STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION.

INTRODUCTION

1. CONSEQUENCIES OF DIRECT LIGHTNING IMPULSES

2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS):

-- AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM

-- DOWN CONDUCTORS

-- EARTH TERMINATION SYSTEM

3. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS):

-- EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING SYSTEM

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM.

Lightning Protection System

(LPS)

External Lightning Internal Lightning

Protection Protection Surge Protection

The measures taken to

ensure Surge Protection,
• Air Termination • Lightning Equipotential are separate from the
• Down Conductor Bonding installation of a Lightning
• Earth Termination • Room Shielding Protection System.
• Room Shielding • Safety Distance However, they must be
coordinated with the
Internal Lightning
Protection.

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 LIGHTNING PROTECTION :
HOW LIGHTNING DISCHARGES ARISE

3
 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

Lightning protection system

(LPS)

External lightning
protection

• Air Termination
• Down Conductor
• Earth Termination
• Room shielding

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 LIGHTNING PROTECTION LEVELS.R.SRINIVASAN
RISK ASSESSMENT ACCORDING TO IS : 2309 – 1969

Evaluation of the Risk Index

- Usage of Structure
- Type of Construction
- Contents or Consequential effects
- Degree of Isolation IEC 62305 – 2 // Part –
- Type of Terrain Risk of damage 2 : Risk Management
- Height of Structure Separating into 1 of 4
- Lightning Prevalence Different Protection
- Examples of the calculation of Levels
risk index for evaluating the need
for protection

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION LEVELS.R.SRINIVASAN
PARAMETERS OF THE SHORT DURATION STROKE AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE
AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM ACCORDING IEC 61024-1 AND IEC 61312-1

Protection class
Lightning current parameters
I II III - IV
Peak current I(10/350) / (kA) 200 150 100

Charge of the impulse current Qs / (C)

100 75 50

Specific energy W/R / (MJ/ohm) 2.5

10 5.6

Rolling sphere radius R in (m) 45

20 30 60

Mesh size M in (m) 15x15 20x20

5x5 10x10

Protective angle α in (°)

table 3 table 3 table 3

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 LIGHTNING PROTECTION.
AIR TERMINATION – PROTECTION METHODS
Three methods for the definition of the air termination:
1. Rolling sphere method
2. Mesh method
3. Protective angle method
Air- termination
rod Mesh size M

h2 α1 α2 R
h1 Down
Protective conductor
angle Rolling sphere

The rolling sphere method

could be used for all buildings.
Earthing system
The method of protective angle is used
for buildings with easily form, but it is The mesh method is used for planning the
limited for buildings with hights as you protection of flat roofs.
could see in the next table.
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 LIGHTNING PROTECTION
PROTECTIVE ANGLE METHOD

α(in˚) 80
70
60
50
40
30
I II III IV
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 h (in m)

Protective angle for a 3m air termination rod

Protection class I = 70°
Protection class II = 72°
Protection class III = 76°
Protection class IV = 79°

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – PROTECTIVE ANGLE METHOD

PROTECTED VOLUME WITH AN AIR TERMINATION ROD

The volume protected by a vertical rod is assumed to have A

the shape of a right circular cone with the vertex placed on
the air- termination axis, semi-apex angle α depending on the
protection level and on the height of the air-termination
system as given in the table. ht α

A apex of the air-termination rod

B reference-plane
O-C radius of the protected area
ht hight of the air termination apex over the
reference-plane
α protective angle according table 3
B O C

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – PROTECTIVE ANGLE METHOD

PROTECTION FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS - CONFIGURATION OF THE AIR

TERMINATION ROD

α1 α2

h1 h1

h2
h

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – MESH SIZE METHOD

THE VOLUME PROTECTED BY A MESH IS DEFINED BY THE COMBINATION OF THE

PROTECTED VOLUME DETERMINED BY THE SINGLE CONDUCTORS FORMING THE MESH.

R = Radius of the rolling sphere

Air termination
α1 h1
α2
h h2

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STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – MESH SIZE METHOD

Topview to a building

protection mesh size

class (m)
1 5*5
2 10*10
3 15*15
4 20*20

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – MESH SIZE METHOD ( Horizontal Conductors )

EXAMPLE FOR THE PLANNING OF AN AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM ACCORDING THE MESH SIZE
METHOD FOR PROTECTION CLASS III

16 m 12 m
28 m

THE PROTECTION OF THE EAVE TAKE PLACE BY AIR TERMINATION RODS.

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
AIR TERMINATION – MESH SIZE METHOD ( Down Conductors )

EXAMPLE FOR THE PLANNING OF AN AIR TERMINATION SYSTEM ACCORDING THE MESH SIZE
METHOD FOR PROTECTION CLASS III AND THE RELEVANT DOWN CONDUCTORS

16 m 12 m
28 m

TO PROTECT THE EAVE ADDITIONAL AIR TERMINATION RODS WHERE USED.

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
DOWN CONDUCTORS – REINFORCEMENT
USING OF THE REINFORCEMENT AS A DOWN CONDUCTOR AND SCREENING AGAINST LEMP

a 1
1 Connection between air termination and 2
down conductor
2 Air termination 3

a
3 Reinforcement b 8
4 Down conductor and ring conductor 7
5 Equipotential bonding bar for the internal 5
lightning protection 4
6 Test joint
7 Clamp tested with lightning current
6
8 Connection without clamp

typical dimensions: 5
a ≤ 5 m, b = ≤ 1 m

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
DOWN CONDUCTORS – REINFORCEMENT
EXAMPLE FOR THE USAGE OF THE CONCRETE BUTTRESS AS A DOWN CONDUCTOR.

The down conductors have

to be connected with the
reinforcement inside the
concrete buttress.

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EARTHING SYSTEM
EXAMPLE FOR A FOUNDATION EARTH

1 Foundation earth, z. B. strap conductor 30 mm × 3,5 mm, hot-dip galvanised

2 Connection point for the down conductor to the strap conductor
3 Connection point with the reinforcement
4 Clamp between reinforcement and strap conductor
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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EARTHING SYSTEM
STRAP CONDUCTOR FOR THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE REINFORCEMENT

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EARTHING SYSTEM
EARTHING OF THE STEEL BUTTRESS

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 STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EARTHING SYSTEM
EXAMPLE FOR THE INSTALLATION OF AN EARTHING ROD

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STEP – 16 : LIGHTNING PROTECTION LAYOUT

CLICK HERE TO VIEW

21
 STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION

Lightning protection installations

Subject of the seminar

External lightning Internal lightning

Surge protection
protection protection

The measures taken to

• Lightning collectors ensure surge protection
• Equipotential bonding are separate from the
• Lightning conductors
for lightning protection setting-up of a lightning
• Earthing
• Room shielding protection installation.
• Room shielding
• Avoid proximity However, they must be
• Avoid proximity
coordinated with internal
lightning protection.

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
HOW LIGHTNING DISCHARGES ARISE

TYPES OF DISCHARGE :

90% of all lightning discharges between

clouds and earth are the negative
cloud-to-earth lightning strikes described
below.
Other categories of discharge are:

• negative earth-to-cloud lightning

• positive cloud-to-earth lightning
• positive earth-to-cloud lightning

However, the vast majority of discharges

take place within a cloud or between one
cloud and another.
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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
EFFECTS
DIRECT STRIKE ON A HIGH-VOLTAGE
OVERHEAD LINE

Effects: Voltage surges due to

maximum lightning impulse current

For a lightning strike on a overhead line, the

impedance at the first instant is determined by the
surge impedance of the line.

This impedance (ZW) is usually in the region of 400

to 500 ohms for a single conductor.

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
DIRECT STRIKE ON A LOW-VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINE

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
DIRECT STRIKE ON A LOW-VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINE

Effects: Partial lightning currents and voltage surges

in the low-voltage network.
Cause: the amplitude of the lightning impulse
current

The preconditions for a direct strike on a

low-voltage overhead line are not the same as for
direct strikes on high-voltage overhead lines.
The fundamental difference is in the proximity to
the building, which permits the conduction of partial
lightning currents.

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
DIRECT STRIKE ON LIGHTNING PROTECTION INSTALLATION
A DIRECT STRIKE ON A BUILDING WITH AN
EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION
INSTALLATION & WITHOUT
EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING FOR LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
Effects: Voltage surges (overvoltages)
Insulation breakdown
Due to: Maximum lightning impulse
current

U = i ⋅ R installation earth
L1
L2
L3
PEN If the lightning current from a lightning strike is
diverted to earth, there will be a voltage rise at
the earthing point of the installation. This will be
carried into the house via the equipotential
bonding system.
Adequate equipotential bonding for lightning
protection (lightning controllers of requirement
class B) prevents damage to the electrical
installations.
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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
EFFECTS
SWITCHING ACTIONS

Effects: Overvoltages (surges) on network lines

Cause: High current steepnesses on switching
actions lead to transient surges (overvoltages) on
the mains wiring.

Switching actions occur almost everywhere where

work is done with electrical energy. Especially
vulnerable are areas in which large inductive loads
are switched, for example:

• Motors
• Transformers
• Chokes
• Climate control installations
• Welding equipment
• Long light strings

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE DUE TO VOLTAGE SURGES

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE

1. Personal Injury

2. Fire Hazard

3. Material Damage due to Surges

4. Loss of Data & Information

5. Loss of Production
6. Sharp Decline in the Availability of System Techniques

7. Incorrect Information is Passed on

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST VOLTAGE SURGES

1. Setting Up Protection Zones (The Lightning Protection Zone Concept)

2. Setting Up Equipotential Bonding

3. Shielding Measures with Connection to the Equipotential Bonding Rail (EBR)

4. Installation of Protection Components (Arresters) at the Zone Interfaces

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
MAIN EQUIPONTENTIAL BONDING SYSTEM
Bonding of all metallic
components to the EBR*

Connection of the PEN

conductor to the earthing
system of the building

Connection of the lightning

arresters to the earthing
system of the building.
Minimum cross-section:
16 mm2 Cu
Connection of the EBR* to the
earthing system of the building

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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
CONNECTING ALL THE EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING MEASURES
S M
configuration configuration
star grid

basic S M
equipotential bonding
network

equipotential bonding S M
with the common s m
earthing system

ERP
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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
REQUIRED DESIGN IMPULSE VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT
( from IEC 60364 – 4 – 443 / 1995 )
Equipment at the Protection level or required design impulse
feed point of the voltage in a 230/400 volt network
installation
Equipment as a Target
6 part of the fixed
6 kV installation protection devices
kV Equipment to be
4 kV connected to the
4 fixed installation Equipment
requiring special
3 2.5 kV protection
2 kV
2 1.5 kV
1.3 kV
1 1.0 kV

IV III II I

B1) C1) D1)

1)
Requirement class to
E.g. Main E.g. sub-distribution E.g.
DIN VDE 0675 Part 6
distribution board board final load
(A1/A2)
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STEP – 17 : SURGE PROTECTION IN POWER ENGG.
ARRESTOR TECHNOLOGIES

HOW CAN SURGES BE LIMITED?

SPARK GAPS VARISTORS DIODES

Transzorb diodes, also known as

High-performance spark gaps have a very Varistors are used in surge arresters. suppressor diodes, are used as diode
high discharge capacity, which is why they Unlike other types of arrester, their arresters.
are used as lightning controllers. ability to carry lightning current is They are characterised by a rapid
The spark gaps must of course be capable limited. response, but their discharge capacity
of quenching follow currents.
is limited.

SPARK GAP TECHNOLOGY VARISTOR TECHNOLOGY DIODES TECHNOLOGY

The operating voltage can be determined by
Varistors are voltage-dependent resistors Transzorb diodes (also known as
the distance between the electrodes.
with a highly non-linear U/I characteristic. suppressor diodes) are diodes that limit
Spark gaps are arresters in which two or more
Their electrical properties arise from a large both positive and negative overvoltages.
electrodes in series are opposed to each other.
number of micro-varistors connected in Because of their very fast switching
The electrodes consist of incombustible
parallel and in series. performance (in the picosecond region)
material (e.g. carbon or tungsten-copper).
The transitions between the micro-varistors they are especially well suited for use in
If a spark gap fires, the operating voltage
can age under the influence of precision and data line protection devices.
collapses to the anode-cathode voltage burning
overvoltages.
voltage, which is about 20 V.
34