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002) Stone Age - Pdf????????-Merged
002) Stone Age - Pdf????????-Merged
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Pre-1857 Revolts
3 Land Reforms
Group of
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Peasants villages
Permanent Settlement
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Ryotwari System Mahalwari System
By Cornwallis in 1793 By Munro and Reed in By Holt Mackenzie in
Also known as ‘Zamindari 1820 1822 in Bengal
System’ (fixed) Middle Region: South India Again, introduced by
man “Zamindars” (Madras) William Bentinck in
Regions: Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab
Madhya Pradesh
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Based on: Ricardian Theory of Rent Village headman
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collected the revenue
(not appointed)
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C
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Started: 1763/1764 Bihar and Bengal
Leaders:
Manju Shah
Bhawani Pathak
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A
Debi Chaudharani (female participant)
·
Birth Anniversary of Birsa Munda
Death: 1900
Successful revolt
Dinbandhu Mitra wrote: Nil Darpan (play about Indigo Revolt)
&
By Dalhousie
&
Acquired places:
1st: Satara, 1848
2nd: Sambalpur, Jaipur, 1849
3rd: Jhansi, 1854
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Immediate Cause
Introduction of “Enfield” rifle. It was said that the cartridge of the rifle was wrapped in
SS
↑
the fat of cow and pig. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun,
thus Hindu and Muslim soldiers were reluctant to use it.
In Barrackpore
:
Mangal Pandey: from 34th Native Infantry,
Fired at the Sergeant Major on 29th March
He was hanged on: 8th April
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24th April: 3rd Native Cavalry refused to use
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greased cartilage
Leaders of Revolt
↑
Delhi: General Bhakt Khan (Bahadur Shah II) In 1818: 3rd Anglo
Maratha War
↑
Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal
Adopted son of
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Baji Rao II was sent to
↑
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Uttar Pradesh: Shah Mal
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Suppressors of Revolt
Delhi: John Nicholson
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One Liners (MCQs)
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Parallel government was established in Jagdishpur, Bihar in 1857 under the
leadership of: Kunwar Singh
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Satnami movement in central India was founded by: Guru Ghasidas
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Revolt in the countryside of Bombay Deccan occur in: 1875
Dadabhai Naoroji book regarding British rule in India: Poverty and Un-British Rule in
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India
1st cotton mill in India that was set up as a spinning mill in 1854 in: Bombay
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MARATHAS
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Maratha State (1674-1720) and Maratha Confederacy (1720-1818)
Shivaji: 1674-80
Born at: Shivneri Fort in 1630
Father: Shahji Bhonsle
Mother: Jija Bai
Religious Teacher: Samarth Ramdas
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Shaista Khan (Governor of Deccan) Deputed by Aurangzeb to put down rising
power of Shivaji in 1660. Shivaji lost Poona but later made a bold attack against him
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in 1663 and plundered Surat (1664) and later Ahmadnagar
Raja Jai Singh of Amber appointed by Aurangzeb to put down Shivaji (1665). Jai
Singh succeeded besieging Shivaji at Purandhar
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claimed hereditary rights but these were part of Mughal Empire
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Sambhaji: 1680-89
Elder son of Shivaji from Saibai
Defeated Rajaram, the younger son of Shivaji in the war of succession
Provided protection and support to Akbar II , his rebellious son Aurangzeb
Gave Sambhaji
Son of: Shivaji and Soyaraba (2nd wife)
(Pratinidhi + Ashtapradhan)
Tarabai: 1700-07
Wife of Rajaram
Son: Shivaji II
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Shivaji
Wife
Sambhaji Rajaram Tarabai
Two sons
PM of Marathas
Balaji Viswanath: 1713-20 The first Peshwa
Began his career as small revenue official Given title: Sena Karte
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(maker of the army) by Shahu in 1708
1713: became Peshwa Made the post important and powerful and
hereditary
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With the help of Syed Btothers King Maker, Farrukh Siyar ascended the
throne Muhammad Shah Rangila with help of Balaji Viswanath, killed
Syed Brothers
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Marathas lost
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A
Anglo meaning: English
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Signed treaties:
Treaty of Rajghat With Holkars
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Treaty of Deogaon With Bhonsle
Capital of Maratha Empire after the Peshwas won over Shivaji: Poona
Literature who was in the court of Bundela ruler Chhatrasal and also in court of Shivaji
and Aurangzeb: Kavi Bhushan
Maratha warrior who died in defence of Sinhagad fort while fighting against Mughal
army: Tanaji Malusare
Treaty of Madeshwar signed between the British and the Holkar chief in 1818
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SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
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Reform Movements
Reformist: wants to bring reforms and end social evils
Revivalist: wants to revive the old things
Background
Social Evils in Society
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Untouchability
Superstition
Polygamy (multiple marriages)
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Purdah System
Polytheism (worship of more than one God)
1. Abolition of Sati
1829: An Act passed to abolish Sati System by the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
William Bentinck Governor General of India
D. K. Karve associated with it (during this time)
2. Widow Remarriage
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~
Sarda Act 1930
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Age of:
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Boys: 18 yrs
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Girls: 14 yrs
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7
Gave Downward Filtration Theory
4. Education
1835: Macaulay’s Minute > To promote English language
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Only rich classes were given
education in English medium
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Wood’s Dispatch 1854
Abrogate the Downward Filtration Thoery 1st university for Indian Women:
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:
Called as: Magna Carta of Indian Education by D. K Kavre
Focus on Vernaculars (local language) at lower level
Women’s Organisation
Bharat Stree Mahamandal
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C
By B. R Ambedkar Burnt Manusmriti
1791: 1st Hindu College
Bahistkrit Hitkarni Sabha: 1924
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(Banaras) by Jonathan
By B. R Ambedkar at Bombay Duncan
Prarthana Mandali
In 1867 By Atmaram Pandurang in Maharashtra
Joined by M. G Ranade later
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From Mali/Gardener community
Satyasodhak Samaj
In 1873 By Jyotibha Phule in Maharashtra against Caste Discrimination
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He opened Girl College with his wife Savitribai Phule
Sudhi Movement
Started by Arya Samaj for purification of people who converted to Christianity Back to
Hinduism
7 Original name: Gadodhar Chattopadhyay
Ramkrishna Movement
-
C
>
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Ramkrishna Mission: 1897
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1893 >
- He gave speech in Chicago in a conference
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Balshashtri Jambhekar -
>
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Two newspapers
↓ ↓
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Darpan Digdarshan
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By B. M Malabari
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By C N Mudaliar, T. M Nair, P. Tyagaraja
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Temple Entry Movement
In North India (1927) By B. R Ambedkar
In South India (1924) By T. K Madhavan
Vaikom Satyagraha (1924) By K. P Keshava
Aligarh Movement
Started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Established a Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College in 1875 Later called: Aligarh Muslim
University in 1920
Wrote: Tahdibul-Aklaq
Veda Samaj
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Started in Madras in 1864
Worked to abolish Caste distinctions and promote widow remarriage and women’s education
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Satnami Movement: by Guru Ghasidas
In Central India for improving social status of leather workers
First Indian to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his contribution to community
leadership Acharya Vinoba Bhave
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Brahmo Convenant written by: Debendranath Tagore
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INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
C
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Associations formed before Congress
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Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1st Indian to qualify ICS: Satyendranath Tagore
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1870: M G Ranade
Indian League
1875: by Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Dadabhai Naoroji
1st British Indian Member of Parliament
1st to calculate National Income and Poverty Line (1st by him)
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in 1885
~
1885: Poona (not possible due to plague)
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1st session held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay >
- 72 delegates attended this
No women participated G
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1st session
By Ilbert
>
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Ilbert Bill: 1884, by Ripon
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A measure that allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British Subjects
in India
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> But this received a huge backlash
Different Theories
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/
Viceroy at the time of formation of Congress > Dufferin called Congress a Factory of
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Sedition
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4th: 1888-
> George Yule, Allahabad > 1st British President of Congress
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1896: in Calcutta
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National Song (Vande Mataram) was sung for the 1st time by Tagore
↳
Written by: Bankim Chatterjee
1901: in Calcutta
1st time Gandhi appeared
1905: in Banaras
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1906: in Calcutta
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Dadabhai Naoroji
4 resolutions: Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education
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1907: in Surat
R. B Ghosh
Congress split during this time
1911: in Calcutta
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1st time National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) Sung Written by Rabindranath Tagore
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1916: in Lucknow
Ambika Charan Mazumdar
Merger of Congress
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1917: in Calcutta
Annie Besant 1st Women president of Congress
1925: in Kanpur
Sarojini Naidu 1st Indian women
1929: in Lahore
J. L Nehru (President of INC)
Madan Mohan Malviya Most no. of times
President
1931: in Karachi
Sardar Patel
1937: Faizpur
J. L Nehru -
> 1st session held in village
!
Governor Generals
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Suppression of Thug
Abolished Circuit Courts
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Metcafe (1835-36)
He is known as liberator of Indian Press
Dalhousie (1848-1856)
During his time
Doctrine of Lapse (1849)
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1st railway line (1853) From Bombay to Thane
Widow Remarriage Act (1856)
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Postal Act, Telegraph lines spread across
Wood’s Dispatch
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Mayo (1869-1872)
↑
1st Census held at his time (1872)
Not complete, synchronised Census
Lytton (1876-1880)
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1st newspaper “Bengal Gazette” by: James Augustus Hickey
Famous Newspapers:
↑
&
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Father of Local Self Government
Hunter Commission (1882) Related to Education
Factory Act (1881)
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One Liners (MCQs)
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1st to qualify Indian Civil Services: Satyendranath Tagore
:
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Maulana Abul Kalam Azad presided over the special session of Congress in September
1923 and at the age of 35
A
He also became the youngest man to be elected as the President of the Congress
1st President of All India Trade Union Congress: Lala Lajpat Rai
President of the INC in year 1938 and 1939: Subash Chandra Bose
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Indian National Association was established in 1876 by: Anand Mohan Bose in 1876
BENGAL PARTITION
C
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Bengal Partition: 1905
↳
Curzon was responsible >
- Viceroy during 1899-1905
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3. Indian University Act, 1904
4. Bengal Partition, 1905
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Nerve Centre of Nationalistic
Partition of Bengal Activities
Reasons given by British
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Administrative convenience
↓ L V
Actual reason: to West Bengal East Bengal
“Weaken the Bengal”
↑
Presided by Dadabhai Naoroji
4 imp happenings: NDivided into:
&
>
- Swaraj as a goal adopted Extremists
-
>
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Boycott of foreign goods Moderates-
>
-
Swadeshi
>
-
National Education National Education Council
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Surat Split
>
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Rash Behari Ghosh
/
1907
↑
Extremists and Moderates separates
↳ Thrown out
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Moderates:
SN Banerjee
> Expressed views through:
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KK Mitra
petitions, newspapers,
GK Gokhale
pamphlets
>
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Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal
Aurobindo Ghosh
R >
&
Boycott
Form Samiti Swadesh Bandabh Samiti by Ashwini
>
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A
>
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Kumar Dutta at Barisal (in Bangladesh now)
&
Lokmanya Tilak
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Bal Gangadhar Tilak
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Maharashtra)
-
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People tied Rakhi to each other to show unity
Rabindranath Tagore wrote a song: Amar Sonar Bangla National Anthem of Bangladesh now
Sudesh Geetham
“Sudesh R
Gitam” bybySubramaniam
SubramaniamBharti
Bharti
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People sang Vande Matram however Government banned it
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Leaders
Poona and Bombay: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Delhi: Sayed Haider Raza
Madras: Chidambaram Pillai
Punjab: Lala Lajpat Rai
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1st: 1877
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2nd: 1903
Annulment of Partition
1911: Hardinge II (Viceroy) Organised Delhi Durbar (3rd Delhi Durbar)
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Coronation of King George V
Capital shifted from Calcutta
to Delhi in 1912
Revolutionary Activities
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1902: Anushilan Samiti (Bengal); Satish Chandra Basu
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1879: Ramosi Peasant Force in Maharashtra by Vasudev Balwant Phadke
1904: Mitra Mela was merged with Abhinav Bharat Society By V. D Savarkar
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1907: Madan Bhikaji Cama 1st Indian to hoist Indian Flag on foreign soil
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1915: Berlin Committee Virendranath Chattopadhyay
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Lala Hardayal
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Barkatullah
Padmananda
Sohan Singh Bhakna A Japanese ship take on lease by Sikh
.B. G Tilak
HQ: Poona -
Annie Besant (more branches)
HQ: Madras
Wrote 2 magazines:
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New India
&
Common weal
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Lucknow Session: 1916
Presided by Ambika Charan Mazumdar
1. Reunion of Extremists and Moderates and Extremists were re-inducted into
Congress
2. Lucknow Pact: joint pact by INC and Muslim League
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↳ Joint demands of INC and Muslim
League
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Town Hall
Vinayaka Damodar Society in 1904 was organised by: Abhinav Bharat Society
EMERGENCE OF GANDHI
C
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Gandhi in Africa
Setup Natal Indian Congress in South Africa
C
=
↳
Racial discrimination
against South Africans
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and Indians
>
-
Started Indian Opinion newspaper
>
-
Setup Phoenix farm (1904) and Tolstoy
↳ Devolved new technique of
↓
farm (1910)
Satyagrah in these farm
Movement
=> Champaran Satyagrah (1917): Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi
↳
Regarding Tinkathiya System to
complain about injustice of the
landlord system > Cultivation of
-
C
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Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
2. Dyarchy at Provinces R
1. Extended Separate electorate To Anglo Indians, Christians
C
General Dyer closed the only exit and open fired the crowd
Responsible person: Reginald Dyer
SS
Aftermath of Jallianwala Bagh
Udham Singh killed Michael O’ Dyer (who supported Reginald Dyer”
Using name: Ram Mohammed
Singh Azad
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Rabindranath Tagore returned his “Knighthood” title
Gandhi returned his title of “Kaiser-e-Hind”
A
Hunter Commission setup to investigate the actions of Reginald Dyer but did not impose
any penal action
Jallianwala Bagh incident
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All India Khilafat Conference: Nov 1919 (Delhi) Head: Gandhi Resignation by:
Death: Aug 1920 M A Jinnah
Opposed by Congress and B. G Tilak Annie Besant
1920: Calcutta session Approved Non-cooperation in this special session B. C. Pal
1920: Nagpur Session
Congress Working Committee (15 members comm.) was formed to lead
Congress declared themselves as extra-constitutional Mass struggle
Non-Cooperation Movement
Hindu-Muslim unity seen
1921: Tilak Swaraj Fund in remembrance of B. G Tilak
Local struggles: Eka Movement (UP), Mappila Revolt (1921)
Malabar
Sikh agitation for removal of corrupt Mahants
C
Aftermath of Non-Cooperation Movement
5 Feb 1922: Chauri Chaura incident (Chauri Chaura is a village in Gorakhpur)
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22 policemen died due a
local protest that caused
fire in the police station
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movement (jailed in 1922)
C
SS
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Theory of Socialism: Karl Marx Only option to remove the rich classes from society
is mass struggle
C
Formation of Party
Communist Party of India: 1920; Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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1925: formalised in Kanpur
In 1924: the party was involved in
People involved: S A Dange, Muzaffar
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case
Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, etc.
1929: Meerut Conspiracy Case
Joseph Baptista
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1920: All India Trade Union Congress N M Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Dewan Chaman Lal,
A
Caste Movements
Self Respect Movement: E V Ramaswamy Naicker
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In Punjab-UP-Bihar
1. Formation of Hindustan Republican Association (1924) Kanpur
Formed by: Ram Prasad Bismil, J. C. Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal
C
/
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1928: Lala Lajpat Rai lead against Simon Commission and recited slogan “Simon go back”
↳ Killed by Scott through Lathi Charge
1928: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru killed Saunders instead of Scott
SS
-
>
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1929: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwer Dutt bombed Central Legislative Assembly
↳ Reason?
-
In Bengal
1930: Chittagong Armoury Raid
- Lead by Surya Sen (also known as Master Da)
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Women participants:
↑
Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Suniti
Chanderi, Bina Das
GOI ACT 1919: Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
10 years later
C
Simon Commission
1928: This commission arrived India
SS
Revolt against it “Simon Go Back” 7 membered Commission (all white, no
Indians)
Madras Session of Congress (1928) Decision to boycott
Simon Commission
Special session (only in Emergency)
Response to Simon Commission
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Then Secretary: Birkenhead challenged Indians
A
Nehru Report (1928): under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru
Demands:
RM
14 points by Jinnah
PA
C
Zindabad” by J L Nehru
Gandhi launched Civil Disobedience Movement
Slogan by Moulana Hasrat
SS
Mohani
31 Jan 1930: Gandhi’s 11 Demands
Dandi March
12 March-6 April 1930
R
240 miles
Gandhi marched with 78 delegates from Sabarmati to Dandi
Gandhi decided to raid Dharsana Arrested: 4 May
To violate Salt Law
A
Spread of Salt Disobedience Congress Working Committee
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C
Participate in 2nd Round Table Conference
SS
Karachi Session 29 March 1931
Presided by Sardar Patel
2nd Round Table Conference
CDM suspended
Meaning of “Purna Swaraj”
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2 resolution adopted: Fundamental Rights and National Economic
Program
A
Round Table Conference
To discuss Simon Commission Report in London
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3 RTCs:
1st: 1930
2nd: 1931 Only RTC where Gandhi and Congress participated
3rd: 1932
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A
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Communal Award: 1932
By Ramsay MacDonald Also brings separate electorate for “Depressed Classes”
C
Poona Pact: 1932 At Yerwada jail
Between Ambedkar and Gandhi/Madan Mohan Malviya
SS
Gandhi at Yerwada jail, Poona Fast unto death until communal award is taken
back
All India Anti Untouchability League setup
Harijan (weekly)
Harijan Sewak Sangh (1932)
Agreement?
R
Communal Award to be taken back by Britishers and
increase in reservation of seat
A
1935: GOI Act
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Congress Sessions
1936: Lucknow
1936: All Indian Kisan Sabha formed By Swami Sahjanand Saraswati
J P Narayan
1934: Congress Socialist Party
Ram Manohar Lohia
A N Dev
Minoo Masani
C
National Planning Committee: 1938
1st chairman: J L Nehru
SS
1939: Pattabhi Sittaramayya Vs S C Bose (won)
Allied Axis
Britain Germany
USA Italy
USSR Japan
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C
1942: Cripps Mission. By Stafford Cripps
Dominion status
SS
July 1942: Congress Working Committee met at Wardha, Maharashtra
Gandhi
1st day all leaders get arrested
It was a leaderless movement
Aruna Asaf Ali presided over Congress Working Committee
Underground Activities
PA
C
Shimla Conference
SS
Called as “Patriot of Patriots” by Gandhi
Indian National Army and S. C Bose
Mohan Singh asked for Prisoner of Wars to setup Army
INA, 1942
Made INA at Singapore
R
Later led by: Rash Behari Bose
Women regiment
formed: Rani Lakshmibai
A
Later transferred the
chairmanship to: S. C Bose
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C
14 Feb 1946: HMS Talwar protested against
unconditional food ↓
SS
Known as Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
R F
Stafford Cripps
AV Alexander
T Demand for Pakistan not adopted
Pathic Lawrence (chairman)
A
↑
Regional groupings
↑
16 Aug 1946: Jinnah directed Muslims to observe Direct Action Day
RM
↓
“Calcutta Killings” at Noakhali,
Calcutta
↳
Gandhi was here on
15 Aug 1947
-
↓
Also known as “Mountbatten Plan” Partition plan
>
-
&
:
Bangladesh now
Shimla Agreement
Indira Gandhi (then PM of signed (b/w India and
India) and Zulfikar Bhutto
C
Pakistan)
(then President of Pakistan)
One Liners (MCQs)
SS
Drafting of Constitution of India by Nehru in 1928 with eight other Congress leaders
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: mentor of both Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Nathuram Godse: expressed his desire for keeping his ashes till India is reunited and
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throwing them into the Indus after reunification has been achieved
A
Shaheed Laxmi Nayak belonged to Orissa