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    Circuit Report

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    explorationeverywhere
    This document outlines an experiment on series and parallel circuits. The objectives are to understand how resistors connect in series and parallel across a voltage source and observe voltage, current, and power dissipation. Components with resistances of 1kΩ, 5kΩ, and 10kΩ will be used with a 9V battery. Observations of the real circuit will be compared to theoretical calculations and MATLAB simulations. Conclusions state that voltages divide and current remains the same for series circuits, and voltages are equal but currents vary for parallel circuits.

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    Circuit Report

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    explorationeverywhere
    13 views11 pages
    This document outlines an experiment on series and parallel circuits. The objectives are to understand how resistors connect in series and parallel across a voltage source and observe voltage, current, and power dissipation. Components with resistances of 1kΩ, 5kΩ, and 10kΩ will be used with a 9V battery. Observations of the real circuit will be compared to theoretical calculations and MATLAB simulations. Conclusions state that voltages divide and current remains the same for series circuits, and voltages are equal but currents vary for parallel circuits.

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    Circuit Design

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    This document outlines an experiment on series and parallel circuits. The objectives are to understand how resistors connect in series and parallel across a voltage source and observe voltage, current, and power dissipation. Components with resistances of 1kΩ, 5kΩ, and 10kΩ will be used with a 9V battery. Observations of the real circuit will be compared to theoretical calculations and MATLAB simulations. Conclusions state that voltages divide and current remains the same for series circuits, and voltages are equal but currents vary for parallel circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views11 pages

    Circuit Report

    Uploaded by

    explorationeverywhere
    This document outlines an experiment on series and parallel circuits. The objectives are to understand how resistors connect in series and parallel across a voltage source and observe voltage, current, and power dissipation. Components with resistances of 1kΩ, 5kΩ, and 10kΩ will be used with a 9V battery. Observations of the real circuit will be compared to theoretical calculations and MATLAB simulations. Conclusions state that voltages divide and current remains the same for series circuits, and voltages are equal but currents vary for parallel circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Component Subsystems Design I - Spring 2024

    Laboratory Experimentation

    << Series Circuit >> << Parallel Circuits >>

    Name:

    Student ID:
    Table of Contents

    1. Objectives Pg 3

    2. Procedure Pg 3

    3. Observations Pg 5

    4. Conclusion Pg 6

    5. References Pg 6

    6. Appendix Pg 7

    2
    1. Objectives
    In this experiment, we will understand the connection of resistors in series
    and parallel circuits across a voltage source. We will use three resistances
    of different values - 1k ohms, 5k ohms and 10k ohms, and a 9V battery to
    power the circuit. We will observe the voltage and current across each
    resistor in both series and parallel configuration and also calculate the
    power dissipated across each of them. We will also write a MATLAB code to
    calculate the values from known circuit laws and compare with our
    measured values.

    2. Procedure
    A Multimeter is used to find the exact value of the resistances used in the
    laboratory and their difference from the theoretical values are measured.
    Then we proceed further with connecting the circuits in different
    configurations.

    R1 R2 R3
    Fig 1: Individual resistor values (in kΩ) measured using multimeter

    3
    Before Experiment After Experiment
    Fig 2: 9V battery open-circuit voltage measured using multimeter
    (Average Voltage = (9.84+9.42)/2 = 9.63 V)

    Series Circuit:
    The three resistances are connected in series on the breadboard as shown
    below. Then a 9V battery is connected with positive terminal to open end
    of R1 and the negative terminal to open end of R3 to complete the circuit.
    Then a multimeter is used to get the voltage readings across the terminals
    of the resistors. It is also used to find the current flowing through the
    circuit. The voltage across each resistor is different but the current flowing
    through all the resistors is the same.

    Fig 3: Circuit diagram of series connection of resistors across a battery

    4
    Fig 4: Actual circuit of resistors connected in series with the battery

    Fig 5: Current flowing in the circuit (in mA)

    V_R1 V_R2 V_R3


    Fig 6: Voltage across individual resistors (in V)

    Parallel Circuit:

    The three resistances are connected in parallel on the breadboard as


    shown below. Then a 9V battery is connected across the terminals of the
    parallel connected resistors. A multimeter is utilized to get the voltages and
    currents across the three resistors. The voltage across each resistor is same
    but the current flowing through all the resistors is different.

    5
    Fig 7: Circuit Diagram of parallel connection of resistors across a battery

    Fig 8: Actual circuit of resistors connected in parallel with the battery

    Fig 9: Voltage across the resistors (in V)

    I_R1 I_R2 I_R3


    Fig 10: Current flowing through individual resistors (in mA)

    6
    MATLAB Code:

    A MATLAB code is written to find out the voltages and currents cross the
    resistors based on circuit analysis using Ohm’s law. The power drop across
    the resistors is also calculated using the MATLAB code. The result values
    are displayed on the command window of the MATLAB software.

    Fig 11: MATLAB Output in Command Window

    7
    3. Observations
    SERIES CIRCUIT DATA SHEET
    NOMINAL OR CALCULATED OR MEASURED PERCENTAGE ERROR
    THEORETICAL SIMULATED VALUE
    E 9V 9V 9.63 V 7.00 %
    R1 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 9.74 kΩ 2.60 %
    R2 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 4.60 kΩ 8.00 %
    R3 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 0.98 kΩ 2.00 %
    VR1 5.62 V 6.11 V 8.50 %
    VR2 2.81 V 2.90 V 3.20 %
    VR3 0.56 V 0.62 V 10.7 %
    IR1 0.56 mA 0.63 mA 12.5 %
    IR2 0.56 mA 0.63 mA 12.5 %
    IR3 0.56 mA 0.63 mA 12.5 %
    PR1 3.16 mW
    PR2 1.58 mW
    PR3 0.32 mW

    PARALLEL CIRCUITS DATA SHEET


    NOMINAL OR CALCULATED OR MEASURED PERCENTAGE ERROR
    THEORETICAL SIMULATED VALUE
    E 9V 9V 9.63 V 7.00 %
    R1 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 9.74 kΩ 2.60 %
    R2 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 4.60 kΩ 8.00 %
    R3 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 0.98 kΩ 2.00 %
    VR1 9.00 V 9.05 V 0.56 %
    VR2 9.00 V 9.05 V 0.56 %
    VR3 9.00 V 9.05 V 0.56 %
    IR1 0.90 mA 0.95 mA 5.56 %
    IR2 1.80 mA 1.96 mA 8.89 %
    IR3 9.00 mA 9.04 mA 0.45 %
    PR1 8.10 mW
    PR2 16.2 mW
    PR3 81.0 mW
    8
    4. Conclusion
    Hence, we find that in a series circuit, the voltage across each resistor
    varies and current remains the same. Where as in the parallel circuit, the
    voltage across each resistor is the same and the current varies according to
    Ohm’s law. We also see that the power dissipated by the resistors in
    parallel is more than the power dissipated by the resistors in series.

    Some variations are also observed between the calculated and actual
    measured values. These can be attributed to tolerances in resistance values
    when manufactured, internal resistance of the battery which causes a drop
    in the battery voltage when a current is drawn from it, and some
    measurement errors of the multimeter like finite resistance of the
    instrument during various measurements. Moreover, the battery voltage
    also does not remain constant and drops slightly over time due to its usage.

    In conclusion, it can be seen that the observed values in an actual circuits


    match with the theoretically obtained values within the limits of error.

    5. References
    • Lab Manual
    • W. Hayt, J. Kemmerly, J. Phillips, and S. Durbin, Engineering Circuit
    Analysis, 9e, McGraw Hill Publishers 2022.

    9
    6. Appendix
    MATLAB Code -
    E=9; %Battery
    % Resistance Values
    R1=10e3;
    R2=5e3;
    R3=1e3;

    %Series Circuit
    disp("***************** Outputs for Series Circuit ***************")

    disp("------------Voltages----------------")
    v1_ser=R1/(R1+R2+R3)*E;
    v2_ser=R2/(R1+R2+R3)*E;
    v3_ser=R3/(R1+R2+R3)*E;

    fprintf("VR1_Series= %2.2f V\n",v1_ser);


    fprintf("VR2_Series= %2.2f V\n",v2_ser);
    fprintf("VR3_Series= %2.2f V\n",v3_ser);

    disp("------------Currents----------------")
    i1_ser=v1_ser/R1*1e3; %in mA
    i2_ser=v2_ser/R2*1e3; %in mA
    i3_ser=v3_ser/R3*1e3; %in mA

    fprintf("IR1_Series= %2.2f mA\n",i1_ser);


    fprintf("IR2_Series= %2.2f mA\n",i2_ser);
    fprintf("IR3_Series= %2.2f mA\n",i3_ser);

    disp("------------Power dissipated across Resistors-----------------")


    p1_ser=v1_ser*i1_ser; %in mW
    p2_ser=v2_ser*i2_ser; %in mW
    p3_ser=v3_ser*i3_ser; %in mW

    fprintf("PR1_Series= %2.2f mW\n",p1_ser);


    fprintf("PR2_Series= %2.2f mW\n",p2_ser);
    fprintf("PR3_Series= %2.2f mW\n",p3_ser);

    %Parallel Circuit
    fprintf("\n\n")
    disp("***************** Outputs for Parallel Circuit ***************")

    disp("------------Voltages----------------")
    v1_par=E;
    v2_par=E;
    v3_par=E;

    fprintf("VR1_Parallel= %2.2f V\n",v1_par);


    fprintf("VR2_Parallel= %2.2f V\n",v2_par);
    fprintf("VR3_Parallel= %2.2f V\n",v3_par);

    disp("------------Currents----------------")
    i1_par=v1_par/R1*1e3;%in mA
    i2_par=v2_par/R2*1e3;%in mA
    i3_par=v3_par/R3*1e3;%in mA

    10
    fprintf("IR1_Parallel= %2.2f mA\n",i1_par);
    fprintf("IR2_Parallel= %2.2f mA\n",i2_par);
    fprintf("IR3_Parallel= %2.2f mA\n",i3_par);

    disp("------------Power dissipated across Resistors-----------------")


    p1_par=v1_par*i1_par;%in mW
    p2_par=v2_par*i2_par;%in mW
    p3_par=v3_par*i3_par;%in mW

    fprintf("PR1_Parallel= %2.2f mW\n",p1_par);


    fprintf("PR2_Parallel= %2.2f mW\n",p2_par);
    fprintf("PR3_Parallel= %2.2f mW\n\n",p3_par);

    11

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