Group 6: Wood and Timber

Wood- is that fibrous substance which composes

the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between
the pitch and the bark that can be used as fuel and
especially as a building material.

Classification of Woods
 Soft woods
 Hard woods
Timber-Any type of wood can be capable of
Importance of Woods and Timber deforming in a minimum dimensional size and the
It has been extensively used as beams, columns required shape is referred to as timber.
and plates in construction in a variety of situations,
such as foundation, flooring, stairs and roofing Timber can be classified into three:
 Converted Timber
WOOD GROWTH  Rough Timber
The growth of a trunk is achieved by two kinds of  Standing Timber
events, each controlled by specialized parts of the
plant. Applications of Timber
1. Mediated by the shoot (apical meristem)  Furniture
2. Proliferative activity of vascular cambium  Paper and Pulp
 Heavy Construction Work
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF WOOD Timber is relied upon for the following
structures:
 Columns
 Trusses
 Piles
 Caissons
 Light Construction Work
Timber is used in the construction of
properties and built into the floors, walls and
ceilings. A few examples include:
 Joists
 Beams
 Rafters
 Studs
 Temporary Construction Work
Temporary building structures are erected for a
CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF WOOD variety of purposes, with timber commonly used in
Despite similar growth patterns, there are the following instances:
significant cellular differences between  Scaffolding
angiosperms and gymnosperms.  Falsework
1. In softwoods, tracheids are the predominant  Formwork
wood cell.  Shoring
2. In hardwood, there are two primary types of
wood cell: fibers (constituting 50% of the wood Timbers producing trees
volume) providing structural support, and water 1. Teak
conducting vessels (30% of wood). 2. Rosewood or Blackwood
3. Sandal
TYPES OF ENGINEERED WOOD AND IT’S USES 4. Mahogany
 Plywood 5. Oak
 Particle Board 6. Bamboo
 Blockboard
 Density Fibreboard PROPERTIES OF A GOOD QUALITY TIMBER
 Oriented Strand Board  Durability
  Strength TREATMENT OF TIMBER
 Permeability 1. INSECTICIDE: Use for Woodworm treatment
 Hardness 2. FUNGICIDE: Use for Wet rot outbreaks
 Toughness 3. RESIN: Increases Timber's mechanical
 Elasticity properties
 Workability 4. GEL / PASTES: offer a deeper penetration into
the timber.
 Weight
5. CREOSOTE: Heavy duty timber preservative.
 Structure
 Defects
 Fire resistance
 Mechanical Wear
 Appearance
 Color
 Shape
 Smell
 Sound

INDUSTRIAL TIMBER- Industrial timber is nothing,

but timber product manufactured scientifically in
factories. Because of its scientific nature, it is
stronger and durable than ordinary timber
materials. It also contains desired shape and size.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL TIMBER

 Veneers
 Impreg Timber
 Compreg Timber
 Hard Boards
 Glulam
 Chip Board
 Flush Door Shutters

FORMS OF TIMBER
 Log
 Balk
 Batten
 Plank
 Board
 Pole
 Deal
 Scantling
 Quartering
 End

DEFECTS ON TIMBER AND IT’S TREATMENT

The followings are the five main types of defects in
timber:
1. Defects due to Natural Forces
2. Defects due to Attack by Insects
3. Defects due to Fungi
4. Defects due to Defective Seasoning
5. Defects due to Defective Conversion
Group 7: Glass
Glass- is an inorganic solid material that is usually Advantages of Glass
transparent or translucent as well as hard, brittle,  Transparency
and impervious to the natural elements.  Dustproof and Waterproof
 Color and Availability
Components of Sand  Aesthetically Appealing
 Sand (silica sand)  UV Stable
 Lime Stone  Durability
 Sodium Carbonate  Low Maintenance
 Recyclable
Characteristics of Glass  Insulator of Electricity
 Hardness or Brittleness
 Weather resistance Disadvantages of Glass
 Insulation  Fragility/Brittleness
 Chemical Resistance  Heat loss
 Color and Shape Varieties  Reflection
 Transparency  Cost
 Fire resistant glazing  Security
 Maintenance
Properties of Glass
 U Value Process of Glass
 Transparency 1. Collection of Raw Materials
 Strength 2. Preparation of Batch
 Transmittance 3. Melting in Furnace
 Workability 4. Fabrication
 Recyclable - Blowing
- Casting
Importance of Glass - Drawing
 Natural Light - Pressing
 Aesthetic Appeal - Rolling
 Durability - Spinning
 Insulation 5. Annealing
 Soundproofing Different Methods of Annealing:
 Safety - Flue Treatment
- Oven Treatment
Types of Glass
 Float Glass Instruments used in making Glass
 Frosted Glass  Glass Fusing Kilns
 Tinted Glass  Pot Furnace
- Sulphar (red, yellow or black glass)  Tank Furnace
- Iron Oxide (Green tint)  Annealer
- Copper Sulphate (Blue)  Blow Pipe
 Toughened Glass  Jacks
 Laminated Glass  Bench
 Shatterproof Glass  Puddles
 Extra Clean Glass
 Double Glazed Units
 Chromatic Glass
 Glass Wool
- Soundproofing
- Insulators
- Fillers
 Smart Glass
 Glass Block
  Galvanized Steel
Group 8: Roofing Materials & Ceiling and  Long span roofing
Acoustical Materials  Stainless steel
 Galbestos
Roof- Defined as the uppermost part of the  Aluminum
Building
Roofing- Job or process of putting roofs on new Sheet Metal Installation
buildings 1. Apply
2. Take
3 Components of Roof 3. Install
1. Frame Skeleton 4. Set
2. Rigid Inner 5. Overlap
3. Exposed Outer Layer 6. Install
Types of Roofs Built-Up Roofing- most common roofing material
 Flat roofs used on low-slope roofing
 Pitched roof
 Curved roofs 3 types of Built-up roofing
1. Ballasted Built-up
Roofing Materials 2. Hot-applied asphalt Built-up
Different kinds of Shingles 3. Cold-applied asphalt built-up
- Wood shingles
- Wood shakes Rolled Roofing- consists of heavy asphalt-
- Asphalt shingles saturated felt paper, with or without finely crushed
- Asbestos Cement shingles slate
- Aluminum Shingles
Sprayed-on asphalt roofing- New technique for
Shingles Installation applying asphalt roofing
1. Remove
2. Clear Common roof Glass
3. Inspect  Corrugated Glass
4. Install  Wired Glass
5. Begin
6. Clean Plastic Roofing- Type of roofing mainly uses a
strong and resilient thermoplastic material called
Roofing Tiles POLYCARBONATE
- Terra-cotta
- Concrete roofing tiles Forms of Plastic roofing
 Corrugated plastic sheet
Roofing Tiles Installation  Clear vinyl plastic sheet
1. Install  Liquid plastic
2. Remove
3. Inspect Tools and Equipment in Roofing
4. Install  Roofing nail gun
5. Start  Hammer tacker stapler
6. Finish  Roofing hammer or hatchet
 Measuring tape
Sheet metal roofing  Air compressor
Types of fabricated joints
 Level
 Flat seam
 Roofing
 Ribbed seam
 Roofing blade
 Standing Seam
 Scoop shovel
 Pry bar
Sheet metal roofing
 Tarps
 Steel
 Gauge rod
  Chalk line
 Caulking gun
 Sawhorses
 Drill

Ceiling Materials- materials used to builds a

home’s ceilings are numerous

Important functions of Ceiling

 Primary sound absorption
 Contains lightning fixture
 Conceal utility services
 Provide outlets for conditioned air

Types of Ceiling
 Decorative ceiling
 Constructive ceiling
 Acoustic ceiling
 Reinforced ceiling
 Applied ceiling
 Suspended ceiling

Materials in ceiling panels

Types of ceiling Materials
1. Plaster ceiling
2. Wooden ceiling
3. PVC ceiling
4. Metal ceiling
5. Stretched fabrics ceiling
6. Fiber glass ceiling

Acoustical Materials

Types of Acoustical Materials

 Sound absorbers
 Sound diffusers
 Noise barriers
 Sound reflectors

Examples of Acoustical Materials and uses

 Plaster Board
 Acoustic cork
 Acoustic plaster
 Acoustic tiles
 Barrier Mats
 Acoustic Fabrics
 Acoustic Foam
 Barrel Sound Diffuser
 Acoustic Caulk
 Fiber glass

Properties of Acoustic Materials