is illustrated in table 6.9
(6.4)

Table 6.9 Interaction between shear and tension for bolts

Ft Sd
Rd

1,0

1,0 FVSd
Rd

51
6.2.4 [6.5.8J
High strenathbolts k siio-reslstar connections
6.2.4.1 [6.5.8.11
Slip resistance

(1) When the slip resistanceis needed ki the serviceability limit statethe designfor preloaded high-
a
strength bolt shall be carried out as given ki clause 4.3. In the ultimate limit state the bolt is
considered as a bolt In shear and bearingwithout friction.

(2) Whenthe slip resistance is needed in the ultimate limit state, see6.5.8 of EC 3/1.

6.2.5 [6.5.10]
Lana joints

(1) [6.5.10.(1)]
Where the distancebetween the centres of the end fasteners is more than 15 d, see EC 3/1

6.3 [6.6]
WELDED CONNECTIONS

6.3.1 [6.6.11
Generai

(1) [6.6.(2)]
Theprovisions of Section6.3 appIyto:

• Weldable structuralsteelsmeeting the requirements of clause 3.

• Workmanship to Chapter7 of EC 3/1
• Welding by an arc weldingprocess as defined in Annex W of EC 3/1
• Materialthicknessesof 4 mm and over
• Jointsin whichtheweld metalis compatiblewith the parentmetalin terms ofmechanical
properties, provided that the weld is made with a suitableelectrode (or other welding
consumable) which will produceall-weld tensile specimens having both a minimum yield
strengthand a minimum tensiie strengthnot iessthan thosespecified fortheparent metal.

6.3.2 [6.6.2]
Geometry and dimensions

6.3.2.1 [6.6.2.1]
Type of weld

(1) [6.6.2.1.(1)]
Welds shaii generaiiy be dassified as:

• fillet welds
• butt welds
(2) [6.6.2.1.(2)]
This classificationis illustratedin table 6.10

52
 Table 6.10

Type of weld
Fillet weld

Full pentration
butt weld
Common types of weldedjoints

'
Butt joint

B
Type of joint
Tee-butt joint

1'•ingte
-1
I
—I
I
.t
I
I
Lap joint

I
I

L' ftH
Single V bevel

x
1
I
I I

—I
Double V - Double bevel

I
I I
i -I
Single U Single J

I
I
-t
I

Double U — Double J

Partial pentration
buttweld
-I
Double V I
I

1ouble
—
bevel
Double U

6.3.2.2 [6.6.2.21
Filletwelds

(1) [6.6.2.2.(1)j
Fillet welds may be used for connectingparts, where the fusion faces form an angle of 600 to
1200.

(2) [6.6.2.2.(2)]
Smalleranglesthan 60° are alsopermitted. However, in such casesthe weld shall beconsidered
to be a partial penetration butt weld.

(3) [6.6.2.2.(3)]
For angles over 120°, ifilet welds shall notbe relied upon to transmitforces

(4) [6.6.2.2.(7)]
If using Intermittent fillet welds, see EC 3/1.

53
6.3.2.3 16.6.2.3]
Butt welds

(1) [6.6.2.3.(1)J
A fullpenetrationbutt weldIs definedasone havingcompletepenetrationand fusion ofwe'fand
parentmetalthroughoutthe thickness ofthejoint
(2) [6.6.2.3.(2)J
A partial penetration
butt weld Is defined as one having Joint penetration less than the full
thicknessof the parent material.

(3) (6.6.3(3)I
if tensile stressesperpendicular to the sunace of the part (due to externalloads or due to
residual welding stresses) occurin a flatpartmore than 15 mm thick, then the combination of
the welding procedure, the through-thickness properties of the materialand the Joint detail,
should be such as to avoid lamellar tearing, see table6.11.

Table 6.11 Avoidinglamellar tearing

7

Suscepfibte detci Improved defti

b) _______________

Susceptible Improved detcit

6.3.2.4 Single sided welds

(1) [6.6.2.2.(12); 6.6.2.3.(3)]

Singlesided fillet or partial penetration welds should be used only in a situation indicated in table
6.12 where the eccentricities due to single sided welds are self
compensating e.g. as for hollow
sectionconnectionswith small diameters and sufficient material thickness.

(2) In other cases, where due to the eccentricities rotations may occur,
single sided weldsare not
permitted.

54
 Table 612 Single fillet welds and single sided partial penetration butt welds

N
4

(a) Satisfactory

$N.
(r (b) Satisfactory

Nt$ J

I I
\

(ci Not satisfactory (d) Not satisfac tory

6.3.3 [6.6.41
Distributionof forces

(1) [6.6.4.(5)J
Injointswhereplastic hingesmayform, the welds shall be designed tpprovide atleast the same
design resistanceas the weakest of the connectedparts.

(2) [6.6.4.(6)J
In otherjoints where deformation capacity forjoint rotationis required due to the possibility of
excessWe straining, the welds require sufficientstrengthnot to rupturebefore generalyielding
in the adjacent parentmaterial.

(3)
In general this will be satisfied if the design resistance of the weld is notless than 80% of the
[6.6.4.(7)]

design resistanceof the weakest of the connectedparts.

55
6.3.4 [6.6.5J
Deslan resistance of a filletweld
6.3.4.1 [6.6.5.1]
Effective length

(1) 16.6.5.1.(1)1
The effective length of a fillet weld shall be taken as the overall length of the full-size fillet,
Including end returns. Providedthat the weldis full size throughoutthis length, no reductionin
effectivelength need be made for either thestart or the termination of the weld.

(2) [6.6.9]
The design resistances of welds in long Joints with L> 150a should be reduced as specifiedIn
EC 3/1.

6.3.4.2 [6.6.5.2]
Throatthickness

(1) [6.6.5.2.(1)]
Thethroat thickness, a, of a fillet weld shall be taken as the height of the largest triangle which
can be inscribed within the fusion faces and the weld surface,measuredperpendicular to the
outer side of this triangle,see table 6.13 (a)

Table 6.13 Throatthickness

(a) Design sections of fillet welds (b) Design throat thickness for SUb-
merged arc welding

56

I
(2) [6.6.5.2.(2)]
The throat thickness of a fillet weld should notbe less than 3 mm.

(3) 16.6.5.2.(4)1
In the case of a fillet weld made by an automatic submergedarcprocess, the throat thickness
to trials
may be increasedby 20% or 2 mm, whicheveris smaller, without resorting procedure
(see table 6.13 (b))

(4) The designforce used for checking fillet weldsshould be taken as the resultant of theforces to
be transmitted by theweld, seetable 6.14.

Table 6.14 Action effects in fillet welds

N1 Sd

F
V1 sd

VISd

II Sd
= jv + + (6.5)

57
6.3.4.3 [6.6.5.3]
Design resistance of fillet weld

(1) Thedesign resistance of a fillet weld shall be taken as follows

F,,9,
F, (6.6)
Yu
seetable 6.15

Table 6.15 ResIstance of a fillet weld

wRk aL

a - throat thldupess
L- weld length
- correlation factor

Weld resistance in [kN] for 100 mm weld length

Throat thIckness 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
a 1mm]
Fe 360 77,9
fi = 0,8
103,9 129,9 155,9 181,9 207,8 233,8 259,8 311.8

Fe 430 87.6 116,8 146,0 175,2 204,4

fi = 0,85 233,7 262,9 262,9 350,5

Fe 510 98,1 130,9 163,6 196,3

fi = 0,9 229,0 261,7 294,4 327,2 392,6

For differentweld lengths L in [mm] multiply the values by

6.3.5 [6.6.6]
Design resistance of butt welds

6.3.5.1 [6.6.6.1]
Fiil penetration butt welds

(1) [6.6.6.1.(1)]
The design resistance of a full penetration butt weld shall be taken as equal to the design
resistanceof theweaker ofthe pailsjoined.

58
6.3.5.2 [6.6.6.2]
Partial penetration butt welds

(1) [6.6.6.2.(1)]
The resistance of a partial penetration butt weld shall be determinedas for a deep penetration
fillet weld, see6.3.4.3.

(2) [6.6.6.2.(2)J
The throat thicknessofa partialpenetration butt weld shall be takenas the depth ofpenetration
that can consistentlybe achieved.

6.3.6 [6.6.8]
Joints to unstiffened flanges

(1) [6.6.8.(1)]
In a tee-joint of a plate to an unstiffened flange of an I, H or a box section,a reduced effective
breadth shall be taken into account both for the parentmaterialand for the welds, seetable 6.16

Table 6.16 Effective breadth of an unstiffened tee Joint

tw

__________ beff

tf
Hi:] O,5beff
I
________

[I1II I I

.;
£
I
it.p

(2} [6.6.8.(2)J
I
For an or H section the effectivebreadth b,, should be obtainedfrom:
+ 2r + 7t,
(6.7)

b.emlnj
butb,, < b
where f == design strength of member
design strength of plate

(3) [6.6.8.(3)J
Ifb, Is less than 0.7times the full breadth, the Jointshould be stiffened.

59
(4) 16.6.8.(4)]
For a boKsection the effectivebreadth b, should be obtained from:
2t + 5t,
2t+5!.I!L
w
(6.8)

but b,, b

(5) 16.6.8.(5)1
The welds connectingthe plate to the flange shall havea design resistanceper unit
lengthnot
less than the design resistance per unit width oftheflange.

60