DC CIRCUIT (4310901)

Department
Of
Electrical Engineering

Neotech Faculty of Diploma Engineering

Neotech Technical Campus

Name: - _______________________________________________________________________________________

Branch: - _________________________________ Division: - ___________________________________________

Roll No: - ___________________________________ Year: - __________________________________________

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENT

SR. Name of Experiment Date Pg No. Sign

No.
1. To study different types of symbols used in
electrical engineering.
2. Measure voltage and current in a given linear
electrical circuit.
3. Connect resistances in series to get required
effective resistance and verify.

4. Connect resistances in parallel to get required

effective resistance and verify.

5. Connect resistances in parallel and series to get

required effective resistance and verify.

6. Measure current in a particular branch of the

given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Current
Law.

7. Measure voltage drop in a closed loop of the

given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law.

8. Convert star connected resistances to its

equivalent delta connected resistances.

Convert delta connected resistances to its

equivalent Star connected resistances.

9. Verify equivalent capacitance by connecting

given capacitors in Series and Parallel.

10. Verify the Thevenin’s theorem and determine

the voltage and current in the given branch of
the circuit.

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 EXP : 1 SYMBOL USED IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 Aim: To study different types of symbols used in electrical engineering.

Sr. No. Components / Equipment Symbols

1. Resistor

2. Variable Resistor

3. Inductor

4. Variable Inductor

5. Capacitor

3
6. Variable Capacitor

7. Cell

8. Battery

9. D. C. Voltage Source

10. A. C. Voltage Source

11. D. C. Voltmeter

4
12. A. C. Voltmeter

13. D. C. / A. C. Voltmeter

14. D. C. Ammeter

15. A. C. Ammeter

16. D. C. / A. C. Ammeter

5
17. Wattmeter

PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving

18. Coil)

19. Iron type instrument

SPST (Single Pole Single Through

20. Switch)

SPDT (Single Pole Double Through

21. Switch)

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 DPST (Double Pole Single Through
22. Switch)

DPDT (Double Pole Double Through

23. Switch)

TPST (Triple Pole Single Through

24. Switch)

TPDT (Triple Pole Double Through

25. Switch)

26. Transformer

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27. Earthing

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

8
 EXP : 2 MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

 Aim: Measure voltage and current in a given linear electrical circuit.

 Circuit Diagram:

 Experimental Set-up:

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
 Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage and note down the readings.

 Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

 For measure the voltage we use the voltmeter. The unit of voltage is Volt. It is denoted by V.
 For measure the current we use the ammeter. The unit of current is Ampere. It is denoted by I.
 Voltmeter is always connected parallel to the elements and ammeter is always connected in series with
elements.

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 Table of observation:

Sr. Supply Ammeter Voltmeter Resistor

No. voltage Reading Reading (Ω)
(V) (A) (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

10
 EXP: 3 SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTANCE

Aim: Connect resistances in series to get required effective resistance and verify.

Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage and note down the readings.
Using ohm’s law find equivalent resistance.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

Let V1, V2 be the potential difference across R1 R2.
Here in circuit current flowing through R1 R2 is same, which is I.

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 In fig 3.2 Req is the equivalent resistance of the series circuit between point A & B.
Applying Ohm’s law,
V1 = IR1………. (1)
V2 = IR2………. (2)
Source voltage is V volt.
It is clear that V = V1 + V2.………. (3)
Put equation (1) & (2) in (3).
V = V1 + V2
= IR1 + IR

= I (R1+ R2)

V/I = R1 + R2
But, V/I = Req from fig 3.2.
Req = R1 + R2.
Thus, Req of series combination equal to the sum of individual resistance connected in series.
If n number of resistor connected in series our equation become,
Req = R1 + R2 + R3…………. +Rn.

Table of observation:

Voltmeter Reading
Sr. Supply Current (V) R1 R2 Req
No. (I) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
V V1 V2
1.
2.
3.

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Specimen Calculations:

Sr. R1 = V1/ I R2 = V2/ I Req = V/ I

No. (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)

1.
2.
3.

Calculation:

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

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 EXP: 4 PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTANCE

Aim: Connect resistances in Parallel to get required effective resistance and verify.
Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage and note down the readings.
Using ohm’s law find equivalent resistance.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

Consider 3 resistances R1, R2, R3 connected in Parallel across a voltage source of V Volt as shown
in fig 4.1.
The total current divides into 3 parts, I1, I2, I3 flowing through R1, R2, R3 respectively.
Here in circuit voltage across each resistance is equal to supply voltage.

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 In fig 4.2 Req is the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit between point A & B.
Applying Ohm’s law in fig 4.1,
R1 = V1 / I1
R2 = V2 / I2

R3 = V3 / I3
Now, Source voltage V = V1 = V2 = V3.
R1 = V / I1
R2 = V / I2
R3 = V / I3
It is clear from fig 4.1, I = I1 + I2 + I3……….(1)
Put value of I1, I2, I3 in (1).
I = I1 + I2 + I3
I= ………. (2)
Now applying Ohm’s law in fig 4.2,
Req =
I= ………. (3)
Now from equation (2) & (3).

If n number of resistor connected in parallel our equation become,

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 Table of observation:

Supply Ammeter Reading

Sr. R1 R2 Req=
Voltage (I)
No. (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
(V) I I1 I2
1.
2.
3.

Calculation:

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 Specimen Calculations:

Sr.
R
N1 = V1/ I1 R2 = V2/ I2 Req = V/ I Req =
(Ω)
o (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
.
1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

17
 EX: 5 SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS OF
RESISTANCE

Aim: Connect resistances in parallel and series to get required effective.

Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter.
Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage and note down the readings.
By use of equivalent resistance equation for series and parallel connection find Req.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

For series connection of resistance the equivalent resistance is,
Req = R1 + R2 + R3………….+Rn.
For parallel connection of resistance the equivalent resistance is,

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 Table of observation:

Voltage Current Resistor

(V) (mA) (Ω)

Sr.
Supply V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3= I
No. R1 R2 R3 Req
Voltage (At (At (At (At (At (At
(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
(V) R1) R2) R3) R1) R1) R3)

1.

2.

3.

Calculation:

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 Specimen Calculations:

Sr.
NR1 = V1/ I1 R2 = V2/ I2 R3 = V3/ I3 Req = V/ I Req = R3 +
o (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
.
1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS
20
 EXP: 6 KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Aim: Measure current in a particular branch of the given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Current Law

Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of ammeter.
Repeat the procedure for different value of voltage and note down the readings.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

“The algebraic sum of all the current meeting at appoint or junction is zero.”, it is known as
Kirchoff’s current law.
Consider incoming current as positive and outgoing current as negative.
So, from fig 4.1
I1 + (-I2) + I3 + (-I4) + (-I5) = 0.
I1 + I3 = I2 + I4 + I5

Kirchoff’s current law also states that “The sum of incoming current is equal to the algebraic
sum of outgoing current at a point or junction in a electrical circuit.”
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 Table of observation:

Current
(mA)
Sr. Supply Voltage
No. (V) I1 I2 I3
(At R1) (At R1) (At R1)

1.
2.
3.

Calculations:

Specimen Calculations:

Sr. No. Incoming current Outgoing current

1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

22
 EXP: 7 KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

Aim: Measure voltage drop in a closed loop of the given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

Keep the supply voltage at some fixed value & measure the reading of Ammeter.
Vary the supply voltage and note down the reading of ammeter.
Using Kirchoff’s voltage law measure the voltage.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

The algebraic sum of the product of currents & resistance in each of the conductors and resistance in
each closed path in a network and the algebraic sum of emf in that path is zero.

As algebraic sum is to be taken, we have to determine their signs while tracing a circuit for this; we
consider a rise in potential as positive and a fall in potential as negative.
Sign for emf…

Consider a branch A & B, connecting a source of emf, E as shown in figure. While tracing this
branch from A & B there is fall in potential and than for E is negative.
However is we tress it B to A there is rise in potential and E will be positive.
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 To determine sign for the voltage drop in a resistance, consider a branch containing resistor of
resistance R in which current I flows from A to B as shown in fig 7.2.
The current flows from A to B. Therefore A is higher potential with respect to B.
Thus tracing the branch from A to B, V = I R is negative i.e. (-I R) and tracing the branch from B to
A, V = I R is positive i.e. (+I R).
Thus, it is clear that the sign of voltage drop across a resistor but it is independence of the purity.

Table of observation:

Supply Voltage Voltage across R1 Voltage across R2

Sr. No.
(V) V1 (Ω) V2 (Ω)
1.

2.

3.

Calculations:

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Specimen Calculations:

Voltage Rise Voltage Drop

Sr. No.
(V) (V1 + V2)

1.

2.

3.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

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EXP: 8 DELTA CONNECTIONS AND STAR CONNECTIONS

(A)Aim: Convert star connected resistances to its equivalent delta connected resistances.
Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

Connect the circuit or star connected resistors as shown in fig.

Give some voltage and find out the current or star connected resistor.
Now connect the resistor in delta connected as shown in fig.
Give the voltage same as star connected and measure the current for delta connected resistor.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

In fig 8.1, three resistors R1, R2, R3 are connected in star, we want to obtain the value of equivalent
Resistors in delta connection.

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 As seen above,

 Dividing equation (1) by (3).

Dividing equation (2) by (3).

…(5)
Substituting the value of R12 and R13 from equation (4) and (5) in equation (1).

… (6)
Similarly,
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 … (7)

… (8)

Equation (6), (7) and (8) are the star to delta conversion formulas.

Table of observation:

Sr.No.
R1 R2 R3 R12 R23 R31
(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)

Calculations:

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(B)Aim: Convert delta connected resistances to its equivalent star connected resistances.
Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:

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 Connect the circuit as delta connected resistor as shown in figure.
Give some voltage and find out the current or delta connected resistor.
Now connect the resistor in star connected as shown in fig.
Give the voltage same as delta connected and measure the current for star connected resistor.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

Let the three resistors R12, R23, & R13 connected in delta as shown in fig 9.1.
We want to transfer them into equivalent star, let the three resistors in star be R1, R2 & R3.
In order that these be electrically equivalent, the resistance between two terminals in delta
connection should be equal to the resistance similar the terminal in star Connection.
In delta Connection Resistors R12 & R23 + R31 between terminals 1 & 2 are is parallel. Its equivalent
resistance becomes,

 Now these should be equal,

 If we take terminal 2 & 3, 3 & 1 in turn,



 We can find the values of R1, R2 & R3 from the equation (3), (4) & (5).

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 Subtracting equation (4) from (3).

 Adding equation (5) & (6).

 Similarly,

Table of observation:

R12 R23 R31 R1 R2 R3

(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)

Calculations:

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Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

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 EXP: 9 SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS OF
CAPACITOR
Aim: Verify equivalent capacitance by connecting given capacitors in Series and Parallel.
Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:
Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
Note down the reading Vs, I, V1, V2 and V3 for fixed value of capacitance C1, C2 and C3.
Repeat step 2 for different value of capacitance and note down the reading.
Calculate the individual capacitance and equivalent capacitance.

Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:

Suppose three capacitors having capacitance of C1, C2, C3 respectivelly are connected in series
across V volt Supply, The voltage across them are V1, V2, V3 volt respectively.
Since the capacitors are connected in series, charge on each is the same but the voltage drops are
different.

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 When the more capacitors are connected in series,

Thus when capacitors are connected in series, inverse of the equivalent capacitance is equal to sum
of inverse of capacitances connected in series. This equation is similar to the resistances connected
in parallel.
If there are two capacitors in series,

Table of observation:

Voltage
Voltage Voltage
Voltage drop
Current drop drop
Sr. no. Supply across C2
(I) across C1 across C3
(V) (V2)
(V1) (V3)

1.
2.

Sr.
N
o
.
1.

2.

34
Calculations:

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

35
 EXP: 10 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Aim: Verify the Thevenin’s theorem and determine the voltage and
current in the given branch of the circuit.
Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Set-up:
Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
Disconnect R3 from circuit and measure voltage across R2.
Measure voltage across R2 for different value of voltage source. This is the thevenin’s voltage VTh.
Calculate RTh by value of R1 and R2.
Now get value of current across R3 by thevenin’s network for different value of voltage source.
Theoretical background for the experiment/validation of the experiment:
In many practical applications, it is not always necessary to analyse the complete circuit. But it is
required that the voltage, current or power in only one element (resistance) is required. The use of
this theorem provides a simple equivalent circuit to determine various quantities in the element of
interest.
This theorem states that any network having a number of energy sources and resistances when
viewed from its open circuit elements A and B can be replaced by a simple equivalent network
consisting of a single equivalent voltage source VTh in Series with a simple equivalent resistance
RTh.
Were,
VTh = Thevenin’s equivalent voltage source
= Open circuit voltage across terminal A and B.
o RTh = Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
= Equivalent resistance measured across terminal A and B with all set to zero leaving behind their internal
resistance if any.
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 Resistance across which we want to measure a current has been disconnected firstly from circuit and
circuit keeps open.(fig 11.2)

 Voltage across R2 will be the Thevenin’s voltage VTh.

 To determine RTh replace the voltage source by its internal resistance. (Here it is zero).(fig. 11.3)

 Thevenin’s equivalent network becomes to that fig 11.4.

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 To find current through R3 connect it across Thevenin’s Network.(fig 11.5)

Table of observation:

Sr. no. Voltage Voltage R1 R2 R3

Supply across R1 ( ( (
(V) (VTH)
1.
2.
3.

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 Calculations:

Sr. No. Current across R3 by Thevenin’s network

1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:

SIGNATURE / REMARKS

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