I

ECCS EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK

CECM CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE
E K S

ECCS - Advisory Committee 5 - Application of Eurocode 3

Essentials of Eurocode 3
Design Manual for
Steel Structures in Building

I FIRST EDITION

I 1991 No65
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
Copyright owner :

ECCS General Secretariat

CECM Avenue des Ombrages, 32136 bte 20
EKS 8-1200 BRUSSEL (Belgium)
Tel. 3212-762 04 29
Fax 3212-762 09 35

ECCS assumes no liability with respect to the use for any application of the material and information contained in this
publication.
CONTENTS

PREFACE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope of the Essentiais of Eurocode 3/1

1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Notatkm

2. BASIS OF DESIGN

2.1 Fundamental requirements

2.2 Definitions and classifications
2.3 Design requirements

3. MATERIALS

3.1 General
3.2 Nominal values for hat rolled steel
3.3 Connectingdevlces
3.4 Design values d materiel coefflcientS

4. SERVICEABILITY UMlT STATES

4.1 Basis
4.2 Deflections
4.3 slip resistance for prdoaded bdts, when slip d connections is not allowed in
serviceability limtt state

5. ULTIMATE UMlT STATE

5.1 Basis
5.2 Calculation of intemai forces and moments
5.3 Classification and resistance of cross sections
5.4 StabUity
5.5 Net section faiiure
5.6 Web crippling

6. CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO STATIC LOADING

6.1 Basis
6.2 B d t d ~ W h S
6.3 Welded connections
PREFACE

The Eurocodes are being prepared to hamwxlke deslgn procedures between countrles which are
members of CEN (European Committee for Standardlzatlon).

-
Eurocode3 Part 1 (EC 3/1) 'Design of Steel Structures: General Rules and Rules for Buildings' has been
published lnitlally as an ENV document (European prestandard - a prospective European Standard for
provisional application).

The national authoritlea d the member states have issued NationalApplication Documents (NAD) to make
EC 3/1 operative whist it has ENV-status.

These Essential8 d EC 3/1 (E - EC 3) have been prepared by the ECCS - Advkxy Comtntttee 5 as a
design aid in supplement to the complete EC 3/1 to facilitate the use of EC 3/1 for the design of steel
buildings in the ENV-period.

The E - EC 3 only contain those rules from EC 3/1 that are likely to be needed for daily practical design
work. References to EC 3/l are given in [...I. Quotations from EC 3/1 are identified by cursive letters, any
other text, tables or figures not quoted from EC 3/1 are deemed to satisfy the rules spectfled in EC 3/1;
in case of doubt or when rules are missing (e.g. for the dedgn of thin walled or fatigue loaded structures
or reference standards for products or for fabrication and erection) EC 3/1 should be consulted In
conjunction with the NAD.

The ECCS - Advisory Committee 5 is at preserrt composed of the following members:

Aasen, B. Norway
Arda, T.S. Turkey
Bock, H. United Kingdom
Burgholzer, L Austria
Danieli, S. Italy
Dowling, P.J. United Kingdom
Falke, J. Germany
Gemperle, C. Switzerland
Gettins, H.J. (Chairman) United Kingdom
Lequien, Ph. FranCe
Lutteroth, A Germany
Schleich, J.B. Luxembourg
Sediacek, G. Germany
Takanashi, K Japan
Thomasson, P.O. Sweden

The Committee gratefully obtained contributions from:

Dier, AF. United Kingdom

Grotmann, D. Germany
Morrow, AW. United Kingdom
Tayior, J.C. United Kingdom

Particular thanks are given to the ECCS Technical comm#tees who have contributed to the work.
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE OF THE ESSENTIALS OF EUROCODE 3/1

(1) These Essentials d EC 3/1 apply to the design d buildings and simUar structures In steel. Not
included are structures susceptibleto fatigue or exposed to low temperatures or fire for which the
complete EC 3/1 document should be consulted. In case of doubt use the complete EC 3/1 rules.

1.2 [1.3]
ASSUMPTIONS

- Structures are designed by approPratdy quallfled and experienced personnel.

- Adequate supervision end quality contrd is provMed during execution of the work.
- Construction is carried out by personnel havlng the appropriate skill and experience.
The construction materials and products used are as specified in this document or in the
relevant material or product speciflcations.
The sbructure will be adequately malntained.
- The use of the structure wUI be in accordance with the design brief.

1.3 [1.4]
DEFINITIONS

(1) [1.4.(1)1
Unless othewlse stated, the terminology used In International Standad IS0 8930 epplies.

1.4 [1.6]
NOTATION

(1) [1.6.6.(3)]
Where symbols with muMph subscripts are needed, they have been assembled in the foliowing
sequence:
- mah peremeter (eg.M, N, 6)
- vafiant lype (w. pr, eff, b, c)
- sm= (eo.1, v)
- (W. Y, 4
- location (eg. 7,2, 3)
- nature (eg.R, S)
- level (eg. d, k)
- index (eg. 7, 2, 3)

Example: M, . .Rd (design plastic ~ m i ~ t a n t the gross section, y axis)

e e n of
~ o~m

(2) Dots are used to separate sub scrip!^ into pdrs d characters, except as follows:
- Subscripts with more then one character
- Combinations Rd, Sd etc.

1
Table 1.1 Dimensions and axea d sectkm

j: I

I
I
z 2 z

I-
h

I
1
I
tf
--Y

2 z
Z Z

k/"
I U I
",
h
- -Y =b

2
2 BASIS OF DESIGN

P.11
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

P.1. (1 11
A structure shall be designed and constructed In such a way that

with acceptable probability, it will rcHneln fit for the use for which it is required, having
due regard to its intended life and b cost, and
- with eppropIiete degrees ofreliability, It will sustajn all actions and influences likely to
occur during e~ecutlon(i.e. the ccnWWkm period) and use and have adequate
durebllHy in relation to maintenance costs.

P.1.(211
A structure shall also be deslgned In such a way that it will not be damaged by events like
expiosions, impact or consequences of human e m , to an Ment disproportlonate to the original
cause.

12.1. (411
The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design
and detalllng and by SpeCyIing conttd procedures for production, constructfon and use as
relevant for the particuiar project.

P.21
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

[2.2.1.1]
Llmk stat-

[2.2.1.1.(1)]
Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design pedormance
requirements.

Limit states are classiiied into:

- ultimate limit states

serviceability limit states.

[2.2.1.1. (2)]
Uitimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure
which may endanger the safety of people.

[2.2.1.1.(5)]
Serviceabillity limit states correspond to states beyond which specified service criteria are no
longer met.

3
2.2.2 [2.2.2]
Actions

2.2.2.1 [2.2.2.1)
Defintlon and principal dass#icatlon *)'

(1) [2.2.2.1*(1)]
An action (9is:

- a force (load) applied to the structure (direct action), or

- an imposed defotmation (indirectaction); for example, tempemture effects or differential

settlement.

(2) [2.2.2.1.(2)]
Actions are classified as:
- permanent actions (G), e.g. se#-welght d structures, fittings, ancilliaries and fixed
equipment

variable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads, wind loads or snow loads
- accidental actions (A), e.g. atplosions or Impact from vehlcies

2.2.2.2 [2.2.2.2]
Characteristk values of actlons

(1) [2.2.2.2.(1)]
Characteristic values Fk are specified:
- in the Eurocode for Actions or other relevant loading codes, or

by the client, or the designer in consultetion with the client, provided that the minimum
providons specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authoriiy are
observed.

2.2.2.3 [2.2.2.4]
Design values d actlons

(1) [2.2.2.4.(1)]
The design value Fd d an action is ekpressed in general terms as:

Fe = 7 8 , ..................................................... (2.1)

where: qF = Parthl safety factor for adlona

F, = characteristic value of the actlon

9 Fuller definitions of the classification of actlons wYI be found In the Eurocode for Actions.

4
2.3 [2.3]
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 [2.3.1]
Feneral
(1) [2.3.1.(1)]
it shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded.

(2) [2.3.1.(2)]
All relevant design situations and load cas= shall be considered.

(3) [2.3.1.(3))
Possible deviations from the assumed directions OT positions of actions shall be considered.

(4) [2.3.1.(4)]
Caiculatlonsshall be performed uslng izwroprlate design models (supplemented, if necessary,
by tests) Involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the
structural behaviour, commensuratewith the standerd of workmanship likely to be achieved, and
with the reliability of the information on which the design is based.

2.3.2 (2.3.21
Yltimate llmit stateg

2.3.2.1 I2.3.2.11
Verffication c o n d l t h

(1) [2.3.2.1.(2)]
When considering a limit state of rupture 01 excBssIvB deformation of a section, member or
connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:

S,s R , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.2)

where S d is the design value of an internal force or moment (orof a respective vector of several
internal forces or moments)

and Rd is the conesponding design resistance,

associating all structurel pr

w r
fi
e s with the respecthe design values.

2.3.2.2 [2.3.2.2]
Combinations of actions

(1) [2.3.2.2.(1)]
For each load case, design values for the effecis of actions shall be determined from
combination rules involving deslgn values d actions as Menrified by table 2.1 and taMe 2.2.

5
Table 2.1 Combinations d actions for ultima1 limit statg
Load combinations to be considered: G, - permanent actions, e.g. self weight

Q, - variable actions, e.g. imposed loads

on floors, snow loads, wind loads
0,- - the varhMe action which causes the
largest effect

7a partial safety factor for permanent

2. 1,35'*CG, + 1,s.. *CQ, actions

70 partial safety factor for variable

actions
If the deadload G counteracts the variable
action Q:

If a variable load Q counteracts the

dominant loading:

The load combination which gives the largest effect (1.0. internal forces or moment) is decisive

6
 Table 2 2 Examples for the application d the combination d e s in table 2.1.
All actions (9, q, P, s, w) are considered to originate from different sources.

1. 1,Sg + 1,wq
2. 1,Sg + 1,504
3. l , S ( g + q + s)

I IP I
5
1. 1,359 + 1,50*q
2. 1,S.g + 1,50*P7
9 3. 1 , S g + 1,50*~
4. l , S ( g + q + s + P7)

€ I J n T m D s
-q
1. 1 , S g + 1.50-w
2. 1.35.g + 130.q
3. 1 , S g + 1.50.9
4. l,S(g+ q + w + 9)

g-
q-
deadload
imposedload
'Assuming P IS independent of g,q,s and w

P- Pointload
s- snowioad
II w - wind load

2.3.3 [2.3.4]
Serviceability limit states

(1) For each load case,deslgn values for the effects d adions shall be determined from combination
rules involving design values of actions as identified by table 2.3.

Load combinations to be considered: G, - permanent actions, e.g. self weight

Q, - variable actlons, e.g. imposed loads,

snow loads, wind loads

- the variable action which causes the \

H
Q,,
largest effect
2. CG, + 0,9CQ,

The load combination which gives the largest effect (i.e. deformations, deflections) is decisive

7
3 MATERIALS

3.1 [3.1]
GENERAL

(1) [ 3 w 1
The materidproperties given in this chapter we those required for the purpose of design.

3.2 (3.2.21
NOMINAL VALUES FOR HOT ROUED STEEL

1 Table 3.1 Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength f, for
structural steels to EN 10025
Thickness t mm7
Nominal steel
grade ts40mm 40 mm < t I 100 mm
f" (N/mW f" (N/W) f" (N/mm f" (N/m@)
Fe 360 235 360 215 340
Fe 430 275 430 255 410
Fe 510 355 510 335 490
t is the nominal thickness of the element

-
- of the flange of rdled sections
of the particular elements of the welded sections

f = yield strength
!f = ultimate tensile strenath
T$ rotted welded

3.3 i3.31
CONNECTING DEVICES

3.3.1 [3.3.2]
Bolts

3.3.2 I3.3.51

(11 [3.3.5.(2)]
The specifiedyield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation at failure and minimum Charpy-
V-notch energy value of the filler metal, shall all be either equal to, or better than, the
corresponding values specified for the steel grade behg welded.

8
3.4 [3.2.5]
DESIGN VALUES OF MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS

modulus d elastklty E = 21oooO [N/mml]

I

shear modulus G= 81000 [N/mmz]

coefficient of linear thennal expansion a = 12.10~ [I/W

4 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

4.1 (4.11
BASIS

(1) [4.1.(1)1
Serviceability limit states, see also 2.2.1.1, for steelwork are:

deformations or deflections which affect the eppeerance or Mectlve use of the structure
(including the malfunction of machlnes or services)
- vibration, oscillation or sway which causes discomfort to the occupants of a buiiding or
damage to its contents
- damage to finishes ornmstructud elements due to deformations, defiections, vibration,
oscillation or sway.

(2) 14.1 m1
To avoid exceeding these limits it is necessery to limit defomrations, defiections and vibrations
for serviceewity lknit states unless other spec#icatiorrsare agreed upon.

4.2 [4.2]
DEFLECTIONS

4.2.1 (4.2.11
Reaulrementg

(1) [4.2.1.(1)]
Steel structures and components shall be so pIoporbtoned that defiections are within limits
agreed between the client, the designer and the competent author@as being appropriate to the
intended use and occupancy of the building and the nature of the materials to be supported.

(2) [4.2.1.(2)]
The values given in 4.2.2 are empirld values. They are intended for comparison with the results
of calculations and should not be interpreted as performance criteria.

9
(3) [4.2.1.(4)]
The deslgn values given in table 2.3 should be used in connection with the llmlting values given
in Sectkm 4.2.2.

(4) [4.2.1.(5)]
The deflections should be calculated making due allowance for any second order effects, and the
possible occunence of any plastk deformatlona at the serviceabUlty limit state.

[4.2.2)
Umltina value8

[4.2.2.(1)]
The limiting values for vertical deflections given In table 4.2 are illustrated by reference to the
simply supported beam shown in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Vertlcal deflections to be conddered

,6 = sagging in the final state relative to the

,6 = 6, + 6, 6, - straight line joining the supports.

-
6, = precamber (hogging) of the beam in
the unloaded state (state 0)

6, = duetoG
(variation of the deflection of the beam
d \state 2 I due to the permanent loads) (state 1)

L 6, = due to Q
(vadation of the deflection of the beam
due to the variable loadlna) (state 2)

Recommended ilmitina values for vertical ddections

Conditions Limits

hum 6,
roofs generally L/200 1/250
roofs frequently c a m persorwrel other than for maintenance 1/250 1/3w
floors generally 1/250 1/300
floors and roofs supporting brittle finish or non-flexible partltbns 1/250 1/350
floors supporting columns (unless the deflection has been induded in L/m 1/500
the global analysis for the ultimate limit state)
where 6, can impair the appearance of the building 1/250 1
For cantilever beamx L - twice cantilever 808n

slope of the r o d less than 5% check that rainwater cannot cdiect in pads
slope of the roof less than 3% addttlonal check that Incremental collapse cannot occur
due to the weight d water

10
(2) [4.2.2.(4)]
The limlting values for horizontal deflections given in table 4.3 are Ulustrated by reference to the I
mdtl-storey and singlestorey frame.

1 Table 4.3 Recommended limb for horizontal deliectlons

I Multistorey Single storey

POW frames without

Sa
m cranes 6 I h/150

other buudinas 6 I h/300

(4) [4.3.2]
floor vibrations
If the frequenciesand deformations given in table 4.4 are not exceeded the conditions for comfort
are deemed to be satisfied.

limited total
lowest natural frequency ddection 6, + 6,
f. tbl tmml
floors over which people walk regularly 3 28

I floors which are jumped or danced on In a

rhvthmical manner I 5
I 10

.f - natural frequency
f, = 1 A
2% L2
e [Hrf

E -modulusddaSwty
I -secondmomentdarea
L -span
m -mass per unit length
a -coefficient of frequency of the basic mode of vlbration
r L- b
L 1 ,-L I
-rm
a = 9,869 a = 22,37 a = 3,516 a = 15,418

11
4.3 [6.5.8]
SUP RESISTANCE OF PRELOADED BOLTS, WHEN SUP OF CONNECTIONS IS NOT ALLOWED
IN SERMCEABIUTY UMIT STATE

(1) In CoMedlonS designed for sllp-re9is&nce at servlceebplty the design wwkeabUlty shear load
should not exceed the deslgn dip resistance, obtained from 4.3.(2). The design ultimate shear load
shall not exceed the design shear resistance nor the design bearing resistance, see dause 6.2.3.

(2) The design slip resistance of a preloaded high strength bolt shall be taken as:

F.,_ _ = -Fa,
................................................. (4.1)
Y w u

F, see table 4.5.

(3) The numerical value of the partial safety factor 7- shall be taken from table 6.1.

1 Table 4.5
~~~~ ~~~

Characteristic slip resistance per bolt and friction interface for 8.8 and 10.9 bolts,
where the holes in all the plies have standard nominal dearances

Bolt diameter d 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
[mml
Tensile stress area 84,3 157 245 303 353 459 561 817
of bolt A, [mm2]
I

,F for 8.8 bolts c1 = 0 2

, [kNI D 9,4 17,6 27,4 33,9 39.5 51.4 62,8 913

F* for 10.9 bdts

[kNI *D
p = 0,2
11,8 22,0 343 42,4 49,4 643 78,5 114,4

rust removed, no pitting

or grit, and painted wlth

12
5 Ultimate Limit State

5.1 [5.1]
BASIS

5.1.1 (5.11
General

(1) [5.1.1.(2)]
The pedal safety factor yM can be taken as follows:

for r d s t a n a of cross-sectkm to overell yielding 7uo

for resistance to buckiing 7ui

for resistance of net section at bolt hdes 7M2

for resistance of connections see chapter 6

(2) Numerical values of the partial safety factora (as indicated at the time of preparation of the
document) are given in tabie 5.1

EC3A5 B CH D DK E El F OR I IS L N NL P Sa SFTRUK
Put1
7- 1,lO 1,oo 1,w”1,lO 1,lO 1,oo 1,lO 1,w 1,lO 1,lO 1,oo 1,lO 1,w1,lO 1,oo 1,lO 1,05
1,lO l,oo, 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,lO 1,10,1,10 1,oo 1,lO 1,oo 1,lO 1,05
7”. 1.25 1.251 1.2s 1.25 1.25 l a 1.25 1
s 1 2 s 1251 12!5112!5 1.25 1.25 1.201 1.25 1.20

” In rxceptiocul cas08 5% higher a In rx#ptknd 0.~110% h l g k In excoptlonrl cmm 15% higher

5.2 (5.21
CALCULATION OF INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS

5.2.1 [5.2.1]
Global analvsig

5.2.1.1 [5.2.1.1]
Methods of analysis

(1) [5.2.1.1.(2)]
The internal forces and moments in a staticaily indeterminate structure may generally be
determined using either:

8) elastic global analysis

b) plastic global anaEysIs

(2) [5.2.1.1.(3)]
Elastic global analysis may be used in ail cases.

(3) [5.2.1.1.(4)]
Plastic global analysis may be used only where the member cross sections and the steel material
satis& the requirements specified in clause 5.2.7. 5.3.3 and 3.2.2.2 of EC 311.

13
5.2.1.2 (5.2.1.21
Effects of deformations

(1) (5.2.1.2.(1)]
The internal forces and moments m y ganerall).be detmined in the global aneEysls taking Into
acount the effects of imperfectioru,using eithar:

4 first order t h w y , using the initial geametry of the structure

b) second order theory,taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure.

(2) [5.2.5.2.(3)]
if the dasdflcation criterion

-
AM s 0,l ..................................................
(5.1)
M
where A M is the increase of adion effect due to the influence of the deformation of
the structure
M is the actlon effect due to fkst order theory

is satisfied, the influence of the deformation of the structure on the internal forces and moments
may be neglected

5.2.2 [5.2.2]
Desian Assumotiong

(1) Table 5.2 shows the modelling of connections in the ~Iobalanalysis depending on their rotational
stiffness.

Table 5.2 Model11

Type of connection Designed for Design or Detail crite-

ria
Pinned connection small restraint to suffi-
cient rotations

Rigid connection moment. shear, small rotations. suffi-

tension or cient elastic moment
compression from an and shear strength
elastic or plastic
global analysis
----

E
for semklaid connections see EC 3/1

14
5.2.3 [5.2.3)
Structural svstemg

5.2.3.1 Frame systems

(1) Any frame shall be analysed taking Into account the frame lmperfectlons, see clause 5.2.3.1.2.

(2) [5.2.5.3.(2)]
A frame may be treated as braced tf the crtterion h table 5.3 Is satisfied.
(3) [5.2.6.2.(6)]
For each storey the sway deformations resutting from the analysis shall be checked against the
classification criterion in table 5.4.

(4) if the limit lrnplled by this crfterion Ls exceeded the second order effects shall be taken into
account by the method specified In &use 5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.1.1 ClassiRcatlon of frames

Table 5.3 Classifkatkm of frames laterally supported by bracing systems

4 1

A frame laterally supported by a bracing system may be dasstfled as a braced frame when

*s i 0.2$,
where
llR- Is the sway stiffness ofthe unbraced frame
&- is the sway stmness of the bfacing system

Table 5.4 aassifkation Is sway or noksway

6 - horizontal displacement at the top

of the storey, relattve to the bottom
of the storey, resultlng from flrst
order theory
h - storey height
CH - total horlzontal reaction at the bot-
tom ofthestorey(H, + HJ
CV - total vertical reaction at the bottom
of the storey (V, + VJ
H2
for a frame to be
treated as non-swav

15
5.2.3.1.2 [5.2.4]
Allowance for frame imperfections

(1) [5.2.4.1.(1)]
AppropIcate allowances shall be incorporated to cover the effects of practical Imperfections,
including reddual stresses and gewnetdd imperfecdons such as lack of vedcality, lack of
straightness due to welding 01 lack of fit end the unaddable minw eccentricities present in
practical connections.

(2) [5.2.4.3.(1)]
The &ec& of Imperfections shall be allowed for in frame analysis by meens of an equhdent
geometric imperfection in the form d an I n W sway imperfection or of equivalent horirontal
forces according to table 5.5, either method Is permissible.

11 Table 5.6 Frame immrfectiona

____ ~~

sway imperfections 4 eauivalent forces

F2

(3) [5.2.4.3.(4)]
These initlel sway imperfections apply in all horizontal directions, but need only be considered
In one direction at a hime. The numerical values are given in table 5.6.

16
 Table 5.6 values for the lnitlal sway lfnperfectlorro0

I number d
CdUmnS n,=2 n,=3 n,=4 n,=S
in plane
number of
storeys
nmrmmn
1/2w 1/220 1/230 1/24

n,

nr
- number o( odumns
- numbevoistweys
L
n, = 2 fl 1/240 1/260 1/275 1/285

n, = 3 1/275 1/3W 1/315 1/325

n, = 4 H 1/300 1/325 1/345 1/355

(4) (5.2.4.3.(2)]
Only those columns which carry a vertical load Nu d at least 50% of mean value of the vertical
load per column in the plane consideredJshall be included in n,

(5) [5.2.4.3.(3)]
Only those columns which extend through ail the storeys Included in n, shall be included In ne
Only those floor or r o d levels which are connected to all the columns included In n, shall be
included when determining n,

5.2.3.1.3 [5.2.6.2]
Elastic analysis d sway frames

(1) [5.2.6.2.(1)]
When elastic global a n w s is used, the second order eifects in the sway mode shall be
included, either directly by using second order elastic analysisJor indirectly by using one of the
foilowing alternatives

first order elastic analpis, with amplified sway moments;

flrst order elastic analysis, with swayinode buckllng lengths.

(2) [5.2.6.2.(3))
In the amplified sway moments methodJthe sway moments found by a flrst oder elastic analysis
should be increased by multiplying them by the ratio:

where 6, h, H and V are as deftned h table 5.4.

17
 [5.2.6.2.(4)]
The ampllfled sway moments method shwM not be used when:

>0 s . .. . . ... .. .. . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . (5.3)

h * x H

[5.2.6.2.(7))
When the amplified sway moments methad Is used, in-plane buckling lengths for the non-sway
mode should be used for member design.

When first d e r elastic analysis, with swaymode Implane buckling lengths, is used for column
dedgn, 888 EC 3/1

5.2.3.2 [5.2.5.3.(6)]
Bracing systems

(1) Any bracing systems shall be analysed taking into account the bracing imperfections.

5.2.3.2.1 [5.2.4.4]
Bracing system imperfections

(1) [5.2.4.4.(1)]
The effects of imperfections shall be ellowed for In the design of bracing systems which are
requlred to provMe lateral stability withln Ihe length d beams or campression members, by
means of an equivalent geomeMc impeffection of the members to be restrained, In the form of
an lnltid bow Imperfection, or of the equivalent stabUkIng force according to table 5.7.

Table 5.7 Bracina svstem immrfectlons

initial bow imperfection equtvalent stabUWng force

1.Sd

2.Sd q2
I-
N 3.Sd ~ I I I I I I I I I l l l l 93
-- -
t l l t t t

I
L 1

(2) The numerical values for the stabilizing force Cq are given in table 5.8.

18
 n, = numbor of momkcr to
br rostrdfud

Ik, - thr in-plano dofi.ctionof tho bracing syatrm duo to Cq plus m y rxt.tn.l lordr

[5.31
CLASSIFICATION AND RESISTANCE OF CROSSSECTlONS

[5.4.4]
Members In ComDresslon

If using the plastic compression resistance of the cross-sectionthe b/t. h/t, c/t and d/t limits for
class 3 Sedlons shall be met. see table 5.9.

[5.4.4.(1)]
For membersin axial compression, ohe design value d the compressive forces Nu at each cross-
section shall setis&:
A-f
Ng, s NRI = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5.4)
Ym

[5.4.4.(4)]
In addtblon, the buckling redstance d the member shall be verified, see 5.4.2

[5.4.4.(5)]
Fastener holes neednot be allowedfor Incompressionmembers, except for oversize and slotted
holes.

If the b/t, h/t, c/t or d/t ratios are greater than the values glven In table 5.9 the vedflcatlon shall
be carried out according to &use 5.3.5.

19
 Maximum width-tethickness ratios for class 3 elements in cross-sections
hkkness t I 40 mm

c/t I 15 d/t I42

I cec
d
m d=hq - 3t
b/t s 42 d/t I42

h/t I 15 ; (b + h)/2t I 113

For Fe 430 multiply above values by 0,92

For Fe 510 multidv above values bv 0.81

d/t I 90

20
 Table 5.10 Maximum wldth-tw hkkness ratios for dasr, 2 elements in cross-sections loaded
bv bending momen 8 momerds; for plate thickness t s 40 mrn

I Profiles Flanges Webs

g c/t I11

b/t I 38 d/t I 83

Q 1,0 0,75 0.5 0,25

b/t I 38
d/t 38 52 83 166

c / t s 11

Cz q a -c
1,0

11

1,0
0,75

17

0,75
0,5

31

0,5
b/t I 38

11 15 22

For Fe 430 multiply above values b

For Fe 510 muttldv above values b

I d/t I 70

For Fe 430 multiply above value by D,85

1 For Fe 510 muttidv above value bv D.66

21
 bybendingmommts: for date 540mm

Protiles Webs

c/t I 15 d/t I 124

b/t 5 42 d/t s 124

Q l,o 0.0 -l,o -2,o

b/t I42
d/t 42 63 124 263

c/t I 16

* 1.0 0.0 -l,o

h c/t

*
15

1,o
30

0,o
112

-1,o
b/t I42

c/t 15 17 21

For Fe 430 multiply above values by 0,92

For Fe 510 multldv above values bv 0.81

d/t I 90

For Fe 430 multiply above value by 0 , s

For Fe 510 multidv above value bv 0.66

22
[5.4.5]
Members in bendins

If using the plastrc moment resistance d the cross-sedlon the b/t, c/t and d/t limits for dass 2
SBctlOns shall be met, see table 5.10.

If using the elastlc moment resistance of the cross-sectlon the b/t, c/t and d/t limits for class 3
sedlons ShaH be met, see table 5.11.

[5.4.5.(1)]
In the absence of shear force, the deslgn value of the bending moment MM at each cross-section
shall sad*
M, s M& ................................................. (5.5)
where M, is the design momecd redstance d the crass-section, see table 5.12

Table 5.12 Design moment resiaanw

plasticresistance elaStlcresMance Deductlonofhdea

corn ressi o n no deduction of hdes

8 1
in the compression zone

tension
deduction of hdes
in the tension zone

M,
Wp*$ 3
YYP Yuo

[5.4.5. (4)]
In addMon, the resistance of the member to lateral-torslonalbuckling shall be verified, see 5.4.3.

If the b/t, c/t or d/t r a t b are greater than the values given in table 5.1 1 the verification shall be
carrled out according to &use 5.3.5.

23
5.3.3 [5.4.6)
Members In shear

(1) If using the plastic shear resistance d the cross-sectionthe d/t limits In table 5.13 shall be met.

I Tab10 5.13 Maximum wldth-to-thkknesr, ratio for elements

loaded bv shear to avoid shear bucldlna verification
I Profiles I WebSInshear

d/t I 69

d/t s 69

In case of transverse stlffeners

(k, according to table 5.28) d/t s 304k.
For Fe 430 multlply above values by 092
For Fe 510 muttldv above value8 bv 0.81

(2) [5.4.6.(1)]
The deslgn value d the shear force V, at each cross-section shall satis@
fy
V, s V, = A, ....................................... (5.6)
@ Yuo
(3) [5.4.6.(2)]
The shear area 4 may be W e n from table 5.14

'abk 5.14 Shear area 4.

1"Sd 1"Sd

rdled rdled welded welded

4. A-&

24
(4) [5.4.6.(8)]
Fastener holes In webs need not be all- tor provMed that:

-
4.
n
A"
.
t
2
f
2
fu
.. . . . .. . .. ... .. . . ...... .... . . . . ... . . . . .... . . . . .. . (5.7)

Othemlse 888 Eurocode 3 Part 1

(5) [5.4.6.(9)]
The block shear critedon gken In 5.5.2 &aI/ also be verifed et the ends of e member.

(6) If the d/t retio & greater than the value glven In table 5.13, the h r buckling resistance of the
web shall also be ver#led as spctfbd In 5.4.5.

5.3.4 [5.4.9]
lnteractlonofbendInn. &ea randaxlal for-

(1) For class 2 cross-wctbns with plastic r a n l d n m the Interactionformula In table 5.15 shall be
used. The values M,, herein may be taken from table 5.17,or more accurately from EC 3/1
&use 5.4.8.

ble 5.15 Plastic Interaction formula, when no member stabUky check is necessary.
r

a B
IorHsedIon 2 1

circular hollow section 2 2

rectangular hollow sectlon 1 ,a 1,s

sdid rectangles and plates 1,73 1,73

(2) For dass 3 cross-secSlons with elastic redstances the lnteractlon formulae in table 5.16 shall be
used.

k'i, P see table 5.17

(3) In addition, the resistance of the member to buckling or lateral torsional buckling shall be verified,
see 5.4.4.
rable 5.17 Reduced Wlc redstance moment allowkrg for axk load and shear M,,
?oiled or welded I
;ectiona

7-
y-. -. t .-. -y

I v, S 0,6-V,

0
y--H-y
z +.- -4-1
1
-4
- 1"
,33(1
MpRd
-n-p)

1) Low level:
i dtf
Nsds-r.
Hlgh level:

26
5.3.5 [5.3.5]
Effective cross-section DroDerties of dass 4 cross-Sections

(1) [5.4.4]
Members with dasa 4 cross-secth shall be verffled wtth elastk reslstances determined with
effective cross sectional data:

Nw = !d!
Yur
.............................................. (5.8)
M,, = %
Ywr

(2) [5.3.5.(1)]
The effe~tiveC ~ O S S - S WP
~ ~ M~ O d ~Sl e 4scr-tion~
~ shell be based the effective
widths d the compression elements as given in table 5.18 for symmetrlcal cross sections. For
unsymmetrlcal cross sections see d a m 5.3.5 of EC 3/1

(3) [5.3.5.(3)]
As an Bpplawimation, the reduction factor p therein may be obtained from the fdlowlng:
P = 1,o when I , s 0,873
...................... (5.9)
whm r p> 0,673

where ip
can be taken from table 5.18 or may be derived from:
6
-
-A, = t ............................................ (5.10)
28,k &

k, - buckllng factor as given in table 5.19

For. Fe 360: c = 1.00
Fe 430:c = 0,92
Fe 510: c = 0.81

(4) To determine the effective cross-sectkwl data table 5.18 may be used.

(5) Where the streaw usdfrom effective cross 88ctjonBI data are less than 1, the piate slenderness
A, may be decreased by
7

(=4 7
which may cause an increase of the effective width

27
 Members In compresdon
effective cross section

..
II II

Members in bendim

- 4 - n n

*) For Fe 430 multiply values by 1,09

For Fe 510 multiply values by 1,23
-
28
15.7.71
For members in bending the thickness ratio d/t, d the webs shall be limited to the values glven
in table 5.20 to prevent the compression flange buckling in the plane of the web.

steel grade ot( Fe 360 IFe 430 IFe 5101

For co-exlstlng bending, shear and axhl force the krteractlon formulae in table 5.17 and dause
5.3.443)apply.

15-51
STABIUN

Overall stabilkv of stnrctures

The overall stabdtty of structures shall be checked. The stabilizing elements shall be designed to
resist horizontal forces during and after construction

15.5.11

The stability d compression members (buckling by plane bending) shall be checked according
to the two principal axes of the sBct/on with the appropriate effective lengtha Exceptionally, hteral-
torsional buckling govern.
Af
Nds x 2 .................................................... (5.11)
YUl
where: x = f6) see table 5.21

Fe360 Fe430 Fe510

29
-
bblo 5 2 1

Jlled
sections

relded
section8

ollow
ections

relded box
sctlonr

ther
octionr

ny* 0 g nT
I b C d

0.2 1.mw 1.oooo 1 .oooo 1.mw

0.3 O m 5 0.9641 0.9491 0.9235
0.4 0.9528 0.9281 0.8973 0.8504
0.5 0.9243 0.8842 0.8430 0.7793
0.6 0.8900 0.8371 0.7854 0.7 100
0.7 0.8477 0.7837 0.7247 0.6431
0.8 0 . W 0.7246 0.6622 0.5197
0.9 0.7339 0.6612 0.5888 0.5208
1.o 0.6654 0.5870 0.5399 0.4671
1.1 0.5980 0.5352 0.4842 0.4189
1.2 0.5300 0.4781 0.4338 0.3762
1.3 0.4703 0.4269 0.3888 0.3385
1.4 0.4179 0.3617 0.3492 0.3055
1.5 0.3724 0.3422 0.3146 0.2766
1.6 0.3332 0.3019 0.2842 0.2512
1.7 0.- 0.2781 0.2577 0.2289
1.8 0.2702 0.2521 0.2346 0.2093
1.9 0.2449 0- 0.2141 0.1920
2.0 0.2229 0.20SS 0.1962 0.1766
2.1 0.2038 0.1- 0.1803 0.1830
2.2 0.1867 0.1705 0.1662 0.1508
2.3 0.1717 0.1628 0.1537 0.1399
2.4 0.1586 0.1500 0.1425 0.1302
2.5 0.1467 0.1397 0.1325 0.1214
2.6 0.1382 0.1299 0.1234 0.1134
2.7 0.1267 0.1211 0.1153 0.1082
2.8 0.1182 0.1132 0.10'19 0.0997
2.9 0.1 105 0.1060 0.1012 0.0937
3.0 0.1m 0.- 0.0951 0.0882

30
 [5.8.3. (1)]
The effectiveslenderness of angles connected at leest with two bolta may be calculated as follows:
1
buckling about the v-v axls: 2 I
-
,A, = 0,s + 0,7T,

buckling about y-y or z-z axis:

-
A-
-
- 0 , s + 0,71y

A, = 0,50 + 0,71z
I J

(3) For dass 4 sectlona A,, Instead d A should be used, however X (A = (/I) may be determined
using the radius of gyration Os the gross section (p = 1.00).

5.4.3 I5.5.2)
Lateral-torsional bucklha of beamg

(1) [5.5.2.(1)]
The design buckling resistance moment d a laterally unrestmined beam shall be taken as:
W f
Mm-Xrr- -d=&Jl
Ym
M~ - Xrr 5
YUl
(e&& desiqn)
.............................. (5.12)

Xrr = f 6LI) seetable525

where:

1 Tab10 5.22 Desian moment rnaiatanrn I

I- A, I 0,4
I no allowance for lateral torsional buckling is

(2) The cr#ical moment M, for doubly symmetrk crw aar?thna wtth In plane end moment loading
may be taken as

......................... (5.13)

where GT = kL effecthre length for out of plane bending

effective length factor k see table 5.23

c, may be taken from table 5.24

31
b l Table 5.24 Numerical values for C, and the deflnhlon of $

a P

32
 *ab10 5.25 Redudion factor xLl = fK1)
-
41 rdled wctlma (curve a)
0.4 0.9528 0.8973
0.5 0.9243 0.8430
0.6 0.8900 0.7854
0.7 0.8477 0.7247
0.8 0.7957 0.6622
0.9 0.7339 0.5998
1 .o 0.6656 0.5399
1.1 0.5960 0.4842
1.2 0.5300 0.4338
1.3 0.4703 0.3888
1.4 0.4179 0.3492
1.5 0.3724 0.3145
1.6 0.3332 0.2842
1.7 0.2994 0.2577
1.8 0.2702 0.2345
1.9 0.2449 0.2141
2.0 0.2229 0.1962
2.1 0.2036 0.1803
2.2 0.1867 0.1662
2.3 0.1717 0.1537
2.4 0.1585 0.1425
2.5 0.1467 0.1325
2.6 0.1362 0.1234
2.7 0.1267 0.1153
2.8 0.1182 0.1079
2.9 0.1 105 0.1012
3.0 0.1036 0.0951

I (3) For daso 4 sectlons W, instead of W should be used. However, A, may be determined on the
basis of the gross section poperties (p = 1.00).

[5.5.4]
Members in bendlrNl and axial c o m w ~

In case of compresskm and bending or biaxial bending the interaction rules for buckllng and
lateral tordonal buckling of members in table 5.26 apply.

Where significant torsion is prevented by suitable restraints, or hdlow sections are used, the upper
interactlon formula in table 5.26 applies.

33
9
hable 6.28
nt
li -
II
6 I

1
With lateral tordonel bucldlng phenomen8

dastk resktarice I elastic resistance

uhere:

Nsd i n z = - - -Nsd
Xz%
Ywr Ym
4 more accurate veffficatioll can be achieved by using:
p, = 1,8 - 0,7+
1) k y - 1 -= YMl

z = WJW -1 LV 0.15 for plastic resis&nce

for elastic resistance:

34
5.4.5 [5.6]
Shear bucklina resistance

(1) Webs with d/t,,, exceeding the limb given In table 5.13 shall be checked for resistance to shear
buckling and transverse stiffener8 shall be pfovlded at the supports.

5.4.5.1 (5.6.21
Design methods

(1) [!5.6.2.(1)]
For webs with and without intermediate t~~n8verse stiffenera, the shear buckling resistance may
b0Verifledudng
the simple postcrltlcal method
the tension fldd method (see 5.6.4 EC 3/1)

5.4.5.2 I5.6.31
Simple postcritical method

(1) [5.6.3.(1)]
In the simple post-critid method, the design shear buckling resistance V,, should be obtained
from:

V- d tw-fba ........................................... (5.14)

IU1
where r.- is the dmde wstcritical shear strenath. see table 5.27.

Ibable 1.27 Simple postcritlcal shear strength rb, I

f S 0
A 9
=(1,5 - OD6251, ) f
fi 6 L
(2) [5.6.3.(2)]
The web slenderness should be cletmined frm:
-A, =
dlt,
............................................ (5.15)
37.4 e fi
where the W i n g factor k, for shear is given kr table 5.28 with a/d being the aspect
ratio:
Ipablo 6.28 BucMing factor k,

where: e = For: Fe=: c = 1,OO

f,
Fe 430: t = 0.92
Fe 510: c = 0.81

35
 5.4.5.3 [5.6.7.2]
Bending and shear

(1) [5.6.7.2.(3)]
When V, exceeds 50% of V-, the design resistance moment of the cross-section shall be
reduced to M,, as fdlowa:

ME, = MfRd + (Mm . .(2 -. ", .................. (5.16)

"kW

where M
,, = the design moment redstance of a cross-sectionconsistlng of the flanges
d Y
v k w = is thedesign shear budding rrwlntnnrn
M, = thedeslgnmomentreslstance.

MRd
-----
MF.Rd

'b a .R d "b a.R d V

I 5.4.5.4 [5.6.5]
Intermediate transverse stiffenen

(1) [5.6.5.(1)]
For the slmple postcritlcal method, the compr&on force N, in an intermediate transverse
stiffenershould be obtalned from:
N, V a - dtWrm
........................................... (5.17)
butN,kQ
in which r,,,, is the inidd shear buckling strength (the lower of the values r,,,, for the two panels
adjacent to the stiffener should be used).

The inkbl shear buckling strength rb should be determined from table 5.30:

36
For the buckling resistance of the stiffenemthe propertiesare calculated using effectbe areas from
table 5.31.

p.7.6.(2)]
The outsf-plene buckling resistance ShOuM be determined from 5.4.2, using buckling cuwe c
and a buckling length I d not less then 4756, of more if appropdate for the conditions of
restraint.

[5.7.6.(3)]
End stiffenem and stiffeners at internal supports should normally be double sided and symmetric
about the centreline of the web.

[5.7.6.(4))
Stmenem at locations where significant external forces we applied should preferably be
SymmebjC.

[5.7.6.(5)]
Where single sided 01other asymmetric strtyenerS are used, the resulting eccentrlcily should be
allowed for; using clause 5.4.4.

[5.6.5.(3)]
The second moment of area of an intermediate transverse stiffener should satisfy the condttions
from table 5.32:

Table 5.32 Second momecd of inert& of an

intermediate transverse Stmener

37
 able 5.38 Load introduction 1
IRSd

MSd( I USS
-\ I
I
I

5.6.4 (5.7.4)
Criodina resistance

(1) [5.7.4.(1)]
The design crippling resistance RaRdof the web of an I, H or U section see table 5.37 should be
obtalned from:
/I--

(5.21)

where s, is the length of stiff bearing from table 5.36

but s / d should not be taken as more than 0,2.

(2) [5.7.4.(2)J
Where the member is also subject to bending moments, the following criterion should be
satisfied:

-
RSd
?-
MSd ~ 1.5
......................................... (5.22)
RLRd MCRd

5.6.5 I5.7.51
Bucklina resistance

(1) [5.7.5.(1)]
The design buckling resistance R,,, of the web of an I, H or U section, see table 5.38, should
be obtained by considering the web 3s a virtual compression member with an effective breadth
b,, obtained from:

b,,, = {m ............................................. (5.23)

see table 5.39
(2) [5.7.5.(3)]
The buckling resistance should be determined from 5.4.2 using buckling curve c.

(3) [5.7.5.(4)]
The buckling length of the virtual compressionmember should be determined from the conditions
of lateral and rotational restraint at the flanges at the point of load application.

42
 'able 5.39 Effective breadth for web bucklina resistance

b,,, = h

but be, s h

6. Connections Subject to Static Loading

6.1 [6.1]
BASIS

6.1.1 [6.1.1]
General

(1) [6.1.1.(1)]
All connections shall have a design resistance such that the structure remains effective and is
capable of satisfying all the basic design requirements given in Chapter 2.

43
(2) [6.1.1.(2)]
The partial safety factor yM can be taken as fdlows

- for resistance of bolts 7Mb

- for resistance of welds 7w

- for dip resistance 7 u see chapter 4 for Category B

(3) Numerical values d the partial safety fedora (eo Indicated at the time d preparation of the
document) are given in table 6.1

6.1.2 [6.1.2]
A ~ ~ l i eforces
d and momentg

(1) [6.1.2.(1)]
The forces and moments applied to connections at the ultimate limit state shall be determined
by global analysis conforming with Chapter 5.

6.1.3 [6.1.4]
Desian assumDtiong

(1) [6.1.4.(1)]
Connections may be designed by distributing the internal forces and moments in whatever
rational way Is best, provkled that:

(a) the assumed Internal forces and moments are in equilibrium with the applied forces and
moments,

(b) each element in the connection is capable of resisting the forces or stresses assumed
in the anatysis, and

(c) the deformations implied by this dlstfibutlon are within the deformation capacity of the
fasteners or welds end the connected parts.

6.1.4 [6.2)
Intersectlong

(1) [6.2.(1)1
Members meeting at a joint shall normally be arranged wlth their centroidal axes Intersecting at
a point.

(2) [6.2.(2)1
Where there is eccentricity at intersections this shall be taken into account in the design of the
joint and the member.

44
(3) [6.2.(3)1
In the case of bdted connections of angles and tees with at least two bolts per connection, the
settjng out lines d the bolts may be regarded as the centroidal axes for the purpose of
intersection at jolnts.

6.2 [6.5]
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

6.2.1 [6.5.1J
Positioninn of holes for bdts

6.2.1.1 [6.5.1.1]
Basis

(1) [6.5.1.1.(1))
The positioning of holes for bolts shall be such as to prevent corroslon and local buckling and
to facilitate the installation of the bolts.

(2) [6.5.1.1.(2)]
The positlonng d the holes shell also be In c m f m l f y with the llmits of valldity d the rules used
to determine the design resistences of the bolts.

(3) The minimum and maximum distances between bdts ancl recommended distances as used in
table 6.6 for the bdt bearing resistam are given in table 6.2. These values are valid for
structures not exposed to weather or other corrodve Muences.

able 6.2 Designation of distances between bolts, (a) for a shear joint, (b) for a tension
or compression joint
The designations e, and R also apply when distances measured are not in
the direction of stresa

1,2*dos 8, s meX (12f 150 mm)

1,5do s + s max (122 150 mm)
2 2 4 s p, s mln (14t 200 mm)
3,0d0 s pn s min (142 200 mm)

' -e 2 t Recommended distances

Recommended distances in mm

M 20 70 50 40
M 24 80 60 50

'tt-t
el p1
M 27 90 70 55
M30 100 75 60

M36 120 70

in cases d smeller values of eaand pz see EC 3/1

45
6.2.2 [6.5.4]
Distributlon of forces between fasteneq

(1 1 (6.5.4.(1)]
Where the design shear resistance,,F of a fastener Q lese than the design beertng resistance
FIew, see table 6.3, the distribution of internal forces between fasteners at the urtlmate llmlt state
shall be propodonal to the distance from the centre of rotation.

[6.5.4.(2)]
In other cases of bearing type connections the dlsMbutlon of Internal forces between fasteners
at the uMmte limit state may be plestic, 888 table 6.4.

[6.5.9.(1)]
Where fasteners are required to carry an epplled tensile force, they shall be proportioned to also
resist the additional force due to prying actlon, see table 6.5.

Table 6.3 Unear distribution of loads belween fasteners

i
"S d
MSd

46
Table 6.4 Posslble pbUc dlstrlbutlon d loads between fasteners. Any reallstlc
combination could be used, e.g.

I
.Rd

i Fh.Sd- I,
I
) MSd

"Sd

-I

Table 6.S Prvina forces

N=FN+Q N=FN+Q
tI t
Ql *
! IQ= force

47
6.2.3 [6.5.5)
Deslan resistances of bolts

(1) [6.5.5.(2)]
At the ultimate limit state the design shear force Fwsdon a bolt shall not exceed the lesser of:
- the design bearing resistance FbR,,, see 6.2.3.1
- the design shear resistance FKm see 6.2.3.2
(2) [6.5.5.(3))
The design tensile force FLsb inclusive of any force due to prying action, shall not exceed the
lesser of:

- the design tension resistance Frw, see 6.2.3.3.(1)

- the design punching shear resistance FPm,see 6.2.3.3.(2)

6.2.3.1 Bearing resistance

(1) The design bearing resistance shall be taken as

F W = - FA, ................................................ (6.1)

YMb

,,F see table 6.6

11 Table 6.8 Bearlng resls&nce per bdt for recommended d & h g fort = 10 mm In [kN]

--
Bolt dhmeter d 30 36
I I I I I I
Hole dhmeter I 33 39

compact 50 60
detailing 75 90

--
45 55

--
136,4 166.2
I

Fe 430 66.2 84.4 109.1 121.5 1323 1451 162.9 198.5

Fe 510 ,783 100,l 129,4 144.1 156,Q 172,1 193,2 235.4

recommended 75 90
values 100 120
25 30 40 45
-
70

249,2
-

high bearlng
--
244,3
289.8

100
297,7
353.1

120

;:1; .I;:
130 150

Fe360 ~ i 8 0 , o Ii98,o 1216,o 1243.0

90
7

270,O
-
110

324.0
Fe 430 215.0 2363 258.0 290.3 322.5 387,O

For intermedlat
Fe 510 153,O 204,O 255.0 280.5 306.0 344.3
-
382.5

ition
459,O

For different plate thicknesses 6 in [mm] multlpry the valuea by -L

!
10

49
6.2.3.2 Shear resistance

(1) The design shear resistance of a bolt shall be taken as fdlows

FV., ................................................
FV., = -
Yua
(6.2)

see table 6.7

FVam

Table 6.7 Shear rnintance per bolt and shear plane In [kNJ

where: C. = 0,6 for strength grades 4.6. 5.6 and 8.8

c;= 0,s for s t r d grades 4.8, 5.8,6.8 and 10.9

11 shear In thread
Bolt diameter 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36

Hole diameter 13 18 22 24 26 30 33 39

Tensile stress area

Shear resis&nce arade I 1 I 1 I I

per bolt and shear
plane
F".RhIn [kNI
4.6 I 20,2 37.7 58,8 72.7 84,7 110.2 134,6 196,l
25,3 47,l 735 90.9 105.9 137,7 1683 2451
#,5 754 117,6 145.4 169.4 220,3 2W,3 392.2
10.9 11 42.2 I 78,5 I 122.5 I 151,5 I 1765 I 229.5 I 280,s I 408.5
standard clearance hdes, for other clearances see EC 3/1

6.2.3.3 Tension resistance

(1) The design tension resistance of a bolt shall be taken as follows

FA
FiRd = - ................................................ (6.3)
Y16
Fa see table 6.8
If I

bolt diameter grade 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36

Tension resistance 4.6 303 563 88.2 109,l 127,l 1652 202,O 294,l
I
k [kNI
FCR
5.6 37,9 70,7
. 110,3 136,4 158,9 206,6 252,s 367,7

(2) When the plate thickness $, is smaller than 0,5d, the design punching shear resistance shall be
checked according to EC 3/1 c l a w 6.5.5.(4).

6.2.3.4 [6.5.5.(5)]
Interaction shear and tension

(1) [6.5.5.(5)]
Bolts subject to both shear force and tensile force shall in addition satis& the following criterion

-Fvsd
+ Ftsd s 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . (6.4)
Fv., 1A.F-
which is illustrated in table 6.9

c
0,286 'Io 'v.Sd
Fv. R d

51
6.2.4 (6.5.81
Hiah strenath bolts in sliD-resistant connectiona

6.2.4.1 [6.5.8.1]
Slip resistance

When the slip resistance needed In the servlceabillty lknit state the design for a preloaded high-
strength bolt shall be carried out as given In clause 4.3. in the ultimate limit state the bdt is
considered as a bolt in shear and bearing wtthout friction.

When the dip resistance is needed in the ultimate limit state, see 6.5.8of EC 3/1.

[6.5.10]
Lona iointg

[6.5.1O.(l)]
Where the distance between the centres d the end fasteners Is more than 15 d, see EC 3/1

[6.61
WELDED CONNECTIONS

16.6.1I

[6.6.(2)1
The provisions d Secdon 6.3app& to:

0 Weldable sbuctura/ steels meeting the requirements of clause 3.

0 Workmanship to Chapter 7 of EC 3/1

0 Welding by an arc welding process as defined in Annex W of EC 3/1

0 Material thlcknesses of 4 mm and over

e Joints In which the weM metal Is cwnpatible with the parent metal In terms of mechanical
prqpertles, provided that the weld Is made with a suitable electrode (or other welding
consumable) which will produce aH-weld t d e specimens having both a minimum yield
strength and a minimumtensile strength not lesa than thoseSpeCiRed for the parent metal.

6.3.2 [6.6.2]
Geometrv and dimenslong

6.3.2.1 [6.6.2.1]
Type of weld

(1) [6.6.2.1.(1)]
Welds shall generally be classified as:

fillet welds
butt welds
(2) [6.6.2.1.(2)]
This classification is Illustrated In table 6.10

52
 Table 6.10 Common types of welded joints
Butt joint Type of joint lap joint
Type d weld Tee-butt joint

Full pentration
butt weld
Single V
T-
b
1-l Single b e v e l

I 1
Double V 1r - T; k e v e l

i .
Single U

m
;
&.I
T -t

Parthl pentration
Double U 1-G
[k?
butt weld
: T
Double V
j
bevel
Double U

6.3.2.2 [6.6.2.2]
Fillet welds

(1) [6.6.2.2.(1)]
Fillet weMs may be used for connecting parts, where the fusion faces form an angle of 60' to
120'.

(2) [6.6.2.2.(2)]
Smaller angles than 60"are also permitted. However, in such cases the weld shall be considered
to be a partial penetration bun weld.

(3) [6.6.2.2.(3)]
For angles over 72W, fillet welds shall not be relld upon to transmit forces

(4) [6.6.2.2.(7)]
if using Intermittent fillet welds, see EC 3/l.

53
6.3.2.3 16.6.2.31
Butt welds

(1) [6.6.2.3.(1)]
A full jmmtmtion bua weM is defined as one having complete penetration and fudon of we'd and
parent metal throughout the thlckness of the joint

(2) [6.6.2.3.(2)]
A partial penebadon butt weld is defined as one havlng jolnt penebgticm less than the full
thlckness of the parent material.

(3) [6.6.3.(3)]
If ten& stresses petpendicular to the surface of the part (due to external loads or due to
reddual welding sbesses) occur in a flat part more than 15 rnm thick, then the combination of
the weldlng pmcedure, the through-thlckness properties of the materlel and the lolnt detall,
should be such as to avold lamellar tearing, see table 6.11.

Table 6.1 1 Avoiding lamellar tearing

U=
a) S u s c e p t i b l e detail
Improved d e t a i l

Suscep ti b l e de t a i I Improved de t a i I

6.3.2.4 Single sided welds

(1) (6.6.2.2.(12); 6.6.2.3.(3)]

Single sided fillet or partial penetration welds should be used only in a situation indicated in table
6.12 where the eccentricities due to single sided welds are self compensating, e.g. as for hollow
section connections with small diameters and sufficient material thlckness.

(2) In other cases, where due to the eccentricities rotations may occur, single sided welds are not
permitted.
 Table 8.12
-
Single fillet welds and single sided partial penetration butt welds

t Nt tNt

( a ) Satisfactory ( b ) Satisfactory

t tNt "t t
"f 7

I;
'/
' I
t I

( c I N o t s a tis f a c t o r y (d) Not s a t i s f a c t o r y

[6.6.4]
Dlstributlon of forceg

[6.6.4.(5)]
In joints where plastic hinges may form, the weMs shell be designed tp provide at least the same
design tesistance as the weakest of the connected parts.

[6.6.4.(6)]
In other idnts where deformation capacity for joint rotation is required due to the possibility of
exc8ssIv8 straining, the welds require sufficient strength not to rupture before general yielding
in the adiacent parent material.

[6.6.4.(7))
In genera/ this will be satisfied if the design resistance of the weld is not less than 80% of the
design resistance of the weakest of the connected parts.

55
6.3.4 [6.6.5]
Desian resistance of a fillet weld

6.3.4.1 [6.6.5.1]
Effedhre length

(1) [6.6.5.1.(1)]
The effective length of a fillet wekf shall be takm as the overall length d the full-&e fillet,
including end returns. Provided that the weM Is full slze throughout thls length, no reductlon in
effective length need be made for dltw the SteR OT the tmlnaticm of the wekf.

(2) [6.6.9]
The deslgn resistance8 d welds in long joints wkh L > 1% should be reduced as specMed in
EC 311.

6.3.4.2 [6.6.5.2]
Throat thlckness

(1) [6.6.5.2.(1)]
The throat thickness, a, of a fillet weid shell be taken as the height of the largest triangle which
can be Inscribed within the fusion faces and the weM surface, measured perpendicular to the
outer side of this triangle, 888 table 6.13 (a)

(b) Design throat thickness a,,,,for sub-

merged arc welding

56
(2) [6.6.5.2.(2))
The throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm.

(3) [6.6.5.2.(4)]
In the case of a fillet weld made by an automatic submerged arc process, the throat thickness
may be increased by 20% or 2 mm, whichever is smaller, without resorting to procedure trials
(see table 6.13 (b))

(4) The design force used for checking fillet welds should be taken as the resultant of the forces to
be transmhed by the weld, see table 6.14.

Table 6.14 Action effects in fillet welds

Sd

"1 Sd

Sd

............................ . . . . (6.5)

57
6.3.4.3 [6.6.5.3]
Design resistance of fillet weld

(1) The design resistance of a fillet weld shall be taken as follows

Fw.R .................................................
Fw.&l 5 -
rrrr
(6.6)

Fw.msee table 6.15

Table 6.15 Resistance of a fillet weld

Weld resistance Fw.min [kN] for 100 mm weld length

Throat thickness 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
a lmml

Fe 360 77.9 103.9 129.9 155.9 181,Q 207,8 233.8 259,8 311,8
8, = 03
Fe 430 87,6 116,8 146,O 175,2 2044. 233,7 262,9 262,9 350,s
8, = os85
Fe 510
8, = 0,9

For different weld lengths L In [mm] multiply the values by -L

100

6.3.5 [6.6.6]
Design resistance of butt welds

6.3.5.1 [6.6.6.1]
Full penetration butt welds

(1) [6.6.6.1.(1)]
The deslgn resistance of a full penetradon butt weld shall be taken as equal to the design
resistance d the weaker d the parts loin&.
6.3.5.2 [6.6.6.2]
Partial penetration butt welds II

[6.6.6.2. (1 )]
The reslstance of a partial penetration butt weld shall be determined as for a deep penetration
fillet weld, see 6.3.4.3.

[6.6.6.2.(2)]
The throat thickness of a pardd penetration butt weid shall be taken as the depth of penetration
that can consistent/y be achlwed.

(6.6.81

[6.6.8.(1 )]
In a teejoint of a plate to an unstiffened flange of an I, H or a box section, a reduced effective
breadth shall be taken into account both for the parent material and for the welds, see table 6.16

Table 6.16 Effective breadth of an unstHfened tee idnt

r----
I
I
I
r----w
I
I
I
, , , ,-I
I
+P

[6.6.8.(2)]
For an I 01 H section the effecthe breadth b, should be obtained from:

where fy = design strength Os member

fn, = design strength of plate

[6.6.6.(3)]
If b, is less than 0.7 times the full breadth, the joint should be stiffened.

59
(4) [6.6.8.(4)]
For a box section the effective breadth b, shouM be ObEalned from:

butb,,,sb

(5) [6.6.8.(5)]
The welds connecting the @ate to the flange shell have a design resistance per unit length not
less then the design resistance per unit wMth of the flange.

60