Ratio

CAT Ra i P i
F a
● Ratio and Proportions is one of the easiest concepts
in CAT. Questions from this concept are mostly
asked in conjunction with other concepts like
similar triangles, mixtures and alligations.
● Hence fundamentals of this concept are important
not just from a stand-alone perspective, but also to
answer questions from other concepts
● A ratio can be represented as fraction a/b or using
the notation a:b. In each of these representations a
is called the antecedent and b is called the
consequent.
● For a ratio to be defined, the quantities of the items
should be of the same nature. We can not compare
the length of the rod to the area of a square.
Crea e Crea e
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● However if these quantities are represented in
numbers, i.e., length of a rod is ‘a’ cm and area of a
square is ‘b’ sq.km, we can still define the ratio of
these numbers as a:b
● The Ratio of the number a to the number b (b≠ 0) is
𝑎
also expressed as
𝑏
● Example: As mentioned, a Ratio can be expressed or
represented in a variety of ways. For instance, the
2
ratio of 2 to 3 can be expressed as 2:3 or
3
● The order in which the terms of a ratio are written is

important. For example, The ratio of the number of
months having precisely 30 days to the number of
4 7
months with exactly 31 days, is , not
7 4
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P ope ie of Ra io
● It is not necessary for a ratio to be positive. When
dealing with quantities of objects, however, the
ratios will be positive. Only positive ratios will be
considered in this notion.
● A ratio remains the same if both antecedent and
consequent are multiplied or divided by the same
non-zero number, i.e.,
𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝑞𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑝𝑏 = 𝑞𝑏 , p,q≠ 0
𝑎 𝑎/𝑝 𝑎/𝑞
𝑏
= 𝑏/𝑝 = 𝑏/𝑞 , p,q≠ 0
Crea e Crea e

● Two ratios in fraction notation can be
compared in the same way that actual
numbers can.
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
= 𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑏𝑝
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
> 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 𝑏𝑝
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
< 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 < 𝑏𝑝
● If antecedent > consequent, the ratio is said to be
the ratio of greater inequality.
● If antecedent < consequent, the ratio is said to be
the ratio of lesser inequality.

● If the antecedent = consequent, the ratio is said to
be the ratio of equality.
● If a b a e po i i e hen
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then <
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then <
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
If
𝑝
= 𝑞
= 𝑟
= 𝑠
=... ,
then a:b:c:d:... = p:q:r:s:...
Crea e Crea e

𝑎 𝑐
● If o a io 𝑏
and 𝑑
a e eq al
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑐 (Invertendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑑 (Alternendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Componendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Dividendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎−𝑏 = (Componendo-Dividendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐+𝑞𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑟𝑎+𝑠𝑏
= 𝑟𝑐+𝑠𝑑
, for all real p, q, r,
s such that pa+qb≠0 and rc+sd≠0

● If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r are constants and are not
equal to zero
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = = … then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑎+𝑐+𝑒...
equal to
𝑏+𝑑+𝑓...
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = =… then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑐+𝑟𝑒...
equal to
𝑝𝑏+𝑞𝑑+𝑟𝑓...
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
➔ = = =… then each of these ratios is
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1/𝑛
𝑝𝑎 +𝑞𝑐 +𝑟𝑒 +...
equal to 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑏 +𝑞𝑑 +𝑟𝑓 +...
2 2
➔ Duplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏
Crea e Crea e

➔ Sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏
3 3
➔ Triplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 : 𝑏
1/3 1/3
➔ Sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏
P opo ion
● A proportion is defined as an equalisation of ratios.
● As a result, if a:b = c:d is a ratio, the first and last
terms are referred to as extremes, whereas the
middle two phrases are referred to as means.
● When four terms a, b, c, and d are considered to be
proportionate, a:b = c:d is the result. When three

terms a, b, and c are considered to be proportionate,
a:b = b:c is the result.
● A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal;
2 8
for example is a proportion.
3 12
● One way to solve a proportion involving an unknown
is to cross multiply, obtaining a new equality.
2 𝑛
● For example, to solve for n in the proportion
3 12
,
cross multiply, obtaining 24=3n, then divide both
sides by 3, to get n=8
Crea e Crea e

P ope ie of p opo ion
● If a:b = c:d is a proportion, then Product of extremes
= product of means i.e., ad = bc
● Denominator addition/subtraction: a:a+b = c:c+d
and a:a-b = c:c-d
● a, b, c, d,.... are in continued proportion means, a:b
= b:c = c:d = ....
2
● a:b = b:c then b is called mean proportional and 𝑏 =
ac
● The third proportional of two numbers, a and b, is c,
such that, a:b = b:c.
● ‘d’ is fourth proportional to numbers a, b, c if a:b =
c:d

Va ia ion
● If x varies directly to y, then x is said to be in directly
proportional with y and is written as x ∝ y
➔ x = ky (where k is direct proportionality constant)
➔ x = ky + C (If x depends upon some other fixed
constant C)
● If x varies inversely to y, then x is said to be in
1
inversely proportional with y and is written as 𝑥∝ 𝑦
1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑦
(where k is indirect proportionality constant)

1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 +C
𝑦
(If x depends upon some other fixed constant C)

● If x ∝ y and y ∝ z then x ∝ z
● If x ∝ y and x ∝ z then x ∝ (y ± z)
● If a ∝ b and x ∝ y then ax ∝ by
Crea e Crea e

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CAT Ra i P i

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

● The order in which the terms of a ratio are written is

Take F ee CAT Mock Te

dealing with quantities of objects, however, the

ratios will be positive. Only positive ratios will be

considered in this notion.

● A ratio remains the same if both antecedent and

consequent are multiplied or divided by the same

non-zero number, i.e.,

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

compared in the same way that actual

● If antecedent > consequent, the ratio is said to be

the ratio of greater inequality.

● If antecedent < consequent, the ratio is said to be

the ratio of lesser inequality.

Take F ee CAT Mock Te

be the ratio of equality.

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

s such that pa+qb≠0 and rc+sd≠0

Take F ee CAT Mock Te

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

● A proportion is deﬁned as an equalisation of ratios.

● As a result, if a:b = c:d is a ratio, the ﬁrst and last

terms are referred to as extremes, whereas the

middle two phrases are referred to as means.

● When four terms a, b, c, and d are considered to be

proportionate, a:b = c:d is the result. When three

Take F ee CAT Mock Te

a:b = b:c is the result.

● A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal;

● One way to solve a proportion involving an unknown

is to cross multiply, obtaining a new equality.

cross multiply, obtaining 24=3n, then divide both

sides by 3, to get n=8

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

and a:a-b = c:c-d

● a, b, c, d,.... are in continued proportion means, a:b

= b:c = c:d = ....

● The third proportional of two numbers, a and b, is c,

such that, a:b = b:c.

● ‘d’ is fourth proportional to numbers a, b, c if a:b =

Take F ee CAT Mock Te

(where k is indirect proportionality constant)

(If x depends upon some other ﬁxed constant C)

Sol ed CAT P e io Pa e PDF

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