တကျော့ပြန်သာသနာပြုခရီးကျိုက်ထီးဆောင်းဆရာတော်

1
KTS 21-6-11-1
ed'gef;
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usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ ax½kyw Ü u åd kd vGecf ahJ om 1358-ckEpS u f a&Tbkd
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ysv H eG af wmfral omaMumifh pmrlrnfox Yl aH y;cJo
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2
KTS 21-6-11-1
2 usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf (9)0gr&rD *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;tqifhay:ayguf

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3
KTS 21-6-11-1
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyK c&D;rSwfwrf; 3
t|rtcsuf/ /q&mawmfxH tcsdefra&G; 0ifa&mufavQmufxm;cGihf &xm;oljzpf

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1
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f rf;ü xnho
f iG ;f
azmfjycJh&ygonf/
4
KTS 21-6-11-1
jyef&iS af tmif pGu

J yfaeaom a&m*gaysmufuif;atmif o'¨g[mreopömjyKcJyh gonf/ tcsdKU
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1/ ed'gef;tjzpfjyKpkxm;onhf rSww
f rf;udk þusrf;pmü azmfjyxm;ygonf/
5
KTS 21-6-11-1
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf Ak'u ¨ kd Munfñ&kd mwGif tm*ro'¨grsdK;jzpfonf/

orÁKa'¨csD bk&m;&Sdcdk;wGif yGifhawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sifaygif;rSm (512028)qljzpfí a*gwr
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2011-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (5)&uf
pma&;ol
6
KTS 21-6-11-1
yHkESdyfpmtkyfjzpfay:a&;ulnDrI
aumZm 1376-ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef;(9)&ufaeY c&pfESpf 2014-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv
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jynfEh pS u f wifvLS cJah omxD;udk atmufoyYkd ifah qmifNyD; 28-ql tm½Hck t H eD; iSurf if;[oFm
*0H½yk x f ak y:0,f txdr;f trSwx f m;&So d nf/ pwD;ESiahf &Tpifa&Tom;xD;udk usdKufx;D aqmif;
rSm topfjyKvkyfwifvSLxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 1375-ckESpf? jymodkvjynhfaeYu ZGef;bHk iSuf
jrwfem; pdezf ;l udk atmufoyYkd ifah qmifNyD; usdK;yJu h mG [aeaoma&Tjym;rsm;udk cdik cf efaY tmif
jyefvnfjyifjcif;omjzpfonf/ ordik ;f wdusatmif uufqufacGaygif;rsm;pGm zGiefh m;axmif
&onf/ a&SUrDaemufrD a*gyuvlBuD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;&SifBuD;? OD;ñGefYarmif(OD;Zif;BuD;
OD;uk@v)? OD;atmif&if? OD;cifarmif? OD;wifarmif? OD;ñGefYwif? OD;eDwmac: rif;wpf&mh
wpfyg;awmif OD;t*¾o&D ?d OD;aomif;? tusKd ;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE?´ oDv&Siq f &mBuD;rsm;
jzpfaom a':Munfjrih?f a':ÓmPod*?Ð a':rl? a':½lyod*?Ð a':csdK? a':uOöeod*?Ð yef;xdrf
7
KTS 21-6-11-1
OD;at;Edkif paom twGif;aersm;udk txyfxyf ar;jref;cJh&onf/ auseyfavmufaom

tajccHrsm; pkaqmif;EdkifcJhonf/
AdkvfBuD;ausmfaZmfvif;rS rwnfaiGusyf(35)odef;? a':jrihfoef;rS usyfodef;(10)?
a&TuRef;OD;pcef;rS OD;okZmw\ rdom;pkrS usyf(2)odef;? r*Fvma':at;jrihfvGifrS usyf
(2)odef; vSL'gef;vmaomaMumihf þwpfausmhjyef omoemjyKc&D;rSwfwrf; ½dkufESdyf&ef
aqmif&GufEdkifNyD; &efukefNrdKU? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? (47)vrf;xdyf? atmifodef;oef;
yHEk ydS wf u kd yf ikd &f iS f OD;ausmfaX;rif;rS vkt d yfaom ukeu f saiGpu
kd x
f w
k vf LS 'gef;rnf[k ajymqdk
cJNh yD; refae*sm OD;cifaZmfrS pmtky½f u kd Ef ydS Nf yD;pD;a&;wm0ef,al qmif&u G af y;rnf[k wm0ef,l
MuaomaMumifv h nf; tptqH;k vdu k yf gaqmif&u G af y;aom udck spfO;D eD? pmtky0f ,f azmfjy
&rnh"f mwfyrkH sm; &SmazGay;aom a&TjrAD'G , D kd ½du
k uf ;l a&; OD;ausmfatmifEiS t fh zGUJ wd\
Yk ulnD
yHhydk;rIrsm; &&SdcJhygonf/
tusdK;awmfaqmifrv S nf; aiGaMu;rStpvdt k yfvQif ulnrD nf? xnf0gcHn h m;
wduscdkifrmaomusrf;pmjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufyg[k rdefYMum;xm;NyD;jzpfí ,cktcg
]]ok0ÖPblrad 'o qHawmf&iS rf sm; OD;aoQmifxyd w f ef;omoemjyK tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu"Z? "r®yg&*l *kPx f ;l aqmif a'gufwm(Ph.D)bGUJ qufuyfjcif;cH&aom aus;Zl;&Sif
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ]]wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D;rSwfwrf;}}udk
&efuek Nf rdKU? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vrf;? 47-vrf;xdy?f trSw(f 138)atmifoed ;f oef;umvmpHk
yHEk ydS w
f u kd rf S ½du k Ef ydS cf NhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ þpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&; pmacsm-pmMurf;pmrl ½du k Ef ydS rf l
txd uGefysLwmpmpDay;aom omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? yHkESdyfwdkufrS OD;xGef;xGef;atmif+
a':od*aÐ t;? pmrlukd trSm;?trSef jyifqifzwf½aI y;aom OD;Munfp;kd ? tjcm;aom ulnrD I
t00udak y;cJMh uaom ig;oH;k vDro d m;pkwt Ykd m; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif&ydS gaMumif;? aemufqufwJG
rsm;udv k nf; qufvuf½u kd Ef ydS cf iG &fh vdak Mumif; qE´m"dum& xm;&St d yfygonf/
a&Tjynf[def;
2014-ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
8
KTS 21-6-11-1
r[maAm"d owå [l o nf
Ak ' ¨ y Pmr
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
orÁKa'¨ t|0DoOö? 'Gg'oOö o[óau/
yOöow o[ómed? ermrd od&omr[H/ /
t|0DoH orÁKa'¨p? ESpfusdyf&Spfqlaom bk&m;&SifwdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ 'G g 'oOö
o[óau? wpfaomif; ESpaf xmifaom bk&m;&Siw f u kd nf;aumif;/ yOöow o[
Ykd v
ómed? ig;ode;f aom bk&m;&Siw Ykd kd vnf;aumif;/ £wd-£ar? þig;ode;f wpfaomif;
f u
ESpfaxmif ESpfusdyf&Spfqlaom bk&m;&SifwdkYudk/ od&om? Oacgif;&wem jrwft*Fgjzifh/
ermrd ? ½dkaojrwfEdk; vufpHkrdk;í &Sdcdk;yg\bk&m;/
toacsF 20 twGif; yGifhaom bk&m;&Sifrsm;
a&S;twDawumvtcgu oD[Vkd u f Ref;rS ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumusrf;rsm;udk
wwfuRrf;aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm; a&;om;xm;cJah om eruúm&*gxmt& a*gwr bk&m;
tavmif;awmf yg&rD 10-yg;udk jznhu f sihaf wmfrcl ahJ omumv (toacsFEpS qf ,f)twGi;f
yGiafh wmfrcl ahJ om bk&m;&Sit
f a&twGurf mS (512028)ig;ode;f wpfaomif;ESpaf xmif ESpu
f syd f
&Spfqljzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;&SifwdkYudk zl;ajrmfcGihf&cJhonfudk tajccHvsuf Ak'¨ eruúm&*gxm
tjzpf oDuHk;í yPmrjyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
pdwfjzifh BuHpnf&onfh (7)oacsFü OD;pGmyGifhaombk&m;um; jA[®a'0bk&m;&Sif
jzpfonf/ yGihfcJhaom bk&m;aygif;um; (125000)jzpfonf/ EIwf>rufqkawmif;&onfrSm
(9)oacsFjzpfí OD;pGmyGiahf ombk&m;um; ayg&mPa*gwrbk&m;jzpfonf/ yGicfh ahJ om bk&m;
ta&twGufum; (387000)jzpfonf/ ,aom"&max&Dtyg'geygVd*gxm (359)ü jyqdk
cJhonfrSm-
jA[®a'0Oö orÁK'H¨? a*gwrH avmuem,uH/
tanoH avmuemxmeH? o*FrH aw A[Hkr,m/
þ*gxmyg jA[®a'0bk&m;&Sif ayg&mPa*gwrbk&m;&SifwdkYudk &nfñTef;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
raemyPd"yd w¬embk&m;avmif;\ qkyef&mumv (7)toacsF? 0gpmoduyw¬em
bk&m;avmif;qkyef&mumv (9)toacsF ESpf&yfaygif; (16)toacsFtwGif; yGifhawmfrlcJh
9
KTS 21-6-11-1
aom bk&m;pkpak ygif; (512000)jzpfonf/ 16-toacsjF ynhNf y;D aomtcg om&r@urÇmü

wPSuF&mbk&m;ç ar"uF&mbk&m;ç o&PuF&mbk&m;ç 'DyuF&mbk&m; av;qlyGihfawmf
rlonf/ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 'DyuF&mbk&m; yGihfaomumv0,f okar"m
&aohb0jzifh bk&m;qkyefqifco hJ nf/ ed,w Asm'dwu f &kd &Scd o hJ nf/ ¤if;tcsed rf pS í aAm"dyif
ESihf a&Tyv’ifwGif Ak'¨tjzpfa&muf&Sdonftxd tcsdefumvrSm av;toacFsESihf urÇm
wpfoed ;f Mumjrifch ohJ nf/ þumvtwGi;f ü um,uH 0pDuH raemuH [laom oHyk g;uH
ajrmuf yg&rDawmfwu Ykd kd jznhu
f sihcf ahJ omaMumifh tbde[ D m&bk&m;avmif;[k oH;k EIe;f xm;
onf/
,aomf"&max&Donf-
uayÜp owo[aó? pwka&mp tocFa,/
'DyuFa&m r[m0Da&m? OyÜZdÆavmuem,aum/
[k &Gwq f ckd o
hJ nf/ tyg'gef*gxm (361)tvdk okar"m&aohb0rS av;toacsFEiS fh urÇm
wpfoed ;f umvMumatmif a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfEiS t hf wl yg&rDwu Ykd kd jznhcf o
hJ nf[k
ajymqdck ohJ nf/ raemyPd"Ed iS fh 0gpmoduyw¬emjyK&m (16)toacsF? tbde[ d m&yPd"me
umv (4)toacsFESihf urÇmwpfodef;jzpfí tm;vHk;aygif; oacsF (20) urÇmwpfodef;
Mumatmif bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rDwu Ykd kd jznhcf &hJ avonf/ þonfukd &nfí-
pdEdÅwH owåmoacsF,sH? e0goacsF,s0gpuH/
um,0gpH pwkcsmwH? Ak'¨wHå orkyg*rd/ /
[k *gxmoDu;kH cJo h nf/ toacsF (20) urÇmwpfoed ;f onf a*gwrbk&m;&Si\ f bk&m;
jzpf&ef yw¬emjyK&mumv[k owfrw S x
f m;onf/ 4-oacsFEiS u fh rÇmwpfoed ;f umvwGif
um,uH 0pDuH raemuH[al om oH;k yg;uHajrmuf yg&rD (10)yg;udk jznhu f sihaf wmfro l nf/
'DyuF&mbk&m;&SifxHü ed,wAsm'dwfcH&csdefrSpí yg&rDawmfrsm; jznhfusihfcJhyHkudk bk&m;
tavmif; jzpfawmfpOfb0rsm;tjzpf ig;&mig;q,fZmwf0w¬KwdkYü zGihfjycJhMuonf/
aomwwå uDusrf;rSmvm&Sd
aomww
ok'g¨ 0gojA[®mBuD;onf bk&m;tavmif;awmfb0tjzpf a&mufEikd af &;twGuf
wduk w f eG ;f aom tjzpftysuEf iS fh oacsF 20 tpydik ;f b0 jzpfawmfpOfukd aomww¬uu D sr;f ü
jyqdx k m;onfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mjzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf bk&m;qkryef&ao;rD a&S;jzpfpOfrmS
ok0ÖPblrad 'oü ok'g¨ 0gotem*grfjA[®mrif;onf rmwk½'k u ¨ vkviftm; bk&m;qkyef&ef
yk*K¾d vfp;D jzihf wdu
k w
f eG ;f cJyh u
kH kd azmfjyxm;onf/ aomww¬uuD sr;f vm txkyw
Ü t
åd usO;f csKyf
rSm þodkY jzpfonf/
10
KTS 21-6-11-1
bk&m;qkyefol&Smaom jA[®mrif;
bk&m;&Sio
f nf vlb Y ükH om yGiafh wmfr&l onf/ tjcm;aom ewfbkH jA[®mbHük
yGihfawmfrlavhr&Sday/ vGefcJhaom toacsF (20)txufwGif bk&m;&Sifrsm; urÇmaygif;
rsm;pGmMumatmif yGiahf wmfrjl cif;r&Sad omaMumifh vljY ynf ewfjynf jA[®mjynfwüYkd t&d,m
rsKd ;qufjywfawmufvek ;D eD; jzpfomG ;cJo h nf/ vlb
Y 0oufwrf;um; urÇmjzifch sD touf&n S f
aom bHrk sKd ;r[kwaf omaMumifh owfrw S af omESpu
f mv txdomvQif t&d,mjzpf&onf/
vlwo Ykd ufwrf;xuf ewfbrkH sm;&Sd ewft&d,mwdu Yk oufwrf;&SnMf uonf/ ewfjynf
(6)xuf0,f aomwmyefEiS fh ou'g*grfrsm;omjzpfciG &fh MdS uonf/ bk&m;&Siyf iG ahf wmfrjl cif;
r&Sad omaMumifh aomwmyefewfwo Ykd nf wpfqifw h ufí ou'g*grfjzpfomG ;Muonf/
ou'g*grftqihrf S wpfqihjf rifah om tem*grft&d,mjzpfow l oYkd nf ok'g¨ 0gobHük jA[®m
rsm; jzpfomG ;Muonf/ urÇmrsm;pGmMumaomtcg tem*grfjA[®mwdo Yk nf wpfqifwh ufí
&[EÅmjA[®mrsm;tjzpf a&mufoGm;MuNyD; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlMuavonf/ urÇmrsm;pGm
bk&m;&SifwdkY yGifhawmfrrlaomaMumifh vlYbHk ewfbHkrsm;ü t&d,mrsdK;qufjywfcJhovdk
ok'g¨ 0go (5)bHük t&d,mrsdK;qufjywfawmhrnftajcodYk qdu k af &mufvmvsuf&o dS nf/
aemufq;kH rsdK;quftjzpf tem*grf ok'g¨ 0gojA[®mwdo Yk nf bHo k ;kH yg;ü t&d,mrsdK;quf
jywfawmhrnf[k odjrifMuaomtcg qifjcifawmfrMl uonf/ vljY ynfü bk&m;ryGio hf nfrmS
MumcJNh yD? bk&m;qkyefol bk&m;avmif;tjzpf yg&rDjznhEf ikd rf nfh olu&kd mS rS oifah wmfrnf[k
oHa0*ÓmPf jzpfMuonf/
ta[m temaxm 0wm,H avmaum?
to&aPm 0wm,H avmaum?
twmaPm 0wm,H avmaum?
tavaPm 0wm,H avmaum?
avmuBuD;onf udk;uG,f&muif;aeNyD? qnf;uyfp&mr&SdjzpfaeNyD? apmihfa&Smuf
ol uif;rJah eNy?D yke;f atmif;&mae&m r&Sjd zpfaeNy?D bk&m;&Siw
f Ykd yGiahf wmfrjl cif;r&Sad omaMumifh
ok'0¨ gobHük jA[®mrsm; enf;vmNy;D t&d,mrsKd ;qufjywfvek ;D avNy?D bk&m;tavmif;awmf
rsm; ay:aygufvmatmif bk&m;qkyefoal wG ay:aygufatmif vljY ynfqif;í aqmif&u G cf sed f
a&mufNyD[k ajymqdMk uavonf/
11
KTS 21-6-11-1
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyK c&D;rSww
f rf; 11
bk&m;tavmif;jzpfEikd of u
l m; BuD;rm;aomvHv Yk cdik Nf raJ om ESv;kH om;wnf;[laom
csy0f wfwefqm qifjref;xm;aom ppfo&l aJ umif;yrm pdwx f m;&S&d ef vdt
k yfonf/ xdyk *k K¾d vf
rsKd ;om bk&m;jzpf&ef vrf;pOf[k qdt k yfaom yg&rD(10)yg; tjym; (30) pGejYf cif;BuD; (5)yg;
p&d, (3)yg;wdkYudk tNyD;wdkifjznhfpGrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ omrefolvdk igvdkyk*d¾KvfwdkY rjzpfEdkif[k
odjrifMuonf/
tued|jA[®mbHk0,f oufwrf;tm;jzihf urÇmaygif; (16000)wpfaomif;ajcmuf
axmif touf&Snfaom tem*grfr[mjA[®mBuD;onf bk&m;&SifwdkY ryGihfonfrSmMumcJh
avNyD? bk&m;qkyefEdkifrnfholudk &SmazGav&m-
(1) 'V§0D&d, = NrJaomvHkYv?
(2) xd&[', = wnfwcHh ikd Nf rJaompdw?f
(3) taemvDe0D&d, = rwGefYqkwfaom vHkYv?
(4) y&[dwu&Porw¬ = olwpfyg; tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jyKEdkifpGrf;ol [kwf
r[kwf &SmazG&m *E¨m&wdkif; olqif;&JrsdK;ü rmwk½k'üvkvifudk awGUoGm;avonf/
r[mjA[®mBuD;onf rmwk½'k u ¨ vkvif\ pdwwf iG f yl;0ifNyD; bk&m;qkyefatmif aqmif&u
G f
avonf/ aqmif&u G cf yhJ rkH mS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/
rmwk½k'üvkvif
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf bk&m;qkyefjcif;rjyKrD tcsdefujzpfonf/ bk&m;
tavmif;onf qif;&JaomtrsdK;ü vljzpfav&m t&G,fa&mufvQif tdrfaxmifjyK&ef
tBudrBf udryf if rdcifjzpfou
l wduk w
f eG ;f cJo
h nf/ xdt
k cg bk&m;tavmif;u ajymqdo k nf/
]]tdk rdcif- tdrrf mS tydk tvQH qefpyg;vnf;r&S?d a&Tvnf; r&S?d tjcm;bmrQ r&Sb d vJ suf
tdraf xmifbuf&mS &efroifyh g/ rdbtouf&adS ecsderf mS rdbudo k m vkyaf uR;vdyk gonf/}}
[k ajymqdNk yD; tdraf xmifrjyKbJaecJ&h m zcifonf OD;pGm uG,v f eG o
f mG ;avonf/
zcifu,
G v
f eG Nf y;D aomtcg rdcifjzpfou
l tdraf xmifjyK&ef wdu k wf eG ;f jyef&m jiif;qef
cJhonf/ tdrfaxmifa&;udk vHk;0rpOf;pm;bJ awmwGif;rS opf0g;tdrfrdk;&ef opf&Gufponf
wdu Yk kd o,faqmifa&mif;0,fí &&Sv d maom 0ifaiGjzifyh if rdcifukd vkyaf uR;aexdik af vonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg awmrSjyefvmcJNh yD; av;vHaomtxrf;BuD;udk ,laqmif&onft h jyif
yljyif;aom 'Pfjzifh armyef;EGr;f e,f&um; jrpfqyd t
f eD;&Sd anmifyifBuD;atmuf txrf;udck s
xm;NyD; tarmajzavonf/ armyef;&um; acwåtdyfaysmfoGm;&mrS edk;vmvQif þodkY
12
KTS 21-6-11-1
BuHpnfavonf/ ]],ck igonf i,f&, G Ef yk sKd tm;tifjynhpf akH eaomfvnf; vuf&t dS vkyrf mS
vGepf mG yifyef;vSonf/ touft&G,Bf uD;í usef;rma&; rjynhpf v kH Qif vuf&t dS vkyu f kd
vky&f ef rjzpfEikd }f }[k pOf;pm;avonf/ reD;ra0;wGif avSoabFmjzihf ok0ÖPblrt d &yfoYkd
ukeaf &mif;oGm;&ef jyifqifaeaom ukeo f nfwEYkd iS tfh wl vdu k yf g&vQif a&Tu, kd al qmifNyD;
tarESit fh wl csrf;ompGmaecGi&fh Edik rf nf[k qifjcifro d nf/ vkvifonf xif;pnf;udk
acwåxm;cJNh y;D jrpfqyd w f iG f ok0ÖPblro d Ykd xGucf mG rnfh ukeo f nfrsm;xH csO;f uyfNy;D
tBuD;tuJukd ]]rdrd vGepf mG qif;&Jaeol jzpfygonf/ ukeo f nfrsm;ESit fh wl vdu k yf gcGijfh yKyg&ef
ajymqdak vonf/ ukeo f nftBuD;tuJuvnf; cGet f m;awmihw f if;oljzpfí vdu k yf gcGifh
jyKavonf/ vkvifonf xif;pnf;udk xrf;í rdcif&Sd&mtdrfodkY jyefvmcJhNyD; rdcifudk
&Scd ;kd vQuf ajymqdo k nfum; ]]tdk rdcif 'DaeY vGepf mG yifyef;aomtvkyu f kd vkycf &hJ ygonf/
rdcifonf uREyfk Ef iS t fh wl ok0ÖPblrad 'oodYk vdu k yf gvQif aumif;rnfxifygonf/}}[k
ajymqdo k nf/ xdt k cg rdcifu ajymqdo k nfrmS ]]igonf om;\vkypf mudrk í SD touf&iS &f ol
jzpfí om;ESit hf wl vdu k yf grnf}}[k ajzMum;avonf/ avSoBl uD;xHomG ;í rfcd ifuykd gac:,l
vdkaMumif; cGihfyef&m oabmwlcGihfjyKavonf/
ESp&f uf oH;k &ufcefMY umaomf ukeo f nfBuD;onf vkviftm;ac:,lNyD; ]]tarmif
vkvif ,cktcdsefrSpí igydkifaomukefypönf;&du©mavSwpfpD;vHk; oifhxHtyfESHygonf/
aqmif&u G zf ,G &f mtm;vH;k oifpwd Bf udKufjyKvkyyf g}}[k tyfEiS ;f vdu
k af vonf/ vkvifonf
rdcifESihftwl c&D;ESifcJh&m (7)&uftwGif; yifv,fc&D;tjyif;ESifavonf/ vIdif;avMurf;
wrf;aomaMumifh avSudkzGJUcsnfxm;aomBudK;rsm; jywfawmufjcif;? ysOfcsyftpyfuGJjcif;
aMumifh yifv,fjyifrmS avSoabFmepfjr§KyfcahJ vonf/ vkvifonf ud, k v f wG ½f ek ;f NyD;
a&ul;oGm;&m tawmfvrS ;f vSr;f t&yfoYkd a&mufcsed w f iG f oabFmay:ü rdcifuse&f pfaeonfukd
owd&NyD; rdcifxH jyeful;oGm;um trdtm; ycHk;jzifhxrf;vsuf vIdif;avMurf;aom
yifv,fjyifukd tm;tiftjynhjf zifh ul;avawmhonf/
xdkpOfrSmyif urÇmaygif;wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmifoufwrf;&Snfaom tem*grf
tued|jA[®mBuD;onf wpftoacsFveG í f bk&m;yGijfh cif;r&S[
d o
k v
d Qif bk&m;qkyefEikd af om
vlpGrf;aumif;udk &SmazGaecsdefjzpfí rdrdtoufudkpGefYvTwfí trdtoufudk OD;pm;ay;
a&ul;aeaom vkvifukd awGUjrifomG ;avonf/ þvkvifum; ud, k t
hf oufupkd eG vYf w T f
vsuf rdcif\touf&iS af &;twGuf urf;rjrif vrf;rjrif þyifv,fBuD;udk tm;tifpu kd í f
ul;cwfaeayonf/ þolum; bk&m;jzpfEikd rf nfo h l jzpfonf[k BuHpnfvsuf vkvifpw d üf
yl;0if (yk*d¾KvfpD;jyK)í bk&m;jzpf&ef pdwfay:aygufapavonf/
13
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 13
vkvifu;l cwfaepOf vIid ;f avMurf;wrf;vGe;f aomaMumifh ajcukev f ufyef;usum

epfjr§Kyfawmhrnfh tajctaeodkY a&mufvmonf/ igonf opömpum;ajymqdkjcif;r&SdvQif
{uefyif a&epfao&awmhrnf/ igonf þodYk opömjyKtH[ h k BuHpnfvsuf opömtrIukd
jyKavonf/
(u) Ak a '¨ g aAma",sH=opömav;yg; igod&onf&Sdaomf owå0gtrsm;udk
igodovdk odaprnf/
( c ) rkawåm armap,sH= igonf oHo&mrSvw G af jrmufc&hJ aomf owå0gtrsm;
udk igvGwaf jrmufovdk vGwaf jrmufaprnf/
( * ) wd aÖm P
Öm wma&,sH=igonf oHo&mrS ul;wufEikd af omf owå0gtrsm;udk
igESitfh wl ul;wufaprnf[k pdwjf zihf opömtrIujkd yKavonf/
ESp&f uf oH;k &ufMumvQif ewf jA[®mwd\ Yk ulnaD pmifah &SmufraI Mumifh om;trd
ESpOf ;D vH;k urf;ay:odYk acsmarmpGma&mufomG ;Muavonf/ vkvifonf rdciftm; tqif;&JcH
jyKpkvkyfauR;í toufwrf;aphvQif ewfjynfü jzpf&avonf/
jA[®myk*d¾KvfpD;0ifyHk
þrmwk½'k u ¨ vkvif0w¬Kum; a*gwrbk&m;&Sit f avmif;awmf\ tOD;qH;k b0udk
jyqdjk cif;jzpfonf/ pdwt f BuHjzifh OD;pGmqkyw¬emjyKjcif;[k zGijfh ycJo
h nf/ ok'0¨ gojA[®mBuD;
wdkYonf tem*grfESihf &[EÅmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;&SifwdkY yGifhawmfrlvQif owå0grsm;
ypöKyÜeof oH &m aumif;usKd ;&&So d nfukd odMuaomaMumifh bk&m;&Siyf iG ahf wmfral &; tav;ay;
aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ urÇmysufNyD;aemuf urÇmopfay:xGe;f vQif vlwaYkd exdik &f murÇmwGif
ty&mZdwyv’if ae&mü OD;pGmMunh½f MI uonf/ Mumyef;rsm;ay:vQif bk&m;yGirfh nf? Mumrsm;
rjrif&vQif bk&m;yGijfh cif;r&S?d oknurÇmjzpf&onfukd ESv;kH romr,mjzpfMuonf/ bk&m;
yGirfh nfu
h rÇm[kov d Qif 0rf;omtm;&jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;yGi&fh ef vdv k m;olrsm;jzpfí bk&m;
avmif;zGm;jrifcsdef? awmxGufcsdef? aAm"dyifESihf a&Tyv’ifatmifjrifcsdefwGif vma&mufMu
onfukd usrf;*efwüYkd jyqdck MhJ uonf/ rmwk½'k u ¨ vkviftm; yk*K¾d vfp;D jzifh pdww f iG f yl;0ifí
bk&m;qkyefaponfrSm tued|jA[®mrif;\ arwåmu½kPmBuD;rm;yHkudk xif&Sm;pGm
awGUjrifMuonf/
ouvH £rH orEÅpuú0gVH MoavmauwGm 'V§0&D ad , xd& ['a, taemvDe
0D&ad , y&[dw u&Poraw¬ MoavmauwGm awoH tAÇEaÅ & y0dow d mG Ak'y¨ Pd"meH
OyÜga'oHk ponfjzihf jyqdak vonf/
14
KTS 21-6-11-1
*ZydÜ, = qifcspfaomol
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ewfjynfrpS ak wí od&rD wDaejynfawmfü rif;\om;
tjzpf jzpfcahJ vonf/ trnftm;jzihf ]]owå owåKwåm oeu 'ru = owå0gwdYk aMumuf&UHG
jcif;cH&ol? tvdvk ,
kd Ofaus;atmif jyKEdik o
f [
l k xif&mS ;avonf/ i,fpOfu qif½idk ;f zrf;qD;
&mü uRrf;usifonf/ qifrsm;ESit fh NrJyif upm;aeoljzpfí *Z,yd, Ü =qifrsm;udk cspfwwf
ol[k trnfx;l &&Scd o hJ nf/
wpfaeYwiG f iSucf wfrq k ;kd onf awmtwGi;f vSnv fh nf&m awmeuf&mokYd a&mufchJ
onf/ awmifuek ;f yrmPt&G,f qifrBJ uD;onf tpG,rf S aiGa&mif {&m0Pf\ ESmarmif;
pmr&DtNr;D uJo
h Ydk Nr;D qH&í
dS a&T'*Fg;uGurf sm;yrm ESmarmif;wGit f uGuyf gaom qifrif;BuD;udk
awGU&avonf/ xdq k if&&dS mt&yfuo kd mG ;&ef c&D;trSwt
f om;rsm; jyKvkycf NhJ y;D vQif bk&ifxH
oGm;í avQmufwifajymMum;avonf/
bk&ifonf rdrx d o
H wif;ydv
Yk mMuaom iSucf wfrq k ;kd ESifh awmvdu
k rf q
k ;kd wdt
Yk m;
qkvmbfrsm;ay;Ny;D qif&&dS mt&yfoYkd c&D;twlxuG cf MhJ uonf/ qifMuefvu©PmESifh jynhpf kH
aom qif½dkif;BuD;udk zrf;qD;NyD;aemuf aejynfawmfodkY ,laqmifcJhavonf/ qifudk
vdrm® atmif oifjyEdik af om q&mxHtyfE&HS m rMumrDumvrSmyif qifvrd m® tjzpf a&muf&dS
vmcJo h nf/ rif;onf qif½ikd ;f BuD;tm; r*Fvmqifawmftjzpf owfrw S íf taqmif
ta,mifrsm;udk ay;tyfavonf/
wpfq,fah v;&ufajrmuf vuG,n f wpfnwGif awmqif½ikd ;f tkyBf uD;onf rif;
O,smOftwGi;f 0ifa&mufNyD; opfyif yef;rmvfrsm;udk csdK;zsufMuonf/ ae&mtESYH usifBuD;
usifi,f pGecYf ahJ vonf/ O,smOfapmifo h nf rif;xH oHawmfO;D wifonf/ rif;BuD;onf
qif,mOfp;D í O,smOfwiG ;f vSnv fh nfppfaq;onf/ r*FvmqifBuD;onf qifr\teHu Y kd
&vQif rkef,pfNyD; qifOD;pD;udk cgcsxGufajy;avonf/ rif;onf udk,fudk cRef;jzihf qHk;r
aomfvnf; r&bJ qifay:rSmygoGm;&avonf/ aemufygppfonfrsm;ESiu fh o
JG mG ;Ny;D qifBuD;
oGm;&m awmeuftwGi;f a&mufc&hJ onf/ enf;rsKd ;pHjk zihf r*Fvmqifawmfukd qH;k raomfvnf;
r&bJ aemufq;kH a&ozef;yifuikd ;f udk wGvJ cJ akd e&pfc&hJ onf/ qifBuD;um; awmeuftwGi;f
qifr&Sd&mta&mufoGm;NyD; qifrESifhaysmfjrL;avonf/
ppfonftaygif;wdoYk nf qifajc&mcHNyD; bk&ifaemufvu kd v
f mMu&m a&ozef;yif
ay:ü em;cdkaeaom bk&ifESifhawGUvQif aejynfawmfodkY jyefvnfyifhaqmifoGm;Muonf/
15
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 15
eef;awmfa&mufvQif qifudk,Ofaus;atmifqHk;raom qifq&mudkac:,lapNyD; qif½dkif;

BuD;udk qifvdr®mjzpfygNyD[k r[kwfrrSef vdrfnmonf}}[k tjypfwifpum;ajymqdkav&m
qifq&mu qifvrd m® jzpfaeygNyD? qifr\ qGaJ qmifraI Mumifh r aemufvu kd f rdu
k b
f ufyg
jzpfomG ;jcif;jzpfonf/ qifrESiafh ysmfyg;NyD;vQif rif;BuD;xHjyefvmygvdrrhf nf[k avQmufav
onf/ xkt d cg rif;onf oifajymqdo k nft h wdik ;f r*FvmqifawmfjyefvmvQif qkvmbf
rsm;pGmay;rnf/ jyefrvmvQif oihftoufr&SdNyD[k ajymqdkavonf/
r*Fvmqifawmfonf ckepf&ufrQ qifrESihf aysmfjrL;NyD; aejynfawmfoYkd jyefvmum
qifwif;ukyt f eD;üaeavonf/ rif;onf qif&&dS modYk a&mufNyD;aemuf qifq&mtm;
tb,fah Mumifh þodjYk zpf&oenf;[k ar;jref;&m qifq&muajymqdo k nfrmS ]]t&Sirf if;BuD;
&m*jzifh ESdyfpufcH&vQif cRef;udkvnf; rrI? rD;yludkvnf; owdrjyKEdkifyg? a>rqdyfxufyif
&m*pdwu f jyif;ygonf}}[k avQmuf&m odjYk zpfygvsuf tb,fah Mumifh qifjyefvmcJ&h
oenf;[k ar;jref;&m uREkfyf\rEÅmef aq;0g;wefcdk;aMumifh jyefvm&aMumif; ajymqdkav
onf/ xdktcg rif;BuD;u qifq&m\ tpGrf;udk jrifvdkygonf[k qdkavonf/
qifq&monf yef;yJorm;rsm;udkac:í oHawGcJudk rD;usDcJtvm;jyKapNyD; oHn§yfjzifh
udkifaqmifvsuf qifrEÅmefudk&GwfqdkNyD; r*Fvmqifawmf\ ESmarmif;üxnfh&m jiif;qef
jcif;rjyKbJ qifrif;udkif&avonf/ qifq&mu csvdkuf[k ajymqdkrSom oHawGcJ&J&Judk
cs&avonf/ rif;BuD;onf qifrif;\ tjzpftysufukd Munhv f suf xdwv f efjY cif;jzpfav
onf/ owå0gwdo Yk nf &m*udt k aMumif;jyKí i&JBuD;&Spx
f yf wpf&mESpq f ,f&pS cf ak om
Oó'i&JEiS hf wd&pämef Nydwmå bHw k üYkd jzpfMuonf/ ponfjzihf &m*paom udavomwd\ Yk
tjypfukd odjrifomG ;avonf/
rif;BuD;onf qifq&mtm; ylaZmfouúm&rsm;pGmay;NyD;aemuf toufab;rS
vGwNf idr;f cGiafh y;vdu
k af vonf/ oHo&m0#f'uk r© S vGwaf jrmufaMumif;enf;vrf;udk &SmazG
jyef&m bk&m;tjzpfuakd &mufapEdik af om "r®rw
S pfyg; tjcm;r&SNd yD[k odjrif&um; atmufyg
twdik ;f pdwjf zifh qkyw¬emjyKavonf/
Aka'¨g[H aAm",dómrd? rkawå m[H armpa& ya&/
wdaÖPmC wm&,dómrd? oHoma&mCm r[AÇ,m/
igonf opömav;yg;od&onf&adS omf owå0grsm;udk igodovdk od&aprnf/ igonf
oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmuf&onf&adS omf owå0grsm;udk igvGwaf jrmuf&ovdk vGwaf jrmuf
16
KTS 21-6-11-1
aprnf/ igonf oHo&mrS ul;ajrmuf&onf&adS omf owå0grsm;udk igul;ajrmuf&ovdk

ul;ajrmufaprnf/
*Zyd,Ü rif;BuD;onf oHa0*ÓmPfjzpfymG ;NyD; rif;pnf;pdru
f pkd eG v
Yf w
T í
f awmxGuf
awmfrNl y;D [dr0EÅmü &aoh &[ef;jyKum toufxufq;kH aeí oufwef;aphvQif ewfjynfü
jzpf&avonf/
jA[® v k v if
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf wpfcak omb0ü ewfjynfrS pkawí r*"wdik ;f
[vd', ´d ykÖPm;&Gmü jzpfavonf/ rdcif0rf;Mumwdu k rf S arG;zGm;cgprSmyif jA[®mrif;\
½ky&f nftqif;ESiw hf al omaMumifh trnfukd jA[®vv k if[k ac:a0:cJMh uonf/ touf
wpfq,haf jcmufEpS t f &G,w f iG f aA'ifo;kH yHk t|m&o wpfq,f&h pS &f yfaom twwfynm
wduYk kd qH;k cef;wdik f wwfajrmufavonf/ ynmoifwynhif g;&m&So d nf/ rdbESpyf g; uG,vf eG f
oGm;aomtcg0,f tdrw f iG ;f &Sd Opömtm;vH;k udk ykÖPm;wpf&modYk ay;vSLNy;D wpfO;D wnf;
awmxGucf o hJ nf/ &aoh &[ef;toGif aexdik af vonf/ rlvu cifrif&if;ES;D cJMh uaom
ykÖPm;vkvifig;&mwdo Yk nf bk&m;avmif;xHa&mufvmMuNy;D &aoh &[ef;jyKMuonf/
&aohwo Ykd nf bk&m;avmif;xHrmS yif uodP k ;f y&duo H if,Ml uNyD; psmef&atmif
yGm;rsm;Muavonf/ wynhif g;&mwdw Yk iG f tBuD;qH;k wynhjf zpforl mS arwå,sb&k m; tavmif;
awmfjzpfonf/ a*gwrbk&m;avmif;&aohonf wynhjf zpfaom arwå,s tavmif;awmf
&aohtm; ac:,lNyD; opfoD;&SmazG&ef r@awmifxdyfodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ awmifajc
okdY Munfhaomtcg usm;rwpfaumifonf om;arG;aeonf/ aemifoHk;&ufausmfvQif
tpmqmaomaMumifh om;i,fawGudk pm;vdrfhrnf[k odjrifvQif ]]þusm;ronf rdrd
touf&n S af &;twGuf &ifaoG;usm;i,frsm;udk pm;awmhrnf? oHo&m0,f usifvnfae
aom owå0grsm;um; pufqyk zf , G 7f mygwum;}}[k qifjcifrad vonf/ xdaYk emuf twlyg
vmaom wynhftm; awmifay:wGif jcaoFh&JU pm;<uif;pm;usef iSufqifrsm; pm;<uif;
pm;usefrsm;udk &Smygacs/ &vQif tjref,lcJhyg[k ajymqdkNyD; vTwfvdkufavonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf&iS &f aohonf rdrcd E¨mü tjypfrsm;udk awGUjrifvQif ESpo f ufz,
G f
&m r&S[ d k qifjcifrod nfrmS -
(1) ouúm,'d|dwnf;[laom NrdKUe,f? i&JbHk? wd&pämefbHk? NydwåmbHk? vlYbHk?
ewfbHk[laom ypöEÅ&mZfudk rSDae&aomaMumifh Zmwdab;? Z&m[laom
cdk;ol Asm"d[laom om;&Jrsm; cdkatmif;&mae&mozG,f jzpfonf/
17
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 17
(2) r&P"r®[al om awmifBuD; zdp;D cH&jcif;? aomu[laom tylr;D y&da'0

[laom ab;&efrsm;&Sjd cif;? um,du apwodu 'ku[ © al om twGi;f
olvQdKwdkY ESdyfpufrIudk cH&jcif;aMumifh tNrJrjywf ESdyfpufcH&ojzihf 'ku©
oufouf&adS om cE¨mud, k o
f m jzpf\/
(3) &m*wnf;[laom qif? a'greównf;[laom a>rwdkY cdkatmif;&m
ae&mjzpfonf/ arm[[laom bkwfwapäç aum"[laom &ud©Kuf
Oyem[[laom om;&J ru©[laom ukrÇPf yvmo[laom cdk;ol
£óm[laom vlowform;wdYk cdak tmif;&mae&m jzpfonf-
ponfjzihf cE¨m0ef\ tjypfukd ½IjrifNyD;aemuf þ'kur© sdK;pHk cHpm;ae&aom owå0g
wdkYudk vGwfajrmufapEdkifaom bk&m;tjzpfudk jyKpGrf;aom w&m;wdkYudk jznhfusihfNyD; Ak'¨
tjzpfa&mufNyD;rSom owå0gwdu Yk kd 'kur© sdK;pHrk S u,fwifEikd o
f nf[k odjrifawmfr&l um;-
£rdem yknuar®? Aka'¨ga[mrd tem*aw/
oHom&'ku©awm oa
oaw wå ? orÜm ayómrd edAÁKwd/
[k raemyPd"dywåemjyKawmfrlvsuf ewfa'0g polwdkYtm; oufaoxm;í rdrd
cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk awmifxdyfrSckefcsNyD; tpmiwfaeaom usm;rBuD;a&SUodkY usa&mufap
awmfro l nf/ usm;ronf bk&m;tavmif;\ tom;udpk m;oH;k &aomaMumifh usm;om;i,f
wdu
Yk kd toufcsrf;omcGiafh y;cJah vonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf tpmiwfaeaom usm;rBuD;toufuv kd nf;aumif;?
usm;om;aygufi,fw\ Ykd toufuv kd nf;aumif; u,fwifco hJ nfum; omrefvo l m;wdYk
vkyaf qmifrrI jyKEdik af om 'gerIjzpfonf/ ZD0w
d y&dpmö *jzpfí Oy y&rw¬'geyg&rD[k ac:qdk
&ayonf/
od'¨w¬trnf&&Sda&; rHknif;qDvSLcJh
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf b0rsm;pGmwdüYk vlbY kH ewfbw kH üYkd oHo&musifvnfpOf
twdwb f 0u jyKrdrmS ;cJah om ty&my&d, tukov
kd uf H ESyd pf ufvmaomaMumifh ewfbrkH S
pkawNyD;aemuf yk&mP'DyuF&m bk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmfü tazwl taruGJ nDrawmfpyf
aom bk&ifo h rD;awmfjzpf&avonf/
18
KTS 21-6-11-1
vGefcJhaom 16 oacsFESihf urÇmwpfodef;umvwGif yk&mP'DyuF&mbk&m;onf

yGiafh wmfrcl o
hJ nf/ xdb
k &k m;&Siv
f ufxufwiG f 'kw,
d 'DyuF&m bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf
csrf;om<u,f0aom ykÖPm;rsdK;ü jzpfavonf/ t&G,af &mufaomtcg awmxGuí f
&[ef;jyKvkyaf vonf/ 'DyuF&mbk&m;&SiEf iS fh oHCmawmftaygif;udk jrif&aomtcg þodYk
tBuHjzpfavonf/
þ'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf wynhf&[ef;rsm; NcH&Hí vSnhfvnfjcif;um;
vGefpGmusufoa&taygif;ESihf jynhfpHkavonf/ þ 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sifum; oHo&mü
usiv f nfaeaom owå0grsm;udk qif;&JrS vGwaf jrmufapawmfro l nf/ igonf aemifaom
umvü bk&m;jzpfatmif jyKvkyo f ifah yonf[k tBuHjzpfavonf/ rdro d ydwjf zihf qD&&Sd
atmif wpfNrdKUvHk;tESHY tvSLcHcJhNyD; bk&m;&Sifausmif;awmfwpfckvHk; eHYomav;rsdK;vHk;udk
vdr;f í qDr;D t&mtaxmifwjYkd zihf nvH;k ayguf xGe;f ndy§ al Zmfavonf/ 'kw, d aeYü oHCm
awmfrsm;onf 'DyuF&mjrwfpmG bk&m;xH <uvmaomtcg bk&m;trSL;&Sad om oHCmawmf
wdt
Yk m; tvm;wl qDr;D udk ylaZmfjyefavonf/
bk&m;&Siaf &SUarSmufoYkd vma&mufNyD; ajc&if;ü 0rf;vsm;arSmuftyd í
f jrwfpmG bk&m;?
t&Sibf &k m;onf 'DyuF&mbk&m;bGUJ awmfjzifh bk&m;jzpfNy;D aemuf owå0gtm;vH;k udk oHo&mrS
vGwfapawmfrlouJhodkY wynhfawmfonf aemifaomtcgü owå0grsm;udk oHo&mrS
vGwfajrmufatmif jyKvkyfEdkifaom t&Sifbk&m;bGJUawmfjzifh bk&m;tjzpfudk &vdkyg\[k
qkyefavQmufxm;avonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf xkdqkyefaom bk&m;avmif;\pum;udk
Mum;vQif qkawmif;jynfEh ikd f rjynhEf ikd f ÓmPfawmfjzifMh unfv
h wfaomf qkawmif;jynhrf nf
udk odjrifawmfro l jzifh {uefb&k m;jzpfrnf[k Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;awmfro l nf/ xdtk cg
rSpí aeYpOf aeYwdkif; qDtvSLcHí qDrD;ylaZmfavonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg 'kwd,'DyuF&mbk&m;tavmif; &[ef;awmfonf qDrD;tvSLcH
&m r&bJ&adS vonf/ bk&ifeh ef;awmfwiG ;f 0ifvsuf qDtvSLcH&ef<uvmonf/ bk&iho f rD;
awmfonf bHck ek pfqif&h dS jymom'fxufrMS unh½f aI epOf tcsdet
f cgr[kwb
f J eef;wGi;f odYk
<uvmonfjrifvQif ]]þ&[ef; tcsderf [kwf eef;wGi;f <uvmjcif;um; rdrt d usdK;twGuf
r[kwbf J tjcm;oltwGuv f mjcif;jzpfrnf}}[k qifjcifí tvkytf auR;wpfa,muftm;
&[ef;xHapvTwfar;jref;vQif bk&m;ausmif;awmf qDrD;ylaZmf&eftwGuf qDtvSLcHvm
aMumif; od&avonf/
19
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 19
orD;awmfonf xd&k [ef;tm; yihaf c:apNyD; ½dak opGm&Scd ;kd vsuf BuD;pGmaoma&Tcu
G f
wGif rken
Yf if;qDtjynhx
f nhí
f OD;xdyw
f iG x
f m;NyD;-
,xm rr bmwm oAÁowå[dww¬m,
Aka'¨g b0dómrd? r,SH Ak'¨blw umav
£rH oD&dod'¨wå awvemrH vbdómrd = ig\armifawmfonf owå0gwd\ Yk
tusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfap&ef bk&m;jzpfvmovdk igonfvnf; aemifaomtcg bk&m;jzpftHh?
igbk&m;jzpfaomtcg þusufoa&&Sv d aS om rken
Yf if;qD\ ]]oD&o
d 'd w
¨ }å }trnfu&kd yg
vd\
k [k raemyPd"d qkyw¬emjzihf bk&m;avmif;&[ef;\ oydwt f wGi;f avmif;vSLvdu k f
avonf/
t&Sib f &k m; þrken
Yf if;qDjzifh armifawmf 'DyuF&mbk&m;tm; ylaZmfyg? t&Sib f &k m;?
qDrD;ylaZmfNyD;vQif wynhfawmfr\udk,fpm; avQmufxm;ay;yg? t&Sifbk&m;\ nDrawmf
onf rken Yfk if;qDukd vSLvdu k &f aomtusdK;aMumifh aemiftcg bk&m;jzpfvykd gonf/ bk&m;
bGUJ awmfuv kd nf; ]]oD&od 'd w¨ }å }[laom trnf&vdak Mumif; qkawmif;vdu k yf gonf[k
avQmufxm;ay;&ef yefMum;avonf/
bk&m;tavmif;&[ef;onf yk&mP'DyuF&mbk&m;&Siftm; ylaZmfí raemyPd"d
qkywåemjyKonf/ bk&m;&Siftm;vnf; ESrawmfavQmufxm;vdkufaomtaMumif;udk
avQmufavonf/ jrwfpmG bk&m; rderYf mS awmfro
l nfrmS -
ig\nDrawmf trsdK;orD;b0rSwnfaeqJjzpfí bk&m;jzpfvrd rhf nf[al om Asm'dwf
pum;udk ajym&ef rjzpfEdkifao;ay/ bk&m;jzpf&ef usihf&rnfh"r®rsm;um; vGefpGmcufcJae
onf/ urÇmwpfoed ;f umvMumatmif yg&rDawGukd jznhu f sif&h mü cdik Nf rJaom0D&,
d NrJaom
pdwx
f m;&S&d rnhf tjyif-
(1) vlom;b0jzihf bk&m;qkyefjcif;?
(2) vlom;a,musfm;b0jzihf bk&m;qkyefjcif;?
(3) vuf&v dS b
Yl 0rSmyif &[EÅmjzpfEikd af om wd[w
d yf #doaE¨wnfaeolb0jzihf
qkyefjcif;?
(4) oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;txHü bk&m;qkyefjcif;?
(5) &aoh &[ef;b0jzihf bk&m;qkyefjcif;?
(6) tbdnmOformywf&&Sdaomb0jzihf bk&m;qkyefjcif;?
20
KTS 21-6-11-1
(7) toufupkd eG &Yf ef 0efrav;bJ bk&m;&Sit f m; Munfñakd eoltjzpfjzihf bk&m;

qkyefjcif;?
(8) Ak'u ¨ m& "r®rsm;udk BuD;pGmaomqE´ Oóm[0g,mrwdEYk iS fh jynhpf o kH jl zpfí
bk&m;qkyefjcif;wdEYk iS fh nDñw
G &f rnf/
þ&Spfyg;aomw&m;ESihf jynhfrSom bk&m;qkawmif;jynhfpHkEdkifayonf/
aemifaomtcg 16 toacsFEiS fh urÇmwpfoed ;f vGev f Qif oifonf 'DyuF&mbk&m;
[laom trnfjzihf bk&m;tjzpfa&mufvdrfhrnf/ ig\ESrawmfonf oihfxHrSmyif bk&m;
jzpfrnf[laom Asm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;cH&vdrfhrnf[k rdefYrSmawmfrlavonf/
'kw, d 'DyuF&mbk&m;tavmif;awmf&[ef;onf od'w ¨ r¬ if;orD;xH jyefvmNy;D aemuf
yk&mP'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sif rderfY mS aompum;awmfwu Ykd kd ajymMum;avonf/ ESrawmf rif;orD;
onf armifawmfb&k m;&Sif rderYf mS aompum;udMk um;vQif 0rf;omtm;&jzpfavonf/ ukov kd f
aumif;rIuvkd nf;jyK oDvudv k nf;apmihx f ed ;f vsuf rif;a,musfm;tjzpf qkawmif;vsuf
touftwdik ;f aeí pkawrae uG,v f eG af vonf/ pMumrif;? ewfrif;? jA[®mrif;? olaX;
ol<u,f paom jrifjh rwfaomb0wdüYk ra&rwGuEf ikd af tmif usifvnfNyD; toacsF(20)
umvMumatmif yg&rDawmfwu Ykd kd jznhu
f sihaf wmfro l jzihf od'w
¨ a¬ *gwr trnfjzihf bk&m;
tjzpf a&mufcahJ vonf/
þ0w¬Kjzihf a*gwr bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf rde;f rb0rS a,musmf ;b0&atmif
qkyefjcif;? rken Yf if;qD (oD&o
d 'd w ¨ )¬ udk vSLí od'w ¨ t¬ rnfu&kd &Sad tmif qkyefjcif;? bk&m;
tjzpfa&mufatmif raemyPd"q d yk w¬emjyKjcif;? (4)oacsEF iS u fh rÇmwpfoed ;f umvü 'kw, d
'DyuF&mbk&m;xH okar"m&aohb0jzihf ed,wAsm'dw&f &S&d ef yk&mP'DyuF&mbk&m;&Siu f
rSmMum;cJjh cif;? bk&m;qkyefow l \Ykd t*Fg(8)yg;udk jyqdx k m;jcif;? bk&m;jzpfvo kd w
l \
Ykd qE´m
"dywdjzpf&ydS u
kH kd Oyrmrsm;jzihf zGijfh yxm;jcif;? rde;f rwd\
Yk aumif;jcif; (6)jzmtus,fukd zGijfh y
jcif;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ tjynht f pHu
k kd aomww¬uu D sr;f tZÑwu åd ed'geuxmwGif
jyqdkavonf/
jA[®a'0bk&m;&SifESihf twda'0rif;
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf raemyPd"d yw¬emjyK&mumvudk (7)toacs[ F k
jyqd&k mwGif yxrtoacsrF mS eE´toacsjF zpfonf? oD&o
d 'd w
¨ ¬ (rken
Yf if;qD)udk yk&mP'DyuF&m
bk&m;&Siftm; bk&m;&Sif\ ESrawmfb0jzifh vSL'gef;cJhNyD; pkawav&m tm,koufwrf;
21
KTS 21-6-11-1
ig;q,fah jcmufuak # ajcmufoed ;f &Sad om wkow d mewfjynfü wefc;kd BuD;ewfom; jzpfav

onf/ xdw k ok w
d mewfrif;b0rS pkawNy;D aomtcg ewfjynf vljY ynfwüYkd usiv f nfav&m
eE´toacsFtwGif; om&urÇmü u&u@NrdKU0,f rif;rsdK;wGif vltjzpf&cJhavonf/
crnf;awmfrif;BuD; uG,fvGefaomtcg twda0'trnfjzihf xD;eef;pdk;pHawmfrlonf/
vlom;jzpfygvsuf twda'0rif;trnfjzihf ac:qdMk uonfum; or®Kwdewf Oyywdeå wf?
0do'k e¨d wf a'0gwd a'0ewf[k (4)rsdK;&S&d m urÇmOD;vlwo
Ykd nf rif; rdz&k m; bk&iho
f m;wdu
Yk kd
a'0[kac:qdkavh&SdMuonf/
twda'0rif;onf u&u@NrdKUü pMum0aw;rif;\ pnf;pdrfrsdK;jzifh xD;eef;pdk;pH
awmfr&l m aemiftcgwGif yGiafh wmfrrl nfh t&darwå,sb&k m;avmif;onf twda'0rif;tm;
tw¬"r®mEkomou (tBuHay;)trwftjzpfcpm;vsu&f o dS nf/ xdrk if;vufxufü jA[®a'0
bk&m;&Sio f nf bk&m;tjzpfoYkd a&mufawmfrNl y;D aemuf "r®pMumw&m;OD;a[m&ef t0dZ[dw
XmeodYk <uawmf&m u&u@uNrdKUteD;odYk a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/ bk&m;&Si\ f ud,k af wmfrS
aerif;wpfaxmif tvif;a&mifyrm udk,fa&mifudk,f0gxGufay:vsuf&Sd&m aevkvif[k
xifrSwf&avonf/ twda'0rif;onf vlavm ewfavm[k cGJjcm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdatmif
aevkvifukd jcaoFch yH v’irf S jrif&vQif aMumuf&UHG xdwv f efaY omaMumifh xdik af e&myv’iaf y:rS
x&ef tm;xkwaf vonf/ rif;\tBuHay; oD&*d w k t å rwfonf avomjyLwif;rS pl;prf;
Munh½f aI v&m aevkvifuo hJ Ykd ud,
k af &mifu,
kd 0f gawmufyaeaom jA[®ma'0bk&m;&Siu f kd
jrif&avonf/
a,musfm;jrwfw\ Ydk (32)yg;aom vu©PmawmfBuD;? (80)aom vu©Pmi,f
NrdKUawmfü&Sad om tdrf jymom'f pkvpfreG ;f cRefwyfaom tdrw f cH g;wdik f t&efww H ikd ;f O,smOf
ponfwüYdk a&Ta&mifvrd ;f usHxm;onft h vm; awmufyvsuf&adS omt&mum; bk&m;&Sif
aywnf;[k a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwdkYudk zl;jrifcJhzl;jcif;? xkdbk&m;&Sifrsm;xH raemyPd"d
yw¬emjyKjcif;? vSL'gef;jcif; paomtaMumif;wdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&Sit f jzpf odaeoljzpfonf/
oD&*d wk t
å rwfonf twda'0rif;tm; aMumuf&UHG xdwv f efjY cif;r&Sad tmif ESpo f rd hf
pum;ajymMum;onfrmS - tdk rif;jrwf? þolum; omrefvrl [kwaf y? oAÁñw k ÓmPf&iS f
bk&m;ocifyifjzpfonf[k 6-*gxmwdjYk zihf Ak'*¨ P k u f kd zGUJ qdak jymMum;avonf/ Ak'[ ¨ al om
trnfudk Mum;&aom twda'0rif;\ cE¨mudk,fü yDwd 5-rsdK;jzpfyGm;vmNyD; t0if
txGuf twuf tqif; wHcg;apmif;wef;wdu Yk kd rrSwo f m;Edik b f J avomjyLwif;rS ckecf sí
22
KTS 21-6-11-1
bk&m;&S&d modo Yk mG ;&ef tm;xkwaf vawmhonf/ rif;\ bk&m;tay:ü Munfñakd omo'¨g

w&m;\tpGr;f aMumifh vSn;f bD;puf0ef;yrmP&Sad om y'krm® MumjzLyGiBfh uD; ajrrSay:xGuf
vmNyD; rif;tm; cHavonf/
twda'0rif;onf y'krm® MumjzLyGirfh S atmufoq Ykd if;í ajcvsifc&D;jzifh jA[®a'0
bk&m;&Si&f &dS modYk oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmfNyD; jrav;yef;wdjYk zihf ylaZmfjcif; &wemckepfyg;jzifh pDjc,f
xm;aom yef;uHk; oHk;uHk;jzihf ylaZmf &Sdcdk;jcif;jyKavonf/
,xmp wGrodemx? Aka'¨g aAma"od ygPdeH/
wax0g[H Aka'¨g avmau? aAm",dómrd ygPdeH/
tdk jrwfpmG bk&m;? t&Sio f nf opömav;yg;udk odawmfro l nfjzpfí owå0gwdu Yk kd
odapawmfrcl o hJ nf/ wynhaf wmfonfvnf; opömav;yg; od&onf&adS omf tjcm;aom
owå0gwdu Yk kd odapEdik &f ygvd\
k bk&m;/
t&Sio f nf oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmufonfjzpfí owå0gwdu Yk kd oHo&mrS vGwaf p
awmfrcl o
hJ nf/ wynhaf wmfonfvnf; oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmufonf&adS omf tjcm;aom
owå0gwdu Yk kd oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmufapEdik &f ygvd\
k bk&m;/
t&Sib f &k m;onf oHo&mrS ul;ajrmufNyD;jzpfí owå0gwdu
Yk kd oHo&mrS ul;ajrmuf
apawmfrcl o hJ nf/ wynhaf wmfonfvnf; oHo&mrS ul;ajrmufEikd af p&ygvd\ k bk&m;/ þ
yaemrPd"d qkyw¬emjyKvsuf eef;awmfokdY jyefvmcJhavonf/
pdwfjzifh bk&m;qkyef&mumvü yGihfcJhaomAk'¨rsm;
tuREkfyfwdkY a*gwr bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf pdwfjzihf bk&m;qkyefjcif; (raem
yPd"yd w¬em)umvrSm 7-toacsFjzpfonf/ toacsF 7-cktwGi;f yGiahf wmfrcl ahJ om
bk&m;&Sit
f a&twGurf mS -
(1) eE´taoacsFjA[®a'0bk&m;rSpí yGiafh ombk&m;&Sif 5000
(2) okeE´toacsF 9000
(3) yx0DtoacsF 10000
(4) r@toacsF 11000
(5) "&PDtoacsF 20000
(6) om*&toacsF 30000
(7) yk@&dutoacsF 40000
yGihfawmfrlNyD; bk&m;tm;vHk;aygif; 125000
23
KTS 21-6-11-1
wpfoed ;f ESpaf omif;ig;axmifaom bk&m;wdx

Yk aH wmfü BuD;pGmaom tvSLudk ay;vSL
awmfrlNyD; pdwfjzihf raemyPd"d qkyw¬emjyKawmfrlcJhonf[k jyqdkvsuf&Sdonf/
{wå umeH ra[oDeH? reom yw¬em r,m/
'gaee ar oarmewd¬? {omar 'geyg&rD/
ow o[óeda'0? 0Dowd o[ómedp/
taxm yOöo[ómed? oAÁAk'¨g[d y@dwm/ /
bk&m;tavmif;awmf om*vpMu0aw;rif;
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf raemyPd"q d yk w¬emudk 7-toacsFumvMum
jyKvkyNf yD;aemuf EIw>f rufí bk&m;qkawmif;jcif;rSm 9-toacsFumvMumonf[k jyqdk
xm;onf/ oAÁb'´taoacsFonf 0pDab'qkyw¬emjyK&m yxrOD;qH;k toacsFjzpfonf/
tavmif;awmfonf b0rsm;pGm bk&m;ryGiahf omurÇmwdüYk vlb Y wkH pfvn
S fh ewfbw
kH pfvn
S fh
usifvnfcJh&onf/
wpfcak omvlb Y 0wGif &aoh0wfí awmxGuNf yD; uodP k ;f y&duu H kd pD;jzef;&m
yxrpsmefukd &&Sad vonf/ vlb Y 0rSpak wNyD; r[mjA[®mb0a&mufcahJ vonf/ jA[®mb h rkH S
pkawNy;D aemuf vlUbHük rif;rsKd ;0,f jzpfavonf/ om&r@urÇm0,f "n0wDaejynfawmf
bk&if\om;jzpfí trnfrmS om*vrif;[k trnfwiG af vonf/ crnf;awmf ewf&mG pHvQif
xD;eef;tarGudkqufcH&avonf/ rif;usihfw&m; 10-yg;? arwåmw&m;a&SUxm;tkyfcsKyf
onf/ q&myka&m[dwo f nf pMu0aw;rif;jzpfEikd af omaMumifh usi0hf wfwu
Ykd kd oifjyay;&m
vduk ef musifo
h ;kH avonf/ a'0pMum &wema&muf&v dS m&avonf/
a'0'dApÁ Mum&wem[lonf ESpo f ufz, G f toHrnfjcif;? aumif;uif0,f oGm;vm
Edkifjcif;? ta&miftqif;xGufjcif;? rNidwG,f rxdcdkufjcif;? tvdk&Sdwdkif;aomtusdK;udk
NyD;apEdkifjcif; paom tpGrf;owdårsm;&Sdavonf/
a'0'dApÁ Mum&wem&&SNd y;D rMumrDrmS yif OaygoxqifrsKd ;rS qif&wemç 0vm[u
jrif;rsdK;rS tóxd&k jf rif;&wem? a0ykva’ wmifrS &&Sad om ywåjrm;&wem? ajrmufuRef;ol
rdzk&m;&wem? ZrÁL'dyfuRef;ü csrf;om<u,f0qHk;aom ol<u,f&wem ay:aygufvmav
onf/ ork'&´ mav;pif; tqH;k tem; tydik ;f tjcm;&Sad omajrtjyifukd tpd;k &onf/ 'Pfay;
jcif;rjyK vufeufjzifh Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;rjyKbJ "r®&mZmtjzpf pDrt H yk cf sKyfaom pMu0aw;
rif;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&avonf/
24
KTS 21-6-11-1
xdrk if;vufxufawmfü yk&mPous a*gwrbk&m;&Sif yGiafh wmfrí l "r®pMumw&m;

a[mawmfrNl yD;csdef avmu"mwfwpfcv k ;kH wkev
f yI af vonf/ ajrvIyjf cif;aMumifh om*v
pMu0aw;rif;\ a'0'dAÁpMum&wemonf &yfwnfEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ rlvxm;&mae&mrS
atmufoeYkd rd uhf svm&avonf/ pMum&wem ysufp;D NyD[k rSwx f ifNyD; ynm&Sw d t
Ykd m;
ar;jref;aomtcg ynm&SdwdkYu ajymqdkonfrSm pMu0aw;rif;ewf&GmpHoGm;aomtcg
oH;k avmuxGwx f m; bk&m;&Siyf iG afh wmfral omtcgwdüYk pMum&wemysupf ;D &onf/ ,cktcg
ousa*gwrbk&m;&Siyf iG afh eygNy[ D k avQmufwifMuavonf/ bk&m;yGiafh eNy[ D k Mum;&vQif
0rf;omtm;&jzpfvsuf rif;y&dowfrsm;pGm NcH&í H bk&m;&Si&f &dS modYk bk&m;zl;&ef xGucf ahJ v
onf/
32-yg;aomvu©PmawmfBuD;? 80-aomvu©Pmi,f? usufoa&taygif;
jynhfpHkí ajcmufjzma&mifjcnfuGefYjrL;pGm oDwif;oHk;aeaom ousa*gwrbk&m;&Sifudk
zl;awGU&vQif xdjcif; 5-yg;ESifh OD;csavonf/ xdkYaemuf BuHpnfonfrSm- ]],ck ous
a*gwrbk&m;&Sio f nf oHo&mrSvw G Nf yD;oljzpfí tjcm;aomowå0gwdu Yk v kd nf; oHo&mrS
vGwaf jrmufapawmfro l nf/ igonf aemiftcgü oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmufcv hJ Qif tjcm;aom
owå0gwdu Yk kd oHo&mrS vGwaf prnf/ igonf bk&m;tjzpf a&mufatmifjyKvkyo f ifo
h nf}}[k
tBuHjzpfavonf/ Ak'*¨ P k af wmfrsm;udk &Gwq f vkd suf rdrad ejynfawmftwGi;f odYk jyefvnf
0ifa&mufavonf/
om*vpMu0aw;rif;onf [dr0EÅmrS pEú;l eD opfwu Ykd kd ewfw\
Ykd tultnDjzifh
aqmif,lapNyD; jymom'faqmif *Eük#dausmif;awmf w&m;a[m&mr@yf ntdyfpuf&m
aeYusdef;puf&mae&m pBuøaqmif a&csdK;tdrf qGrf;pm;aqmif wHcg;rkcf wpfodef;pD
aqmufvkyfaponf/
taqmuftOD aqmufvyk Nf yD;aomtcg yk&mPousa*gwrbk&m;&SiEf iS fh &[ef;
awmfrsm;udk yihfaqmifNyD; taqmuftODrsm;udk vSL'gef;jcif;? qGrf;qufuyfjcif; paom
BuD;pGmaom tvSLBuD;udk ay;vSLavonf/ bk&m;&Siaf jcawmf&if;ü 0rf;vsm;arSmufvsuf
EIw>f rufqyk w¬emjyKonfrmS - ]]baEÅ £rdem yknuar®e ,xmwGaH *gwr ousyk*F
a0g emr Aka'¨g ta[mod? wxm[ryd a*gwr ousyk*Fa0gem emr Aka'¨g a[mrd}}
t&Sib f &k m; þukovdk af umif;rIuaH Mumifh t&Sibf &k m;onf a*gwrousyk*0F trnf&cJh
ovdk tuREkyf o f nfvnf; t&Sib f &k m;ESit
fh rnfwal om a*gwrousyk*0F bk&m;trnf
&vdyk g\[k EIw>f rufavQmufxm;avonf/
25
KTS 21-6-11-1
bk&m;&Sifonf om*vpMu0aw;rif;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef w&m;rsm;pGm &SmazG&mü

cufcv
J yS kH bk&m;qkyefow
l o
Ykd nf-
(u) pMu0Vmwpfaomif;vHk; jymylrD;zHk;aeapumrl ajcjzihfeif;í jzwfausmf
oGm;Edkifaom pdwfxm;rsdK;?
(c) tcdk;tvQHr&Sd rD;&Sdefjyif;aomrD;usD;cJrsm;jzihf jynhfaeaom pMu0Vmudk
ajcjzihfausmfvTm;Edkifaompdwf?
(*) pMu0Vmwpfaomif;vHk; rD;awmufavmifaeaom ausmufawmifBuD;
rsm;udk ausmfoGm;Edkifaompdwf?
(C) pMu0Vmwpfaomif;vH;k avm[ukriÇD &J tvm; a&aEG;yljzihf jynhaf eonf
udk ul;jzwfEikd af ompdw?f
(i) pMu0Vmwpfaomif;vHk; ausmufp&pfcJyljzihf jynhfaeonfudk ajcjzihf
jzwfoGm;Edkifaompdwf?
(p) ql;csHK 0g;csHKrsm; zHk;vTrf;aeaomaMumifh pMu0Vmwpfaomif;udk ql;csHK
0g;csHKrsm;udk z,f&Sm;oGm;Edkifaompdwf?
(q) pMu0Vmwpfaomif;vHk; xufpGmaom "m;oGm;rsm;udk eif;oGm;Edkifaom
pdwfxm;&Sd&ef avmuü a&ozef;yGihfudk &Edkif&ef cufcJaeonfhtvm;
bk&m;qkyefwikd ;f bk&m;jzpf&efcufcaJ ewwfonfukd owdorÜZOf ÓmPf
qifjcifvsuf rjzpfrae ravsmhaom ZGJ vHv Yk rsdK;jzifh bk&m;jzpfrnfw
h &m;
wduYk kd jznhu
f sih&f ef rdeMYf um;awmfro
l nf/
om*vpMu0aw;rif;onf bk&m;&Sit f m; avQmufxm;onfum; ]]t&Sib f &k m;
rdefYMum;aom c&D;rsdK;udk ajcvsifr[kwfbJ &ifbwfjzifh 0rf;vsm;arSmufoGm;&rnfqdkvQif
vnf; wynhaf wmfaMumuf&UHG aemufweG rYf nfr[kwyf g/ t0Dpid &J\ (tMum;taygufv;kH 0
r&S?d rD;tNraJ vmifaeaom) atmufrmS oAÁñw k ÓmPf&odS nf[q k vkd Qif xdik &Jt;kd udk ikyv
f QKd ;
oGm;Edkifaom pdwfxm;&Sdygonf/ ajymaompum; rdk;BudK;oGm;yrm aMumuf&GHUaemufwGefY
aom pdwfrsdK;r&SdygaMumif; avQmufxm;avonf/
yk&mPousa*gwr bk&m;&Siof nf tem*wHoÓmPfawmfjzihf qifjcifawmfrv
l Qif
vmrnhf 13-toacsF urÇmwpfoed ;f vGeaf jrmufaomtcg b'úrÇm0,f bk&m;ig;ql
yGiafh wmfrrl nf/ xkt
d cg þom*vpMu0aw;rif;onf ousa*gwr trnfjzihf bk&m;
pifppf {uefjzpfedkifrnf}}[k ed,wAsm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;aompum;udk Mum;&vQif
26
KTS 21-6-11-1
reufjzefrmS bk&m;jzpfrnf? oAÁñw k ÓmPfawmf&rnf[k pdww f iG x

f ifrwS v
f suf 0rf;om
tm;&aompdwjf zpfNy;D rif;pnf;pdru
f kd pGev
Yf w
T v
f suf &[ef;abmifoYkd 0ifa&mufum touf
xufq;Hk &[ef;0wfjzihaf eavonf/ aovGeaf omtcg jA[®mbHük jzpfavonf/
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 0pDab'qkyw¬emjyK&mumvrSm 9-toacsF
jzpfí xdktoacsFü bk&m;&Sifaygif; (387000)yGihfawmfrlcJh&mwGif xdkbk&m;tm;vHk;wdkYxH
tvSL'geBuD;pGmjyKcJhavonf/
(u) oAÁb'´ toacsFü 50000
(c) oAÁzvk ’ toacsFü 60000
(*) oAÁ&we toacsFü 70000
(C) Oobu©E¨ toacsFü 80000
(i) rmedb'´ toacsFü 90000
(p) y'kr toacsFü 20000
(q) Oob toacsFü 10000
(Z) cE¨Kwår toacsFü 5000
(ps) oAÁrmv toacsFü 2000
pkpkaygif; oHk;odef;&Spfaomif;ckepfaxmif (387000)aom bk&m;&SifwdkY yGihfawmfrl
cJhonfwdkYaMumifh-
wDPd ow o[ómed? toDwdo[ómedp/
taxm owåo[ómed? oAÁAka'¨[d y@dwm/
{ wå umeH ra[oDeH? 0pom yPd"d t[H/
'gaee ar oarm ewd¬? {om ar 'geyg&rD/
[k 0pdab'yw¬emtzGiüfh *gxmAE¨ zGUJ qdx
k m;avonf/
bk&m;av;qlyGihf&m om&r@urÇm
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf bk&m;jzpf&eftwGuf raemyPd"q d yk w¬em jyK&m
umv 7-toacsF 0pDyPd"q d yk w¬emjyK&m 9-toacsFjzpfonf/ 16-toacsF0,f
bk&m;&Siaf ygif; (512000) ig;ode;f wpfaomif;ESpaf xmifwYkd yGiafh wmfrcl o
hJ nf/ 16-toacsF
aemufq;kH wGif aovtoacsFjzpfavonf/ xdt k oacsF\ om&r@urÇm0,f bk&m;&Sif
av;ql yGifhawmfrlcJhonf/
27
KTS 21-6-11-1
yxr yGiafh wmfral ombk&m;&Sirf mS wPSu&F mbk&m;&Sijf zpfonf/ wPSu&F mbk&m;

tavmif;awmfukd yky0æ wDNrdKUawmf bk&ifoek EÉiS fh rdz&k m;acgifBuD; okeE´mwdrYk S zGm;jrifcNhJ yD;
tESpw f pfaomif;Mum pnf;pdraf wmfcpH m;í awmxGuaf wmfro l nf/ (7)ESprf Q 'ku&ú p&d,m
usihfawmfrlí p&nf;yif&if;ü bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlonf/
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;onf wPSu&F mbk&m;&Six f üH t"dum& (bk&m;tjzpfoYkd
a&muf&&dS ef)aumif;rIrsm;jyKvkyv
f LS 'gef;cJo
h nf/ bk&m;jzpfvrd rhf nf[al om ed,wAsm'dwu
f kd
rcH,&l bJ xdb k 0rSpak wí ewfjynfüjzpfcahJ vonf/ wPSu&F mbk&m;&Sio f nf oufawmf
tESpf (100 000)wpfodef;wGif y&dedAÁmefjyKawmfrlavonf/
xdkurÇmü 'kwd,yGihfawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sifum; ar"uF&mjzpfonf/ ar"uF&m
bk&m;tavmif;awmfukd ,C& aejynfawmfü oka'0bk&ifEiS fh rdz&k m;acgifBuD; ,aom"&m
wdkYrS zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ tESpf (8000)&Spfaxmif pnf;pdrfcHpm;NyD; awmxGufí 15-
&ufrQ 'ku&ú p&d,musifah wmfro l nf/ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ar"uF&mbk&m;
txHü bk&m;jzpf&efveG u f pJ mG jyKvkyt
f yfaom t"dum& ukov kd w
f uYkd kd jyKvkyv
f LS 'gef;cJh
aomfvnf; ed,wAsm'dwrf cH&bJ ewfjynfü jzpf&avonf/
ar"uF&mbk&m;&Sio f nf oufawmftESpf (90000)ud;k aomif;wGif y&deAd mÁ efjyKawmf
rlavonf/ xdu k rÇmü wwd,yGiafh wmfral om bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 0dyv k aejynf
awmf bk&ifokr*FvESihf rdzk&m;acgifBuD; ,o0wDrdzk&m;rS zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ tESpf
(7000)ck e pf a xmif p nf ; pd r f c H p m;NyD ; wpf v wmrQ 'k u ú & p&d , musih f a wmf r l o nf /
ocGwfyif&if;ü bk&m;tjzpfa&mufawmfrlonf/ o&PuF&mbk&m;txHü bk&m;jzpf&ef
vGeuf pJ mG jyKvkytf yfaom = t"dum& ukov kd w
f u
Ykd kd jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; ed,wAsm'dwf
rcH&bJ ewfjynfü jzpf&avonf/
'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sif yGihfawmfrl
pwkwy¬ iG afh wmfral om bk&m;&Sirf mS 'DyuF&mbk&m;jzpfonf/ tr&0wDaejynfawmf
bk&if oka'0 rdzk&m;acgifBuD; okar"mrdzk&m;rS zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ tESpf (10000)
wpfaomif; pnf;pdrcf pH m;Ny;D awmxGuaf wmfrí l ckepf&ufwmrQ 'ku&ú p&d,musiafh wmfr&l m
anmifMuyfyif&if;ü bk&m;tjzpfa&mufawmfrlonf/
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf tr&0wDaejynfawmfü ykÖPm;rsKd ;0,f y#doaE¨
aeí arG;zGm;awmfr&l m okar"mvkvif[k trnfwiG af vonf/ aqGcek pfquf rsKd ;ckepfquf
28
KTS 21-6-11-1
trsdK;jrwfol Opöm"e<u,f0ol ½ky&f nftqif;vSywihw f ,fol aA'ifo;kH yHw

k wfuRrf;ol
bmomrsKd ;pHu
k kd em;vnfot
l jzpf xif&mS ;ausmMf um;avonf/ rdbESpyf g;uG,v
f eG af omtcg
tarGtESpfjzpfaom Opöm"ewdkYudk tvSLcHwdkYtm; ay;a0vSL'gef;avonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg okar"mvkvifonf þodq Yk ifjcifavonf/ ]]igonf y#doaE¨
ae&jcif;? td&k jcif;? em&jcif;oabm&So
d nf/ rtdk rem raobJ ab;uif;at;Nidr;f om,m
aom oEdÅock edAmÁ e"mwfukd &SmrS;D awmhrnf}}[k tBuHjzpfavonf/
]]rdrdydkif Opöm"ersm;udk tvdk&SdolwdkY,liifMuavmh}}[k pnfwD;apvsuf ay;a0
vSL'gef;jcif;jyKavonf/ [dr0EÅmt&yfoYkd awmxGuaf wmfrNl y;D &aoh0wfjzihf opfyif&if;wGif
aexdik vf suf tvdv k akd <uusvmaom opfo;D tm[m&udo k m pm;oH;k jcif;jyKí ur®|mef;
w&m;udk rem;rae tm;xkwo f nf&adS omf ckepf&uftwGi;f rSmyif ormywf&pS yf g; tbdnmOf
wdu
Yk kd &&Scd ahJ vonf/
okar"m&Sif&aoh\ qkyefvTm
xdtk csdew
f iG f 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sio
f nf vlewfjA[®ma0ae,smwdt Yk m; w&m;tNrdKuf
aq; wdu k af uR;awmfrv l suf xdx
k t
kd &yfoYkd a'opm&D<ucsDawmfr&l m &r®mjynfoYkd a&muf&dS
awmfrNl yD; ok'óeausmif;awmfü oDwif;oH;k awmfro l nf/ jynfojl ynfom;taygif;wdYk
onf bk&m;&SiEf iS fh wuG oHCmawmfav;ode;f wdt Yk m; qGr;f tvSLcH<u&ef yihzf w
d xf m;NyD;
jzpfí bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufrnhf vrf;c&D;udk jyifqifaeMuavonf/
okar"m&Sif&aohonf bk&m;yGihfawmfrlonfudk rodEdkifao;bJ psmeformywf
csrf;omjzifh arGUavsmfaeonf/ wpfaeYwiG f &r®mjynfoYkd a&S;½Iaumif;uifc&D;jzihf <uvwf
aomtcg jynfojl ynfom;rsm; 0rf;omtm;& c&D;vrf;udjk yKjyifaeonfujkd rifvQif taMumif;
udk ar;jref;avonf/ 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sif <uvmrnfjzpfí vrf;c&D;jyifqifaejcif;jzpfaMumif;
ajymMum;Muavonf/ rdrdtm;wpfae&mpm vrf;jyifcGihfjyK&ef wefcdk;BuD;ol&aohtm; &GHU
ñGef AGuw f aYkd Mumifh omrefvw
l Ykd jyif&efcufcaJ omae&mudk owfrw S af y;Muavonf/
psmefwefc;kd jzihf vrf;jyifqifjcif;rjyKrlí ud,
k cf E¨mjziht
f m;pduk jf yKjyifc&hJ m vrf;c&D;
jyifqifí rNyD;rD bk&m;&SifESihfwuG oHCmav;odef;<uawmfrlvmonf/ bk&m;&SifESifh
oHCmawmfwdkYtm; &GHU ñGef rvdrf;usHap&ef qHpnf;? qHxHk;udkajzí opfeufa&ESihf
acgif;aqmif; a'gufcsm udk,f0wf avQmfawwdkYudk jzefYcif;NyD; wHwm; eif;Murf;yrm
tvsm;arSmufckH 0yfpif;ay;avonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfw\ Ykd jrifjh rwfaom pdw"f mwf
29
KTS 21-6-11-1
tBuHawmfjzpfonfrmS ]]igonf bk&m;&Six f aH rSmufü toufupkd eG rYf jI yKoih\

f ? ighausmay:
udk eif;í <uawmfral pownf;/ xdo k eYkd if;<ujcif;onf umv&SnMf umcsrf;om&zdYk {uef
jzpfvrd rhf nf}}[k pdwt f BuHjzihf arSmufc0kH yfay;avonf/ igtvd&k v dS Qif ,aeYyif &[EÅm
jzpfEikd o f nf/ þbk&m;omoem0,f rxifr&Sm;wynh&f [ef;wpfyg;toGijf zihf tusKd ;rsm;pGm
r&SEd ikd ?f 'DyuF&muJo
h Ykd bk&m;jzpfatmif usKd ;ukwaf ytH}h }ponfjzihf bk&m;jzpf&ef pdwt f m;oefí
BuHpnfavonf/
uðar tnmwa0aoe? "rH® opdäuawed"/
oAÁñkwH ygykPdwGm? Aka'¨ga[óH oa'0au/
Ak'¨0HoygVd (ESm 310)ü jyqdkavonf/
okrdwåm\ qkyefvTm
okar"m&Si&f aohb&k m;jzpf&ef BuHpnfcu kd f okrw d må ykÖPm;ydsKrav;onf y&dowf
wGi;f a&mufvmonf/ bk&m;&Siv f LS &ef Mum&Spcf ikd yf gvm&m okar"mudjk rifvQif arwåmayr
ouf0ifvmojzihf &Si&f aohtaejzihf bk&m;&Sit f m;vSL&ef Mumig;cdik uf kd ay;tyfavonf/
useaf om MumoH;k cdik u
f kd bk&m;&Sit
f m; ud, k w
f ikd v f LS 'gef;avonf/ ,aom"&max&Dyg'gef
ygVd(ESm 269 )ü-
yOötw¬m w0 a[mEÅK? wa,m a[mEÅK rrH £ao/
awe o'¨ð orm a[mEÅK? aAm"w¬m, wk0H £ao/
[k jyqdck ahJ vonf/
okar"m&Si&f aohonf rdrv d ufwiG af &muf&v dS maom Mumyef; 5-vufukd bk&m;
&Sit
f m; vSL'gef;í or®moarÁm"dq&k &ef ylaZmfjcif;trIjyKavonf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf okar"m
&Si&f aohEiS fh okrw
d må wdo
Yk nf bk&m;jzpfonftxd pdww f l uHwl ud, k Ef w
I Ef vS ;kH oH;k yg;vH;k
jzihf cspfcspfcifcif twlwuG aemufuygí ulno D jl zpfvrd rhf nf[k Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;
awmfrlavonf/
orpdwå m orur®m? orum&D b0dówd/
yd,m a[ówd uar®e? wk,Swå , r[m£od/
[k (,aomf",max&D ty'ge 269)ü jyqdak vonf/
30
KTS 21-6-11-1
ed,wAsm'dwfyef; qifjref;
okar"m&Sif&aohonf rdrda&SUwGifa&muf&Sdvmaom 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sif\ 32-yg;
aom a,musfm;jrwfvu©Pmawmf &Spq f ,faom vu©Pmi,f tNrJawmufyaeaom
a&mifjcnfa&Tw;kH a&Tpikd yf rm ud, k af wmfjrwfukd zl;jrif&vQif ,aeY ightoufukd bk&m;&Sif
ESihf &[EÅmav;ode;f wdYk ausmwGif eif;<uvQif touf&iS Ef ikd zf , G rf &Srd eS ;f odvsuf ud, k Ef iS fh
toufukd iJu h uG rf rI &Sd pGev
Yf LS jcif;rSm t"dum& (txdu&) ukov kd pf w
d yf ifjzpfonf/
þukodkvfaumif;rIuHaMumifh oAÁñkwÓmPfudk &&Sdí owå0grsm;udk 'ku©yifv,frS
xkwfaqmiftHh[k pdwftBuHt"d|mefjzihf arSmufcHkwHwm;cif;aejcif;jzpfonf/
'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sio f nf tem*wHoÓmPfawmfjzihf qifjcifawmfr&l m vlom;jzpfjcif;?
trsdK;om;jzpfjcif;? wd[w d yf #doaEäeoljzpfjcif;? ouf&b
dS &k m;&Sizf ;l ajrmfae&jcif;? ur®0g'D
&aohjzpfjcif;? ormywf 8-yg; tbdnmOfig;yg;&&SdNyD;jzpfjcif;? toufudkpGefYvSLxm;NyD;
jzpfjcif;? ukov kd &f &Sad &; qE´jyif;jyaejcif;[laom Asm'dw&f Edik af omt*Fg 8-yg;ESifh jynhpf kH
onfukd odjrifawmfro l nf/ þom&r@urÇmrSaemuf aovtoacsFç bmotoacsFç
aZ,stoacsFç ½kp, d toacsFç toacsFav;&yf wpfoed ;f uyfuv kd eG af omtcg a*gwr
trnfjzifh bk&m;tjzpfa&mufawmfrrl nf[k odjrifawmfro l nf/
bk&m;&Sifonf okar"m&Sif&aoh\ OD;acgif;&if;ü &yfawmfrlí-
yóx £rH wmyoH? Z#dvH O*¾wmyeH/
ty&dar,sdaum uayÜ? Aka'¨g avmau b0dówd/
&[ef;wd?Yk qHuspfx;kH xm;aom xufjrufaomtusihEf iS jfh ynhpf akH om okar"m
&Sif&aohudk ½IMuyg? rsm;ajrmifaomurÇmjzihf a&wGuftyfaomurÇm (av;toacsFESihf
urÇmwpfodef;)txufü bk&m;&Sif{uefjzpfvdrfhrnf/ uydv0wfaejynfawmf0,f
crnf;awmf oka'¨g'erif; r,fawmf r[mrm,mwdkYrS arG;zGm;NyD; awmxGufawmfrlum
'ku&ú p&d,musifah wmfrí
l tZygvanmifyifatmufü Ed*Yk emqGr;f bkO;f ay;vsuf ae&OÆ&m
jrpfurf;ü a&TcGufarQmawmfrlrnf/ anmifyifatmufü bk&m;tjzpf a&mufawmfrlrnf/
vuf,mawmf&H &Sifom&dykwå&m? vuf0Jawmf&H &Sifarm*¾vmef tvkyftauR;&[ef;um;
&SiftmeE´mjzpfonf/
vuf,mawmf&H bduK© eDum; acrm? vuf0aJ wmf&rH mS OyÜv0ÖPm? trsKd ;om;rSm
pdwoå <l u,fEiS fh [w¬mVm0u? trsdK;orD;rSm Owå&mESifh ee´rmwmwdjYk zpfvrd rhf nf[k ed,w
Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;awmfro
l nf/
31
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 31
bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwpf um;Mum;&vQif ewfvw l o

Ykd nf ]]þokar"m &Sif&aohum;
aemifyGihfawmfrlrnfh bk&m;avmif;jzpfowJh}}[k 0rf;omtm;&atmf[pfum aumif;cs;D oH
udk ajymqdk vufyef;aygufcwfMuuke\ f / avmu"mwfwpfaomif;rS vl ewf jA[®mwdYk
onf okar"m&Si&f aohukd vuftyk cf sD &Scd ;dk Muuke\
f / bk&m;jzpfvQif zl;ajrmfciG &fh vdak Mumif;
qkawmif;yefxmG yw¬emrI jyKMuavuke\ f /
bk&m;&Sifonf rdrdtm; vSL'gef;xm;NyD;aom Mumyef;&Spfcdkifudk okar"m&Sif&aoh
ud,
k af y:ü jzefBY uJyal Zmfí okar"m&Si&f aohbufrS vuf,majcawmfuckd sum <uoGm;awmf
rlonf/ av;ode;f aom &[EÅmwdo Yk nf yef; eHo
Y mwdjYk zihf ylaZmfMuvsuf &Si&f aohukd
vuf,mbufxm;í <uoGm;Muavonf/ a&muf&v dS mMuaom y&dowftm;vH;k wdo Yk nf
vnf; yef; eHo Y mwdjYk zihf ylaZmfMuavonf/
bk&m;&SiEf iS fh &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwoYkd nf &r®maejynfawmftwGi;f <ua&mufawmfrl
MuNy;D jynfojl ynfom;wd\ Yk to'dotvSLBuD;udk cH,al wmfrMl uavonf/ tavmif;awmf
&Si&f aohonf bk&m;&SiEf iS fh &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwt Ykd m; rrdw
S af omrsufpjd zihf zl;ajrmf&m jrifEikd f
avmufaomt&yfudkvGefvQif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om &Tifvef;wuf<upGmjzihf rdrdtm; ylaZmf
xm;aom yef;yHkBuD;xufü xuf0,fzGJUacGxdkifaeawmfrlNyD;-
yv’auFe edod'dwGm? {0H pdaEÅ o[H w'g/
0oD blawm t[Hpsmae? tbdnmok yg&rð *awm/
o[ód,rSd avmurSd? £oa,m ewd¬ arorm/
toarm £'d¨"ar®ok? tvbð þ'doH okcH/
]]igonf psmefü avhvmNyD;jzpfonft
h jyif tbdnmOft&mü tNyD;tqH;k a&muf
&Sad eoljzpfonf/ wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwf0,f ighxuf omvGeo f rl &Sd psmeokcudk
&&Sad eoljzpfonf[k qifjcifavonf/
a&SUajy;edrdwfBuD;rsm; 32-yg;
wpfaomif;aom pMu0Vmü aexdik Mf uukeaf om ok'g¨ 0gojA[®mwdo Yk nf a&S;bk&m;
tavmif;awmfrsm; ed,wAsm'dwfyGJudk jrifzl; BuHKzl;? qifEGJzl;olrsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh
þodYk ajymqdMk uavonf/
32
KTS 21-6-11-1
t&Sif&aohonf rvGJ{uef bk&m;trSefjzpfvdrfhrnf[k BuD;pGmaom toHudk

jyKMuukef? tdk &Sif&aoh? a&S;bk&m;tavmif;awmfwdkY ed,wAsm'dwf &&Sdaomtcg edrdwf
rsm; jzpfcJhzl;ovdk atmufygedrdwfxl;rsm; jzpfay:aeygNyD-
(1) tat;vGefuJrI r&Sdjcif;?
(2) tylvGefuJrI r&Sdjcif;?
(3) wpfavmuvH;k wdwq f w
d af ejcif;? taeSmuft,Su[f o
l rQ uif;&Si;f jcif;?
(4) avjyif;wdkufcwfrIr&Sdjcif;?
(5) avajywdkufcwfjcif;?
(6) ukef;yef; a&yef;rsm; wpfNydKifwnf;yGihfjcif;?
(7) EG,fyif? tjrifhyifrsm; wpfNydKifwnf; toD;oD;jcif;?
(8) aumif;uif ajrjyif&Sd&wemrsm; ta&mifawmufyjcif;?
(9) vlYjynf ewfjynf&Sd wl&d,mrsm; tvdkvdkjrnfjcif;?
(10) aumif;uifrS yef;rdk;&Gmjcif;?
(11) r[mork'´&m0Jvnfjcif;?
(12) wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfwkefvIyfjcif;?
(13) pMu0Vmwdkufwpfaomif;yrmP&Sd i&JjynfrD;rsm;Nidrf;jcif;?
(14) aerif;Munfvifawmufyjcif;?
(15) aeYcif;üyif Mu,fwm&mrsm;udk jrifMu&jcif;?
(16) rdk;r&GmbJ ajrtwGif;rS a&yef;rsm;xGufvmjcif;?
(17) eu©wfwm&mrsm; wifhw,fjcif;?
(18) vjynhf0ef;onf 0domcgeu©ESifh pef;,SOfjcif;?
(19) a>rpaom wGi;f atmif;owå0g awmacG;paom acsmufMum;ae owå0grsm;
ay:xGuf&jcif;?
(20) wpfaeYwm owå0grsm; pdwfMunfvifí aysmf&Tifvef;qef;jcif;?
(21) pGJuyfaeaoma&m*grsm; aysmufuif;jcif;?
(22) qmavmifrGwfodyfrIuif;aysmufjcif;?
(23) owå0gwdkYoEÅmefü &m* a'go arm[ wpfaeYwmuif;jcif;?
(24) wpfaeYwm xdwfvefYaMumufvefYzG,f&mr&Sdjcif;?
(25) jrLxjcif;r&Sd?
33
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 33
(26) teHYqdk;rsm; aysmufuif;jcif;?

(27) ewfüjzpfaom &eHYrsm;ysHUESHYjcif;?
(28) ½kyf ud,
k af umif r&Sad om (t½ly)jA[®mrsm;rSty ewfjA[®mwdu Yk kd jrif&jcif;?
(29) i&JbHkudk jrif&jcif;?
(30) ydwq f xYkd m;aom eH&wH cH g;&Gurf sm; yGijfh cif;? wm;qD;aeaom ausmufawmif
eH&Hrsm; [if;vif;jzpfjcif;?
(31) Asm'dwfcH,lcdkuf owå0gaovGefrIr&Sdjcif;?
(32) y#doaEÅwnfaerIr&Sjd cif; paom edrw d x
f ;l rsm; tHMh ozG,&f m jzpfay:vsuf
&Sdygonf[k ajymMum;NyD; rdrdae&modkY jyefMuavonf/
yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPf
tavmif;awmf&iS &f aohonf 'DyuF&mbk&m; rdeMYf um;aom ed,wAsm'dwu
f v kd nf;
aumif;? ewf jA[®mwdYk ajymMum;aom pum;udvk nf;aumif; Mum;&vQif ESpof uf&iT vf ef;
0rf;ajrmufavonf/
xdaYk emuf þodYk tBuHtpnfjzpfavonf/ bk&m;&Siw f oYkd nf ESprf sdK;ESpcf G awG;q
&aompum;rdsK;udk ajymqdak vhr&S?d cRwf,iG ;f jcif;r&S?d ypfajr§muftyfaomcJonf ajrodo Yk m
jyefus&onf/ arG;zGm;vmaom owå0gwdik ;f pkawraeaoMu&onf/ nOfu h ek q f ;kH vQif
aerif;xGufay:vmNrJjzpfonf/ jcaoFhonf *lrSxGufvQif a[mufoHay;NrJjzpfonf/
ud,k 0f efaqmiftrsdK;orD;wdo Yk nf tcsdeu
f svQif om;zGm;&onf/ þOyrmuJo h Ykd bk&m;&Sif
wdYk rdeMYf um;aom Asm'dwpf um;onf cRwfacsmfavhr&S?d bk&m;&SiAf sm'dwaf wmft& igonf
{uefrkcs bk&m;jzpf&rnf[k BuHpnfNyD;aemuf Ak'ü&"r®=bk&m;jzpfatmifjyKEdkifaom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;pGmwdu Yk kd qifjcifawmfral vonf/ þÓmPfukd yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPf[k
ac:&onf/ tmEkabmfBuD;aom ÓmPfjzpfonf/ aAm"dorÇm&[laomtrnf oAÁñw k
ÓmPforÇm&[k qdak vonf/ þÓmPfjzihf yg&rDawmf 10-yg;? tjym; 30 pGejYf cif;BuD;ig;yg;?
p&d,w&m;rsm;udk tydwt f yif twm;tqD;r&Sd ud, k yf ikd o
f jd rifco hJ nf/ q&mrul o,rÇL
ÓmPf[k ac:qd&k \/ oAÁñw k ÓmPf&&Srd nfh a&SUajy;edrwd jf zpfaMumif; "r®o*FPD tEk#u D m
ÓmPawaZemwd yg&rD y0dp,ÓmPyÜbma0e? r[mEkbm0H [d wH
(26)ü ]]ÓmPawaZemwd
ÓmPH aAm"d o rÇ m a&ok tem0&PH temp&d , uH r[maAm"d o rk y Ü w d å , m
tEk½kyykAÁedrdwåblwH}}[k zGijfh yavonf/
34
KTS 21-6-11-1
bk&m;&Sifonf okar"m&Sif&aohtm; bk&m;jzpfrnf[k ed,wAsm'dwfpum;udk

rdeMYf um;½Ho
k mjzpfonf/ bk&m;jzpf&ef usi&fh rnfw h &m;wdu Yk kd a[mMum;jcif;rjyKcJah y/ tavmif;
awmf\ud, k yf idk f yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPfjzifo
h m qifjcifrjI yKjcif;jzpfonf/ a&S;a&S;aom toacsF
16-ckEiS fh urÇmaygif;rsm;pGm jznhq f nf;cJah om yg&rDawmf xdu k mvwGif zl;ajrmfciG &fh cJah om
ig;ode;f wpfaomif;ESpaf xmif oH;k qlaom bk&m;&Siw f x Ykd rH S Mum;emcJ&h aom "r®uxmrsm;udk
jyefvnfo;kH oyfvsuf pl;prf;qifjcifrjI yKjcif;jzpfonf/ ud, k yf ikd Óf mPfjzifq
h ifjcifí od&v dS m
aomaMumifh q&mrul o,rÇLÓmPfawmf[k oH;k EIe;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
qifjcifawmfrlyHk
1/ bk&m;jzpf&ef 'geyg&rDukd OD;pGm pGpJ NJG rNJ rJ txGwtf xdyaf &mufatmif jznhu f si&fh rnf/
a& odrYk [kwf Ed&Yk nfjzifjh ynhaf omtd;k udk oGevf Qif xdt
k ;kd wGif &So
d rQ oGecf sNy;D jzpfovdk
yk*K¾d vf t,kwf tvwf tjrwfra&G; &So d rQay;vSL&rnf/
2/ oDvyg&rDudkqifjcif&mü pmr&Drnfaom om;aumifonf rdrdNrD;qHwpfae&mü
Nidaeaom NrD;qHukd tysufrcH toufut
kd aocHNyD; apmifah &Smufovdk oDvudk
apmifha&Smuf&rnf/
3/ aeu©r®yg&rDudk qifjcif&mü tcsKyfaxmifü tcsdefrsm;pGmMumatmif qif;&J'ku©
tESyd t
f pufcaH e&olonf xdtk csKyfaxmifukd rufarmwG,w f mjcif;r&S?d vGwaf jrmuf
cGihfudkom &SmouJhokdY aeu©r®yg&rDudk OD;pm;ay;usihf&rnf/
4/ qGr;f cHvn S v fh nfaom &[ef;rnfonf t,kwf tvwf tjrwfra&G; tdrpf Of
twdik ;f tvSLcH&&Sad omqGr;f jzihf rQwbkO;f ay;ovdk t,kwt f vwfra&G;bJ ynm&Sd
wdx Yk H csO;f uyfvsuf ukov kd jf zpfaMumif;w&m;? tukov
dk jf zpfaMumif;w&m;? tjypf
&Sdaomw&m;? tjypfuif;aomw&m;wdkYudk ar;jref;í ÓmPfyGihfvif;atmif ynm
yg&rDukd txGwt f xdyaf &mufonftxd Mum;emjcif;trIukd jyKvky&f rnf/
5/ jcaoFrh if;onf £&d,mykwaf v;yg;vH;k ü vHv Yk ravsmhbJ wuf<uaompdw"f mwf
&Sdaeovdk vHkYv 0D&d,udk yg&rDajrmuf NrJjrefpGm tm;xkwf&rnf/
6/ r[myx0DajrBuD;onf rGejf rwfaom0w¬K? ,kwn f ahH om0w¬K? ypfcsaomfvnf;
cspfjcif; rkef;jcif;r&Sd onf;cHovdk vltm;vHk; tjyKtrltm;vHk;udk onf;cHjcif;jzihf
cEDÅyg&rDtxGwt f xdyaf &mufatmif tm;xkw&f rnf/
35
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 35
7/ aomuf½;I Mu,fonf aEG rd;k aqmif;&moDwüYkd rdro d mG ;NrJvrf;aMumif;rS vTzJ ,fjcif;

rjyK? wnfrh wfpmG oGm;ovdk jriftyf Mum;tyf a&muftyf odtyfaomt&m
rjriftyf rMum;tyf ra&muftyf rodtyfaomt&m þ&Spfjzmaom c&D;vrf;rS
rvGrJ z,f yuwdtwdik ;f ajymqdjk cif;jzifh trSew
f &m; opöyg&rDukd txGwt f xdyf
a&mufatmif tm;xkw&f rnf/
8/ ausmufom;xkawmifBuD;onf avjyif;wdu k cf wfaomtcg wkev f yI jf cif;r&So
d vdk
rdrjd yKvkyaf eaomukov
kd üf ysufuu
G jf cif;r&Sad tmif t"d|mefyg&rDajrmuf txGwf
txdyaf &mufatmif tm;xkw&f rnf/
9/ a&onf vlq;kd vlaumif;cGjJ cif;r&Sb
d J aomufol oH;k pGo J t
l m;vH;k udk tnpftaMu;
uif;pifatmif jyKvkyo f vdk rdrt
d ay: vdv k m;ol rvdv k m;ol rdwaf qG &efol
cGjJ cm;jcif;rjyK tnDtrQ arwåm"mwfymG ;rsm;apjcif;jzihf arwåmyg&rD txGwt f xdyf
a&mufatmifjyK&rnf/
10/ csdecf iG v
f Qmonf txufatmuf ydv k eG rf rI &Sd tnDtrQ wnfrh wfpmG wnf&odS vdk
csr;f omaomtcg avmbjzpfjcif; qif;&Jaomtcg a'gojzpfjcif;rsKd ;rjzpfay:apbJ
tv,ftvwf&yfwnfjcif;? r[myx0Dajronf rpifMu,faom0w¬K? pifMu,f
aom0w¬K[k cGJjcm;jcif;rjyKbJ vspfvsL½IvufcHovdk qif;&JrI csrf;omrIESihf BuHK
qHv k Qif csdecf iG v
f QmozG,f vspfvsL½Ií usihBf uHjcif; Oayu©myg&rDtxGwt f xdyf
a&mufatmif jyKusif&h rnf/
þodkYaomenf;jzifh yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPfudk a&SU½Ií 'ge oDv aeu©r® ynm 0D&d,
cEDÅ opöm t"d|mef arwåm Oyu©m yg&rD 10-yg;udk tEkavmrenf; y#davmrenf;
tv,frSpí ESpfzufü qHk;apaomenf; tpGef;ESpfzufrS tpjyKum tv,füqHk;ap
aomenf;? ,EÅ&m;puf ESpfzufwdkYrS qDudk n§pfícsonfhyrm yg&rDwdkYudk qifjcifawmfrl
onf/
bk&m;tjzpfukd jyKwwfaom Ak'¨ "r®u&w&m;wdu Yk m; txufaumif;uifüvnf;
r&Sçd atmufajrtwGi;f üvnf;r&Sçd tjcm;ae&mür&Sçd ig\cE¨m ESv;kH om;rSmom&Sad eonf
[k odjrifawmfrlonf/ yg&rD Oyyg&rD y&rw¬yg&rD [k odtyf odoifh odxdkuforQaom
tcsuftvufwu Ykd kd t<uif;tusefr&Sd oH;k oyfqifjcifawmfral vonf/
36
KTS 21-6-11-1
yg&rD y0p,ÓmPf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh pMu0Vmwdu k wf pfaomif; twdik ;f twm&Sd

r[myx0Dajronf 0J-,m? a&SU-aemuf? xufatmuftm;jzihf 6-yg;aom tcsi;f t&mjzihf
jyif;pGmwkevf yI af vonf/ yJw h ifjrnf[;D BuD;pGmaomtoHujkd yKavonf/ td;k xde;f pufyrm
oGuo f u
G cf g vIyaf vonf/ xdt k csdewf iG f 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Sitf m; jynfojl ynfom;wdo Yk nf
qGrf;qufuyfaepOfjzpfí ajrivsifaMumifh vlwdkY&yfwnfEdkifjcif;r&Sd? awGa0rdef;armum
vJusukeo f nf/ vlwo Ykd nf xdwv f efY aMumuf&UHG vSojzihf bk&m;&Sixf H csOf;uyfí ivsif\
aumif;usdK;? qkd;usdK;? aMumufvefYzG,fab;udk z,f&Sm;ay;&ef avQmufxm;Muonf/
bk&m;&Sio f nf jynfow l t
Ykd m; okar"m&Si&f aoh\ yg&rD y0dp,ÓmPf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh
r[myx0Dajr aumif;csD;ay;aMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
bk&m;&Six
f rH S okar"m&Si&f aohtaMumif;Mum;&vQif vltaygif;wdo Yk nf 0rf;om
tm;&jzpfí yef; eHYom vSLzG,f&mwdkYudk ,laqmifMuNyD; bk&m;tavmif;awmfudk ylaZmf
&Scd ;kd Muavonf/ tavmif;awmfonf yg&rD 10-yg; jznhu f si&fh ef pdww
f iG Nf rjJ refpmG aqmuf
wnfvsuf 'DyuF&m bk&m;&Siu f kd tm½Hjk yK &Scd ;kd vsuf wifyv’iaf cG&mrS xawmfral vonf/
vltaygif;wdo Yk nf &Si&f aohawmifw h aom qkyw¬emjynhyf gap? ab;&efuif;í pd;k &drjf cif;
r&Sd usef;rmjcif;&Sdvsuf t&[wår*fÓmPf oAÁñkwÓmPfawmf tvG,fwul&ygap
ponfjzihf r*Fvmqkyw¬emtrI jyKMuavonf/ tavmif;awmfonf Ak'ü& "r®yg&rD
y0dp,w&m;wdkY jznhfusihfEdkif&ef [dr0EÅmawmodkY <ujref;avonf/
tbded[m&ukodkvfpdwf
okar"m&Si&f aohb0jzihf 'DyuF&mbk&m;&Siu f kd zl;ajrmfciG &fh csdewf iG f vltjzpf vlb Y 0
&&Sx
d m;jcif;? a,musfm;b0jzpfjcif;? wd[w d yf #doaEäejcif;? oufawmfxif&mS ; bk&m;&Sif
udk zl;jrifciG &hf &Sjd cif;? &aohb0jzpfjcif;? ormywf&&SNd yD;jzpfjcif;? ud, k cf E¨mudpk eG í
Yf wHwm;
yrmjyKcJjh cif;? bk&m;jzpf&ef qEáwmfveG u f jJ cif;[laom taMumif;w&m;&Spyf g;ESifh jynhpf jkH cif;
aMumifh bk&m;qkyefjcif;ac: tbdeD[m& r[mukodkvfpdwfjzpfay:cGifh&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
oAÁñw k ÓmPf&&Sad &;tusihv f rf;pOfoYkd a&mufomG ;NyD[k qd&k awmhonf/ aAm"dowå=
{uefrcRwf bk&m;jzpfrnfhol[k ac:qdk&avonf/ yg&rDpm*p&d,w&m;rsm; jznfhpGrf;Edkif
aom tiftm;rsm; wnf&o dS mG ;avol[k qd&k \/ yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPfukd &&Scd jhJ cif;onf
oAÁñw k ÓmPf {uef&&Srd nfh a&SUajy;edrw d yf ifjzpfonf/ av;toacsFEiS fh urÇmwpfoed ;f
umva&mufvQif Ak't ¨ jzpfa&muf&rdS nfo
h l jzpfonf[k ed,wAsm'dwcf cH &hJ Ny;D csed rf pS í bk&m;
tavmif;awmfonf bm0emav;rsdK;udk rem;rae tm;xkwcf ahJ vonf/
37
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 37
bm0emav;rsdK;
1/ oAÁorÇm&bm0em = yg&rD 10-yg; udk wpfckrusef jznhfusihfjcif;?
2/ ed&EÅ&bm0em = av;toacsFEiS fh urÇmwpfoed ;f umvywfv;kH tMum;
tvwf r&SdapbJ yg&rDawmfrsm;udk jznhfusihfjcif;?
3/ &umvbm0em = bk&m;tjzpf ra&mufrD toacsEF iS fh uyfurÇmrsm; avsmh
pd&umvbm0em
oGm;rIr&Sd&atmif umvt&Snf yg&rDwdkYudk jznhfusihfyGm;rsm;jcif;?
4/ ouúpöbm0em = yg&rDawmfwu Ykd kd ½dak oav;pm;pGmjzihf jznhu
f sihjf cif;wnf;
[laom bm0emav;yg;udk rem;rae tm;xkwaf vonf/
ed,wAsm'dwfay;bk&m;&Sifrsm;
oAÁñkw Ak'¨tjzpfra&mufrD b0aygif;rsm;pGm oHo&m0,f usifvnf&mü-
y#doaE¨qif;&Jç tdkjcif;ç emjcif;ç aojcif;qif;&J tn§Of;qJcH tESdyfpufcHí toufudk
owfjzwfc&H jcif;? tpm;tpm&SmazG&jcif;? qif;&J ty,fbb kH 0wdüYk jzpf&jcif;? qif;&Jpaom
qif;&JtrsdK;rsdK; ESyd pf ufc&H aomaMumifh tm;ud;k &mrJah eaom owå0gwdu Yk kd awGUjrif&aom
tcg ESv;kH wkev f yI jf cif; r[mu½kPmjzpf&onf/ ynmÓmPfuif;rJah om owå0grsm;pGmwdYk
onf rwifrh avsmf bk&m;tavmif;udk jypfrmS ;vmMuonfukd onf;cHawmfrjl cif;/ r[m
u½kPmudo k m yGm;rsm;aexdik cf o hJ nf/ ed,wAsm'dw&f &SNd y;D aemuf yg&rDawmfwu Ykd kd jznhu f sifh
&mü a0óEÅ&mrif;\ b0wdik af tmif b0aygif;rsm;pGmudk wdik ;f wmvQifork'&´ ma&ayguf
xufyif rsm;jym;cJo h nf/ trsm;em;Mum;rSwo f m;xm;aom (550)edygwfawmf p&d,yd#uvm
usihpf Ofb0rsm;um; ork'´&ma&xkrS qm;ief\t&omudk od&&dS ef xkw, f x l m;aom
(1) zvm;rQaoma&rQ yrmjzpfaeayonf/ rmwk½'k &¨ uvkviftp a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;b0
txd toacsF (20)umvtwGi;f yg&rDawmfwu Ykd kd jznhq
f nf;aom b0aygif;um; ork'&´ m
av;pif;&Sd a&xkyrmPxuf rsm;jym;aeayonf/ toacsF (20)twGif; yGihfawmfrlaom
bk&m;&Sifaygif; (512028)ql&SdaMumif; jyqdkcJhavonf/ (550)rQaom edygwfawmfZmwf
0w¬Kum; ajymyavmufaom ta&twGurf [kwaf y/
'DyuF&mbk&m;&SifxHrS ed,wAsm'dwf&&SdNyD;aemuf bm0emav;rsdK;jzihf yg&rDawmf
wdu
Yk kd jznhuf si&hf mwGif pdwZf o JG efoefxm;í jyKvkycf o hJ nf/ xdok Ykd yg&rDwu
Ykd kd jznhu f sijfh cif;udk
tbde[ d m&[k ac:qdo k ;kH EIe;f avh&odS nf/ Ak'0¨ o H 311/ tH| 1-362 ü tbde[ D ma&m
38
KTS 21-6-11-1
emr Ak'¨bm0wHå rmeoH AEd̈wGm Ak'Äsmu&PH tv'¨g eOy|[dómrDwd edyZÆeH=bk&m;

jzpfvdrfhrnf[k Asm'dwfr&rl rxawmhtHh[k bk&m;jzpf&eftvdkYiSg pdwfZGJ oefoefxm;í
ajrütdyfaejcif;[k qdkonf/ tbdeD[ma&mwd um,yPd"meH = um,uHajrmuf
qkawmif;jcif;udk tbde[D m&[kac:aMumif; tH? #D 1-220 ü jyqdo
k nfukd awGU&avonf/
tbde[D m&yg&rDawmfukd jznhu
f sihaf om (4)oacsFurÇmwpfoed ;f twGi;f 'DyuF&m
bk&m;&Sio
f nf aovtoacsFtqH;k om&r@urÇmü yGiafh wmfr&l m ed,wAsm'dwcf , H cl hJ
&onf/ aovtoacsFtqH;k ü om&urÇm0,f aum@nbk&m;yGiahf wmfrv l Qif tavmif;
awmfonf 0dZDwm0D pMumrif;b0jzifh bk&m;trSL;&Sdaom &[ef;awmfuka#wpfodef;wdkY
tm; tbdeD[m&ajrmuftvSLay;&m ed,wAsm'dwfyef; qifjref;cJh&onf/
bmotoacs0F ,f om&r@urÇmü bk&m;av;qlyiG afh wmfro
l nf/ bk&m;av;qlrmS -
(1) r*Fv (2) okre (3) a&0w (4) aombdw wdjYk zpf\/
aZ,stoacsF0,f 0&urÇmü taemr'óD y'kr em&' bk&m;&SifoHk;ql? om&
urÇmü y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifwpfql yGihfawmfrl\/ r@urÇmü okar"m? okZmw bk&m;&Sif
ESpfqlyGihfawmfrl/ 0&urÇmü yd,'óD? tw¬'óD? "r®'óD bk&m;&SifoHk;ql? b'úrÇmrS
94 ckajrmuf om&urÇm0,f od'¨w¬bk&m;&Sif? 92-urÇmajrmuf r@urÇm0,f wdóç
zkó bk&m;&SiEf pS q f ?l 91-urÇmü om&urÇm0,f 0dyóDb&k m;&Siçf 31 urÇmü r@urÇm
0,f oDcçd a0óbl bk&m;&SiEf pS q f ?l þb'úrÇm0,f uukoE¨? aumem*re? uóy
bk&m;&Sio f ;kH qlwYkd yGiafh wmfrcl MhJ uonf/ xdb
k &k m;&Siw
f x
Ykd üH tbde[
D m&ajrmuf yg&rDwu
Ykd kd
jznhfusihfawmfrlcJh&onf/ þodkY *gxmAE¨jzifh oDuHk;cJhavonf/
,awm ar v'H¨ Asmu&PH? ,w¬umav wxm*wm/
'DyuF&mwa,mAk'¨g? ,m0wm uóygZdem/
pwk0Dowd orÁKa'¨? yumaoóH tEkwårm/
opömjyKyHk0w¬Kom"u
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf yg&rDawmfwdkYudk 3-rsdK;? 3-pm;xm;í jznhfusifhaom
tcg vltrsm;wdkYtaejzihf tHhMozG,f&mjzpfpOfrsm;udk awGUjrifMu&onf/ þae&mü opö
yg&rDjznhuf sihaf wmfrpl OftwGi;f opömwefc;kd jzpfymG ;yHk t"d|mefyg&rDjznfu
h sihaf wmfrpl OfwiG f
BuHKawGU&yHuk kd jyqdv
k akd omaMumifh yg&rD 10-yg;vH;k \ taMumif;t&mudk vspfvsLxm;í
opömESihf t"d|meftaMumif;udkom &Sif;vif;jyqdkrnfjzpfonf/
39
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 39
yxrOD;pGm opömyg&rDtaMumif;udk zGiq

fh rkd nfjzpf&m bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ yg&rD
ajrmuf (opömyg&rD)taMumif;udk ig;&mig;q,f edygwfawmfvm 0w¬Kom"ursm;? ax&
0g' yd#uwfawmfvm taMumif;t&mrsm;? oD[Vkd u f Ref; t|uxmq&mrsm;vufxufü
rSww f rf;xm;cJah omtaMumif;t&mrsm;? jrefrmEdik if üH xif&mS ;aom rax&fBuD;wd\
Yk opöm
jyKcJyh rkH sm;udk om"utjzpf wifjyxm;onfukd zwf½&I rnfjzpfonf/
yg&rDajrmuf jznhfusifh&ef t"d|mef

tavmif;awmf okar"m&Si&f aohonf 'DyuF&mjrwfpmG bk&m;xHrS ed,wAsm'dwyf ef;
qifjref;NyD;csderf mS yif opömyg&rDukd oAÁñw
k ÓmPfvuf0,f&onftxd jznhuf sihaf wmhrnf
[k qH;k jzwfawmfrcl o hJ nf/
ta'GZÑ 0pem Ak'¨g? tarmCm0pem Zdem/
0dwxH ewd¬ Ak'¨geH? "k0H Aka'¨g b0gr[H/ /
bk&m;&SifwdkYrnfonf ESpfrsdK;ESpfcG awG;q&aom pum;rsdK;udk rdefYqdkavhr&Sdukef/
tcsn;f ES;D aom pum;rsKd ;udk rdeq
Yf jkd cif;r&Su
d ek /f bk&m;&Siw
f \
Ykd pum;awmfonf cRw,
f iG ;f jcif;
r&Sdpaumif;/ xdkYaMumifh igonf {uefpifppf bk&m;jzpfawmfrltHh/ raemt"d|mefjyKvsuf
'geyg&rDpaom yg&rDawmfwdkYudk qifjcifawmfrlonf/ qifjcifcJhonfhtwdkif; jznfhusihfcJh
onf/ þü opömyg&rDjznhfhusihfcJhyHkudk jyqdk&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh opömESihfqdkifaom
taMumif;txkyw Ü w
åd u
Ykd kd jyqd&k ayonf/
t&d,opömav;yg;
opöm\t"dymÜ ,fukd rSeu f efjcif;[k zGiq fh ckd MhJ uonf/ opöm[kqv
kd Qif t&d,mopöm
av;yg; w&m;udq k o
kd nf[k em;vnfavh&MdS uonf/ bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;cJah om opömav;yg;
um;-
(1) 'ku©t&d,opöm
(2) ork',t&d,opöm
(3) 'ku©eda&m"t&d,opöm
(4) r*¾ t &d , opö m wd k Y j zpf o nf / þt&d , opö m um; rS e f u ef a om
obm0w&m;rsm;jzpfí t&d,molawmfaumif;rsm; odtyfaomaMumifh t&d,opömav;yg;
[k ac:qdck MhJ u\/
40
KTS 21-6-11-1
oEdÅokc edAÁme"mwfum; trSefyif xif&Sm;&Sdí rysufrpD;jcif;ç aumif;jrwfaom

oabm&Sjd cif;aMumifh y&rw¬opöm[laomtrnfukd &&Sjd yefavonf/
trSerf [kwaf omfvnf; rdru d m; trSe[ f k ,HMk unfpmG pGrJ wS af omt&mudk opöm
w&m;trnfjzifh vltrsm;wdYk ac:qdx k m;Mu\/ xdo k pömudk 'd|o d pöm[k ac:qdo k if\ h /
trSeftwdkif;ajymqdkjcif;udk opö0gpm = 0pDopöm[k oHk;EIef;ajymqdkMujyef\/ vlwdkif;url
opömpum;qdo k nf[k ajymqdw
k wfMu\/ tjzpftysuftrSeu f kd trSet f wdik ;f ajymqdjk cif;
jzpfí obm0opöm[k qd&k \/ xdo k bm0"r®t&if;wnfvsuf ajymqdv k Qif 0pDopömyif
jzpf\/ rrSefruef vdrfnmí rkom;ajymqdkrIrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;udk 0d&wdopömtrnfjzifh
oHk;EIef;ajymqdkcJhMu\/ xdkopömudkyif bk&m;tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm; ajymqdkavh&SdMu\/
xdak jymqdjk cif;onf opömyg&rDukd jznhu
f sijfh cif;jzpfaMumif; p&d,myd#u Ak'0¨ ifZmwursm;ü
txift&Sm;awGUMuavonf/
opömjyKvQif tHhzG,f&mjzpfay:cJh
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 0pDopömudak jymqdí k -
(1) rD;udkNidrf;apjcif;?
(2) rd;k ud&k mG apjcif;?
(3) tqdyfudk yaysmufapjcif;?
(4) aumif;uifü &yfwnfjcif;?
(5) a&m*gudk aysmufuif;apjcif;?
(6) a&jyifukd ajrjyifyrmjzwfausmo
f mG ;jcif; paom tHMh ozG,&f mrsm;udk jzpfap
cJhonf/
0pDopömudk ajymqdMk u&mwGif aumif;aomtcsut
f vufukd ajymqdjk cif;rsKd ; r[kwf
apumrl tjzpftysuf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkMu\/ Oyrm uPS'Dyg,eZmwfü bk&m;
tavmif;awmf &Sif&aohonf raumif;aomt&mudk ajymqdkjcif;jzifh ,n'wåoli,f
a>rqdyfrTefjcif;udk oufomapcJhavonf/
orkwdopömESihf y&rw¬opöm
rcRwfr,Gi;f rSeu
f efjcif;oabmudk opöm[kqo kd nf/ w&m;ud, k t f m;jzifh 0d&wD
apwodu?f apwemapwodujf zpfonf/ opömw&m;onf or®Kwdopöm y&rw¬opöm[k
ESpyf g;&Sad Mumif; a[mMum;cJo h nf/ xdEk pS yf g;wdYk oabmudk þodzYk iG q
fh ckd o
hJ nf-
41
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 41
(1) orkwdopöm - vltrsm;wdYk ac:qdo k rkwxf m;onft h wdik ;f rSeu

f efjcif;udk orkwd
opöm[k qd\ k / þyHyk ef;o²Pmef&ad S om t&mudk vl? EGm;? jrif; ac:onf/ þyHyk ef;o²Pmef&d S
olum; a,musfm;? rdef;r? EGm;xD;? EGm;r? jrif;xD;? jrif;r ac:onf[k orkwfxm;Mu\/
vl[k orkwx f m;aomt&mudk vl[ak c:qdv k Qif orkwo d pömyifjzpf\/ EGm;[kqv kd Qif
opömrjzpfawmhay/ vltrsm;wdYk ac:qdo k rkwo
f nft h wdik ;f rSeu
f efjcif;r&S/d rde;f r[k orkwf
xm;aomt&mudk a,musfm;[kajymqdv k Qif orkwo d pömrjzpfawmhay/ þodYk orkwo d pöm
rSef rrSef a0zefqifjcifÓmPfjzihf odrSwfMu&onf/
(2) y&rw¬opöm - vltrsm;wdYk orkwx f m;aomt&mr[kwaf omfvnf; {uefxifxm;&Sd
aom oabmw&m;udk y&rw¬opöm[kq\ kd / tm½Huk kd odjcif;onf pdwrf nf\qdMk u&m
tm½Huk okd rd o
I abmonf y&rw¬tm;jzihf xif&mS ;&Sad vonf/ xdaYk Mumifh opöm[kqv kd Qif
trSeyf ifjzpfonf/ tcsrf; tyl paom qefu Y sifbuftaMumif;wdaYk Mumifh azmufjyefwwf
aom oabmudk ½kyw f &m;[kqx kd m;&m xdo
k abmw&m;rSm xif&mS ;&Sí d rSeu
f efaomaMumifh
y&rw¬opöm[k ac:qd&k avonf/ pdwf apwoduf ½kyf edAmÁ ef þw&m;av;yg;onf
y&rw¬opöm[laom trnfukd &avonf/
usrf;rpl;aom opömESpfyg;
orkwdopömESihf y&rw¬opöm þESpfyg;onf rdrdwdkYqkdif&moabmtm;jzihf trSef
csnf;omjzpf\/ avmuü wpfa,mufaomolonf- ynwfw&m;udk &nf&, G v
f suf?
vl[í l vnf;aumif;? a,musmf ;[lí vnf;aumif;? rde;f r[lívnf;aumif; xif&mS ;&So d nf/
igajymqdkaompum; rSefuefjcif;r&SdcJhaomf usrf;pl;ygap [k ajymqdkavonf/ tjcm;
wpfa,mufurl y&rw¬w&m;udk &nf&, G vf suf ]]vl[í l vnf;aumif;? a,musfm;[lí
vnf;aumif;? rde;f r[lívnf;aumif; xif&mS ;r&Sd jzpfonf/ igajymqdak ompum; rrSecf hJ
aomf usr;f pl;ygap[k ajymqdak vonf/ xdo k El pS Of ;D usr;f pl;Edik zf ,
G &f mr&Sjd zpfonf/ taMumif;
um; xdo k El pS Of ;D wdYk ajymqdMk uaompum; qefu Y sifaeaomfvnf; &nf&, G cf suftajccHrmS
udk,fh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh udk,fpD rSefuefaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
"r®puúy0wåeokwaf wmfü bk&m;&Siu f ,
kd af wmfwikd f t,kww
f &m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd &[ef;
jzpfoo
l nf rrS0D t
J yf- ponfjzihf ynwfjzpfaom &[ef;[laom toH;k tEIe;f udk a[mMum;
xm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
42
KTS 21-6-11-1
obm0opömjzpfyHk
y&rw¬opömü (1) obm0opöm
(2) t&d,mopöm[k ESpfrsdK;jyqdk&mwGif pdwf apwoduf ½kyf
edAÁmef[lí y&rw¬w&m;av;yg;&Sd&m ,if;udkyif obm0opöm[k jyqdkavonf/ y&rw¬
opömobm0tm;jzihf rSefuefjcif;aMumifh ,if;odkYac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
udk,f\csrf;omjcif;okc? pdwf\csrf;omjcif;aomreów&m;wdkYonf trSefyif
xif&Sm;&Sdaom w&m;rsm;jzpf\/ ESpfoufzG,f&mtawGUESihf awGUxd&vQif udk,fwGif okc
jzpfae\/ oabmusESpfNcdKufMu\/ tjcm;olu ESpfNcdKufzG,f&mr[kwfyg[k jiif;qdkzG,f
r&Sjd zpf\/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf ESpo f ufz,
G &f m tawGUESiahf wGUxdvQif ud, k üf csrf;om
okc txift&Sm;jzpfaeaomaMumifjh zpf\/ tvm;wlyif pdww f iG f ESpNf cdKufz,
G &f m tm½HEk iS fh
awGUBuHKvQif xdkol\pdwfü csrf;omrI{uefjzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ csrf;omrIrjzpfyg[k jiif;qdk
Edik jf cif;r&Sad y/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf pdw\
f csr;f omjcif; aomreów&m;um; trSeyf if
xif&mS ;&Sad omaMumifjh zpfonf/ þonfuykd if obm0opöm[k ac:qd&k avonf/
t&d,opömjzpfyHk
txufwiG f t&d,opömav;yg;udk tusOf;csKyfjyqdck NhJ yD;jzpfaomfvnf; t&d,m
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ oEÅmefü opömav;yg;jzpfyGm;yHkudk od&SdEdkif&ef t&d,opömjzpfay:yHkudk jyqkd
&ayonf/
ud, k cf srf;omonf okc-pdwcf srf;omonf aomreójzpfonf[k ykxZk Ofwu Ykd
,HMk unfpNJG rJajymqdMk uaomfvnf; t&d,mwd\ Yk ÓmPfü okc aomreó[k rxifrw S rf í l
'ku[ © í
l om xifjrifatmif ½Irw S yf mG ;rsm;Ny;D y,fcmG avh&MdS uonf/ xdw k &m;wdo Yk nf cPwm
twGi;f azmufjyefwwfaomw&m;rsm;omjzpfMuonf/ ykxZk Ofwo Ykd nf vlpnf;pdrf ewf
pnf;pdrw f uYkd kd csr;f om&mtppf[k xifrw S f rufarmvsu&f MdS ujcif;rSm qifjcifÓmPfenf;yg;í
wPSmavmbtm;BuD;í tjrifrSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ t&d,mwdkYonf tjrifrSef&&SdNyD;jzpfí
rnfonft h &mrqdk azmufjyef ysufp;D jcif;tNrJ&o dS nf[k qifjcifÓmPf&MdS uonf/ xdÓk mPf
udyk if t&d,mopöm[k ac:qd&k avonf/ awblruocFg&w&m;tm;vH;k onf 'kuc© sn;f om
jzpfonf/ þtodudkyif 'ku©t&d,opöm[kqdk&\/ awblruw&m;tpkjzpfaom
Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;onf 'kut © rSejf zpfaomfvnf; xdx k t kd m½Hw
k üYkd rufarmwG,w f maom
wPSmavmbonf y"metaMumif;jzpf\/ xdak vmbonf b0topfü Oyg'geu©Em¨ [k
43
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 43
qdtk yfaom 'kuu © jkd zpfapEdik af om taMumif;&if;jzpfí 'kuo

© rk', t&d,opöm[k qd&k \/
r*fÓmPf av;yg;wdkYjzihf rsufarSmufjyKtyfaom tocFw"mwf edAÁme"mwfudk t&d,m
yk*K¾d vfwu
Ykd ,
kd af wGU odjrifMuonf/ trSm;t,Gi;f r&Sd trSeo f cd MhJ uonf/ ,if;udk eda&m"
t&d,mopöm[k qdk&avonf/ xdkedAÁme"mwfodkY a&mufEdkif&ef taMumif;w&m;rSm r*¾if
&Spfyg;tusihfw&m;jzpf\/ avmukwå&mr*fcPü r*¾if&Spfyg;vHk; wpfNydKifwnf;jzpfyGm;Mu
onf/ þr*¾if&Spfyg;udkom 'ku©Nidrf;&m edAÁmefodkY oGm;a&mufaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh r*¾
t&d,mopöm[kqdk&avonf/ þtaMumif;t&mrsm;um; bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;cJhaom
a'oemawmfrsm;ü vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfí om0utqufquf oifMum;ydcYk s
pOft& azmfjytyfaom pum;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh y&d,wdåusrf;*efvmopömrsm;[k
qdk&ayrnf/
opömyg&rD
bk&m;tavmif;awmfpaom olawmfaumif;wdkY jznhfusifhcJhaom opömyg&rDrSm
ud,k w f ikd u f ,kd u
f s jznhuf sihcf MhJ uaom opömjzpfí y#dywdo å pöm[k qd&k \/ xdo k pömudyk if
opömyg&rD[ak c:qdck MhJ u\/ p&d,myd#uç Zmwuç ponfwüYkd vmaomtaMumif; txkyw Ü f
rsm;wGif tavmif;awmfwo Ykd nf rSeuf efpmG ajymqdt
k yfaompum; rcRwrf ,Gi;f trSet f wdik ;f
ajymqdt k yfaompum;udk 0pDopöm[kqo kd nf/ xdok pömudk rdro
d EÅmefü jynhpf akH tmif jznhu
f sifh
jcif;udk opömyg&rDjznho f nf[k qdx k m;avonf/ þopömpum;ukd tavmif;awmfrsm;
txl;vHv Yk jyKí jznhu f siqfh nf;yl;cJMh uaMumif; usr;f *efwüYkd azmfjyxm;avonf/ 0pDopömudk
oH;k rsdK;jyqdx k m;onfukd awGU&onf/
(1) olwpfyg;wdo
Yk nf rdrt
d m; ,HMk unfap&eftwGuf trSeaf jymMum;tyfaom
pum;udk o'´[mye0pDopöm[kac:onf/
(2) rdrt
d vd&k t
dS yfaomt&mudk jynfph akH p&eftwGuf trSeaf jymMum;tyfaom
pum;udk £pämyl&P0pDopöm[k ac:onf/
(3) r[kwfrrSefaompum;udk ajymqdkrIrSa&SmifMuOfajymqdktyfaompum;udk
rkom0d&rP0pDopöm[k ac:onf/
þodv
Yk Qif oH;k rsdK;&Sad vonf/
44
KTS 21-6-11-1
o'´[myeopöm
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf opömyg&rDjznhfusihfchJyHkudk atmufazmfjyyg
ZmwfawmfwüYkd txift&Sm;od&EdS ikd o
f nf/ xdo
k pömum; rdrt
d m; ,HMk unfap&ef ajymqdjk cif;rsKd ;
jzpfí o'´[myeopöm[k owfrw S &f avonf/
bd o Zmwf a wmf
Am&mPoDjynfwiG f bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ykÖPm;rsKd ;ü jzpfpOf tavmif;awmf\
trnfrSm r[muOöejzpf\/ nDajcmufOD; ESrESifh tapcHESpfa,mufaygif; q,fOD;om;wdkY
awmxGuMf uonf/ y'krm® Mumtdik t f eD;wGif aexdik Mf uNyD; tusihjf rwfuu kd sihaf omtm;jzihf
Mumtkid rf S Mum&Guw f u
Ykd kd a0yHu
k spepfjzihf pm;oH;k aexdik Mf uonf/ tvSnu fh swm0ef,í l
MumpG,u f kd q,fO;D pmyHx k m;NyD; a0yHu
k sxm;onft h wdik ;f ud,
k ahf 0pku,
kd , f Nl yD; pm;oH;k Mu
avonf/
odMum;rif;onf xdq k ,fO;D om;wd\ Yk tvdu k kd pl;prf;vdak omaMumifh BuD;pOfi,fvu kd f
a0pkxm;&mwGif r[muOöe\a0yHu k kd oH;k &ufu, G 0f u S x
f m;avonf/ tpfujkd zpfol r[m
uOöeonf yxr&ufwiG f owdarhí a0pkrxm;jzpfrnf[k onf;cH\/ aemuf wwd,&uf
wGif ]]ighrSm tjypf&Sdí a0pkrxm;jcif;jzpfrnf[k tjypfudkar;OD;rnf}}[k q,fOD;om;wdkY
pka0;í tpOftwdik ;f ar;jref;&m MumpG,cf ;kd olreS v f Qif tdraf xmifom;arG;ol jzpfygapownf;
ponfjzihf usdew f ,
G af jymqdMk uavonf/ xdo k w l t Ykd m;vH;k r[muOöetwGux f m;aom
MumpG,u f kd rcd;k yg[laom pum;udk ajymqdMk u&mü trSet f wdik ;f ajymqdjk cif;jzpfí 0pDopöm[k
qd&k onf/ trsm;,HMk unfr&I adS p&ef ajymqdjk cif;rsdK;jzpfí o'´[myeopöm[k qd&k avonf/
ZmwuyudÖPuedygwfbo d Zmwf
usdefpmwdkuf&aom &aohESpfyg;
[dr0EÅmüaexdik Mf uaom em&'&aohEiS fh a'0Dv&aohEpS yf g;wdoYk nf Am&mPoDNrKd U
odYk a&mufvmMu&m wpfnwmtwGuf wnf;cdZk &yfwiG f twlaexdik Mf uonf/ rawmf
wq xdcu kd rf od nfukd taMumif;jyKí a'0Dv&aohonf em&'&aohtm; usdeq f o kd nfrmS
]]aexGufvQif oifhOD;acgif; rdk;BudK;ypfí ckepfpdwfuGJygap}}[k qdk\/ em&'&Sif&aohu
jyefí usdeq f okd nfrmS ighrmS tjypfr&Sad Mumif;awmif;yefygvsuf oifusdeq
f jkd cif;jzpfonf/
tjypf&odS \
l OD;acgif;om ckepfpw d u
f yJG gap[kqakd vonf/ em&'&aohonf tbdnmOfjzifh
45
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 45
qifjcifaomtcg a'0Dv&aohOD;acgif; rdk;BudK;ypfrnf[kodaomaMumifh aerxGufatmif

[efYwm;xm;onf/ rif;ESihfjynfolwdkY pdk;&drfpdwfjzpfMuNyD; pHkprf;ap&m &aohESpfyg;
usdefpmqdkonfudk od&aomaMumifh rif;tmPmjzifh usdefpmajyatmif ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&av
onf/
("r®y't|uxmyxrwGJ wdó0w¬K/)
vlom;pm; ayg&dom&
ayg&dom&xH tzrf;cH&aom okwaomrrif;onf aejynfawmfü eEýÖ k Pm; a[m
Mum;rnfw h &m;udk em,lvakd omaMumifh eef;awmfjyefciG afh wmif;cH&m ,HMk unfz,G &f m tmrcH
pum;qdo k nfrmS eE´vv k if a[mMum;aom w&m;em,lNyD;aomtcg oifx h H ta&muf
jyefvmygrnf? rrSefpum;qdkcJhaomf þoHvsufjzifh aumif;pGm apmifha&Smuftyfaom
rif;rsdK;ü rjzpf&apownf;[k usdeq f ckd o
hJ nf/ þonfwu Ykd m; tjcm;ol ,HMk unfap&ef
ajymqdkcJhaom opömpum;rsm;jzpfí o'´[mye opöm[k trnfjyK&avonf/
(toDwdedygwfokwaomrZmwf)
£pämyl&P0pDopöm
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf rdrdtvdk&Sdtyfaomt&mudk jynhfpHkap&eftwGuf
£pämyl&P0pDopöm (yg&rD)jznhu f sihyf u
kH kd ok0ÖPomrZmwfawmfü awGU&avonf/
tavmif;awmf ok0ÖPoQet f m; yDV, d u©rif;ypfaomjrm;xdc&hJ m jrm;qdy'f Pfc&H pOfwiG f
r,fawmfyg&dumESifh crnf;awmf 'kuv l wdEYk pS Of ;D om;vk;H opömjyKcJMh uonfrmS om;jzpfol
ok0ÖPoQeo f nf a&S;u w&m;udo k musiafh vh&o dS l tusijfh rwfuukd sio
fh l trSepf um;udo k m
ajymqdo k l rdbvkyaf uR;aeol aqGBuD;rsdK;BuD;wdu Yk kd ½dak oav;pm;ol rdrw d tYdk oufxuf
ydí
k cspfojl zpfonfrmS rSeu
f efygonf? rdbESpyf g;vH;k jyKtyfaom ukov kd \f tpGr;f owdå
aMumifh jrm;qdyu f if;aysmufygapownf;[k 0pDopömjyKMuavonf/
tavmif;awmfo0k ÖPoQet f m; arG;cgpt&G,rf pS í xde;f odr;f vsuf om;&if;yrm
oHa,mZOf&o dS l awmifapmifeh wforD; A[koEk &´ u D vnf; ]]*E¨rm'eawmifü tcsdeMf umpGm
aexdik cf &hJ mwGif ok0ÖPoQex f uf ydvk eG cf spt
f yforl &Syd g? þpum;rSev f Qif tqdyjf y,fygap
ownf;/ þawmif&dS opfyif[o l rQonf eHo Y myifrsm;omjzpfygonf/ þpum; rSeu f ef
ygvQif ok0ÖPoQe\ f jrm§ ;qdyaf ysmufuif;ygapownf;[k opömjyKav&m tavmif;awmf
onf vsijf refpmG tqdyu f if;aysmufomG ;cJah vonf/ xdo k o
l ;kH OD;wdpYk um;rSm ok0ÖPoQef
46
KTS 21-6-11-1
tqdyfuif;aysmufapa&; tvdkqE´jynhf0ap&ef ajymqdkjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh £pämyl&P

0pDopöm[k ac:qd&k avonf/
(Zmwu r[medygwf ok0ÖPomrZmwf)
yifv,fa&aMumif;jy\ 0pDopöm
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf yifv,fa&aMumif;jyb0jzihf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;
jyKpOf yifv,fwGif;ü avrkefwdkif;rdí oabFmom;rsm;ESifhtwl aoab;ESihf&ifqdkif&av
onf/ xdt k cg opömpum;qdo k nfrmS igonf olt Y oufukd rowfpbl;? olwpfyg;Opömudk
cdk;,ljcif;rjyKpbl;? olwpfyg;tdrf,m vGefusL;rIrjyKpbl;? vdrfnmpum; rajymqdkpbl;?
t&ufaopm aomufpm;jcif;rjyKpbl; þtrSepf um;ajymqd&k jcif;aMumifh rdrEd iS o fh abFm
om;tm;vH;k rkew f ikd ;f ab;rS uif;vGwNf y;D ae&yfa'ookYd csr;f ompGma&muf&ygapownf;[k
opömpum;ajymqdk&m nwGif;csif;yif rdrdwdkYaexdkif&mt&yfodkY (uk½kupä&Gm) jyefa&mufcJh
aMumif; okygÜ &uZmwfü jyqdx k m;avonf/
rsufpdvSLaom od0drif;opöm
od0rd if;onf rdrrd supf t d pHuk kd vSLvdak omqE´jyif;jyvsu&f o dS nf/ odMum;rif;onf
tvSLcHa,mifaqmifí rsufpdESpfzufudkyif tvSLcH&m bk&m;tavmif;awmfod0drif;u
vSL'gef;vdu k af vonf/ rsufuef;bk&ifb0jzihf raevdí k aovdak Mumif;ajymqd&k m odMum;
rif;u opömpum; ajymMum;&ef tBuHjyKonf/ xdt k cg od0b d &k if opömpum;qdo k nfrmS -
]]tvSLcHvmolwt Ykd m; cspcf ifEpS o
f ufyg\/ rsuv f ;kH tpHk tvSLcHaom ykÖPm;udv k nf;
cspfcifEpS o
f ufyg\/ þtrSepf um;udk ajymqd&k jcif;aMumifh rsufpEd pS u f iG ;f tvif;&ygap
ownf;}}[k 0pDopömjyK&m rsufpdESpfuGif;yif tvif;&&SdcJhonf/
(0Dowdeyd gwf od0Zd mwfawmf)
rdk;&Gmap&ef opömpum;ajymqdk
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf a&ü usufpm;aom ig;trsdK;ü jzpfavonf/ ig;wdkY
aexdik &f m a&uefonf ae&Sed t f ylveG í
f rd;k acgifNy;D uefa&cef;ajcmufvQif us;D iSuw
f o
Ykd nf
ig;rsm;udk xdk;qdwfpm;aomufjcif;cH&onf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfig;rif;onf aqGrsdK;wdkY
ysufpD;rnfudk pdk;&drfpdwfjzpfvsuf 0pDopömjyKcJhonfrSm- ]]igonf Zmwfwlom;udk Edkif&m
pm;aom ig;rsdK;ü jzpf&aomfvnf; qefapht&G,&f dS ig;i,fuykd if pm;cJjh cif;r&Syd g/ þrSeu f ef
47
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 47
aom pum;aMumifh rd;k &GmoGe;f ygapownf;}}[k þopömpum;jzihyf if rd;k onf onf;xefpmG

&GmoGef;avonf/ p&d,myd#uygVdawmf p&d,myd#u 416/ {uedygwfrpäZmwfü-
,awm o&mrd twåmeH? ,awm yawåmod® 0dñkwH/
embdZmemrd oOdöpö? {uygPrdÜ [ðodwH/
{awe opö0aZÆe/ yZÆKaEém tbd0ówk/ / [k jyqdkcJhavonf/
iHk;rif;opömjyKí awmrD;Nidrf;
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf EkpOfb0wGiif ;kH rsdK;üjzpfonf/ todu k tf wGi;f Orrnf
tawmifraygufb0 tawmifjzihf rysHEikd ?f ajcjzihf roGm;Edik af omt&G,w f iG f awmrD;BuD;
avmif&m rdbESpOf ;D vH;k xGuaf jy;oGm;Muavonf/ iH;k rif;onf toufab;rS vGwaf jrmuf
Edkifaom tcGihftvrf;udk rjrif&aomaMumifh opömw&m;rSwpfyg; tm;udk;&mr&SdNyD[k
qifjcifvsuf þodYk opömpum;qdak vonf- ]]ighrmS tawmif&adS omfvnf; rysEH ikd af o;yg?
ajcESpaf csmif;&Sad omfvnf; roGm;Edik af o;yg? rdb&Sad omfvnf; pGecf mG í ud,
k vf w G x
f u
G af jy;
Muonf/ þrSeu f efaomopömpum;aMumifh avmifaeaom awmrD;Nird ;f ygapownf;}}[k
opömqd&k m awmrD;onf csufcsif;a&SmifuiG ;f oGm;&avonf/
(p&d,myd#uESihf 0¥uZmwfawmf)
trSefpum;ajymí a>rqdyfaysmuf
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf uPS'Dyg,e&aohb0jzihf vltjzpf&&Sdavonf/
wpfaeYwGif ausmif;'g,um r@AsESihf ZeD;jzpfolESihf om; ,n'wåwdkY q&m&aohxH
vma&mufí tazsmf&nfuyfvLS Muonf/ om;i,f,n'wåonf uav;bm0 *sifayguf
upm;&m *sifonf a>r&SdaomwGif;odkYusoGm;onf/ *sifudkwGif;rSjyefEIduf&m a>rudkufcH&
avonf/ ,n'wåa>rqdyw f uf arharsmae&m tarjzpfou l aq;ukay;&ef &aohtm;
ajymqdk&m a>raq; ighrSmr&Sd? opömjyKtHh[kqdkí ]]igonf vlYabmifudkNiD;aiGUí ckepfESpfrQ
om aysmfarGUcJoh nf/ ,aeYwikd f ESpaf ygif; 50 MumNyD;aemuf raysmfarGUcJh atmift
h ;D aecJ&h ol
jzpfonf/ þpum;rSeu f efygu oli,f\touf csrf;omygap[k opömjyKonf/ &ifñeG Yf
txufyikd ;f tqdyaf vsmusum ajrod0Yk ifavonf/
&aohum; ighopömtpGrf;um; þrQom&Sdonf? oifwdkYopömjyKukpm;ygavmh[k
wdu
k wf eG ;f aomtcg tazjzpfoo l nf þodo Yk pömjyKavonf/ ]]uREyfk o
f nf tvSLcHwt Ykd m;
48
KTS 21-6-11-1
Munfñpkd w
d rf &Sçd ESpo
f ufjcif;vnf;r&Sb
d J [efaqmifae&NyD; rvSLvdb
k EJ iS v
fh LS cJ&h onf/
þpum; rSeu f efygu om;i,ftqdyaf ysmufuif;ygapownf;}}[k qdv k Qif cg;txufyikd ;f &Sd
tqdyrf sm; avsmusum ajrod0Yk ifavonf/
tarjzpfou
l m; opömjyKaq;uk&efajymqdv k Qif ]]uRefawmfronf om;tm; uduk f
aoma>rudk rke;f ovdk om;&JUtazudrk ek ;f cJyh gonf/ þrSeaf omopömpum;aMumifh tqdyf
vH;k 0aysmufygapownf;}}[k qdv k Qif ud, k rf t
S qdytf m;vH;k ajrod0Yk ifavonf/
uPSm'Dyg,eZmwfawmfvmtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk qifjcifvQif opömqdkaom
t&if;cHtaMumif;t&mrSm aumif;aomt&mrsm;r[kwof nfukd awGU&onf/ ukov kd rf [kwf
aomfvnf; vQdKU0Sufxm;&aom taMumif;t&mudk &J0HhpGm trSeftwdkif; ajymqdkMujcif;
jzpfonf/ þZmwfawmfudkaxmufí ukodkvfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; rrSefruefajymvQif 0pD
opömrjzpfEdkif? raumif;aomt&mjzpfaomfvnf; trSeftwdkif;ajymqdkvQif 0pDopömjzpf
aMumif; xif&mS ;vSayonf/
opömwefcdk;trsdK;rsdK;
wðoedygwf orÁKvmZmwfü tdraf &SUrif;orD;\ opömpum;aMumifh aomwda¬ oe
rif;om;\ Elema&m*gaysmufuif;jcif;?
r[medygwf awrd,Zmwfü r,fawmfpE´ma'0Donf oDvaqmufwnfíopömjyK
aomaMumifh tavmif;awmf awrdrif;om;zGm;jrifí om;qk&cJhjcif;?
r[medygwf ZeuúZmwfawmfü tdrfa&SUrif; aygvZeu\ opömpum;aMumifh
oHajcusif;rsm;uRwfum tcsKyfaESmiftdrfwHcg; yGihfí xGufoGm;Edkifjcif;?
u|0g[eZmwfawmfü bk&ifrif;jrwfonf aus;vufawm&Gmol trsdK;orD;ESifh
acwåaygif;oif;&m om;wpfa,mufarG;zGm;í aejynfawmfodkY a&mufvmaom trdESihf
om;udk vufcv H jkd cif;r&Sad omaMumifh rdrEd iS fh rnforYkd QywfoufcjhJ cif; r&S[
d k jiif;qdak eonf
udk ]]opm,H 'g&aum wkarS y#dpö Zmawm? tmumao wd|wk aem ap blrd,H
ywdwmG r&wk}}
]]þoli,fonf toifEiS afh ygif;zufí arG;zGm;vmaomom;jzpfygonf/ þpum;
rSefuefcJhaomf aumif;uifüwnfygap? rrSefuefcJhaomf ajrrSmusí aoapownf;}}[k
opömpum;qdí k ajcESpaf csmif;udik vf suf aumif;uifoYkd ypfajrm§ ufvu kd o
f nf/ rSeu f efaom
aMumifh aumif;uifü wnfavonf/ þodaYk umif;uifü wnfjcif;/
49
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 49
r[muyÜed bk&ifonf trwfwpfaxmifEiS t fh wl jrif;uk, d pf pD ;D vsuf bk&m;&Sif

&S&d mokYfd xGuv f mMu&m vrf;c&D;tMum;ü ty&pämjrpfuu dk ;l &ef tcuftcJEiS Bfh uHKawGU&vQif
Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emukyd mG ;rsm;Ny;D aemuf ]]bk&m;&Sio f nf b0oH;k cGiaf &jyifus,u f dk ul;ajrmuf
NyD;olreS u f efaomf c&D;vrf;ajzmihyf gapownf;}}[k opömjyKvsuf jzwfu;l Mu&m jrif;rsm;
ausmufzsmay:ajy;oGm;&ovkd a&pGwpf jdk cif;r&Sb d J ul;oGm;Ekid cf MhJ uonf/ edv0g[dejD rpfudk
ul;&mü w&m;*kPaf wmf pE´bm*gjrpfuu dk ;l &mü oHCm*kPaf wmfrsm;ukd yGm;rsm; opömpum;
ajymqkí d ul;jzwfMu&m ausmufzsmay:okaYd jy;oGm;ouJo h Ykd ul;oGm;Ekid cf MhJ uonf/ a&jyif
onf ajrtjyifuo hJ jYkd zpfjcif;? þtaMumif;t&mwku Yd m; £pämyl&P0pD opömrsm;jzpfay:cJyh kH
jyqkd&jcif;jzpfonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfwkdY ajymaompum;
þpum;&yfww Ydk iG f bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;onf olwpfyg;wdu Yk rdrd t
d ay: r,Hk
rMunf &Srd nfudk pd;k &dr&f aomtaMumif;ESifh BuHKqHak omtcgrSom o'´[myeopömukd
ajymqkdcJhMuonf/
tvm;wlyif rdrdrSm vkdvm;tyfaom taMumif;udpöay:vmaomtcg xkd
rdrvd v
kd m;aom taMumif;udpjö ynh0f ap&ef £pämyl&Popömudk ajymqkcd MhJ uonfudk awGU&
avonf/ vkv d m;tyfaom taMumif;udprö &Sv d Qif ajymqkad vhr&SMd uay/ rkom0d&rP0pD
opömukrd l tpOftNrJ vufpjJG yKjznhu f sihaf wmfrMl u\/ þopömuko d m bk&m;tavmif;awmf
tpOftNrJ jznfu h sifah omopömjzpfí yg&rDq,fyg;wGif yg0ifaom opömyg&rDudk jznfu h sihf
cJhaMumif; usrf;*efrsm;ü zGihfjyxm;Muonf/
opö0gpH tEk&u©aEÅm? p&dwGm rr ZD0dwH?
armapoð {uowH cwåda,? {omaropöyg&rD/
{0H ZD0dwH pZdwGm opörEk&u©EÅó opöyg&rdwm y&rw¬yg&rdemr Zmwm/
t|omvdeDt|uxm (ESm-74)ü bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf toufukdpGefYí
opömyg&rD jznhfusihfyHkukd jyqkdxm;onf/ y&rw¬opömyg&rDjzpfatmif jznhfusihfcJhaom
Zmwfawmfrsm;pGm&Sd&mwGif r[mokwaomrrif;\ opömyg&rDjznhfusihfyHkudk rif;uGef;
wdyd#uq&mawmf OD;0dpdwåom&\ r[mAk'¨0if yxrwGJyxrykdif; yg&rDawmfcef;ü
tus,fziG jfh yxm;onf/ tusOf;csKyfrmS þokjYd zpfonf/
50
KTS 21-6-11-1
y&rw¬opöyg&rD
opömyg&rDESihfpyfí t|omvdeDt|uxm Ak'¨0ift|uxmwkdYü ayg&dom'xH
jyefvmcJhygrnf[k 0efcHxm;cJhonhftwkdif; toufukdpGefYí rdrdpum;rSefuefatmif apmihf
a&Smufaom r[mokwaomrrif;\ opöyg&rDonf y&rw¬yg&rDjzpfaMumif; zGihfqkdukef
\/ r[mokwaomrrif;\ taMumif;t&mwGif opömqkdjcif;u ayg&dom'xHrSmjzpfí
xkdokdYqkd½HkrQjzihf opömudpörNyD;qHk;ao;? NyD;qHk;atmif txajrmufap&ef aemufxyf
apmihaf &Smuf&ao;\/ jyefcyhJ grnf[q k cdk o
hJ nht f wkid ;f £Eýw¬NrKd UawmfoaYdk &mufNy;D rS wpfzef
jyefvmawmfr&l \/ okjYd zpfí a&S;OD;pGm ayg&dom'xHrmS igjyefcyhJ grnf[q k pdk Ofu toufudk
pGefYvTwf&rl rxif&Sm;ao;/ £Eýw¬NrdKUawmfrSwpfzef rdrdopömukd apmifha&Smufaomtm;
jzihf jyefvmaomtcgrSom toufupdk eG v Yf w
T &f rl xif&mS ;ay\/ xkaYd Mumihf t|uxmrsm;ü
ZD0w
d H pZdwmG opöm rEl&u©EÅó = toufupkd eG v Yf w
T u
f m opömukd apmihaf omrif;\/
[líom jyqko d nf/ ZD0w d H pZdwmG opöH bPEÅó=toufupdk eG í Yf opömpum;ukq d adk om
rif;\ [lí rzGihfqkdcJhacs/
þopömyg&rDü jyKtyfaomopömukd taMumif;cHum vkdtyfaom t&mukd
awmifhwvQif &&SdjynhfpHkapEkdifaom owå d&Sdjcif;onf a&S;yg&rDrsm;xuf xl;uJvS\/
ra[mokwaomrZmwf *gxm trSwf 62-vnf;-
a, aupd ar tw¬ &om yxAsm?
opöH awoH om"kw&H &omeH/
ajrjyifwpf0eS ;f ü tvH;k pHak om t&omrsdK;wk&Yd MdS u&m xkt d &omwkw Yd iG f opömonf
omvQif tcsKd Nred q f ;kH aom t&omjzpfonf[í l a[mawmfral omaMumihf csKd Nred v f pS mG aom
opömt&omukd oH;k aqmifEidk Mf u&ef xufoefpmG BudK;ukwt f m;xkwMf uuke&f mownf;/
0d"l&trwfajymqkdaom y&rw¬opöm
aum&Asrif;ESifh ykÖPubDv;l wdYk a<utefrupm;zkYd uwdu0wftjzpf avmif;aMu;
xyfMuonfrSm-
bk&if½;HI vQif rif;\uk,
d f rdz&k m;BuD;ESifh xD;jzLukcd sev
f yS í
f useyf pön;f udk ykÖPu
awmif;cGijfh yKonf/ ykÖPu½I;H vQif raemr,ywå jrm;ESihf pD;awmf,mOf tmZmenfjrif;ukd
,lciG &fh o
dS nf/ uwdjyKNy;D a<utefupm;&m ykÖPuyif tEkid &f aomaMumihf tvk&d &dS mukd
,lrnf[q k v
dk Qif 0d"&l trwftm; &vkad Mumif; awmif;cHonf/ iguk, d yf idk rf [kwaf ví
ay;cGihfr&Sd? [kwfr[kwf 0d"l&trwftm; ar;jref;Mu&m avmuü opömw&m;ESihfwlaom
51
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 51
rSDckdtm;xm;&m r&Sdonfjzpfí rSefuefaompum;ukdom igajymqkdoihfonf[k BuHpnfNyD;

uRefav;rsdK;&Sd&mwGif wwd,wef;pm; tvkdvdkvmí uRefcHoljzpfygaMumif; ajzMum;
vku d o f nf/ þopömum; rkom0d&rP 0pDopömjzpfonf/ opömudpö þwGiNf yD;ajrmufae
aomfvnf; ykÖPuonf 0d"&l trwftm; tydik &f vQif owfvu kd owfEikd o
f nf[k BudKwif
od&v dS suf toufuikd u
hJ u
G jf cif;r&Sd ajymqdck jhJ cif;jzpfí y&rw¬opömyg&rDyif jzpfoiho
f nf
[k rif;uGe;f wdy#d uq&mawmf tqdjk yKavonf/
aomuf½I;Mu,fyrm 0pDopöm
a&S;a&S;bk&m;tavmif;awmfwo Ykd nfvnf; 0d"&l trwfBuD;uJo h Ykd rkom;pum;ajymqdk
jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;wnf;[laom rkom0dr&Popömudk tNrJtm;xkwaf wmfrcl o hJ nf/
wpf&w H pfcgpum;ajymqd&k ef BuHKBudKuf&mwGif tu,fírjzpfraeajymqdv k Qif rkom;pum;
udok m ajymqd&k rnfjzpfonft h wGuf vH;k 0rajymrqdb k J opömoabmudo k m apmihaf &Smuf
vdo
k jzihf pum;rajymrqdk qdwq f w
fd af eMuonf/ xdo k Ykd EIw>f rufajymqdjk cif;r&Sad omaMumifh
0pDopömpifppfrjzpf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; rkom0g'rS a&SmifMuOfjcif; 0d&wdopömomjzpf\/
þopömonf 0pDopöm[kac:qdo k ifah vonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfwo Ykd nf b0qufwikd ;f
trSepf um;udo k m ajymqdck MhJ uí opömyg&rDukd jznhu f sihaf wmfrcl MhJ uonf/ þuHig;yg;wGif
rkom0g'rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;udk toufwrQ jrwfE;kd awmfrMl uaMumif; ay:vGiv f suf&o dS nf/
Zmwu t|uxm yxrwG(J ESm-28)ü t&Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmo jyqdx k m;onfrmS
þodkYjzpfonf/
toed,m rw¬au ywrmem,yd "em'DeH tw¬m, qE´m'd0aoe orÜZme
rkom0g'H emr rmumod/ ,xm [d Moo"d wm&umemr oAÁOwlok twåaem
*re0Dxð Z[dwGm tnm, 0Dxd,m e *päwd? ou0Dxd,m0 *päwd? {0 ar0 wGrdÜ
opöH y[m, rkom0g'H emr tua&maEÅma,0 Aka'¨g b0dówd/
aomMumMu,fonf rdro d mG ;Nrv
J rf;rS wdr;f apmif;ajymif;vTjJ cif;r&S?d wnfrh wfajzmihf
wef;pGm oGm;onfhenf;wl ajzmihfrwfpGm ajymqdkrS opömjzpfonf[k jyqdkvdk&if;jzpf\/
xdaYk Mumifh aomuf½;I Mu,frnfonf tvH;k pHak omOwkwüYkd rdro d mG ;NrJvrf;udpk eG u
Yf m tjcm;
vrf;jzihf roGm;rlí tajzmiho f moGm;avh&o dS uJoh Ykd bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf rd;k BudK;oGm;
OD;acgif;ay:usrnf/ pD;yGm;&rnf t*wdvu kd v f Qif Opöm&rnf paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh
vdrn f mpum; ajymqdjk cif;jyKavhr&S[
d k rdef MYf um;cJah vonf/ t|omvde(D 51)ygVZmwf t|
uxm(29)ü-
52
KTS 21-6-11-1
,xmyd Moo"Demr? wkvm blwm oa'0au/

ora,Owk0aó0g? e a0guúrwd 0Dxad wm/
wax0 wGrÜd oapöo?k rm a0guúrmod 0Dxad wm/
opömyg&rDw*H EÉÉ m? oarÁm"ð ygykPdóod/ /
þodYk *gxmjzihf jyqdxk m;onfukd awGU&\/
a&m*gaysmuf tiwfjyóemuif;&Sif;cJhyHk
jrefrmEdik if o H nf ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moemudk ud;k uG,, f MkH unfotl rsm;pk aexdik o
f nhf
EdkifiHjzpfonf/ bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;rS xkwfEIwfí vli,fvl&G,frsm; EIwfiHkaqmif&ef
twGuf y&dwBf uD;(11)okwu f kd a&S;ynm&Sw d Ykd pDpOfcMhJ uonf/ y&dwaf wmf(11)okww f iG f
&weokw[ f k yg&So d nf/ bk&m;&Sivf ufxufawmfu a0omvDjynfü uyfo;kH yg;qdu k u f yf
ae&m yaysmufap&eftwGuf bk&m;&Sifudk yihfaqmifcJhMuonf/
&Sitf meE´monf bk&m;&Six f rH S &weokwu f kd oifMum;NyD; a0omvDjynf wHwikd ;f
oH;k xyfMum; nvH;k ayguf&w G zf wfawmfr&l m uyfo;kH yg;yaysmufczhJ ;l onfukd Ak'b ¨ mom0if
rsm; od&MdS uNyD;jzpfonf/ ,aeYwikd f &weokwyf &dw f af wmfukd tEÅ&m,fuif;tjzpf &Gwzf wf
aeqJjzpfonf/
&weokwaf wmfüyg&Sad om taMumif;t&mtusO;f csKyfrmS Ak'*¨ P k af wmf "r®*Pk af wmf
oHC*kPaf wmfwo Ykd nf vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwdYk ESpo f uftm;&rIjzpfapaom jrwfE;kd zG,&f m
&wemrsm;jzpfaMumif; zGJUqdkvsuf/ {awe oapöe ok0wdå a[mwk= þrSeu f efaom
pum;aMumifh owå0gawG csrf;omMuygap[k opömjyKjcif;jzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESihf &[EÅmBuD;rsm; a&m*gaysmufcJh
bk&m;&Sio f nf &mZN*dK[fjynf a0VK0efausmif;ü oDwif;oH;k vsuf&o dS nf/ &Sirf [m
uóyrax&fonf ydyÜvdvdkPf*lü oDwif;oHk;&m rusef;rrmjzpfaeonf/ bk&m;&Sif
ud,
k af wmfwikd f <ua&mufawmfrNl y;D aAmZÑio f w k u f kd a[mMum;awmfral omaMumifh &Sirf [m
uóyü pGJuyfaoma&m*g tjrpfjywfaysmufuif;cJhzl;onf/
&Sirf [marm*¾vmefrax&fonf *dZu Ñ w k af wmifü oDwif;oH;k &m rusef;rrmjzpfí
bk&m;&Siuf , kd af wmfwikd f <ua&mufNyD; aAmZÑiof w k uf kd a[mMum;awmfral omaMumifh pGu J yf
aeaoma&m*g tjrpfjywfaysmufuif;cJhzl;onf/
53
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 53
wpfcsdew
f iG f bk&m;&Siu
f ,kd af wmfwikd f rusef;rrmjzpfaomtcgwGif &Siof m&dyw
k &å m
rax&f\ nDawmf &SifpkEúdk aAmZÑifokwfudk &GwfzwfapNyD; bk&m;&Sif em,lcJhonf/
0rf;omtm;&&SdawmfrlaomaMumifh a&m*gaysmufuif;cJh&onf/
xdktaMumif;t&mwdkYudk *gxmAE¨zGJUNyD; a&S;a&S;aom t&SifjrwfBuD;rsm;onf
aAmZÑiyf &dwaf wmftjzpf owfrw S x f m;cJMh uNyD; tpOftquf &Gwq f v
kd suf? {awe oapöe
ok0wåd a[mwk [k opömjyK&Gwfzwfavh&Sd&m a&m*ga0'emrsm; aysmufuif;cJhMuaMumif;
rSwfwrf;rsm;pGmxm;&SdcJhMuonfudk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; od&SdNyD;jzpfonf/
tvG,fwulrD;zGm;apjcif;
y&dwaf wmf (11)okww f iG f t*Fv k rd mv y&dwaf wmfyg0ifvsuf&\ dS / rZdrÑ edum,f
rZdrÑ yÖPmoygVdawmf ESm(306)ü oH*g,emrax&frsm; xnho f iG ;f xm;cJoh nf/ t*Fv k rd mv
onf vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfNyD; vlta&twGuo f Ed ikd &f ef vufnK§d ;udjk zwfí BudK;ESifh
oDu;kH um vnfyif;wGif pGyx f m;oljzpfaomaMumifh t*Fv k rd mv vufnK§d ;yef;&So d [ l k
trnfwGifonf/
tarudyk if owfjzwfawmhrnfqq J J bk&m;&Si<f uvmNy;D acRcRwaf wmfr&l m aemifw
w&m;&um &[ef;jyKcJo h nf/ t&d,mtjzpf ra&mufao;bJ ur®|mef;w&m;tm;xkwv f Qif
vltrsm;owfjzwfcsdeu f trlt&mrsm;udk jyefjrifae&aomaMumifh orm"dr&jzpfaeonf/
qGr;f cH<uaomtcg qGr;f avmif;olr&Sjd zpfaeonf/ owfjzwfc&H olw\ Ykd aqGrsKd ;rsm; pdwef m
aomaMumifh wkwf cJwdkYjzihf ypfaygufjcif;cH&\/ temw&aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfcJh&\/ om;
rzGm;Edik af om trsdK;orD;udjk rif&vQif u½kPmjzpfay:vmNyD; bk&m;&Sit f m;avQmufxm;&m
,awm[H b*ded-paom opömpum;jzihf vlemtm; arwåmydkY &Gwfzwf&ef oifMum;ay;
awmfrlonf/
]],awm[H b*ded t&d,m, Zmwd,m Zmawm embdZmemrd oOdöpöygPH
ZD0w d ma0ga&maywm awe oapöe aomwd¬ aw a[mwk aomwd¬ *AÇó}}=igonf
t&d,mjzpfaomaeYrpS í owå0gwdu Yk kd aoapvdak ompdwjf zihf rowfjzwfb;l ay? þopöm
pum;aMumifh oifwo Ykd m;trdEpS af ,muf\ csrf;omjcif;onf jzpfapownf;}}[k opöm
jyKvQif aumif;rGepf mG om;zGm;í om;trdEpS af ,mufv;kH csrf;omMuaMumif;vm&So d nf/
&Sirf [mAk'a¨ CmozGijfh yonfrmS -,awm t[H b*ded oAÁñk Ak'ó ¨ t&d,m,
Zmwd,m Zmawm wd opöu&d , d H tumod? o[opö0aZÆae0 "rum&Pawm rkwOå 'uH
0d, 'g&aum edu©rd/ rmwmykwåmeH aomwd¬ ta[mod/ «rZdrÑ yÖPmo t|uxm ESm-
233»
54
KTS 21-6-11-1
zGm;vlemrsm;tm; aq;ukay;jcif;r[kwf
bk&m;&Sio f nf t*Fv k rd mvrax&ftm; þy&dwaf wmfoifMum;ay;Ny;D aq;ukcikd ;f &m
rusygavm¿ [k ar;zG,&f \ dS / opömqdí k aq;ukojcif;r[kwaf Mumif;udk &Sirf [mAk'¨
aCmo u þodYk zGijfh yxm;avonf-
ax&H 'domG rEkóm bDwm yvm,EdÅ axa&m bdum© [ma&e udvrwd?
orP"r®H umwHk e oauúmwd/ wó tEk*a¾ [e opöu&d , d H uma&od/ {0H ud&ó
ta[mod/ £'ged ud& t*Fv k rd mvawåa&m arwåpw d åH y#dvbdwmG opöu&d , d m,
rEkómeH aomwdb å m0H ua&mwDwd rEkómax&H OyouFrw d AHÁ rndóEÅ?d wawm
bdu[ © ma&e tudvraEÅm orP"r®H umwHk oudó © wD wd tEk*a¾ [e opöu&d , d H
uma&od/ e[d opöu&d , d m a0ZÆurH® a[mwd-
t*Fvk rd mvrax&fukd vlawGjrifvQif aMumuf&UHG xGuaf jy;Muonf/ qGr;f cH<uvQif
qGr;f r&aomaMumifh yifyef;&onf/ w&m;tm;xkwrf &jzpf&onf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf t*Fv k d
rmvrax&ftm; csD;ajr§mufawmfrv l í
kd 0pDopöm&Gwqf akd pjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg t*Fv k d
rmvonf cspcf ifpw d xf m;wwfNy;D 0pDopömtvkyjf zihf vlom;awG csr;f omatmif jyKaeNyw D hJ
[k Mum;vQif vltrsm; rax&fteD;uyf0HhvmMurnf/ qGrf;cH&mü qGrf;7vG,fí yifyef;
qif;&Jjcif;r&Sd? &[ef;w&m;tm;xkwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k jrifawmfrlaomaMumifh cGihfjyKcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ 0pDopömjyKapí aq;ukojcif;rjzpfaMumif; tus,f&Sif;jycJhonf/
,aeYawGU&onfh xdkifcHkae&m
t*Fv
k rd mvrax&f opömjyKaomae&mü xdik cf jkH yKvkyx f m;Mu\/ om;rzGm;Edik af om
wd&pämefrudk,laqmifNyD; xdkcHkrSmxm;vQif tvG,fwul zGm;jrifEdkifonf/ tm;enf;aeí
aqmif,&l efrjzpfvQif cHak q;&nfu, kd Nl y;D acgif;rSmavmif;vQif csucf si;f zGm;Edik o
f nf/ tjcm;
a&m*grsm;vnf; aysmufuif;avh&o dS nf/ t*Fv k rd mvy&dw&f w
G qf akd eaomae&mum; urÇm
wnfoa&GU wnf&rdS nhaf e&mjzpfonf[k zGijfh yxm;&m ,cktcsed w f iG f tdE,´d Edik if H om0wdN¬ rKd U
a[mif; aumoveef;awmf&m0if;twGi;f ü a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerS xde;f odr;f xm;aom
t*Fvk rd mvapwDac: ygupfu#k t D aqmuftOD;tv,fwnhw f nhf vdP k t f wGi;f ae&myif
jzpfonf/
oD [ d k V f u Ref ;
tar&ifom;uifqma&m*gaysmufuif;apol
bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpH0ifNyD;aemuf ESpf 235-ckwGif &Sifr[mr[dE´rax&fonf
oD&v
d uFmEdik if aH c: oD[Vdk u
f Ref;okYd omoemjyK<uvmcsderf pS í Ak'o
¨ moemawmf t&Snf
55
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 55
wnfapcJo h nf/ apm&uausmif;wku d üf oDwif;oH;k aom r[mrdwårax&fonf rdcif\

&ifom;ü tqdyt f idk ;f temaygufae&m orD;jzpfol bduK© eDrukd aq;awmif;vTwo f nf/
igonf aq;½d;k ½k;d ukd rodyg/ aq;tjzpf a&m*gukenf;ukd ajymMum;vku d rf nf/ &[ef;jyKcsed rf S
pí ,aeYtxd &m*pdwfjzihf trsdK;orD;rsm;ukd rMunhfzl;yg/ þrSefaomopömpum; qkd&
jcif;aMumihf igYrdcifü pGJuyfaeaom a&m*gaysmufuif;í rdcifcsrf;omygapownf;/
þpum; rdcifa&SUrSm >rufqydk gav[k rSmMum;av\/ rax&f\trSmpum;twkid ;f ajymqkd
av&m rdcifBuD;\ tkdif;temonf a&jr§KyfpkdifuJhokdY ausysufum csrf;om&m&cJhaMumif;
0do'k rd̈ *f t|uxm oDveda'ótcef;ü zGijfh yxm;avonf/
nDi,fopömjyKí rdcifa&m*gaysmuf
oD[Vdk uf Ref;rSmyif trsdK;orD;wpfO;D ü a&m*gpGu J yf&m ,if;temaysmuf&eftwGuf
,keo f m;tpkd vwfvwfqwfqwf&rS aysmufuif;rnf[k aq;q&majymqkad vonf/
om;BuD;jzpfoo l nf nDi,f Z*¾eukd v,fawmoGm;NyD; ,ke&f mS &ef apvTwo f nf/ ,kef
wpfaumifonf Z*¾eukjd rifvQif ajy;oGm;av&m EG,yf ifüNidaomaMumihf aMumuf&UHG aom
toHjzihf atmfjrnfavonf/ þ,keif ,ftoufEiS fh rdcif\touf vJv, S jf cif;um;
w&m;vrf;rusjzpfonf[k qifjcifNyD; ,keu f zdk rf;,ljcif;rjyKbJ ab;rJv
h w
T v
f suf tdro f Ykd
jyefavonf/ tpfujkd zpfou l Ncrd ;f ajcmufqqJ adk v&m nDjzpfol Z*¾eonf rdcifteD;oGm;Ny;D
0pDopömqko d nfrmS ]]igonf vljzpfcsderf pS í aoapvkad ompdwjf zihf olwpfyg;toufudk
rowfczhJ ;l ay/ þ0pDopömpum; ajymqk&d jcif;aMumihf rdcifjzpfoül pGu J yfaeaom a&m*g
aysmufuif;csrf;omygap}}[k qkdavonf/ xdkcPüyif rdcifa&m*gaysmuf csrf;omcJh
avonf/ t|omvdet D |uxm pdwåKyÜg'u@ 'Gg&uxmtzGiüfh jyxm;avonf/
a&S;acwfjrefrmq&mawmfBuD;rsm;opöm
0pDopömpum;>rufqí dk a&m*gaysmufuif;yHrk sm;ukd bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmfro S nf
oD[kdVfuRef;t|uxmusrf;jyK &Sifr[mAk'äCmo &Sif"r®ygv paom t&SifjrwfwdkY
vufxuftxd jzpf&yfrsm;pGm&Scd o hJ nf/ om"utjzpf tusO;f csKyfudk azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf;/
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f 0pDopömjzihf rif;ESiw
fh uG y&dowfrsm;,HMk unfap&eftwGuf 0pDopömpum;
qkíd oufaoxlcahJ omtjzpftysurf sm; ajrmufjrm;pGm&Scd o hJ nf/ omoem0ifusr;f rsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;aom tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd awGU&onf/
yk*HiSufypfawmifq&mawmf opömpum;
yk*jH ynf e&ywdpnforl if;BuD;vufxufwiG f iSuyf pfawmifq&mawmf t&Siyf @d
rax&fonf tusio fh v
D ESijfh ynhpf NkH y;D psmevmbD&[EÅm[k xifay:ausmMf um;onf/ ,kwrf m
56
KTS 21-6-11-1
aom trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufonf a,m*DrtoGiaf qmifí 15-&ufcefrY Q iSuyf pfawmif

ausmif;teD; aexkdifNyD; tdrfjyefvmonf/ rdrdESihf iSufypfawmifq&mawmfwdkY usL;usL;
vGev f eG jf zpfcahJ Mumif; wD;wk;d 0g'jzef7Y m vltrsm;,HMk unfaomaMumihf rif;ESiw fh uG oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; zdwaf c:onf/ y&dowfrsm;ESit fh wl {&m0wDjrpfqyd o
f aYdk c:oGm;NyD; "m;aoG;
ausmufEiS fh "m;udk tvSLcHonf/ y&dowfrsm;a&SUwGif or®ma'0ewfrsm;ukd wkid w f nfí
opömrlwnfum; ]]ig\oDv npfEGrf;½dk;rSefcJhaomf þausmufESihf "m;ronf a&csaom
cP pkyfpkyfjrKyfapaomf? igvnf; tyg,fav;yg;ü usufapownf;/ þrmwk*grESihf
trSefuif;&Sif;í oDvpifMu,fjcif;&Sdrl ig;\tvm; a&üul;oGm;apaomf? igwrlvnf;
0#fru S Rw&f apownf;}}[k opöm"d|mefjyKí ausmufEiS "fh m;rukd a&okcYd s\/ "m;aoG;ausmuf
ESifh "m;rwkv Yd nf; a&nmqefí ul;Mu\/ rif;ESiw fh uG y&dowfvnf; tm;&0rf;om
o'¨gMunfñdk a&S;uxufyí dk ylaZmfMuuke\ f /
awmifzDvmq&mawmf opömpum;
tif;0acwf omvGerf if;w&m;BuD;vufxufwiG f awmifzv D mq&mawmfonf ykcef;
BuD;NrdKUae a&TOrifq&mawmfEiS fh awGUqH&k mrS oHa0*w&m; &aomaMumihf ppfuikd ;f awmif½;dk
wGif awm&aqmufwnfawmfro l nf/ oufawmf 60-jynhaf om ouú&mZfwpfaxmifjynhf
waygif;vjynhaf eY[k qkod nf/ awmxGuí f rMumrDyif trsdK;orDi,fwpfa,mufonf
wpfrdk;wpf,Hwnf;aomausmif;ü wpfnwm aexkdifckdvIH&mrS rdrdae&mokdYjyefvmNyD;
awmifzv D mq&mawmf\ oDvtusihu f kd zsufq;D NyD;jzpfaMumif; owif;vTio fh nf/
omvGefrif;onf tvSLtwef;jyK&efvmonhf[efjzihf a&muf&SdvmNyD; tusdK;
taMumif; avQmufxm;avonf/ teD;wGi&f adS om "m;armufu, dk Nl yD; awmifzv D muef
teD;wGif opöm"d|mefjyKavonfrmS ]]ig\oDvysufp;D ygrl þ"m;armufonf csaom
cP a&üjrKyfygapom;? pifMu,fygrl a&0,ful;apom;}}[k 0pDopömjyKNyD;aomcPü
"m;armufvnf; a&wGif ig;uJo h Ydk ul;aom[l\/ (ppfuidk ;f awmifwiG f uef&o dS nf/)
opömyg&rDESihf t"d|mefyg&rD oD;jcm;pDyif
opömpum;ajymMum;NyD; r,Hrk Munf&o dS wl tYdk m; ,HMk unfapaom 0w¬Kom"ursm;
vdt
k ifqE´jynhaf pcJah om 0w¬Kom"ursm;ESifh r[kwrf rSepf um;rS a&SmifMuOfí vkt d ifqE´
[lorQ jzpfapcJhaom 0w¬Kom"ursm;udkjyqkdcJh&mwGif opömyg&rDESifhom pyfqkdifaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;yifjzpfonf/ opömyg&rDESihf qufpyfvsuf&dSaom yg&rDrSm t"d|mef
yg&rD jzpfonf/ þyg&rDEpS yf g;rSm jzpfysufyw
kH n l oD vk&d aSd omaMumihf opöm"d|mef[k wGpJ yf
57
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 57
ac:qkdcJhMuonf/ opömyg&rDESihf t"d|mefyg&rDESpfyg; wlnDrIr&Sd uGJjym;jcm;em;aeonfukd

od&&dS efvt
kd yfvsuf&adS omaMumihf t"d|mefyg&rDtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd tusOf;csKyfjyqk&d ay
onf/ opömyg&rDEiS fh t"d|mefyg&rDjzpfyrkH mS twlw[
l k xifrw
S af vh&&dS m t"d|mefyg&rDum;
raemuHjzihf aqmufwnf&jcif;jzpfonf/ oD;jcm;pDjzpfaMumif; rSwf,lMu&rnf/.
t"d|mefyg&rD[lonf
t"d|meonf ygVdbmomjzpfí jrefrmbmomjyefqv dk Qif t"d|mefjzpfonf/ t"dymÜ ,f
zGiq
fh v
dk Qif aqmufwnfjcif;? pdwüf ckid Nf rJpmG wnfapjcif;? pdwu f dk ckid Nf rJpmG xm;jcif;? pdwuf dk
jzpfapjcif;? rSwf,ljcif;? t"d|mefjyKjcif;ukd ac:qkdonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;twGuo f mru vlom;tm;vH;k ESio fh ufqidk af om toH;k tEIe;f jzpf
onf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf Oykofapmihf&müyif t"d|mefOykofapmifhonf? t"d|mef0if
onf ponfjzihf oH;k EIe;f ajymqkMd uonf/
&[ef;awmfrsmonf 0denf;a'oemawmfEiS n fh n
D w G af tmif vdu k ef musiho
f ;kH Mu&mü
&[ef;wpfyg;wnf;jzpfvQif vjynhv f uG,af eYwiG f 'DaeY vjynhf Oykoaf eY? vuG,f Oykof
aeYjzpfonf[k EIw>f ruf&w G q
f &dk onf/ t"d|mefOykojf yKonf[k ac:qdMk uonf/
ouFe;f oydwu f dk oH;k pG&J mü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wdp0D &dwf 'ku#k f {uoD
uk,
d 0f wfoif;ydik Ef iS fh oydww f pfv;kH uko d m uk, d yf idk t
f jzpf toH;k jyKMu&onf/ tyk&d adS eaom
ypön;f rsm;ukd igYypön;f r[kw[ f k pdww f iG jf zpfap&onf/ wdp0D &dwf t"d|mef oydwf t"d|mef
wifonf[k ajymqkdMu\/ Oyrmtm;jzihf t"d|meftrsdK;tpm;ukd cGJjcm;cJhaomf-
1/ &[ef;awmfrsm; vjynhf vuG,faeYrsm;wGif 0denf;a'oemawmftwkdif;
Oykoft"d|mefjyKjcif;?
2/ rdrd0wf½Hkaom ouFef;ukd t"d|mefwifjcif;?
3/ rdrdqGrf;cHaom oydwfukd t"d|mefwifjcif;?
4/ ur®|mef;tm;xkwfaomyk*¾dKvftwGuf psmef0ifpm;&ef t"d|mefjyKjcif;?
5/ rdrdtoHk;jyKvkdaom wefcdk;£'d̈jzpfap&ef £'d̈t"d|mefjyKjcif;?
6/ tem*grf &[EÅmrsm; eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;vQif t"d|mefxm;í eda&m"
ormywf t"d|mefjyKjcif;
ponfjzihf trsdK;rsdK;uGjJ ym;avonf/ p&d,myd#uwfç yg|Zmwft|uxmESifh t|omvdeD
t|uxm ed'geuxmwGif tus,fjyqdx k m;onfudk awGU&\/
58
KTS 21-6-11-1
r[meda'ótvdk tmwyÜH y"meH t"d|meH tEka,ma*g[k jyqdkxm;&m pdwfü

pGNJ rdpJ mG xm;jcif;onf t"d|mefjzpfonf[k qkv d \kd / t"d|meEÅd ukovu&awm ywd|w d
bma0g (r[meda'ó? |? 164)=t"d|mefjyKjcif;rSm ukodkvfjyKvkyf&mü pGJNrJpGmxm;jcif;
jzpfonf[k zGiq fh o dk nf/ þtzGit fh & uHo;kH yg;wGif raemuHjzihf aqmufwnfjcif;uko d m
t"d|mefjzpfonf[k qkv d adk yonf/
t"d|mefyg&rDtaMumif;zGihfqkd&m0,f bk&m;tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm;onf t"d|mef
yg&rDukd jznhfusihfcJh&mü r&GHUr&Sm; razmufrjym; rwkefrvIyf BuHhBuHhwnfaompdfwfjzihf
jyKvkycf MhJ uonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf ausmufawmifBuD;onf jyif;pGmwku d cf wfvmaomav
wdaYk Mumihf wkev f yI jf cif;r&S?d rdrw
d nfNrJae&mü wnf&adS eonf/ tvm;wlpw d "f mwfjzihf
usiho f ;kH aexkid cf ahJ Mumif; awGU&avonf/
yg&rDajrmuf t"d|mef 3-rsdK;
tavmif;awmfrsm;onf yg&rDajrmuf t"d|mefukd aqmufwnfMu&mü (3)rsdK;&Sd
aMumif; usrf;*efwkdYü azmfjy&m-
(1) ykAÁedrdwåt"d|mef-a&S;tzkdYuyif edrdwfjy&ef pdwfaqmufwnfjcif;onf
pdwfü pGJNrJpGmxm;jcif;?
(2) tmoDot"d|mef-rdrv d v
kd m;awmifw h tyfaom taMumif;t&mtwGuf
pdwfaqmufwnfjcif;onf pdfwfü pGJNrJpGmxm;jcif;?
(3) 0wt"d|mef- usih0f wfw&m;wdu Yk dk usihBf uH&ef pdwaf qmufwnfjcif;onf
pdwfü pGJNrJpGmxm;jcif;? oHk;rsdK;&Sdavonf/
ykAÁedrdwå t"d|mef
ykAeÁ rd w
d å t"d|mefjzpfyukH kd Zmwf t|uxm 0Dowdeyd gwf parÜ,sZmwfü zGijfh yvsuf
&So
d nf/ parÜ,se*g;rif;onf vljY ynfoo Ydk mG ;í Oykoaf pmih&f efomG ;rnfjyKaomtcg okrem
e*g;rdzk&m;BuD;ukd r*Fvma&uefteD; ac:oGm;onf/ t"d|mefjyKí trSwftom; 3-
rsdK;ukd rSmMum;cJhonf/
(1) igYtm; &efozl rf;qD;NyD; EdyS pf ufc&H vQif þr*Fvma&uefonf aemufusL
vdrfhrnf/
(2) igYtm; *VKefokwfoGm;vQif r*Fvma&uef a&yGufyGufqlvdrfhrnf/
(3) igYtm; tvrÜm,form;zrf;cH&vQif r*Fvma&uef aoG;tqif;jzihf csi;f csi;f
eDvrd rhf nf[k rSmMum;cJoh nf/
59
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 59
parÜ,se*g;rif;onf þokYd t"d|mefjyKvkycf ahJ omaMumihf pum;oH;k cGe;f ukd rdz&k m;

BuD;tm; rSmMum;Ekid jf cif;jzpfonf/ þonfuydk if ykAeÁ rd w
d å t"d|mefjzpfonf[k ac:qk&d \/
Zmwfawmfü Oykoft"d|mef yg&rDusihfoHk;jcif;ukd jyqkdjcif;jzpfonf/
od'¨w¬rif;om;\ ykAÁedrdwå t"d|mef
bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'w ¨ r¬ if;om;onf c@dujrif;ukpd ;D vsuf qEétrwfukd
aemufygjyKí awmxGucf MhJ uonf/ taemfrmaomifü qHawmfuydk ,fNyD; igonf bk&m;
{uefjzpfrnfreS af omf þqHx;kH onf aumif;uif,üH wnfygap? bk&m;rjzpfEidk v f Qif ajrokYd
usygap[k t"d|mefjyKonfqkdxm;&m ykAÁedrdwå t"d|mefyif jzpfonf/
'kuú&p&d,m 6-ESpfMumatmifusifhNyD;aemuf olaX;orD; okZmwm uyfvSLaom
CemEkqYd rG ;f ESifh a&Tcu
G u
f dk tvSLcHawmfrol nf/ ae&OÆ&mjrpfurf;wGif qGr;f bkO;f ay;Ny;D aemuf
a&Tcu
G u f adk rQm&mwGif ]]igonf ,aeYüyif bk&m;{uefjzpfrnfreS af omf a&Tcu G f tnmokYd
qefapownf;? bk&m;rjzpfvQif a&atmufokdY pkefapownf;}}[k ykAÁedrdwåt"d|mef jyK
aMumif; jyqkad vonf/
þykAÁedrdwåt"d|mefudk ,aeYwkdifatmif vltrsm;jyKvkyfavh&SdMuonf/ Oyrm
ausmufwHk;ukd rcsDí t"d|mefjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/
0d"k&okcrdef\ t"d|mefyg&rD
Zmwut|uxm owå rwGJ 0d"&k mZmwfawmfü ykÖPuvkvifonf 0d"&k okcrdef
tm; rif;xHrS awmif;,lí&aomtcg raemr,odaE¨mjrif;\ tNrD;ukdqGJNyD;vdkufcJh&ef
ajymqko d nf/ t&Sed t
f [kejf zihaf jy;oGm;rnhf jrif;Nr;D ukq
d í
JG vdu
k yf g&rnfjzpf&m 0wfxm;aom
ykq;dk uRwfusrnfrmS aocsmaeayonf/ t&Su&f zG,&f mtjzpfEiS fh &ifqidk af e&aomaMumihf
]]t,H om#aum rr t½kpd,m rmrkpöwl}}wd t"d|me yg&rD yka& pm&duHuwGm 'V§H
ed0gaowGm = ig0wfxm;aom þykqkd;onf igtvkdr&SdbJ ruRwfygapownf;[k
t"d|mefyg&rDudk a&S;½IjyKvkyí f NrpJ mG 0wfxm;cJo h nf ponfjzihf zGijfh yxm;onf/ 0d"&k okcrdef
\ tmoDot"d|mefjyKcJyh u kH dk jyqdck ohJ nfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfonf/
arsmufrif;\ tmoDot"d|mefyg&rD
Zmwu t|uxm {uedygwfeVmygeZmwf bk&m;tavmif;arsmufrif;b0 jzpf&pOf
arsmuf&Spfaomif;wdkYonf a&uefapmihf bDvl;Murf;&efrSvGwf&ef a&uefwGif;rSa&ukd
aomuf&eftwGuf uefywf0ef;usifü aygufvsuf&adS om usLawmrS usLwpfyifudk ,lap
NyD;vQif usL½d;k twGi;f &Sd tqpf tzk tckr&Sad p&ef bk&m;tavmif;awmf arsmufrif;rIw&f m
60
KTS 21-6-11-1
usL½d;k wpfacsmif;vH;k 'd;k ,kad ygufjzpfNy;D usLawm&Sd usLyiftm;vH;k taygufjzpfc&hJ m tNct

H &H
arsmufwt Ykd m; opömjyKí a&ukad omufaponf/
arsmufta&twGuf rsm;jym;í wpfaumifvQif wpfacsmif;us rIwrf ay;Ekid af om
aMumihf ]]þa&uefywf0ef;usifwGif aygufaeaom usLyiftm;vHk; 'kd;,kdaygufcsnf;
jzpfapownf;}}[k t"d|mefjyKí ay;aMumif;vmonf/ þt"d|mefrmS tmoDot"d|mefyif
jzpfonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf yxrwGif opömjzihf usL½dk; 'kd;,kdaygufjzpfap&ef
jyKvkyo f nf/ 'kw, d usLyiftm;vH;k 'k;d ,kad ygufjzpfap&ef t"d|mefjyKonfjzpfí opömyg&rD
ESihf t"d|mefyg&rDESpfyg;vHk; jznhfusifhaMumif; od&SdEkdifayonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf acG;rif;
{uedygwf ukuúK&Zmwfü Am&mPoDjynf jA[®'wfrif;\ pD;awmf,mOf&xm;rS
om;a&rsm;ukd eef;awmfwGif;rS acG;rsm;pm;Muonf/ eef;awmfjyify&Sd acG;rsm; 0ifa&muf
pm;Muonf[k txif&u dS m eef;awmfjyify&Sad cG;rsm;ukd rif;rIxrf;wdYk vku
d vf o
H wfjzwfMu
onf/ NrdKUwGif;rS acG;rsm; okomefrSm pka0;aeMu&\/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfacG;rif; od&Sd
aomtcg þrif;pD;awmf,mOf&xm;rS om;a&wkdYudk eef;awmfjyifyrS acG;rsm;pm;Ekdifrnf
r[kwf eef;wGi;f acG;rsm;om pm;Ekid rf nf? eef;awmftwGi;f 0ifí bk&iftm;od&adS p&rnf}}[k
ajymqkNd yD; yg&rDawmfwu Ydk dk qifjcifum arwå ma&SUxm;aompdwu f kd jzpfapvsuf igcE¨may:
cJ wkwjf zihf rnforl Q rypfEidk yf gapownf;}}[k t"d|mefjyKí wpfaumifwnf; NrKd UwGi;f 0ifí
eef;awmf&dS bk&iho f vGeaf tmuftxd 0ifomG ;cJNh y;D jA[®'wfrif;tm; eef;jyifraS cG;rsm; rif;\
pD;awmf,mOf&xm;om;a&rsm;ukd rpm;aMumif; eef;wGi;f acG;rsm;pm;aMumif; ajymqkv d suf
acG;taygif;wkt Yd m; vGwaf jrmufapcJo h nf/ þZmwfawmfü arwåmyg&rD t"d|mefyg&rDrsm;
jznhuf siyfh u
kH kd azmfjyvsu&f o dS nf/ acG;rif;onf acG;tm;vH;k aumif;&ef vkv d m;onft
h wGuf
aqmif&Guf&ef t"d|mefjyKjcif;jzpfí tmoDot"d|mef[k ac:qkd&\/
jrwfAk'¨\ tmoDot"d|mef
0denf;r[m0g t|uxm&mZm,we owå m[tzGifhü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
vif;vGef;yif&if;ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcsdef OuúvmyNrdKUom; wykóESifh bv’du nDaemif
wdoYk nf vma&mufí rkeu Yf v kd LS Mu\/ C#dum& jA[®mvSL'gef;onfh oydwrf mS CemEkq Yd rG ;f
cH,rl nhaf eYuaysmufu,
G cf NhJ y;D jzpfí rnfonhcf u
G jf zihf cH,&l rnfenf;[k pOf;pm;awmfro
l nf/
pwkr[m&mZfewfrif;BuD;D av;a,mufwo Ydk nf jroydwaf v;vH;k vSL'gef;&m vufcjH cif;
rjyKrlí yJaemuftqif;&dS ausmufoydwaf v;vH;k ukd vSLMuonf/ ewfrif;BuD;av;OD;pvH;k \
61
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 61
o'¨gw&m; apmihaf &Smufawmfrv

l o
dk nft
h wGuf oydwaf v;vH;k wpfv;kH wnf;jzpfapownf;
[k t"d|mef&m tem;av;ck&Sd oydwfwpfvHk; jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ þum; jrwfpGmbk&m;\
tmoDo t"d|mefjzpfaMumif; odtyf\/
O½ka0v uóytwGuf Ak'¨\ tmoDot"d|mef
0denf; r[m0gygVdawmf O½ka0vuóy trSL;&Sdaom &aohig;&mwkdYonf
csr;f at;aom&moDü **FgjrpfwiG f a&pdrMf u&m tat;vGeu f í
JG rD;vHv
I Mdk uonfudk ig;&mvH;k
twGuf xif;rD;zkid g;&m r&yH?k &&Sad tmif jyKyHrk sm;ukd b*0awm t"d|maee yOöu|owmed
e zmok,ðok (0d?3? 43)[laom ygVdjzifh tmoDo t"d|mefjzpfaMumif; jyqkdxm;\/
0wt"d|mef
usihf0wfw&m;wdkYukd usihfBuH&efpdwf aqmufwnfjcif;ü pGJNrJpGmxm;&Sdjcif;ukd 0w
t"d|mef[k zGijfh yvsuf&\
dS / t"d|mefyg&rDonf jrifjh rwfaomvkyif ef;jzpfí rdpmä t,l&o Sd w l Ykd
usiho
f ;kH aom a*goDv a*g0w paom oDvAÁwy&mrmo-t,ltusihu f dk qkv
d jdk cif;
r[kwfay/ jrihfjrwfaom 'ge oDv paom usihf0wfrsm;ukd usihfaqmifjcif;ukdom 0w
t"d|mef[k qk&d ayonf/
'geoDvw&m;rsm;ukd rysurf uGuaf tmif jyKvkyu f siBfh uHrnf[k aqmufwnfjcif;ukd
t"d|mefyg&rD[k qk&d onf/
t"d|meftvkyfonf twdwfumv ypöKyÜefumvwkdYESihf oufqkdifjcif;r&dSay/
tem*wfumvjzpfaom aemiftcgü ,ckvkdyif pGJNrJusihfaqmifjyKvkyfrnf[k xufoef
aompdwfjzihf aqmufwnfjcif;jyKrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ xkdYaMumihf
t"d|meftvkyo f nf tem*wfumvESio fh m oufqidk af eayonf/
BuhH csdK o²Pef t"d|mef usihf[efNrJ aocsm
[k ynm&Sw
d Ydk qkx
d ;kH jyxm;cJah yonf/
wefckd; 10-rsdK;
0dok'd̈r*f t|uxm £'d̈0d"eda'óü £'d̈(10)rsdK;&dSaMumif; jyqkdxm;\/ £'¨ d =
NyD;pD;jynhpf akH pjcif;? tvk&d t dS yfaomt&m NyD;pD;jynhpf akH pEkid rf u
I kd ac:onf/ vltrsm;wduYk rl
twkdcsKyfpum;jzihf wefcdk;[lí ac:qkdavh&Sd\/ £'d̈(10)rsdK;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfonf-
1/ rdrw d pfu, dk w
f nf;ukyd if t&mtaxmifvo dk avmuf jzpfygap[lí ÓmPfjzihf
t"d|mef (pdwrf mS pGNJ rx
J m;jcif;) trIukd jyKvkyv f Qif rdrt
d vk&d o
dS rQ t&mtaxmif
edr®dw½kyfrsm; jzpfyGm;vm&jcif;ukd t"d|med'¨d[k ac:\/
62
KTS 21-6-11-1
2/ rdru d , dk u
f dk e*d&k t
f wkid ;f r[kwb f J e*g;o²Pmefjzpfap? *VKefo²Pefjzpfap
ponfjzihf zefqif;jcif;onf 0dukAÁed'd̈ rnf\/
3/ rdr\ d rlvuk, d u f dk ajymif;vGzJ efqif;jcif; rjyKrlí rdrpd w d t
f vk&d o dS avmuf
uk, d if ,fwpfck zefqif;xkwEf w I jf yjcif;onf raemr,d'd̈ rnf\/
4/ ÓmPf\ tmEkabmf ysHUESo YH jzihf jzpfay:vmaom tHMh ozG,&f mjynhpf rkH t I xl;ukd
ÓmP0dygÜ £'¨[ d k ac:onf/
Amukrax&ftavmif;awmf arG;zGm;ump ,rkemjrpfwGif a&csdK;ap&m
ig;trsdKcH&onf/ þb0wGif &[EÅm{uefjzpfrnfo h l jzpfí raobJ touf
&Sicf &hJ onfrmS tHMh ozG,&f mjzpfonf/ xk&d iS Af m[kv\tjzpfudk ÓmP0dygÜ &£'¨d
[k ac:&\/
5/ psmeformywfwkdYukd 0ifpm;cgeD;jzpfap? 0ifpm;wkef; 0ifpm;NyD;prSmjzpfap
jzpfay:vmaom tHMh ozG,&f mtxl;onf orm"dtmEkabmf ysHUESjYH cif;aMumihf
jzpfaom jynhpf rkH ?I þonfudk vltrsm;u wefc;kd [k owfrw S Mf uavonf/
&mZN*dK[fjynf wayg'gacsmufü &Sifom&dykwå&mESihf &Sifr[marm*¾vmef
wkYd 2-yg;twl vomaomntcgwGif ormywf0ifpm;aeMu\/ bDv;l rdu k f
wpfaumifonf acgif;&dwNf y;D p &Sio f m&dywk å &mOD;acgif;ukd vuf0g;jzihf tm;ukef
½ku
d &f m rd;k Ncdr;f oHEiS wfh n l aD om toHjzpfay:vm\/ emusifjcif;r&Sjd zpf&onf
rm orm"dwefc;dk tmEkabmf[k qdak vonf/
6/ t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm;onf pufqkyfzG,ftm½Hkukdyif pufqkyfzG,fr[kwfovdk
½IEidk Mf uonf/ rnfonht f m½Huk rdk qkd rdrEd vS ;kH oGi;f vko
d nfth wkid ;f xifjrif
atmif ½IawmfrlEkdifMujcif;onf t&d,£'¨d = t&d,mwkdY\ wefcdk;[k
ac:qkd&\/
7/ iSuf ponfwdkY aumif;uifüoGm;Ekdifjcif;onf a&S;uHpDrHonhf tusdK;
twkid ;f jzpfMu&aom obm0"r®rQom jzpf\/ ewf jA[®mrsm; urÇmOD;vlrsm;
0deyd gwdu tol&mrsm; aumif;uifü oGm;vmEkid jf cif; ponfwo Ydk nfvnf;
ur®0yd guZ£'d̈ jzpfonf[k qk&d \/
8/ pMumrif; polwYdk aumif;uifüoGm;vmEkid jf cif;? aZmwduç Z#dvç aCmouç
ar@u olaX; polwYdk pnf;pdrcf srf;omrsm;onf ykn0EÅ£'d̈jzpfonf[k
qkd&\/
63
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 63
9/ 0dZÆm"k&d rf sm; aumif;uifüoGm;vmEkid jf cif;onf rEÅet f wwf aq;twwf

ponfaMumihf NyD;pD;aomwefcdk;rsdK;jzpfí 0dZÆmr,£'d̈[k qkd&\/
10/ vHkYvBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfojzihf r*fzkdvfw&m;rsm; &&Sdjcif;? EIwfrIynmç
vufryI nm aA'if aq; oifMum;jcif;? yd#uoH;k yHk oifMum;jcif;? v,fxeG f pdu k yf sdK;jcif;
ponfwu Ydk dk jyKí jzpfay:vmaom jynhpf rkH [ I ol rQonf or®m ya,m* £'d̈rsm;[k
ac:qkd&\/ þ£'¨dq,frsdK;rSm avmuom;wdkYu wefcdk;&Sif[k owfrSwf&atmif
xif&Sm;vsuf&dSonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm;onf ykAeÁ rd w d å t"d|mef tmoDot"d|mefwu Ydk dk yg&rD
ajrmuf&ef txl;jznhu f sihjf cif;r[kwb f J jyKcGiBfh uHKaomtcg jyKvkyo f ifah omtcgrsm;rSom
jyKusihMf u&\/ t&[wå r*fÓmPf oAÁñw k ÓmPf&jcif;taMumif;rSm 0wt"d|mefjzpfí
,if; 0wt"d|mefrsdK;uko d m tav;xm; jznfu h siht f m;xkwaf wmfrMl uonf/
txufwiG f yg&rDajrmuf jznhu f sifah om opömyg&rDEiS fh t"d|mefyg&rDjzpfyu kH dk jyqdk
cJo
h nf/ xkyd g&rDwu Ydk dk tajccHí tHMh ozG,jf zpf&yfrsm;ukv d nf; tusO;f csKyfazmfjycJNh y;D jzpfonf/
£'d̈q,frsdK;ukd taMumif;jyKí jzpfysufaomjzpf&yfrsm;onf tHhMozG,f&myifjzpfonf/
or®moarÁm"dqçk yapöuaAm"dqçk t*¾r[mom0uqkç r[mom0uqkç yuwdom0uqk
ukd yefqifMuaom tavmif;awmfwo Ydk nf yg&rD 10-yg;ukd yefqifaom aAm"dqt k vku d f
umvtwdik ;f twmjzihf jznhu f sihcf MhJ uonf/
oarÁm"dqyk ef bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf ynm"duç 0D&, d m"duç o'¨g"du[k
oH;k rsdK;&S&d mwGif a*gwrAk'b ¨ &k m;&Siu f m; ynm"duqkyefjzpfaomaMumihf av;toacsFEiS fh
urÇmwpfoed ;f umvMumatmif yg&rDq,fyg;wku Yd dk jznhu
f sifah wmfrcl &hJ onf/ yg&rDwu Ydk dk
jznfhusihfawmfrl&mü-
1/ yg&rD 2/ Oyyg&rD 3/ y&rw¬yg&rD
[k oH;k qihx f m;vsuf jznfu h sihcf MhJ uonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfwo Ydk nf b0wpfcw k nf;
rSmyif yg&rD 10-yg;ukd jznhfusihfqnf;yl;EdkiforQ usihfaqmifcJhMuonf/
r[muydZmwf
a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf arsmufrif;tjzpf toufukd t&if;jyKí yg&rD
jznhu
f sihaf wmfrcl yhJ u
kH dk ig;&mig;q,fZmwfawmfwiG f jyqkx
d m;onf/ tjzpftysufrmS þokYd
jzpfonf/
tavmif;awmfarsmufrif;onf acsmufüusaeaom ykÖPm;ukd ausmuke;f üwifí
ukef;ay:a&mufatmifwifcJhonf/ armyef;í acwåarS;pufcsed f ykÖPm;onf u,fwif&iS f
64
KTS 21-6-11-1
bk&m;avmif;arsmufrif;tm; teD;&Sad usmufw;kH jzihf OD;acgif;ukd xkowfavonf/ OD;acgif;rS

aoG;wkYd ,kpd ;D us\/ reD;ra0;xGucf mG í ykÖPm;ukMd unhNf y;D ]]þvkyd *k Kd¾ vfrsKd ; avmu0,f
&Sad eygwum;}}[k tHMhH oaompum;ukq d í
kd aexkid &f mt&yfoYdk ta&mufyOYdk ;D rnf/ igYaoG;puf
ukd vrf;jyKí vku d cf ahJ vmh}}[k qkí d ae&yf&mG ta&muf ykaYd qmifavonf/
ig;&mig;q,fZmwfawmf wðoedygwf r[muydvZmwf (516)0w¬Kü bk&m;
tavmif;awmfarsmufrif;onf yg&rDq,fyg;jznfhusihfcJhyHkukd rHk&GmNrdKU v,fwDq&mawmf
a&;om;tyfaom Owåryk&do 'DyeDusrf;ü þodkY zGihfjycJhonf-
1/ acsmufüusaeaom ykÖPm;ukd om;i,fyrm cspcf ifpw d xf m;jcif;onf
arwå myg&rD?
2/ acsmuftwGi;f rS uke;f ay:ta&mufwify&Ydk ef enf;vrf;&SmBuHjcif;onf ynm
yg&rD?
3/ oufpeG BYf udK;yrf; xrf;vmjcif;onf 0D&, d yg&rD?
4/ ausmufw;kH jzihx f ck &H aomaMumihf aovkarsmyg;cHc&hJ onfudk trIrxm;
Munfvifaompdwfxm;jzihf aeEkdifjcif;onf cEÅDyg&rD?
5/ toufaoatmif jyKvkyaf om ykÖPm;ü pdwrf uGuo f nfum; Oayu©m
yg&rD?
6/ ykÖPm;twGuf toufupdk eG í Yf u,fwifro I nf 'geyg&rD?
7/ aoaMumif;BuHpnfjyKvkyaf om ykÖPm;tm; EIww f jYdk zihf wHjYk yefrrI jyKbJ
aejcif;onf oDvyg&rD?
8/ ykÖPm;tm; u,fwifrt I wGuf ukov kd \f tusKd ;ukd awmifw h om,mjcif;
r&dSonfum; edu©ryg&rD?
(9^10) 'Pf&mjyif;xefaomfvnf; ae&yf&Gmta&mufykdYrnf[k 0efcHajymqkdonfh
twkdif; aqmif&Gufjcif;onf opömyg&rD? t"d|mefyg&rD ESpfyg;jzpfonf/
þokdYvQif yg&rD(10)yg; jznhfusihfrIyg0ifaMumif; od&Sd&rnf[k Owå ryk&do 'DyeD
usrf;ü zGiq fh xkd m;onf/
bk&m;qkyefolwkdYpdwfxm;
bk&m;tavmif;awmfwdkYonf yg&rDawmfukd jznhfusifh&mü rdrdwdkY jyKvkyfaom
ukovkd u
f dk b0orÜwåd abm*orÜwåd wdo
Yk Ydk nGwaf ompdwv
f nf;r&S?d ,lrmS ;rI'|d Ed iS v
fh nf;
r,SO?f rd;k aumif;uifozG,f twG,t
f wmr&SMd uay/ t&[wå r*fÓmPf oAÁñw k ÓmPf
65
KTS 21-6-11-1
f rf; 65
&&Sda&; owå 0grsm;pGmwkdYtm; qif;&J'ku©[lorQrS uif;vGwfapa&;[laom yef;wdkifokdY

wrf;wrf;pl;pl; txl;jyKOD;wnfí rGejf rwfpifMu,faompdwjf zifo h m 'gerI? oDvrI? edur© rI?
ynmrI? 0D&d,rI? cEÅDrI? opömrI? t"d|mefrI? arwå mrI? Oayu©mrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/
þodYk jyKvkyjf cif;onf yg&rDuo k v kd rf sdK;ukd jyKvkyo f nf[k qk&d onf/
,ckumv ukov kd af umif;rIjyKvkyNf yD;aemuf qkawmif;yw¬em trQa0Mu&mü-
]]edAmÁ efudk &vkyd g\? tMuifrQavmuf edAmÁ efudk ra&muf&ao;? xkrd Qavmuf umvü
ponfqv dk suf b0orÜwåd abm*orÜwåw d u Ykd dk a&SUrS a&pufcswidk af y;aomq&m tm0ZÆe;f
&Sw
kd ikd ;f csJUum;í qkad vh&MdS u\/ edAmÁ ef[al om pum;oHrQomygavonf/ trsm;BudKuf
ESpo f ufvmatmif tm0ZÆe;f aumif;aumif; qef;Mu,fpmG qkyw¬emjyKavh&MdS u\/ þodYk
jyKvkyfaomukodkvfrsdK;ukd ]]ukodkvfaMumifjcpf}}[k yg&rD'DyeDç Owåryk&do'DyeDusrf;ü
v,fwq D &mawmf rSmMum;avonf/
avmukwå&moufoufjzpfaom ukov kd f avmukw&å mukov kd \f rsdK;aphjzpfaom
avmuDavmukw&å mukov dk [ f k 2-rsdK;&Sad Mumif; jyqdv k suf&o dS nf/
,H ye avmukw&å H avmud,Oö waó0 orÇm&blw?H £'H tedów d /H
,oumrwm, 0g orm'dEéH [De?H yknzv umrwm, rZÑrd ?H uwåAaÁ r0d'EdÅ t&d,bm0H
edóm, orm'dEéH yPDw/H wPSm0aoe 0g b0abm*w¬m, y0wdw å H [De?H twåaem
0darmu©wm¬ , y0wdw å H rZdrÑ ?H oAÁowåmeH 0darmu©wm¬ , y0wdw å H yg&rdwm oDvH
yPDwH/ (0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxm? ywGJ ESm 12? 13)
0do'k rd̈ *¾ t|uxmq&m\tvdrk mS oHo&musifvnf&mü b0aumif;&&S&d ef?
pnf;pdrOf pömaygrsm;&efjyKvkyaf om ukov kd rf sKd ;onf tnHph m;jzpfonf/ udavom taESmif
tzGUJ rS vGwaf jrmuf&efEiS fh ud, k Ef iS w
fh ef&mtusdK; cHpm;cGi&fh &efjyKvkyaf omukov kd rf sdK;onf
tvwfwef;pm;ukov dk jf zpfonf/ jyKvkyo f ifah omt&mjzpfí jyKvkyjf cif;onf t&d,m
yk*K¾d vfw\ Ykd oabmudrk v DS suf jzpfaptyfaomaMumifh tjrift h jrwfq;kH ukov kd rf sKd ;jzpfonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfwdkYonf owå0gtm;vHk;twGuf oHo&m0#fqif;&Juif;a0;ap&ef
OD;wnfcsux f m;jyKvkyt f yfaom ukov kd rf sKd ;onf yg&rDjzpfuo k vdk jf zpfonf/ jrifjh rwfow l o
Ykd m
jyKvkyEf ikd o f nf[k zGiq fh x kd m;onf/
azmfjycJah om yg&rDqikd &f m rSwo f m;zG,&f mrsm;udk zwf½NI yD;rSom aus;Zl;&Sif usdKuf
xD;aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm;udk vG,u f pl mG em;vnfEikd rf nfjzpfNyD;
q&mawmf B uD ; \ b0jzpf a wmf p Of ( wpf a usmh j yef o moemjyKc&D ; rS w f w rf ; )ud k
Munfñdko'¨gw&m;jzpfyGm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/
66
KTS 21-6-11-1
yxrydkif;
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyK c&D;rSwfwrf;
Ak'¨vufxufu Zkwfokwfa'o
Zkwof w
k &f mG onf jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f rGejf ynfe,f? oxHck ½dik ?f bDvif;NrdKUe,f
taemufawmift&yf (7)rdik u f mG wGif wnf&adS eonf/ aus;Zl;&Sijf zpfaom usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ arG;zGm;&mZmwda'ojzpfonf/ ZkwfokwftrnfrSm rGefpum;
rGeftrnfjzpfí t"dyÜm,ftrsdK;rsdK;zGifhqdkMuonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif; qHawmf&SifapwD
ordik ;f wGif bk&m;&Si\ f qHyif (qHawmf) &Sad omaMumifh Zkwo f wk ?f qHawmf 'g,um
orD;awmfrsm;onf qHyifujkd zwfNyD; tacGjyKumqHawmfMuKwf\ atmufcjH yKvkyf Xmyem
aomaMumifh Zkwo f wk t f rnfjzpfvmaMumif; jyqdMk uonf/ Zkwo f w
k o
f nf aus;&Gm\
trnfjzpfonf/ vuf&o dS moedutaqmufttHk cHwyfwnfaqmufykH a&usKH ; wHwikd ;f usKH ;
(3)xyf&adS omaMumifh a&S;a[mif;NrdKUjzpfcrhJ nfrmS jiif;zG,&f mr&S/d ordik ;f rSww f rf;pmr&Sí d om
rnfonfNh rdKU rnfonfrh if; wnfaxmifonf[k tcdik t f rm ordik ;f rwifEikd jf cif;jzpfonf/
yx0Dtaetxm; oufr½hJ yk 0f w¬KudMk unfv h Qif ordik ;f rwifru D mvMumpGm bk&ifw\ Ykd
NrdKUjyaejynfawmf jzpfcJhzl;onf[k ,HkMunfpGm vufcH&rnfh ae&mrsdK;jzpfaeonf/1
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ crnf;awmf r,fawmfrt S p bd;k bGm;tqufquf
um; Zkwo f w k &f mG wGif arG;zGm;cJMh uolrsm; jzpfonf/ aus;&Gm&Sd oufBuD;tbd;k tbGm;rsm;\
ajymqdak vh&adS om a'o twdwo f rdik ;f aMumif;azmfjy&aomf jrwfpmG bk&m;vufxufawmf
t|r0g&aomtcsed f a&S;tac: ok0ÖPblr?d ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd <ua&mufvmcJo h nf/
0dZÆm"dk&fESifh em*a'0DwdkYrS aygufzGm;cJhonfh OzGm;nDaemifwGif nDi,fonf ausmufa&m*g
jzifh uG,fvGefoGm;NyD; rZdrÑ a'o rdwD¬vmNrdKU a*g0dEóla|;rsdK;0,f vl0ifpm;jzpfavonf/
toufckepfESpft&G,f &SifomraPjyKí w&m;em&aomtcg tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅm
jzpfavonf/ uG,v f eG af omrdcifonf ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynftwGi;f wHigonf
trsdK;0,f vljzpfonfudkjrifavonf/ wHigrsdK;wGif vljzpfaeaom rdciftm; acRcRwfvdk
onft h jyif a&S;twdwb f 0u arG;auR;aom zcif&aoh aemifawmfb&k ifwt Ykd m; awGUjrif
vdkaMumif;udkvnf; cGifhyefavQmufxm;&m tcGifh&í &Sif*0Hywd OD;pGm<ua&mufvmNyD;
w&m;a'oema[mMum;avaomtcg o&P*Ho k ;kH yg; yOöov
D ü wnfMuavonf/ &Si*f 0H
ywdrax&f\ q&mjzpfaom bk&m;&Siu f kd zl;jrifví kd yifah qmifay;ygrnft
h aMumif; yefMum;&m
MunfjzLpGm vufcaH vonf/
1/ a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrd Ak'o
¨ moemawmfordik ;f Munhf
66
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 67
&Sif*0Hywdrax&fonf twdwfb0rS aqGawmfrsdK;awmfwdkYtm; w&m;a&at;

wdu k af uR;Ny;D bk&m;&Si&f &dS m rZdrÑ a'oodYk jyef<ucJo h nf/ bk&m;&Sit f m; ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®
0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd <ua&mufyg&ef avQmufxm;&m vufcaH wmfro l nf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf
ok0ÖPblro d Ykd aumif;uifc&D;rS <u&m0,f oHCmawmfESEpS faomif;yg&SNd yD; jroydwaf wmifrS
bkra®d '0DxH yxr<ua&mufí jroydwaf wmfukd tvSLcHonf/ xdrk S auvmoawmifxyd o f Ykd
<ua&mufow auvmo a&Tyg' aZ,smc
D if;oH;k &m ]]auvmo aZ,smc}} [k a&S;O'gef;pum;wGicf ahJ vonf/
&Si*f 0Hywd taMumif;Mum;í rif;ESiw hf uGjynfow l Ykd bk&m;&Six f aH &muf&v dS mMuNyD; aejynf
awmfoYkd yifah qmifum 'ge oDv ukov kd t f jzmjzm jyKvkycf iG &hf &SMd uavonf/ ckepf&ufwm
oDwif;oH;k í w&m;a&at; tNrKd ufaq;wdu k af uR;awmfro l nf/ rZdrÑ a'oodYk jyef<ucgeD;0,f
ylaZmfzG,fawmif;cHaom &aohwdkYtm; qHawmfay;a0onf/ qHawmfay;a0&mü qHawmf
&&Sad omyk*K¾d vfx;l ESpOf ;D rSm a'0uk@vrPdu@ k v nDaemifwjYkd zpfonf/ nDaemifEpS Of ;D wdYk
onf rdrw aum,u©uRef;}}odkY qHawmfudk yifhaqmifcJhNyD; a>c&Hrsm;jzifh
d aYkd exdik &f m ]]aum,u©
apwDwpfqw l nfxm;Muonf/ rGeo f rdik ;f wGif jyqdo k nfrmS Zkwo f wk &f mG onf bk&m;ryGirhf D
uyif ewfbv D ;l rsm;aeaom uRef;jzpfonf/ aumuvGww f aum[k ac:a0:Muonf/
uRef;\ tBuD;tuJ a'0uk@v rPdu@ k vnDaemifukd taMumif;jyKí xdt k &yfü
omoemawmf t&Snw f nfxeG ;f rnfukd jrifawmfrí l qHawmfukd ay;oem;jcif;? w&m;"r®
a[majymí tNrdKufa&at; wdkufauR;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ &&SdcJhaomqHawmfudk
vufatmufi,fom;wdEYk iS hf ndE§ idI ;f wdik yf ifí r[mouú&mZf (111)ckEpS rf pS í *0Hausmuftw k f
J rf;tBuD;tus,f apwDwnfvyk Mf uonf/ apwDbUJG awmfukd usdKufuvGwf'uf=
wdjYk zifh yGv
ewf w nf b k & m; [kac:onf/ qHawmfXmyemxm;aombk&m;jzpfí usd K uf Z k w f o G w f
[kac:onf/ bk&m;teD; rGev f rl sdK;rsm; aexdik &f mG wnfMu&m uGrf;ZkwfoGwf&Gm [k ac:cJh
Muonf/ ,cktcg Zkwfokwf&Gm jzpfonf/1
qHawmfapwDwnfvyk &f mü Xmyemwdu k 0f ,f qHawmf"mwfukd a&TMuKwfü xnfo h iG ;f
Xmyemonf/ bk&m;½kyfyGm;awmf? nDaemif½kyfwk? a&Tyef;cdkif aiGyef;cdkifudkifpGJ ylaZmf[ef
xnfo h iG ;f onf/ orD;awmfrsm;\ qHawmfujkd zwfí BudK;uJo h Ykd uspfNyD; tacGjyK Xmyem
onf[q k o kd nf/ uRef;tkycf sKyfon l aD emifw\ Ykd orD;awmfrsm;u qHyifujkd zwfí a,m*D
&aoh0wfjzifh oDvapmifo h ;kH cJMh uonf[, k al omf oifjh rwfv\ S / apwDtwGi;f ü omref
yk*K¾d vfwYkd cE¨mud, k rf jS zpfaom 0w¬Kudk t½dt k aojyK&rnfah e&mwGif Xmyemavhr&SMd uay/
a&S;tpOftvmESin hf aD tmif qifjcif,al omf ynm&Sw d v
Ykd ufcEH ikd af yonf/ apwDbed yfcrkH mS
1/ OD;a&Taemf rGe&f mZ0ifMunhf
67
KTS 15-11-14-1
tawmif 90-cefw Y iG f 9-awmifcefY tjrifah v;axmifch /kH ¤if;txuf 8-axmifh apwDxyd f

ausmufx;D wifvLS onf/ apwDywfvnfü ausmufx;D Asuf 2-awmif? xD;½d;k ESpaf wmif
tjrifh (12)pif; ausmufoifyw k 0f wfpif ausmufqrD ;D wdik w
f Ykd xm;&So
d nf/ *0Htw k yf rmP
rSm vlwpfa,muf 2-csyfEikd t f wk /f tvwfpm; wpfcsyfvQif vl (10)a,mufcsDEikd f tkwf
tBuD;qHk; vl(70)a,mufcsDEdkifaom *0Htkwfrsm;jzifh om;½dkt*Fawryg nDnmaom
ausmufwHk;rsm;qifhí pDxm;vsufwnfxm;Muonf/ ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfMum apwD
rNydKrysufonfrmS tHzh , G w
f pfyg;[k qdEk ikd o
f nf/ xif&mS ;aomapwDBuD;rSm ordik ;f pmrwifrD
(pmta&;tom; ray:aygufr)D umvu wnfxm;onf[k qd&k rnf/
ordkif;rwifrDu &SdcJhonfh&Gm
apwDawmfBuD;\ taemufawmif ESpzf mvHck efw Y iG f vl (10)a,mufausmf csrD &aom
*0Hausmuf 4-axmifhtkwfjzifh 9-aycefY jrifhaom *0HausmufwHwdkif;BuD;&Sdaeonf/
qif½yk f jrif;½kyf ausmufqpfxv k yk x
f m;onf/ a&S;a[mif;cHwyfjzpfonf/ qifwyf jrif;wyf
[k ac:Muonf/ rnfonfhacwfu[k rSwfwrf;pmryg? ordkif;q&mrsm;vnf; a&;cJhjcif;
r&S/d ordik ;f ygarmu© a'gufwmoef;xGe;f tqdk acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if pmwrf;pmtky1f
ü xifjrifcsuaf y;cJo h nfrmS --- rGew f o
Ykd nf rkwrå yifv,fauGU ywf0ef;usiüf ae&m,lpOfu
xkad 'oudk a&mufEiS Nhf yD;onfh wjcm;vlrsdK;xHrS vk,&l [ef&ydS gonf/ xdo k rl sm;um; eD*&dwkd
trsdK;vnf;jzpfEdkif\/ odkYr[kwf ,ck ta&SUawmiftm&SuRef;ydkif;üom taersm;aom
Mopx½dkEdk&Srsm;vnf; jzpfEdkif\/ ESpfOD;pvHk;vnf; jzpfEdkif\/ r[m0Ho(usrf;)uJhodkYaom
a&S;rSwwf rf;ü jrefrmEdik if H ta&SUawmifbufjzpfaom ok0ÖPblrt d &yfwiG f tMurf;tm;jzifh
250-bDpcD efu Y &u©(&uÜ)trnfjzifh vlwpfrsdK;&Srd nf[k rSe;f qzG,&f ydS gonf/ xd&k u©rsdK;
um; rGew f w Ykd ukd x
f w k o
f jzifh aemufq;kH rGew f aYkd e&m\awmift&yfü qdyeftrsdK;[laom
trnfjzifh ,ckwikd &f adS eMuygonf/
þwGif ig;&mig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm;rStp ygVdpmayü xif&mS ;yg&Sad om ok0ÖPblrd
[lonf rnfonht f &yfenf;[k awG;awmBuHqzG,&f ydS gonf/ awmfvrD\ajryHük c&da&S
um; ok0ÖPblryd ifjzpf\/ odecf akd &; &mZ0ifrsm;jzpfaom av;&mpk 'Dy0ifEiS hf ajcmuf&mpk
r[m0ifwüYkd vnf; ok0ÖPblru d kd Ak'o ¨ moem\ tajccHt&yf[í l ñTejf yefonf/ &u©y&l
bDv;l NrKd Uom;wdYk qkwcf mG xGucf &hJ onf[k qd&k aomfvnf; jyif;xefaomwdu k yf rJG sm;&Scd o
hJ nf/
oufaocHrmS wGaH w;rSta&SUawmifojYkd yefv Y suf bDvif;jrpf0 ajrmufbufrS rkoiftxd
cHwyfa[mif;rsm;&Sad eygonf/ cHwyfwikd ;f usKH ;ywfvnf&o dS nf/ ponfjzifh *0Hausmufcw H yf
1/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifMunhf
68
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 69
&Scd yhJ ukH kd jyqdxk m;onf/ *0Hausmufrsm;udk a&S;tusqH;k apwDrsm;ü oH;k pGx J m;jcif;? qif;wk
rsm; xkvyk jf cif;? ausmufx;D ausmufyv’if ausmufwikd rf sm; xkvyk x f m;cJ&h m erlemtm;jzifh
Zkwo f w k t f &yfü Ak'0¨ g'D&u©w\
Ykd vuf&mrsm;pGm tHMh ozG,&f m awGUEdik af Mumif; rSww f rf;
wifxm;cJo h nf/ tjcm;aom ordik ;f q&mwd\ Yk rSww f rf;pmudk rawGU&ay/ ½ky0f w¬KoufaocH
rsm;pGm &Sad eaomfvnf; ordik ;f r&So d nfrmS Zkwof w k af 'o&Sd ordik ;f 0if taqmufttHrk sm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;aom taMumif;t&mwdkYum; ordkif;rwifrD ordkif;a&;aom tavhtxr&SdrD
a&S;OD;acwf aqmufvyk cf ahJ omaMumifo h m ordik ;f r&S&d jcif;jzpfonf[k rSwo f m;&ayawmhonf/
Zkwo f w k &f mG a'oonf bk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmfü vlaea'ojzpfí omoemawmf
pnfum;cJah omfvnf; rif;aejynfNrdKUjy tajymif;tvJrG sm;jcif;aMumifh awm&GmZeyk't f jzpf
1
umvMumndK§ ;rSed cf &hJ onf/ &mZ0ifcsKyfusrf; ESm-144^146 wGif odMum;rif; zefqif;aom
ok0ÖPblrNd rKd Uudk oD[&mZmtm; tyfEiS ;f í ig;qufajrmuf tuk&F rif;vufxufwiG f
crnf;awmfukd oHuiG ;f cwf tpma&tiwfxm;owfaví r,fawmf acsmif;i,fwiG f
a&ikwo f wfaoNy;D aemuf bkra® '0&mZmwdYk NrKd Uawmfukd ajrtwGi;f aysmufu, G af pavonf
[k ordik ;f wif&um; ordik ;f aysmufcahJ om ok0ÖPblrt d aMumif; tp&Smr&jzpfc&hJ onf/
omoemawmfEpS f 1600-ausmfwiG f ok"r®0wD oxHb k &k ifrEl[mESihf Edik if \H ud;k uG,f
tm;xm;&mjzpfaom "mwfawmfarGawmf yd#uwfawmf &[ef;oHCm vufryI nm&Sit f rsm;yg
t&dr'éyl&ac: yk*HjynfodkYa&mufoGm;aomaMumifh rif;aejynfawmfyg uG,faysmufMu&
onf/ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &vufatmufEpS w f pf&mausmf usa&mufaomtcg Ak'o ¨ moemtarG
tESpfrsm;pGm aysmufuG,fcJh&onf/ Zkwfokwf&Gma'o&Sd a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if taqmuf
ttHak e&myg wdrjf rKwfc&hJ avonf/ ordik ;f aysmufí uReb f 0oaygufb0 a&mufMuolwYkd
apwDiw k w f ukd ykd gzsuí f 0rf;pm&SmcJMh uonf/ *0Htw k af usmufrsm; vrf;cif;onftxd qH;k ½H;I
cJ&h onf/ &yfysuf&mG ysuf ordik ;f qufjywfawmufomG ;cJ&h onf/ tBuHuek f *VKefqm;csuf?
zezl;odu k w f ;l a&S;ola[mif;wdYk qdx k ;kH twdik ;f omoemawmfordik ;f rSww f ikd yf rm &Sad eaom
a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkwdkY aysmufuG,foGm;&onfum; xdkolwdkY\ ya,m*rsm;pGm
yg&SdcJhonf/ wm0efrJholwdkY BuD;pdk;aomumvrSm 0dyÜwdå[kqdkvQif rSm;Edkifrnfrxifay/
0d y w
wdåu
d mv Zkwfokwf&Gm
0dywdåumvtaMumif;udk avhvm&mwGif þodaYk wGU&onf/ vlom;wd\ Yk touf
cE¨mpnf;pdrOf pöm ysufp;D atmif jyKvky&f mwGif taMumif;w&m; oH;k yg;aMumifh toufcE¨m
1/ OD;omZHa&; &mZ0ifcsKyf ESm 144^146 Munhf
69
KTS 15-11-14-1
pnf;pdrOf pömrsm; qH;k ½I;H Mu&onf/ ,if;oH;k yg;rSm tpma&pmiwfrw

G jf cif;? cRex
f ufvufeuf
tqdyfoifhjcif;? a&m*gESdyfpufjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
(1) vlom;wdYk twdik ;f twmxufveG Nf y;D avmbvTr;f rd;k aevQif 'kAu Çd E© &Å uyfqu
kd f
a&mufvmonf/ tpma&pmiwfNyD; vlaygif;rsm;pGm aoaus&onf/
(2) tcsi;f csi;f ppfjzpfí wkwf "m; vSH av;jrm; cRex f ufvufeuf tqdyaf iGUwufí
vlrsKd ;aysmufvek ;D eD; aoausMu&onfrmS a'govTr;f rd;k aeaomaMumifjh zpfonf/
ow¬EÅ& uyfqu kd af &mufonf[k ac:Muonf/
(3) todÓmPford zf sif;arm[vTr;f rd;k csdew f iG f rpm;oifah om tpmtm[m&rsm;udk
pm;aomufrdaomtcg ul;pufa&m*gjzpfyGm;NyD; a&m*EÅ&uyfqdkufum
tpkvu kd t
f NyKH vdu
k f aoausMu&onf/ þodYk uyfo;kH yg;jzpfymG ;&jcif;rSm vlom;
wdYk vHv Yk ya,m*aMumif[ h k qd&k onf/ xdt k cgrsdK;udk umv0dywdå [k ac:MuNyD;
acwfq;kd umvqd;k [k oH;k EIe;f cJMh uonf/1
xdkumvü vlwdkYonf rvkyfoifhaom tvkyfrsdK;vkyfMuvQif um,uHonf
taumif;rjzpfç rdz aqGBuD;rsdK;BuD;wdkY\ qHk;rpum;udk rem,l tkyfcsKyfolwdkY trdefYudkyg
zDqefvmí 0pD'pk ½du k f tajymtqdrk sm;vmonf/ pdwx f m;rsm; Murf;wrf;vmonf/ BuD;Edik f
i,fnO§ ;f tEdik tf xuftjyKrsm;vmonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;pepf ysujf ym;cJo h nf/ ud, k &hf yfu,
kd &f mG
wGif twnfwus rae&J vlaeusJí &yfysuf&GmysufjzpfcJh&onf/ wdkif;jynf rNidrfrouf
jzpfaomtcg wdik ;f wpfyg;om;wdu Yk usL;ausmfwu kd cf ukd o
f rd ;f ydu
k cf MhJ uonf/ umv0dywdå
qdk;usdK;yifjzpfonf/
Zkwo f w
k af 'o&Sd a&S;vlwo Ykd nf vlw\ Ykd raumif;aom um,uH 0pDuH raemuH
trIrsm;aMumifh ya,m*0dywdå xlajymvmonf/ &GmOD;&Gmxdy&f dS apwDBuD;udyk if jyKjyif&rSe;f
rod? a&S;bd;k bGm;wdwYk nfcahJ omapwDyx k ;kd rsm; tkwyf b kH 0a&mufc&hJ m tcsKd Uajratmufa&muf
oGm;í aysmufu, G cf &hJ onf/ vlwYkd t½dt k aojyK&efapwD[k rodaomaMumifh uke;f url
xifum apwDysufay:0,f vlao\ t½d;k td;k t½d;k jymtd;k wdu Yk kd jrKyfcMhJ u&m apwDtjzpfrS
vlaojrKyf&mtkw*f [ l k xifrw
S cf MhJ uonf/ &GmaevlwYkd wpfaeYwpfjcm; pD;yGm;a&;ysufjym;
vmonf/ vltaotaysmufrsm;vmonf/ &yfjypf&mG jypf tjcm;t&yfoYkd ajymif;oGm;Mu&m
&Gmysuftjzpfa&mufcJh&onf/
1/ ow¬E&Å uyf? a&m*EÅ&uyf? 'kAu
Çd E© &Å uyfusa&mufcsed f umv0dywdå [k usr;f *efrsm;ü jyqdx
k m;onf/
70
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 71
Zkwfokwfa'oü xif&Sm;aomq&mawmfBuD;rsm;
auvmoawmif ukoed m½Hak wmifrsm;um; omoemhordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;vsuf&dS
onf/ qHawmf"mwfrsm; a0iS&mawmif qHawmf"mwfrsm; Xmyemí apwDtjzpf wnfxm;
aomae&m ud;k wdik ;f ud;k Xmetygt0if &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdYk omoemjyKcJ&h mae&m y&deAd mÁ ef
jyKcJah omae&m[k odcMhJ uonf/ ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;cJah omfvnf; jyKjyiforl &Sd awmtwdyrm
a&muf&adS ecJo
h nf/ omoemawmfü yk*K¾d vfx;l BuD;rsm;[k xif&mS ;aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
um; awmtwdjzpfaeaom ae&modYk <ua&mufvmMuNyD; &[ef;udpö txGwt f xdyNf yD;
ajrmuf aygufa&mufatmif y#dywdå tusifu h sifah qmifomG ;cJMh uonf/ yk*K¾d vfx;l BuD;rsm;
taMumif; xkwEf w I jf yqd&k efvt
kd yfvmonf/
(u) q&mawmf OD;oDv
q&mawmf OD;oDvrSm yJc;l NrdKUajrmufbuf Zdik *f Edik ;f &Gmü zGm;jrifcNhJ yD; &[ef;jzpfaom
tcg awmawmifrsm;wGif oDwif;oH;k vsuf y#dywdå tvkyu f kd usiahf qmifaecJoh nf/ Zkwo f w
k f
&GmrS wpfrikd cf eft
Y uGm aumhu'Gw&f mG a&Tbo kH mapwD&&dS m awmifuek ;f 0,f oDwif;oH;k vsuf
teD;&Sd okomefrsm;ü ntcg "kwifaqmufwnfonf/ q&mawmforkwcf ahJ omodrrf mS
,aeYwikd x
f if&mS ;&Sad eonf/ Zkwof w k Ef iS hf aumhu'Gwrf mS uke;f qif;uke;f wuf awmcsHKrsm;
xlxyfaomae&mjzpfí 0da0u&aomae&mrsdK;jzpfonf/ rd;k csKyfvQif vlorH Mum;& toGm;
tvmr&Sad wmhay/ q&mawmf OD;oDvtzdYk awm&aqmufwnf&ef okomef"w k ifaqmif&ef
ae&maumif; jzpfaecJhonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmonf qGrf;cH&ma*gp&*grfjzpfcJhonf/ ntcg
okomef"kwifaqmif&efae&mjzpfonf/ a&S;vlBuD;wdkY ajymqdkaeaom yk*d¾Kvfxl;wpfyg;
jzpfonf/ q&mawmfOD;oDvrSm 1194-ckESpfzGm;NyD; 1269-wGif b0ewfxHysHvGefcJhonf/
q&mawmf OD;oDv\ tqH;k tr þa'oü usef&adS ecJo h nf/ oufowfvw G pf m;aom
tavhtxrsdK;jzpfonf/ Zkwo f w
k &f mG BuD; awm&a&Tusifausmif;rSm ,aeYtxd&adS eonf/
(c) v,fwDq&mawmf OD;ÓmP"Z aou©sawmif OD;wdavmu
v,fwq D &mawmfonf rH&k mG NrKd Uajrmufbuf 'Dy&J if;pdik jf yif;BuD;&GmwGif 1208-ckEpS f
u arG;zGm;cJhNyD; &[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf 1260-ckwGif bDvif;NrdKUteD; ukodem½HkawmifodkY
<ua&mufawmfrv l mNy;D &Siaf omP&SiOf wå& y&deAd mÁ efjyK&mXmeü y#dywdå tusiw hf Ykd usiahf wmf
rlonf/ ukodem½Hkawmifü &aohwdkYtm; 0dZÆmr*¾'DyeDusrf;a&;om;csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrl
onf/ v,fwq D &mawmf\wynhf aou©sawmifq&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf a'otwGi;f
71
KTS 15-11-14-1
ü tusifhy#dywdå jzifh xif&Sm;aeaom q&mawmfjzpfonf/ psmef,mOfpD;aumif;uifc&D;

oGm;Edik af tmifusifrh nf[k pdw"f mwfjyif;jyif;jzifh ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/ v,fwD
q&mawmfxo H Ykd wynhaf wmf q&morm; trS&D ygvQif aeYn&[ef;udpNö yD;&ef&ydS gonf[k
pmjzifh awmif;yefaomaMumifh v,fwq D &mawmf<ua&mufvmcJo h nf/ wynhjf zpfot l m;
enf;vrf;rSeaf &muf ñTejf yay;onf/ qHawmf&iS u f sKd ufx;D ½d;k ajcvsio f mG ;a&mufz;l ajrmfonf/
wwd,oH*g,emwifNy;D aemuf ud;k wdik ;f ud;k Xmetygt0if ok0ÖPblrd omoemjyK&[EÅm
&Siaf omPESi&hf iS Of wå &wdYk y&deAd mÁ efjyK&m ukoed m½Hak wmifoYkd <ua&mufawmfrNl yD; omoem
yEéucf sawmfrcl o hJ nf/ awmawmifaysm&f aohwt Ykd m; oufowfvw G f rD;vGwpf m;oH;k &mwGif
oDvopömarwå mw&m;udk t"d|mefxm; tmemygeur®|mef;pD;jzef;&efenf;vrf;rsm;udk ñTejf y
ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ ukoed m½Hak wmifü aexdik af om&aohw\ Ykd usifph Ofrsm;twdik ;f twm
wpfct k xd us,fjyefcY o hJ nf/
(*) r[mpnfq&mawmf OD;aombe
q|oH*g,emwifyüJG r[mpnfq&mawmfu ykpu ä ? rif;uGe;f wdy#d uq&mawmfu
0dóZÆutjzpf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/ 0dyóem½Ienf;rsm; urÇmtESUH us,jf yefaY tmif a[majym
Edik cf ahJ om q&mawmftjzpf xif&mS ;onf/ q&mawmfukd 1266-ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifawmfrcl NhJ y;D
y&d,wdå pmay jynfph akH tmifoifMum;Ny;D aomtcg y#dywdå usiphf Ofqnf;yl;&eftwGuf 1292-
ckESpf jymodkvjynhfausmf 7-&ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKifNrdKU awmif0dkif;uav;ausmif;wdkufrS
pwifxu G cf mG cJo
h nf/ Zif;usKd ufç uwGeçf &ifNird çf aumhuwGwçf auvmoawmif jroydwf
awmif a0ykva’ wmif usKd ufx;D ½d;k awmifpaomae&mtESUH bk&m;zl; w&m;&Sm&ef c&D;xGucf mG
cJo h nf/ aumhuwGw&f mG rS wpfqifh 'H0k ef;blwmodYk <ua&mufNyD; a&Ta&mifjyawmifawm&
q&mawmf OD;tke;f cdik x f aH &muf&NdS y;D y#dywdu
å siphf Ofuakd vhvmonf/ waygif;vqef; 5-&uf
aeYwiG f oxHNk rKd UodYk <ua&mufNy;D aZw0efq&mawmf[k xif&mS ;aom q&mawmf OD;em&'xH
y#dywdåusiphf Ofukd em,lusiBhf uHtm;xkwo f nf/ owdy|mefygVdawmf aewdåygVdawmfukd tajccH
xm;vsuf 0dyóem½Ienf;udk csD;jr§ifha[mMum;&m av;vMumtm;xkwfawmfrlonf/
r[mpnfq&mawmf &&Scd ahJ om 0dyóem½Ienf;rSm a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD
oxHak 'otwGi;f atmifajrrsm;eif;í tm;xkwcf ahJ omaMumifh urÇmtESUH jyefcY &hJ onf[k
qdkEdkifayonf/
72
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 73
(C) a&Ta&mifjyawmif q&mawmf OD;tkef;cdkif

bDvif;rS oxHo k o
Ykd mG ;aom um;vrf;ab;wGif a&Ta&mifjyawmifukd awGUMu&onf/
vGecf ahJ omaumZmESpf 1280-ausmfu qGr;f tm[m&oufowfvw G bf Ok ;f ay; t&nuif
"kwifokomef"kwif qGrf;"kwifrsm;udk usifhaqmifaom q&mawmf OD;tkef;cdkifac:
OD;tmavmu&HoD oDwif;oH;k cJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu Zkwo f w
k &f mG rS oDvaqmufwnfí &uf&n S f
w&m;tm;xkwv f okd rl sm; tpktzGUJ jzifh oGm;a&mufcMhJ uonf/ wynh&f [ef;tm;vH;k ausmif;&Sd
oHCmukef "kwifaqmif w&m;tm;xkwMf u&onf/ yJpm;ud, k af wmf[k ac:a0:cJMh uonf/
(i) oxHkaZw0efq&mawmf OD;em&'
aZw0efq&mawmf OD;em&'rSm ppfuikd ;f NrdKUajrmufbuf (10)rdik u f mG uefBuD;uke;f
ausmufy&H&GmZmwdjzpfonf/ i,fpOfu rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd rdk;aumif;wdkuf 'ud©P0efwdkuf jr
awmifwu kd f pHausmif;wdu k f paom pmoifwu kd Bf uD;rsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJo h nf/ aus;Zl;&Sif
rif;uGe;f tv,fawm& q&mawmf OD;rOÆL\ csD;ajr§mufr&I í &[ef;0wfc&hJ onf/ ur®|mef;
w&m; ZGJoefoeftm;xkwfcJh&m ur®|mef;½IrSwfenf; vufqkyfvufudkif ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif&&SdcJh
onf/ jrefrmEdik if H Ak'o ¨ moemonf oxHrk pS aomaMumifh wpfausmhjyef y#dywdo å moem
yGifhvif;ap&ef &nf&G,fvsuf oxHkNrdKUrSyif tajccHxm;a[majymjyocJhonf/ oxHkNrdKU
eef;awmf&ma[mif;ta&SUajrmuf NrdKU½dk;oHk;cktwGif; A[dkae&mudk blrdeufoefrSefaom
atmifajrtjzpf a&G;cs,í f 1276-ckEpS w f iG f owdy|mef&yd o f mausmif;wdu k f wnfaxmifvsuf
0dyóemw&m; a[majymjyocJo h nf/ oxHak Zw0efowdy|mef&yd o f m? ppfuikd ;f rlvrif;uGe;f
ausmif;trnfukd owd&ap&ef rlvrif;uGe;f aZw0efq&mawmf[k oH;k EIe;f cJMh uonf/ q&m
awmf\ y#dywdu å sifph OfrmS Zkwof wk &f mG txda&muf&v dS mNyD; usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDteD;&Sd
&dyo
f mausmif;trnfjzifh &Sad ecJo h nf/
(p) anmifvGefYq&mawmf OD;ar"m0DESifh pGef;vGef;q&mawmf OD;u0d
anmifveG q Yf &mawmf OD;ar"m0Dum; rEÅav;wdik ;f ? &rnf;oif;NrKd Ue,f? anmifveG Uf
awm&ausmif;ü rdk;eHukef;q&mawmf[k xif&Sm;aom OD;Z,EÅxHü y&d,wdå y#dywdåudk
oif,ul siBfh uHcahJ om q&mawmfjzpfonf/ q|oH*g,emrwdik rf D ausmMf um;cJah om pGe;f vGe;f
q&mawmf OD;u0d? a0blq&mawmf OD;ukrm&wdkYtm; enf;ay;ñTefjy rdwåuvsmPjzpfcJh
onf/ psmevmbD qVmbdnmywåcDPmo0[k xif&Sm;cJhonf/ a0blq&mawmf
jzpfvmrnfh &[ef;i,ftm; ESpu f ,
kd cf í
JG jyaomq&mawmf[k rSww f rf;jyKcJMh uonf/
73
KTS 15-11-14-1
jrif;NcNH rKd Uawmifbuf pGe;f vGe;f trnfjzifh xif&mS ;aomawm&ausmif;&So

d nf/ awm&
q&mawmfum; OD;u0djzpf\/ &[EÅm[kausmMf um;aeonf/ q|oH*g,emrwdik rf u D vGepf mG
xif&Sm;cJhonf/ anmifvGefYq&mawmfESifh pGef;vGef;q&mawmf 2-yg;um; &if;ESD;aom
tmrdooarÇm* "r®oarÇm*&SdcJhMuonf/
rGejf ynfe,f oxHNk rKd Uwpf0u kd w
f iG f awmawmifrsm;0dik ;f &Hvsu&f o dS nf/ ESp(f 1000)cefu Y
oxHkjynf rEl[mbk&if xD;eef;pdkufcJh&mjzpfonf/ NrdKUajrmufbuf 6-zmvHkcefYtuGmü
aerdE&¨ awmifwnf&o dS nf/ NrdKU½d;k a[mif;ESix hf pd yfvsuf&o
dS nf/ ta0;jrifuiG ;f wGif apwDykH
awmifjzpfonf/ awmifxyd o f nf om,mvSyMunfE;l zG,&f mXmejzpfí oxHNk rdKU&Sd Opöm"e
*kPfj'yf&SdvlBuD;rsm; pkaygif;í odrfwpfvHk;orkwf&efwdkifyifMuNyD; aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;
opf 0g;rsm;wifyMYkd uonf/ eHeufvif;vQif awmifatmufjyefa&mufaeonf/ awmMurf;
awmifMurf;ae&m[k owfrw S xf m;Muonf/ vltapmifx h m;vQif vla&mypön;f yg awmif
atmufa&mufaewwfonf/
xdak cwfuxif&mS ;aom rEÅav;awmifyikd &f aohBuD; OD;cEDx Å H ,if;udpNö yD;pD;atmif
aqmif&u G af y;&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;Mu&m anmifveG q Yf &mawmfEiS hf jrif;NcHpeG ;f vGe;f
q&mawmf yifMh uyg[k tBuHjyKcJo h nf/ q&mawmf 2-yg; tzGUJ onf oxHNk rdKUodYk 1284-
ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef;wGif <ua&mufvmMuonf/ waygif;vjynhaf usmf (7)7ufaeYwiG f
e,ford ;f í odro f rkwcf MhJ uonf/ oxHo k moemwpfausmjh yef yGiv hf if;apa&; a&SUajy;edrw d f
jyKvkyaf y;cJMh uonf/ vlMurf;ewfMurf;wdt Yk m; ,Ofaus;apcJo h nf/
rlvXmearS;rSdef ,m,DXme yGifhvif;
xdkq&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ y#dywdåusifhpOfrsm;aMumifh Zkwfokwf&Gm\ omoema&;
txdu k tf avsmufyiG v hf if;vmcJo h nf/ q&mawmf OD;oDv\wynhrf sm;onf aemifawmf
BuD;ausmif;ESihf awm&a&Tusiaf usmif;udw k nfaxmif a&Tusi*f P kd ;f 0ifoC
H mawmfrsm; oDwif;
oHk;cJhMuonf/ oxHkNrdKU aZw0ef q&mawmf OD;em&'\ wynhfrsm; pkaygif;aqmif&GufcJh
Mu&m 7dyfomausmif;ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ qifESpfaumifausmif;ü pmoifwdkuftjzpf
pmoifpmcs&[ef;awmfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ yJpm;q&mawmf[k xif&mS ;aom a&Ta&mif
jyawmif awm&OD;tke;f cdik u f kd taMumif;jyKí oufowfvw G pf m;aomolrsm; aygrsm;vmcJh
onf/ v,fwq D &mawmf aou©sawmifq&mawmfw\ Ykd aus;Zl;aMumifh Zkwo
f w
k &f mG twGi;f
oN*dK[fusrf;vm y&rwf cE¨m tm,we "mwfopöm ajyma[moHrsm; qlnv H mcJo h nf/
Zkwof w k &f mG om; OD;tke;f cdik o
f nf i,fpOfumvrSpí &[EÅm[kausmfMum;aom q&mawmf
74
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 75
OD;oDv\ tqH;k trudek m,lco hJ nf/ Oykoo

f wD if;apmifoh ;kH cJo
h nf/ OD;oDv\ tquftEG,f
a&Ta&mifjyawmifrS q&mawmf OD;tkef;cdkifxH qnf;uyfvsuf y#dywdåudkusifhaqmifaecJh
onf/ a':pdef;uvnf; cifyGef;jzpfolESifh bk&m;oGm;ausmif;wuftwlygavh&Sdonf/ ZeD;
armifESHESpfOD;vHk; wlnDaomo'¨g oDv p&P&SdMuolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmü
&GmOD;&Gmxdyf&Sd a&S;a[mif;apwDBuD; awmcsHKzHk; vlaorD;oN*dK[f&mukef;tjzpf? &Gmvnf&Sd
a&S;a[mif;odraf wmfBu;D csKH EG,zf ;kH om;owfae&mtjzpf? apwDiw k w
f rkd sm;teD; vlaetdraf qmuf
aexkid Nf y;D ikwwf b
kd 0rS tkwyf t
kH jzpf a&mufomG ;jcif;tjzpf jrifawGUae&onfrmS 0rf;enf;zG,&f m
jzpfvsuf&o dS nf/ qHawmf"mwfued ;f 0yf&m apwD &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwYkd orkwcf ahJ om odrf
awmfBuD;rsm;um; ajratmufjrKyfNy;D rxifr&Sm;jzpfaeonf/ &[ef;oHCmrsm; oDwif;oH;k &m
ausmif;um; xnf0gcHhnm;vsuf&Sdonf/ rlvarS;rSdef ,m,DyGifhvif;aejcif; e*dkrlvESifh
,m,DXme vTrJ mS ;aeonfukd awGUjrifMu&onf/
rsdK;½dk;pOfquf
OD;tke;f cdik Ef iS hf a':pde;f wdYk ZeD;armifErHS mS Zkwo
f w k &f mG BuD;twGi;f aexdik í
f aqGBuD;
rsdK;BuD;jzpfMuonf/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIrSm v,fvkyfief; NcHvkyfief;jzpfonf/ &ifESpf
oD;jcm om;orD;&wemrsm;rSm a':usif,Hk? OD;xGef;a&T? OD;pHaz? OD;omatmif? a':usifNrdKif
(a':ylpad ESmif;) wdjYk zpfonf/ Zkwo k &f mG av;wGif OD;jroif;? a':NrdKif ZeD; armifEw
f w HS o
Ykd nf
v,fvkyfief; NcHvkyfief;jzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKMuonf/ &ifESpfoD;jcm om;orD;
&wemrsm;rSm a':a&TrSdef? a':apmusif? OD;b&Sdef? OD;brSdef? OD;bpdef? OD;zdk;idk? a':a&Ttdrf?
a':a&Tcsdef? a':usifpdef 9-a,mufarG;zGm;cJo h nf/ ESpzf ufaomrdzwdYk oabmwl MunfjzL
pGmyif OD;pHazESifh a':apmusifwdkYtm; vufxyfr*FvmjyKay;cJhMuonf/
tazrsdK;½dk; tbdk;[lonf
OD;tke;f cdik of nf q&mawmf OD;oDv? a&Ta&mifjyawmif1 q&mawmfw\ Ykd qH;k rMo0g'ESihf
tnD Oykoaf eYwikd ;f Oykoaf pmifh olt Y ouftom;rpm;roH;k arwåmw&m;yGm;cJo h nf/
oHa0*ÓmPf&ifo h ef aeu©r"® mwftm;aumif;vmonf/ ZeD;jzpfot l m; cGiyhf efpum;qdak v
onf/ orD;vdrm® om;vdrm® rsm; olt Y rd af xmifbufEiS &hf adS eMuNyD/ igvnf; touft&G,f
BuD;NyD? &cJaom vlYb0udk wefzdk;&Sdatmif 'kv’b&[ef;jyKvdkonf/ cGifhjyKEdkifrnfvm;[k
ajymqdk&m ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;vHk; bk&m;oGm;ausmif;wufukodkvfjyKbufjzpfaeí cifyGef;\
1/ a&Ta&mifjyawmifq&mawmf bke;f BuD;OD;tke;f cdik b
f aYJG wmfrmS OD;tmavmu&HojD zpfonf/ usdKufx;D
aqmif;q&mawmf\tzd;k OD;tke;f cdik jf zpf trnfwv l suf&o dS nf/ 2-yg;vH;k oufowfvw G f qGr;f cH
bkO;f ay;Muonf/
75
KTS 15-11-14-1
pdwxf m;udk odxm;olyyD D wpf0gwpfcsD tprf;aeMunfyh g[k cGijhf yKpum;qdak vonf/ awm&
a&Tusifausmif;q&mawmfwdkY\ "r®mEk*¾[jzifh &[ef;0wfcJhonf/ aemifawmfBuD; a&Tusif
awm&ausmif;ü aexkid í f &[ef;wdYk oDvodum© udk ½dak opGm apmifx h ed ;f cJo
h nf/ aemifawmf
BuD; apwD\ ta&SUbufü ajrusHK; a&usHK; (3)xyf&&dS m tv,fxyfawmcsHKtMum;
wpfyg;aeausmif;aqmufvsuf t&n0goD &[ef;tjzpf {upm&Dusifah vonf/ q&m
pOfquf "kwifaqmiftavhtxjzifh oufowfvw G q
f rG ;f udo
k m tvSLcHonf/ aemifaom
tcg yJpm;ud, k af wmf OD;tke;f cdik af c: OD;tmpdÖP xif&mS ;cJo h nf/ a&Ta&mifjyawmif
awm&q&mawmfOD;tkef;cdkifESifh vltrnfwlaecJhonf/ OD;pHazonf udsKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf\ zcifjzpfonf/ zcif\ tazonf OD;tkef;cdkifjzpf&um; q&mawmf\
tbd;k awmfpyfonf/ tzrsdK;½d;k tbd;k onf aeu©r"® mwf&ifo h efaeonfukd odEikd af yonf/
tazcspfaomorD;
xdak cwf Zkwo f wk &f mG onf uRJEmG ;0ufom; tpm;rsm;vSonf/ om;[if; ig;[if;
ig;ydijH ym&nfrygvQif [if;rcsuw f wfMuacs/ oufowfvw G q f rG ;f cHvQif r&Edik af om tajc
taersdK;jzpfonf/ cifyGef;jzpfol&[ef;b0wGif Mum&Snfaeí qGrf;tm[m&rQwapa&;
twGuf [if;oD;[if;&Guf [if;csufyrJ sdK;pHk taMumftavSmjf zifh qGr;f avmif;vSLonf/
a&SUoGm;aemufvu kd f p½du
k wf Ml uí oDv&Si0f wfjzifh aexdik cf o
hJ nf/ tztd&k [ef;\ a0,sm
0pöjyKvky&f ef orD;jzpfol a':usiNf rKd ifonf vlrr,ft&G,f oDv&Siq f &mav;jzpfvm&onf/
&yf&Gmom;trsm;url a':ylpdaESmif; oDv&Sifq&mav; a':ukrm&D[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/
tazcspfaomorD; tazenf;usifBh uH tazhvufuwH;k awmifa0S;yrmjzpfvm&onf/ zcif
r&Sad omtcg ppfuikd ;f rEÅav;oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;í y&d,wdpå may wwfajrmufvm
aomtcg yJc;l NrdKU? a&Tomavsmif;bk&m;teD; aemifawmfBuD;bke;f BuD;ausmif;0if; oDv&Sif
Z&yfü oDv&Sifrsm;tm; pmcsq&mtjzpf aexdkifvsuf oDv&SifomoemrsdK;qufrsm;
jyefYyGm;apcJhonfrSm taztarG tazudkcspfonfh tazcspforD;jzpfcJhavonf/
tazhnDr a':av;oDv&Sif
a':ukrm&Donf rdzESpyf g;uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;NyDjzpfí tem*wfomoema&;twGuf rdrd
b0 taetxm; rnfojYkd zpfoifo h nfukd qifjcifro d nf/ touft&G,t
f m;jzifh y&d,wdå
pmayoifMum;&ef vdktyfaeonf/ txufjrefrmEdkifiH? ppfudkif;NrdKUonf oDv&Sifrsm;\
ynmpHkoifay;Edkifaom Xmetjzpf ausmfMum;vsuf&Sd&m oGm;vdkpdwfjyif;jyvmcJhonf/
76
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 77
rdwaf qG oDv&Sirf sm; tultnDjzifh orda'¨g',oDv&Siq f &mBuD;xHa&mufcohJ nf/ pmoif

pmcspepfusaomaMumifh yxrjyefpmar;yGw J iG f yxri,fç yxrvwfç yxrBuD;wef;udk
qufwu kd af tmifjrifco
hJ nf/ oHa,mZOfuif;atmif y&d,wdpå maytay: ydí k tm;pdu
k f
oif,lcJhonf/ q&maumif;wdkY\ csD;jr§ifhtm;ay;rIudk &&SdcJhaomaMumifh tpdk;&pmcswef;
pmar;yGJrsm; atmifjrifcJhonf/ xdktcsdefu ygVdwuúodkvfausmif;wdkufrsm;? ppfudkif;wGif
zGifhvSpfxm;aomaMumifh pmcsq&maumif;rsm;ESifh BuHKqHkcGifh&&SdcJhonf/ tajccHaumif;?
pepfaumif;? q&maumif; taMumif;nDñw G o
f nft
h wGuf ESpt
f enf;i,ftwGi;f pmcs
oDv&Sib f 0a&mufc&hJ onf/ usr;f &if;oH;k usr;f atmifí omoe"Z"r®mp&d, *kPx f ;l atmifí
omoe"Z od&yD 0&"r®mp&d,bGUJ &&Scd o hJ nf/ rEÅav;NrdKU? rvGeqf efvLS toif;BuD;rS qGr;f
qefawmf qD qm; 0w¬KaiGrsm; axmufyHhcJhaomaMumifh pm;a&;aomufa&; cufcJjcif;
r&Scd ahJ y/
q|oH*g,emtBudKumv0,f yJc;l NrKd U? a&Tarmfa"mapwD jyefvnfjyKjyifcsed jf zpfonf/
a&TjcL;aq;vdyfcHkydkif&Sif OD;olawmfonf aq;vdyfor trsdK;orD;i,fwdkYudk "r®pMum0wf
toif;zGUJ í oDv&Siq f &mav;rsm;xH tultnDawmif;cHí y&dw"f r®pMumrsm;udk oif,l
aponf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvnf; a&Tarmfa"mapwD&ifjyif0,f y&dwf y|mef; "r®pMum
okwfawmfrsm; &GwfzwfylaZmf&ef ñTefMum;cJhonf/ apwemxufoefpGm oifMum;ay;ol
jzpfí a&TjcL;rdom;pku ypönf;av;yg;axmufyHhvSL'gef;cJhonf/ a&Tomavsmif;apwDteD;
awmifbuf aemifawmfBuD;ausmif;0if;twGi;f 0,f OD;pHaz\ tpfrBuD; a':usif,ckH ifyeG ;f
OD;zd;k cdik w
f u
Ykd oDv&SiZf &yf aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;cJ&h m ,if;oDv&SiZf &yfü a':ukrm&Daexdik í
f
pmcswm0efudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ zcif OD;pHaz\nDri,fonf oDv&Sif
jzpfaomaMumifh taznDra':av;onf q&mawmf\ a':av;oDv&SifjzpfcJh&onf/
tazwlom; OD;omatmif
OD;pHaz\nDi,f OD;omatmifonf zcifjzpfol OD;tke;f cdik &f [ef;b0jzifh aexdik af om
aMumifh ausmif;om;uyd, Ü tjzpfa&mufc&hJ onf/ c&D;a0;oGm;aomtcg ausmif;om;tjzpf
vdkufí temrmo0w¬KaiGrsm; udkifaqmifcJh&onf/ olawmfaumif;ESifhtaersm;vm&m
vlYabmifavmu vlrIa&;'ku©t00udk owdjyKqifjcif oHa0*toGif ½Ijrifvmonf/
todÓmPf0ifum rdcifzcifwx Ykd rH S aeu©r"® mwfu;l pufvmonf/ &[ef;0wfcg zcif&[ef;ESihf
twl awmawmifpcef;rsm;ü vSnv fh nfow D if;oH;k í tmp&d,0wf rdz0wfukd jznfu h sifh
cGifh&&Sdavonf/ rGefjynfe,f? a&;NrdKU? vrdkif; auvmawmifwGif awm&aqmufwnfí
77
KTS 15-11-14-1
wpfr;kd cdk wpf0gqdMk uonf/ zcifBuD;ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f y#dywdt å vkyu f kd tm;xkwcf MhJ u
onf/ rd;k ukeí f aqmif;ul;aomtcg zcif&[ef;BuD; Zmwd&mG odYk jyef<uoGm;onf/ OD;om
atmif OD;o'¨r0® o H wpfyg;wnf;om auvmoawm&wGif usef&pfco hJ nf/ ewfawmfv
ukecf geD;a&mufvQif zcifBuD; tonf;toefjzpfvYkd jyefvu kd cf yhJ g[k yifo
h al &mufvmcJoh nf/
tvQit f jrefvmcJMh uaomfvnf; zcif&[ef;BuD;um; b0ewfxH pH0ifomG ;cJah vNy/D ykxZk Of
vlom; obm0um; ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Spd Of teD;tem;twlaexdik pf Of0,f wpfO;D ay:wpfO;D
avmb a'go arm[ zH;k vTr;f Ny;D igrSig[k twårmeBuD;vsuf rac:rajymaewwfMuonf/
zcif &[ef;BuD; cE¨m0efcsoGm;aomtcg vltrsm; ylaqG;aomu BuD;aeMujyefonf/
a0;vHaomt&yfü cGcJ mG ae&mumvMumaomtcg u½kPmouf0ifcspfcifvmMuonf/
zcifukd taMumif;cHí ESpzf ufaqGrsdK;rsm; pka0;vmMuonf/ b0ul;ajymif;olukd wrf;w
ylaqG;aeMuonf/ aqGrsdK;rsm; aomuuif;apa&;twGuf ]]aeY aeYjrifnaysmuf}}w&m;udk
a[majym&jyefavonf/
aeYjrifnaysmufw&m;
aojcif;qdw
k m owå0gwdik ;f b0wpfc&k &SNd yD; b0wpfcpk Muw,f? (touf&cfdS sdeu f kd
vltrsm;u toufvaYkd c:MuwJ)h ZD0w d ad jE´ jywfawmufomG ;wJt
h cgrSm aow,fvYkd ac:ae
Muw,f/ aoMuwJt h cg oH;k rsdK;&Sw
d ,f-
(1) tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY 0#fqif;&J[lorQ jywfawmufNyD;
toufuek Mf uw,f? 'gudk orkapä'r&PvdaYk c:w,f/ aemufwpfenf;
uawmh-
(2) ½kyfemrfocFg&wdkY wpfcPwmysufpD;csKyfaysmufoGm;w,f? 'gudk cPdu
r&PvdaYk c:w,f/ aemufq;kH enf;uawmh-
(3) oufrJhjzpfwJh opfyifawG ajcmufuyfoGm;w,f? 'gudkawmh or®Kwdr&P
vdaYk c:w,f/ usrf;*efrsm;rSmjywJh aoenf;awG--
vlawGaoMu&mrSmvJ oH;k rsdK;&Sw
d ,f? oH;k rsdK;uawmh-
yxrao&wJhenf;u twdwfukodkvfukefvdkYaooGm;w,f? 'kwd,enf;u
oufwrf;ukev
f aYkd ooGm;w,f? cktcg vlawG oufwef;[m ESpf (100)tvGeq f ;kH vdq
Yk ykd g
w,f/ aemufq;kH wwd,enf;u toufwrf;vJuek f twdwf ukov kd u
f v
H uJ ek v
f Ykd aooGm;
Mu&w,f/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;aowmvJ&w dS wfw,f/ wpfcsdKUvlawG twdwu f ukov kd u
f v H J
78
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 79
&Sad eao;w,f? oufwrf;vJ&adS o;w,f? 'gayr,fh rdzq&m aqGBuD;rsKd ;BuD;awGukd r½drk ao

qufqHjyKrlaew,f/ EIwfMurf;tmMurf; ajymqdkqufqHw,f/ olwpfyg;ysufpD;atmif
bmvky&f rvJqw kd hJ pdw,
f wk rf m tNrJ&adS ew,f/ uHig;yg;usL;vGeaf ew,f/ t&G,af umif;
wke;f rSm wkwf "m;pwJv h ufeuf vwfwavm aoapwJeh nf;eJY toufuek Mf uwm?
'gudak wmh Oyapä'uuHxu kd v
f Ykd aoMu&w,fvYkd qdak vhajymavh jyKMuw,f/
,ckcrnf;awmfBuD;uawm &[ef;odum© ud, k rf mS wnfcsed rf pS Ny;D 0denf;awmfEiS t hf nD
aexkid o f mG ;w,f/ xif&mS ;ausmfMum;wJq h &mawmfBuD;awGxH qnf;uyfu;kd uG,f tusifh
pcef;toG,o f ,G u
f kd usifBh uHtm;xkwcf w
hJ ,f/ olt Y ouf olt Y om; rpm;oH;k bJ arwåm
ur®|mef;pD;jzef;aew,f/ "kwifaw&oudk oifah vsmo f vdu k sichf w
hJ ,f/ tEkówd (10)yg;udk
tNryJ mG ;rsm;aew,f/ 'Dvo kd v D odum© orm"dou d m© ynmodum© udk usio hf u l ykd if 'Daojcif;
w&m;u n§mwmjcif;rjyKbJ ZD0ed af cRomG ;w,f/ 0do'k r¨d *fr&PówduxmrSm jyxm;wmu
t[d qwå u rukvH rrw wå aue yHoHk *a[wGm0 O*¾päwd? {0H owåmeH Z7mr&PH
*a[wGm0 edAÁwå Ed Å / t[dqwåurukv?H ajratmufraS y:xGuv f maom rIid o kH nf/
rwåaue? xdyfjzifh/ yHoHk? ajrpdkifajrrIefYwdkYudk/ *a[wGm0? tay:rS &GufvmNyD;/ O*¾päwd?
ajray:odx Yk uG vf m&\/ {0H? þOyrmvdyk if/ owåmeH? b0wpfc&k &Sv d mMuwJh owå0gwdik ;f /
Z&mr&PH? tdjk cif;oabm aojcif;oabmud/k *a[wGm0? ud, k w
f ikd uf , kd uf s ,lvmcJMh u
vdkYomvQif/ edAÁwåEdÅ? aojcif;qdkwmjzpfcJh&ayownf;/
(om"koH)
bk&m;&[EÅmawGvJ 'Daojcif;udk rvGeq f efEikd Mf u? aemufq;kH b0ed*;kH csKyfMu&wmyJ?
owd&vdkY ajym&OD;r,f? rdk;OD;ustcsdefu crnf;awmfBuD;eJYtwl armfvNrdKifbuf a&;NrdKU
teD; 0gc½lvrdik ;f auvmoawmif qHawmfapwDteD;rSm awm&aqmufwnfaeMuygw,f?
a0,sm0pöawG jyKvkyaf y;&ygw,f/ y#dywdu å sifeh nf;udv k J oifjyay;ygw,f/ toufBuD;
aevdkY teD;uyfyl;wGJaecGifh&cJhw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef[m aysmfp&maumif;wJhtcsdefawG jzpfcJhyg
w,f/ bmeJw Y o
l vJqakd wmh 'D&mG wpf0ukd rf mS iSurf sdK;pHt k yk zf UJG aeMuw,f/ txl;ojzifh
Z&uftyk af wGvykd gyJ/ naecsrf; tdyw f ef;wufcsdef qln?H eHeufpm;usufxu G cf sdef oltY wGJ
olt Y yk ef yYJ sHomG ;aeMuwm awGU&w,f/ wpfcsdKUiSuaf wG pm;usufuiG ;f rSm ñGwu f iG ;f trdc&H
w,f/ av;jrm;eJY vlawGvufygoGm;&w,f/ tdyw f ef;wufcsdef tazmfrpHMk uwmvJ awGU7
w,f/ 0gwGi;f umvrSm 2-yg;twlwal eMu&mu ,cktcsdef crnf;awmfBuD; b0ewfxH
ysHawmfrlawmh wpfyg;wnf; usef&pfcJhygNyD? 'gaMumifh-
79
KTS 15-11-14-1
om,arau e 'dóEdÅ? ygawm 'd|m A[lZem/

ygawm {au e 'dóEdÅ? om,H 'd|m A[lZem/
ygawm? ,aeYeHeuf tm½Hkwufvmcsdeftcgü/ 'd|m? oGm;vmaexdkif vkyfudkif
NyHK;&Tiaf wGUjrifMu&ukeaf om/ A[lZem? BuD;i,faomif;ajymif; rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wd/Yk
{au? tcsKd Ut0ufaomvlwu Ykd /kd om,H? ol&ed af erif; taemufa*g,muRe;f odYk 0ifa&muf
oGm;&m naecsed t f cgü/ e'dóEd?Å aorif;acszsuf olawmfcsuaf Mumifh aysmufysuv f iG phf if
rawGUjrifMu&awmhacs/ om,H? a&mufqaJ eY&uf ukeyf sufe;D vm naecsdet f cgu/ 'd|m?
oGm;vmaexdkif vkyfudkifNyHK;&Tif awGUjrifMu&ygaom/ A[lZem? BuD;i,faomif;ajymif;
rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdw Yk iG /f {au? tcsdKUt0ufaomvlwu Ykd /kd ygawm? eHeufr;kd aomuf
tvif;a&mufcsdefü/ e'dóEdÅ? aorif;ac:&m aumufaumufygvdkufoGm;&aomaMumifh
azG&mS vlcY iG rf awGUjrif&awmhbJ crnf;awmfBuD;yrm tvm;wlpmG aeYjrifnaysmuf tjzpfrsKd ;
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tjcm;a'oodYk oGm;a&mufvsuf omoemawmfukd jyKcJMh u&avonf/
80
KTS 15-11-14-1
OD;tkef;cdkif a':pdef om; OD;omatmif orD; a':ylpdaESmif;wdkYonf OD;oDvpaom

q&mawmfBuD;wdx Yk rH S em,lc&hJ aom 'kvb
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tjzpf useftcsdef bBuD;jzpfolxHrSmyif 0dkif;ul0dkif;vkyfae&onf/ om;vwfudkNyHK;tm;
81
KTS 15-11-14-1
OD;av;omatmifrS (rk'NkH rKd U)ac:Ny;D ausmif;xm;ay;cJah omaMumifh owårwef;atmifjrifco

hJ nf/
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82
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 83
aponf[k ,laomf rSm;,Gif;zG,fr&Sday/ aemifa&mufvmrnfh omoemawmfESpf 2500

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83
KTS 15-11-14-1
rif; om;awmfarG;zGm;csdefu a&apmifhbDvl;wdkYzGm;NyD;p rif;om;tm; omoemjyKrnfhol

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84
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 85
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85
KTS 15-11-14-1
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NcHus,ftwGi;f jzpfí vxGuNf yD;csdef apwD&&dS modYk trSww f rJMh unhrf o d nf/ apwDx;D awmfrS
ta&mifrsKd ;pHk puf0ikd ;f yHu k akd wGU&vQif xl;qef;aomt&mjzpfí upm;azmfrsm;tm; vufñ;Id xd;k
jyvdu k o f nf/ 6-a,mufwiG f udak tmifNidr;f ? udñ k eG aYf rmif? udak tmifNzdK; (3)a,mufom
jrif&í apwDukd OD;csMuonf/ usef (3)a,mufrmS Munhaf omfvJ rjrifrawGUí r,HMk unf
pdwaf Mumifh &Scd ;kd jcif;rjyKbJ aecJMh uonf/ tbd;k tbGm;wdt Yk m; jyefajymMu&m vlav;wdYk
odyfuHaumif;wmyJ? 'dkY'Dtouft&G,f 'DrSmtaeMumayr,fh a&mifjcnfawmf rzl;Mu&?
touf&b dS &k m; zl;cGi&hf MuolawGy[ J k 0rf;ompum; qdMk uonf/
,ck usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f apwDyiG v hf if; ud, k w f ikd f OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKcGi&hf &ef
ykAeÁ rd w d yf ifjzpfrnf/ a&mifjcnfawmf 'kw, d zl;cGi&hf olrmS OD;ñGeaYf rmifjzpfonf/ q&mawmf
omoemjyK&mü a*gyutzGUJ Ouú|tjzpfEpS af ygif;rsm;pGm wm0ef,cl NhJ y;D q&mawmf t&dyyf rm
vdu k yf g aeoljzpfonf/2 OD;atmifNzKd ;url wwd,ajrmuf a&mifjcnfawmf zl;cGi&hf oljzpfonf/
q&mawmf &aohb0ESifh *E¨m&Dc&D;xGu&f mwGif wynh&f aohtjzpf tNrJvu kd cf iG &hf cJo
h nf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwD yGiv hf if;csdet
f xd touf&n S Mf uonf/ usef (3)OD;um;
acwfysufumv omoemryGirhf vif;rDuyif uG,v f eG cf MhJ uonf/
a&mifjcnfawmf uGejYf rL;onfukd zl;cGirhf &olwo Ykd nf xdt k csdeu f apwD&&dS modYk
&Scd ;kd OD;wduk jf yKvduk Mf uygrl omoemyGiv hf if;onftxd oufwrf;&Sní f omoemjyKcGi&fh um
oufwrf;&SnfMuayrnf/ &wemoHk;yg; ½dkaoolESifh ½dkaorIrjyKolwdkY uHw&m;um;
yGwu f moDumjzifh uGmjcm;oGm;cJMh uavonf/
1/ xdt
k csdeu
f apwDx;D rSm apmif;vsuf&adS omaMumifh xD;apmif;[k bGUJ rnfwiG o f nf/
2/ þusrf;pmjyKpkNyD;csdefü OD;uk@vbGJUawmfjzihf a&TuRef;&yf ESpfusdyf&SpfqlapwDpcef;xdkiftjzpf
oDwif;oH;k vsuf &So
d nf/
86
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 87
q,fausmfouft&G,f
vGwv f yfa&;tBudKacwf Zkwo f wk &f mG vlaerItqift h wef;rSm vkyv f yk pf m;pm;
v,form;NcHorm;rQom&Sdonf/ bDvif;NrdKUrS awmifpGef;NrdKUoGm; qufoG,fa&;vrf;rSm
NrdKUydik ef ,fyikd f tkycf sKyfowl Ykd oGm;vmrnfh ausmufMurf;cif;vrf;omjzpfonf/ wpfaeukef
csed tf xd um;wpfp;D armif;vmjcif;r&S?d &efuek o f mG ;vdok wl oYkd nf awmifpeG ;f blwmodYk jzpfap?
ESi;f ykvb J w
l modjYk zpfap oGm;NyD; rD;&xm;pD;Mu&onf/ Zkwo f wk &f mG odYk um;t0iftxGuf
r&So d avmufyifjzpfonf/ cd;k rI? "m;jyrI jzpfymG ;NyD;csdef jypfru I sL;vGeo f wl &Ykd v
dS Qif zrf;qD;&ef
&Jum;rsm; a&mufvmwwfonf/ &mZ0wf0efNrdKUydkife,fydkifrsm;jzpfvQif um;jzifhvmavh&Sd
onf/ &GmwGif;vrf;rsm;rSm EGm;vSnf;rsm;twGuf azmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfí ajrvrf;om
jzpfonf/ vrf;tus,f ay (10)cefo Y m&Síd &GUH AGuaf &ajrmif;prf;acsmif;rsm;aMumifh tvG,f
wul oGm;r&? tcsdKUae&m0,f vlrsm;pkNyD; um;udkwGef;ay;&wwfonf/ um;tdk vrf;tdk
pufa[mif;aeí tdyaf Zmydu k rf S vTixhf wk af om tcd;k taiGUrSm &Gm&Sv d u l ek f ESmacgif;ydwx f m;
Mu&onf/ uav;i,frsm;um; tdyaf Zmydu k rf S vTixhf wk af om tcd;k taiGUeHu Y ykd if &SL½du
I Nf yD;
um;aemuf0ikd ;f vdu k of mG ;avh&o dS nf/ xkv d il ,ftyk 0f ,f udak tmifNird ;f wdYk oli,fcsi;f wpfou kd f
a&SUqHk;u ygoGm;wwfonf/ ½dk;om;jcif;? awmusjcif;? ½dk;tjcif;[kqdku qdkEdkifayonf/
xdak cwf Zkwo f w k &f mG om;vli,frsm; tjyif;ajzp&m upm;enf;rSm bke;f BuD;ausmif;
0if;ç bk&m;0if;ç vrf;us,fç tdrNf cHus,frmS pka0;NyD; xkwpf nf;wd;k ç eyef;csç vufo;D xd;k ç
ajy;wrf;vdu k w
f rf; wlyek ;f wrf;pwJh ½d;k &mupm;enf;rsdK; pdwaf t;vufat; vlp0k ikd ;f zGUJ rdwhJ
tcg yHkajymç pum;vdrfç pum;0Sufç pum;vSnhfç ÓmPfprf;ar;cGef; ar;MuajzMueJY
tcsdeu f ek Mf u\/ [d[ k 'kd 'D D oGm;p&mr&Scd ahJ y/ ,aeY Zkwo
f w
k &f mG vli,frsm;um; ud, k yf ikd f
um;ç qdkifu,fç xGefpufç pufbD;rsdK;pHkpD;NyD; abmvHk;ç bDvD,uf upm;enf; avmif;
upm;enf;rsdK;pH?k xef;a& t&uftjyif bD,mrsdK;pHk rl;,pfaq;0g; pm;aomufz, G &f mrStp
H umtqifrh aD eMuonf/1 [d&k mG 'D&mG toGm;tvmenf;Ny;D &GmwGi;f aqGrsKd ; awGtrd rf mS
Edik if w
vnfywfavh&o dS nfh udak tmifNidr;f um; i,faygif;vlenf;pkom&So d nf/ tbd;k tbGm;
aqGrsdK;rsm;Mum; taersm;í vGwfvyfrIenf;vSonf/ txD;qefjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ
twdik ;f twm tueft Y owf&adS eonf/
1/ ,aeY Zkwfokwf&GmrSm acwfrDupm;enf;? tm;upm; *drf;upm; tygt0if upm;cGihf&ovdk

acwfrED ikd if w
H umtpm;tpmrsdK;pHk pm;oH;k aeMuonf/
87
KTS 15-11-14-1
omoemawmfapmihfu0Sufxm;avovm;
*syefppfom;rsm;\ &rf;um;vmrIaMumifh Edik if o
H m;tm;vH;k u &G&H mS rke;f wD;vmonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ac: *syefawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufvmonf/ *syefwyfrsm; ppf½IH;í
ppfwyfBuD; qkwcf mG vmaomtcg bD;vif;NrKd UrS awmfveS af &;wyfom;rsm;u vrf;rS qD;BudK
wdkufcdkufMu&m tust½IH;rsm;pGmjzifh *syefwyfrsm; xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ *syef
awmfvSefa&;ESifhtwl rsufESmjzLwyfrsm;vnf; tpm;0ifa&mufvmonf/ bD;vif;NrdKUü
r[mrdww f yfrsm; tajcwusae&m,lcMhJ uonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfjzpfvmrnfh
armifatmifNird ;f onf xD;aqmif;bk&m;uke;f awmf EGm;pm;usuu f ek ;f ü aeYpOf EGm;ausmif;avh
&So
d nf/ rdrv
d yk &f rnfh tvkyu
f kd wm0efrysuaf pbJ vkyu f ikd v
f su&f &dS m ysu&f ufr&Sjd zpfonf/
EGm;ausmif;om;t&G,üf b0twGuf trSww f &aeYwpfaeY&cdS o hJ nf/
Zkwfokwf&GmwGif xdktcsdefu uGrf;awmifudkifyef;awmifudkif trsdK;orD; ½kyf&nf
½lyumausmMf um;rIukd pdw0f ifpm;um Zkwo f w k &f mG odYk a&mufvmcJo
h nf/ armifBuD;rjyefEikd f
jzpfum t0iftxGufaeYpOf&Sdvmonf/ armifjzpfolum; *syefawmfvSefa&;umvu
t&Sdefrysufao;bJ vlrsdK;jcm;wdkY EdkifiHESifh trsdK;tay: apmfum;onfudk rcHr&yfEdkif
jzpfvmonf/ awmfvSefpdwfxm; tm;BuD;oljzpfí iHkYcHraeEdkifjzpfvmonf/ awmfvSefa&;
&Jabmf(3)a,mufonf t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd jf yóemudk tjywf&iS ;f &ef 0Sux f m;aom ajymif;wdk
aoewf 2-vufukd wdu k cf Rwfí aeYa&mnyg aoewfypfavhusifí h tuGuaf umif;udk
apmifhaeMuonf/
wpfaeYwiG f t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd o f nf aemufygwynhEf iS t hf wl jrif;ud,
k pf jD zifh Zkwo
f w
k &f mG
a&mufvmNy;D tcsed Mf umMumaeMuonf/ awmfveS af &;&Jabmf (3)a,muf bD;vif;NrKd UoGm;&m
rdkif0ufcefY&Sd qD;EG,fyifwHwm;rS uif;ykef;csapmifhaeMuonf/ aeYvnftcsdef t*Fvdyf
ppfAv kd Ef iS w
hf ynhw
f Ykd jrif;cGmoHreS rf eS jf zifh wHwm;teD;odYk a&mufvmvQif ajymif;wdk (2)vuf
NydKifwlcsdefí ypfcs&m jrif;ay:rS 'vdrfhacgufauG;jyKwfusum toufaysmufavonf/
useftazmfum; jrif;udkpdkif;í bD;vif;wyfodkY ta&mufajy;avonf/ ntcsdef
&Jrsm;a&muf½SdvmNyD; ppfaq;ar;jref;Muonf/
aemufaeY eHeuf(8)em&D t*Fvyd pf pfom;rsm; &Gmud0k ikd ;f xm;NyD; w&m;cHu&kd mS azGMu
onf/ awmfveS af &;&Jabmfrsm;rSm vQifjrefjzwfvwfojl zpfí Zkwo f wk &f mG tv,f awm&
88
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 89
a&Tusif ausmif;ay:odYk wufvmNyD; ausmif;\tay:bHük yke;f cdak vonf/ bke;f BuD;ausmif;

twGi;f 0dik ;f &Smaomfvnf; rawGU&ay/ &Gm&Sv
d u
l ek f vli,fv&l ,
G rf usef uGi;f jyifoYkd pk½;kH xm;Ny;D
aeylvSef;onf/ vlaphvlukefppfar;onf/ xdkaeYum; ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;ygrusef qGrf;
rbkO;f &bJ aevSe;f cHMu&onf/
udak tmifNidr;f toufrmS (16)ESpt f &G,jf zpfí aeylveS ;f cH&aom vltyk wf iG yf gvQif
½du
k Ef u S cf &H zG,&f o
dS nf/ xdak eYum; xl;jcm;pGmyif ud, k vf ufrtDromí pdwrf ygbJ EGm;rsm;udk
qGu J m EGm;pm;usuo f Ykd EGm;rsm;vTwNf y;D csKH Mum;wGi1f vSaJ e&m tdyaf ysmo f mG ;í naeapmif;rS
Ed;k vmcJo h nf/ &yf&mG twGi;f vlow H wd q f w d af eonfukd owdjyKrdum ,refaeYu t*Fvyd f
ppfAv kd f vkyBf uHc&H rIaMumifh &Gm&Sv d ul ek zf rf;qD;cH&Ny[ D k od&avonf/ jzpf½;kd jzpfpOfr[kwb f J
csHKtMum; tdyaf ysmf&onfrmS omoemapmifeh wfu 0Sux f m;onf[k qd&k ef&o dS nf/
Zkwfokwf&Gm jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;aeY
*syefawmfveS af &;NyD;qH;k oGm;aomfvnf; trsdK;om;nDñw G af &; tm;enf;vmvsuf
&So
d nf/ olyY gwD ud, k yhf gwD olt Y zGUJ ightzGUJ tpGrJ sm;jzifh tNydKiftqdik jf zpfaeonf/ 'kw, d
urÇmppfNyD;oGm;NyDqMkd uonf/ vufeufuikd t f zGUJ rsdK;pHk ay:aygufvmonf/ ud, k uf sifw h &m;
rxm; &Gmom;tcsi;f csi;f nDñw G rf rI &Sv
d Qif 'D&yf 'D&mG rSm aevdrYk jzpf[q k u kd m &GmrSp;D yGm;a&;
BuD;yGm;a&; tjrif&Sdaom rdom;pkwdkY NrdKUBuD;jyBuD; ajymif;oGm;Muonf/ EdkifiHa&;rwl
t,lujJG ym;olwv Ykd nf; tvm;wl &GmrSxu G cf mG oGm;jyefonf/ udak tmifNidr;f \ i,faygif;
BuD;azmfupm;azmfwYkd &GmrSxu G o f mG ;Muonf/ ppfwiG ;f vGwv f yfa&;umvtwGi;f tcsdKU
towfcMH u&onf/ &if;ES;D ol rusefoavmuf jzpfonf/ wpf&yfwaus;ajymif;a&GUoGm;
olwdkYu udkatmifNidrf;udk owd&csifrS&Murnf/ 'Dajr'Da& 'D&yf'D&GmrSmusef&pfolum;
twdwfu tjzpftysufrsm; trSwfw&ae&mrsm; tNrJjrifawGUae&oljzpfí i,faygif;
upm;azmfrsm;udk owd&aecJo h nf/ jrefrmEdik if v H w G v f yfa&;aeYukd 1948-ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv
(4)&ufaeY[k owfrw S Mf uum vGwv f yfa&;atmifyu JG kd Edik if t
H ESUH usi;f ycJoh nf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG
rSmvnf; atmifyaJG eYusi;f yaomfvnf; bk&m;tm½Hq k rG ;f uyfjcif;? &Gm&Sb d ek ;f awmfBuD;ausmif;rS
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f qufuyfvLS 'gef;í usqH;k avNyD;aom Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tyg
t0if Edik if t
H wGuf toufay;oGm;olwt Ykd m; trQtwef;ay;a0jcif;om jyKEdik Mf uonf/
1/ "r®pMumatmif"r®m½Ht
k eD; rdausmif;ausmuf½yk t
f Mum;[k qdo
k nf/
89
KTS 15-11-14-1
vufeuftm;udk;olwdkY BuD;pdk;ae
jrefrmEdik if u
H kd t*Fvyd t f pk;d &tkycf sKyfc&hJ mrS c&pfEpS f 1948-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (4)&uf
aeYwiG vf w G vf yfa&;&cJo h nf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG tajctaeum; xl;jcm;rIr&Sad o;? *syefawmfveS af &;
tcsdefu vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; BudKwifpkaqmif;xm;olrsm; &SdaecJhonf/ EkdifiHa&;oabm
w&m; uGjJ ym;MuNy;D r,Hrk Munfjzpfaeonf/ trsKd ;om;pnf;½H;k a&;tm;enf;í jynfaxmifprk S
cGx
J u G af &; toHay;aeMuonf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG om; Akv d rf LS ;azjrifo
h nf *syefawmfveS af &;
tcgu yg0ifco hJ vdk e,fajrat;csrf;a&;twGuf wm0ef,&l aomaMumihf vufeufc, J rf;
vltiftm; BuD;vsuf½o dS nf/ vlrsdK;a&;aMumihf e,fajrtwGi;f nDnw G af &;r&S?d vufeuf
jzifoh m ajz&Si;f rnf[k avoHrmrmajymqkv d suf&o dS nf/ rMumrDyif vlrsdK;pkvufeufuidk f
rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\&Gmom; AkdvfrSL;azjrihfukd
tm;ay;Muonf/ vTwaf wmftrwfrS pufr0I efBuD;jzpfonft h jyif zqyvtzGUJ acgif;aqmif
wk\Yd vl,akH wmfjzpfí MoZmtmPm xufjrufojl zpfonf/ bD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGi;f Arm
rGef u&if vlrsdK;pkO;D a&wlnaD eí olv Y rl sdK; olt Y iftm; csdecf iG v f QmnDovkd vufeufuikd f
tiftm;nDrQvsuf&o dS nf/ olaY cwfot Yl wkid ;f twmjzihf aus;&GmrSqufaMu; (ppfp&dw)f
ay;&ef awmif;cHonfudk i½kwo f ;D wpfawmifh MuufoeG w f pfOukyd if ray;Ekid [
f jk yefMum;cJh
onf/ aus;&GmnDnw G rf &I í
dS vufeufuikd t f zGUJ rsm; vufa&SmifomG ;Mu&onf/
vlowfvufeufuidk af qmifot l csdKUonf vlov l ufeuftiftm; &Sv d maomtcg
BuD;Ekid if ,fnO§ ;f jyKrlvmMuonf/ vHNk cHKa&;tzGUJ twGuf &dum© [kqu dk m Muuf 0uf EGm;ukd
ydkif&Sifray;bJ owfjzwfpm;aomufaeonfukd jrifodygvsuf iHkYcHMu&onf/ rodrjrif
a,mif aqmifaeolukd rifhtwGuf [if;pm;vmay;wm[kajymqkdí EGm; uRJ 0uf tom;
wpfwJG tdrt f a&mufvmay;onftxd vuf&ZJ uf&jJ zpfvmonf/ rMumcP vlowfc&H
onf/ owfol w&m;cHray:? roda,mifaqmifaeMu&onf/ wpfcsdeu f tjzpftysufrmS
aMumufvefzY , G &f mjzpfonf/ &Gmom;tcsif;csif; &efNidK;&SMd u&mrS wpfzufrS (3)a,mufudk
owfNy;D &Gmtjyifvjl rifuiG ;f ü tavmif;udck sxm;Ny;D ]]tavmif;jr§Kyfol 'kdY&efol}} pmwef;
qGx J m;&m ykyyf o G nftxd xm;cJMh u&onf/
aus;&Gmom; vHNk cHKa&;vufeufuidk w
f oYkd nf aeYa&mnyg uif;vSnafh vh&MdS uonf/
bD;vif;acsmif;½kd;twdkif; aomif;usef;olrsm;qif;vmrnf[k owif;&&Sdxm;Muonf/
&Gmta&SUajrmuf ta&SUawmiftxd uif;vSnhf&efwm0efcGJNyD; e,fajr&Sif;vif;Muonf/
tzGJU (2)zGJU wm0efukd,fpD wkdufuif;xGufcJhMuonf/ pk&yfrSm &Gmta&SUajrmuf jrusdKif;
90
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 91
awmif acsmif;½k;d jzpfí owfrw S x f m;onht f wkid ;f &ifqidk t f &yfqrkH Md uonf/ wpfzUJG u
pwifypfcwfí uset f zGUJ uvnf; aMumuftm;veft Y m;yif usnq f u H ek af tmif ckcyH pfMu&m
tcsdKUaoí tcsdKU'Pf&m&Muonf/ aeYcif;aMumifawmif vlrmS ;ypfro d nf[k qkMd uonf/
tcsif;csif;jzpfygvsuf r½d;k rom;ypfcwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ aoG;½k;d om;½k;d r[kwEf idk /f ypfoEl iS hf
typfcH&ol (2)OD; vlrIa&;azmufjyefjcif;ukd ajymifajymif&Sif;ypfjcif;jzpfonf[k &Gmom;
rsm;u odaeMuonf/ tvm;wltjzpfrsdK; BuHKMu&onf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG \tajctaerSm
þokjYd zpfaeayonf/ &Gmom;tcsif;csif; arwå m u½kPm rk'w d m Oayu©m jA[®p&dk w f &m;
uif;vsuf&o dS nf/ wpfO;D ESiwhf pfO;D ajymrSm;qkrd mS ; tjypfrsm;&Svd Qif cGiv hf w T pf w
d rf &S/d wkwf
"m;vufeufjzihf &Si;f Muonf/ ab;rSnEd§ idI ;f ay;onfudk vufcv H pdk wd rf &S/d trSet f wkid ;f
ajymvQif vufrcH? vlt Y oufudk Muufiu S wf pfaumifavmufyif wefz;dk rxm;? ntcg
arSmif&yd w
f iG f vkyBf uHowfjzwfaeMuonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;rJo h vkjd zpfí olyek x f oH wif;ykí Yd
owfjzwfjcif;rsdK;jzpfaeonf/ vlYtouf&Sifa&; &ifav;zG,ftajctaeyifjzpfaeonf/
vlysdKaygufjzpfvmaom udak tmifNidr;f onf oufw&l , G w
f l upm;azmf upm;zuf
rsm;wGif ukad zaomif;wpfa,muf yg0ifco hJ nf/ NcaH pmifjh cif; opfo;D cl;qGwjf cif; EGm;ausmif;
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&m0,f ulnDay;oljzpfNyD; qkd;wkdifyifaumif;wkdifyif twlaetwlpm;
tcspfqHk;oli,fcsif;jzpfonf/ ukdazaomif;\ vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rSm tdrfaxmifpk
wpfcktwGuf tmrcHcsufr&Sd? b0aemifa&; tav;teufxm;um oli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf
n§dEIdif;wkdifyifonf/ a,mufzjzpfolrSm &efukefNrdKU 0g&SifukrÜPDBuD;wGif vkyfukdifae&m
tqifajyvsuf&o dS nf/ tpfrBuD; trdt&m yrmxm;í tultnDawmif;cH&ef tBuHKjyK
Muonf/ ukad zaomif; &efuek cf &D;p&dwt f jzpf oli,fcsi;f rsm; rl;pkrwfpk axmufyrhH jI yKum
oGm;a&mufEdkifcJhayNyD/ wpf&Gmrajymif; olaumif;rjzpf[k jrefrmwdkY qdk½kd;pum; &SdcJhonf/
vrMumrD &efukefNrdKUae ukdazaomif;xHrS trSmpma&mufvmcJhonf/ &efukefc&D;p&dwf
&atmifpkxm;? b0wufvrf; tvm;tvmaumif;? vkyfief;rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf/ 1949-
ckESpfqef;&uf jyefvmrnf/ &efukefvkdufaeyg[k yg&Sd&m pdwfopfvlopfjzifh &efukef
p&dwf&Smavonf/ EGm;ausmif;cç NcHapmihfcç NcHxGufoD;ESHa&mif;&mrS cGJwrf;&?
rl;pkrwfpktygt0if &orQaiG pkaqmif;cJh&m q,f*Pef;rS &m*Pef;txd &Sdvmonf/
&efuek t f a&mufac:rnfo h u
l dk arQmfvifah ecJah vonf/
91
KTS 15-11-14-1
1310-ckEpS ?f oDwif;uRwftrD ukad zaomif; Zkwo f wk &f mG okYd jyefa&mufvmonf/

&efuek o f m; &efuek jf yeftm; oli,fcsi;f rsm; vIu d vf v
JS pJS mG BudKqkEd w
I qf ufMuonf/ rdom;pk
ESifh cGEJ idk of rl sm;? pGepYf m;vdok rl sm;u ukad zaomif;xH tajctaepl;prf;Muonf/ tm;uspw d f
jzifh &efuek o f mG ;&ef pdw0f ifwpm;&SMd uonf/ ukad tmifNidr;f wpfa,mufurl udak zaomif;
&efuek t f jyefvu dk &f ef pDpOfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ upm;azmfupm;zuftcsdKU acwfq;dk BuD;twGi;f
rSmyif uG,v f eG of mG ;Muonf/ ,ckusef&o dS rl sm;vnf; tcsdew f eft&G,af &mufaeNyD;jzpfí
wpf&yfwpfaus; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;jzifh xGucf mG aeMuayNyD/ ukad tmifNidr;f onf Zkwo f w
k f
&GmrS ta0; &efukefodkYoGm;&ef jyifqifaecJhonf/
ukad tmifNird ;f ESihf udak zaomif;wkEYd pS af ,muf uGu
J mG aewm MumcJah omfvnf; cifrifrI
um; avsmhroGm;ay/ ,ck &efukefjyefvkdufcJh&efESifh tvkyfudpö tqiffoifhjzpfaeaMumif;
tm;ay;pum; tNrJajymcJhonf/ udkatmifNidrf;onf rdrdpkaqmif;xm;aom pkaiGjzihf
rD;&xm;pD;um &efuek o f Ykd xGucf mG cJah vonf/ ukad zaomif;ESihf &if;ES;D oljzpfNy;D &GmrSm&Sad ecsed f
yl;wGJyl;wGJoGm;cJhMuonf/ rD;&xm;ay:a&mufvQif c&D;oGm;vlusyf toHaygif;pHkqlnH
teHYaygif;pHk vIdifaeonf/ &GmrSm vGwfvyfpGmaexkdifcJh&onf/ ,ck rD;&xm;rSm
usOf;usyfaeonf/ touf&LS r0ovkd &Gmu aqGrsdK;rdbvGr;f ovdk &ifwiG ;f rSm [maejyef
onf/ jzpfcsif&mjzpf &efuek Nf rdKUrSm b0ukd ed*;kH csKyfawmhrnf[k qH;k jzwfcsufcsvku d o f nf/
vlp;D rD;&xm; twuftqif; wHcg;0rSm ygvmaomvG,t f w
d u
f zdk ufum ai;idik x f idk v f suf
aemifa&;awG;awm vdu k yf gvmcJo h nf/ ,cifu rD;&xm;oHMum;vQif aMumuf&UHG aecJo h nf/
,ck toHurdk Mum;rd/ xkid cf 0kH ,f xkid pf ;D &aumif;rSe;f rod/ ukad zaomif;u vufqaJG c:NyD;
xkid pf ;D ygajymrS xkid pf ;D 0Hah wmhonf/ yxrqH;k rD;&xm;pD;zl;ovdk &efuek u f dk tNyD;xGuv f m
cJhjcif;jzpfvdkY EkdifiH&yfjcm; wdkif;wpfyg;c&D;oGm;&ovdk BuD;us,faomc&D;jzpfcJhavonf/
pGefYpGm;oGm;&aomc&D;rsdK;[k qkd&ayrnf/
xl;jcm;aomyk*¾dKvf a&muf&Sdvm
1300-jynhEf pS w
f iG f Zkwo
f w
k &f mG okYd {nhof nfwpfa,muf a&mufvmcJo h nf/ t&yf
axmifaxmifarmif;armif; tusÐyG wku d yf tkH usÐ ykq;kd tuGujf zihf wnfMunfaeonf/
rnforl nf0g rnfonht f &yfuvmonf[k rodMu&/ Zkwo f w
k &f mG twGi;f [dv
k rf;'Dvrf;
92
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 93
acwårQom oGm;vmwwfonf/ todtuRrf;tdrf &Syd rkH &/ OD;pHazu xk{d nho f nfudk
½kad oav;pm;pGm ajymqkq d ufqaH vonf/ wynhw f pfa,muf q&mwpfO;D ukd ½kad oyHrk sdK;
jzpfonf/ &GmwGif;rS xrif;[if;,loGm;NyD; auR;arG;olrSm OD;pHazjzpfonf/ zJxD;BuD;BuD;
ay:wGif urÇm&h iS b f &k if[k xH;k jzifah &;xm;Ny;D xkx d ;D ukd OD;pHazudik í
f aemufrv S u kd rf ;kd ay;avh
&So
d nf/ OD;pHaztm; olxif&m ajymqkv d yk u
f idk af exkid o
f [ l ak c:avh&odS nf/ urÇm&h iS b f &k if
qko d u
l v
dk nf; pdwrf rSeo f wl pfa,muftjzpf oabmxm;NyD; tquftqH tajymtqkd
r&Sday/ pyfpkoltcsdKUu b,f&GmuvJ? b,folvJ[kar;vQif OD;pHaz pdwfqkd;onf/
'gurÇm&h iS b
f &k ifBuD;[ rSwx f m;[k ajymqkad csyonf/ tcsdKUolwu Ykd *kP
d ;f csKyfvmvdYk
tvky½f yI af eNyDvm;[kar;vQif xko d t
l m; &efr[ l efjyKvkyNf yD; xGuaf jy;aponf/
OD;pHazaqGrsdK;rsm;u acsmharmhNyD; tJ'D vlBuD;ukd aemifawmfBuD;apwD ta&SUbuf
awmtkyv f rf;uae jrusdKif;awmifomG ;ykv Yd u
dk [
f k ajymqkMd uvQif awmvrf;u ac:oGm;NyD;
ykdYxm;cJh&Smonf/ OD;pHaz &Gmjyefra&mufao;? xkd{nhfonfum; &GmtwGif; cPcsif;
jyefvmonf/ xl;jcm;rI&Sdol[k owdjyKrdMuonf/ narSmifarSmiftwGif; &Gmvrf;ay:rSm
pum;wajymajym oGm;vmaeonf/ rnfonhaf cG;urS ra[mif? toHww d af ewwfonf/
olwkdYaemuf acG;rsm;ygvmwwfonf/ &Gmom;awG vlqkd;"m;jyvmrnf[k Mum;í
acsmufcsm;aeaomnwGif q&mwynhf vrf;tESUH acgufwaYkH cgufjyef avQmufavh&o dS nf/
urÇm&Sifbk&if
urÇm&Sibf &k ifBuD;[k OD;pHaz wav;wpm;ac:oludk rnfo[ Ykd k a&&maocsm rajym
qkEd idk Mf uay/ rMumrDtcsed f armfvNrKd ifbufrS Munf;aMumif; a&aMumif; zmyGeNf rKd UppfaMumif;rS
*syefppfonfrsm; csw D ufvmMuonf/ Zkwo f wk &f mG ü *syefppfwyf pcef;csEikd &f ef OD;pHazESifh
urÇm&Sib f &k ifqokd l 2-OD; wyfO;D u ygvmMuonf/ *syefwyfukd Zkwo f w
k &f mG odaYk c:vm
olum; OD;pHazwdq Yk &mwynhjf zpfí &Gmom;trsm;tHMh oaeMuonf/ *syefppfAv kd u
f vnf;
olwYkd 2-OD;udk av;av;pm;pm; ajymqdak eonfuakd wGU&onf/ &Gmom;rsm; tem;ruyf0hH
aMumuf&UHG í a&SmifaeMuaomfvnf; OD;pHazwdYk 2-a,mufum; wyfwiG ;f t0iftxGuf
&Sad eMuonf/ *syefwyfvrf;jyoltjzpf wpf&mG vH;k vufcx H m;Muonf/1
1/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftjzpf a&mufvmaomtcg *syefacwfu zcifBuD;ESihf twlae
twlpm;aeol urÇm&h iS b
f &k ifqo
kd l toGit
f jyifuakd jymjyMu&m ,cktcg tbbd;k rif;acgif
yH[
k efjzpfaeonf[k qdMk uonf/
93
KTS 15-11-14-1
trsm;wumxufwpfrl;om
Zkwo f wk &f mG rS vlq;kd vlru kd [ f k trsm;u owfrw S x
f m;olwpfO;D onf t&ufukd
vnf; tNraJ omuf? olwpfyg;vif&rdS ,m; orD;ysKd rsm;apmfum;ol? trsm;a&SUwGif cspBf udKuf
aMumif; ajym&Jol? Avuúm&jyKcH&olu jiif;qefjcif; wdkifMum;jcif;jyKvQif vufo,f
ray:atmif acsmif;½du k jf cif;? nOfeh ufoef;acgif tcsdKUtdrt f wGi;f 0ifa&mufí wkw"f m;jzifh
xk;d ckwjf cif;jyKavh&o dS nf/ trsm;u aMumuf&oljzpfí awmfveS &f o J l qH;k rpum; ajym0Ho h l
r&Sd/ ntcg ypönf;cdk; Muufcdk; 'kp½dkufrsdK;pHkjyKoljzpfí tarSmifrSmvIyf&Sm;aomvltjzpf
owfrw S x f m;Muonf/ xdv k q l ;kd vlrukd wf pfa,muftm; wpf&mG vH;k rS OD;pHazwdYk q&mwynhf
pHw
k JG ESpaf ,muf&UJ a0,sm0pöukd aqmif&u G af y;aeonfujkd rif&vQif tHMh oMu&onf/
&GmolBuD;uyif vufavsmhxm;&oltm; vli,fwpfO;D tm; cdik ;f apovdk awGUjrif&aom
aMumifh jzpfonf/ ntarSmif0,f raumif;rI 'kp½dkufjyKolrSm pdwfrESHUolESpfa,mufESifh
ntcg vltrsm; roGm;rvm0Hhaom &Gmxdyfanmifyifatmufü pum;ajymaom
toHMum;ae&onf/ acwfumvraumif;csdef &Gmol&mG om;rsm; pdwcf srf;oma&; jyKvky&f ef
qHk;roHudk Mum;Mu&onf/ OD;pHazwdkY q&mwynhf &Gm&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif;awGxuf
tompD;&aeonf/ ]]trsm;wumxuf trsm;wumxuf w pf r l ; om om}} a&S;xHk;tqdkrSefaeayonf/
wpf&GmvHk;rS vufajr§mufxm;cJh&aom vlqdk;vlrdkuf ]]bk bk w f w if x G e f ; }}wpfa,muf
vlvdr®mjzpfvmonfrSm r,HkEdkifzG,f&mjzpfonf/
wpfaeYwiG f wifxeG ;f onf av;*GwpfvufEiS hf iSuyf pfxu G v
f monf? OD;pHazwdYk
q&mwynhf em;ae&m opfyifatmufodkYa&mufvmNyD; iSufrsm;udk vufwJhprf;onf/
vufprG ;f NydKifrnf vm;[k pdraf c:onf/ OD;pHazq&mu iSuu f rkd ypf [dt
k yifrS toD;udk
rSeaf tmifypfEikd f rypfEikd f NydKifvo
kd nf[q
k o
kd nf/ wpfO;D 3-Budryf pf&ef oabmwlonf/
yxrOD ; qH k ; OD ; pH a zq&mu rd r d v uf w G i f & S d a om av;qH u d k vuf j zif h y G w f v suf
igt&ifypfrnf/ 'Dav;qHudk jyef&atmif&SmNyD; ypf&rnf[k qdkonf/ okH;BudrfoHk;cgypf&m
ypf a omav;qH r S m ypf r S w f x d N yD ; atmuf w G i f j yef u sonf / av;qH t a0;a&muf
aysmufroGm;ay/ wifxGef;tvSnhfwGif ypfaomav;qHrSm ypfrSwfxdaomfvnf;
av;qH&Smr&ay/ aemufqHk;tBudrfwGif uJ rif; igh&JUav;qHeJYypfMunfhuGm[kajymvQif
ypf r S w f u d k y pf c sonf / av;qH r aysmuf ypf r S w f u d k twd t usxd a vonf / uJ
94
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 95
rif;'gudkaqmifxm;uG wefzdk;&Sdw,f[k ajymí tydkifay;avonf/ wifxGef;onf

&xm;aomav;qHudk tjrwfwEdk;aqmifxm;avonf/ xdkav;qH\ pGrf;tm;udk
vufawGUBuHK&onfrSm-
wpfaeY ae0if&w D a&m rdrtd rd tf wGi;f &Sad ecsdef vkyBf uH&efvrl sm; tdru f 0kd ikd ;f vmMu
onf/ ajy;aygufr&Sad omaMumifh zsmvdyt f wGi;f 0ifí aevdu k o
f nf/ vlq;kd rsm;rSm vufeuf
tjynht f pHyk gvmNyD; tdrt f wGi;f 0ifa&mufarTaESmuf&mS azGMuonf/ wHcg;teD;axmif0h ,f
axmifxm;aom zsmvdyfudka&SmifNyD; tjcm;ae&mtESHY&SmMuonf/ tdrfay:&SmrawGUvQif
tdraf tmuftESUH &SmMuonf/ 'Daumif b,ftaygufu ajy;oGm;wmvJ[k wD;wd;k ajymqdNk y;D
tdraf y:rSqif;oGm;Muonf/ wifxeG ;f owd&vmonfrmS igtdru f sOf;usOf;av;udk vlawG
0dik ;f &SmMuonf/ ighurkd awGUonfrmS [dq k &mBuD;ay;vdu k af om av;qHtpGr;f jzpfrnf/ ypfrw S f
xdNyD;rS atmufwnfw h nfjh yefusvmjcif;? av;qHaysmufroGm;jcif;rSm od'N¨d yD;aomypön;f
jzpfrnf[k tawG;0ifvsuf av;qHukd ½dak opGmaqmifxm;onf/ nwdik ;f vdv k ykd if OD;pHazwdYk
ESpaf ,mufxo H mG ;í pum;vufqMkH uonf/ qH;k rpum;rsm;? A[kow k jzpfz, G &f mrsm;udk
em;axmifavonf/ wifxeG ;f tm; tuRwfw&m;&atmif a[majymEdik o f rl sm;[k r,Hv k kd
aomfvnf; ,HMk unfvufccH MhJ u&onf/ ,ck olt Y oufrcH&jcif;um; av;qHvHk; tpGr;f
jzpf&rnf[k ,HMk unfco hJ nf/ q&mBuD;um; od'£ ¨d 'd&¨ o
dS l ud,k af zsmufEikd o
f [ l k owfrw S f
xm;avonf/ xdt k cgrSpí ]]bk bkwfwifxGef;}}vlaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfomG ;cJo h nf/
OD;pHazqdkwm b,fvdkvlpm;vJ
OD;pHaztaMumif;ajymqdv k Qif taMumif;rsdK;pHyk gaewwfonf/ tjyKtrluMkd unfí h
olpY w
d af eoabmxm;udk cefrY eS ;f Edik o
f nf/ OD;pHaz&GmrS aysmufomG ;wwfonf/ rEÅav;wdik ;f
ausmufyef;awmif;NrKd Ue,f? ykygÜ ;awmifuvyfwiG f pcef;csaexdik o f l bd;k awmfatmifrif;acgif
xHa&mufco hJ nf[k ajym&m r,Hrk MunfvYkd ykygÜ ;a&mufz;l olwu Ykd ar;vQif rSeu f efaMumif;
oufaotjzpf a&&mpGmajymEdkifavonf/ &efukefNrdKU a&Twd*Hkbk&m;&ifjyif0,f bdk;awmf
rsm;ESit
hf wl jrifco
hJ v
l nf;&So
d nf/ yJc;l a&Tarmfa"mbk&m;teD; pcef;csí ausmif;olausmif;om;
pmajz&eftwGuf ,Mwmypön;f rsm; ay;wwfonf/ NrdKUv,facgifwiG f avmufav;udk
ausmrSmyd;k í [efygygoGm;vmaewwfonf/ pdwo f mG ;&mud,
k yf gol[k qdMk ujyefonf/
95
KTS 15-11-14-1
aus;&GmtwGi;f ykvyd af &m*g 0rf;a&m*gjzpfvQif nOfeh ufoef;acgif,üH &Gmvrf;ay:

oGm;vmí y&dw&f w G of nf/ xdn k rsdK;udk udpk aH z t½l;xjyefNyD[qk Mkd uonf/ wpfqifph um;
Mum;&onfrSm eHeufapmapm taMumfo,f a':a&T&Sd&modkY a&mufvmNyD; rkefYESpftwGif;
wkwfacsmif;jzifh arTvdkufonfudkjrif&onf/ taMumfo,f pdwfysufoGm;&jyefonf/
pdwfrodk;roefYjzpf&jyefonf/ 'DyHktwdkif;qdkvQif taMumfa&mif;&m t½IH;ay:awmhrnf/
aps;OD;aygufvm0,foltm; cgwdkif;xuf taMumfBuD;BuD; jyKvkyfa&mif;vdkufonf/
tcki,frsm;udkyif tqpfydkay;vdkufonf/ xdkaeYu taMumfo,fxH wpf&GmvHk;
rkev Yf m0,fMuonf/ a&mif;aomtaMumfcak & ydx k u
G o
f vdk tjrwfrsm;vnf; cgwdik ;f xuf
yd&k onf[q k o
kd nf/ ykvyd af &m*g 0rf;a&m*gjzpfrI &yfwefo Y mG ;onfukd owdjyKrdMuonf[k
qdkMuonf/
OD;pHazvmvQif acG;avacG;vTiahf wG pkNyHKygvmwwfonf/ tcsdKUacG;i,f BudK;csnf
qGJvmwwfonf/ acG;tcsif;csif; &efapmifvQif vlpum;ajymovdk [efYwm;pum; ajym
wwfonf/ acG;tkyBf uD;ESit hf wl tpfrBuD;rsm;tdraf &mufvmNy;D ighukd xrif;rauR;csiaf eyg?
'DacG;av;awG tpmrpm;&ao;vdYk xrif;usef [if;useaf uR;yg[kqw kd wfovdk qefwpfjynf
awmif;cJí
h &Gmawmifbufv,fuiG ;f pcef;ü qefjyKwfusKd Ny;D acG;rsm;auR;avh7o dS nf/ OD;pHaz
aeYnra&G; &GmwGif;vmwwfonf/ aeYntcsdefwdkif; acG;rsm;u OD;pHaztm; a[mifoH
rjyK tNrD;eefNY yD; aemufupkNyHKvdu
k v
f mMuonf[k qdMk uonf/
bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgifESifh Zkwfokwf&Gm
ppfNyD;umv ppfBudKumvwGif Edik if t H ESUH 9-awmifjynhaf pwD wnfxm;onf[k
vlrsm;pGmajymqdkcJhMuonf/ uyfBuD;oHk;yg;rS vGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf NrdKU&GmtcsdKUwGif
ud;k awmifjynhaf pwD oJyakH pwDwnfcMhJ uonf/ ]]bk bk&m;av;i,fi,f udk;awmifjynhfwnf?
i,fomi,f u,fq,frJhbk&m; "mwfaumvD oHk;q,ful;atmif zl;Mutrsm; Mutrsm;}}[k
vuFm&GwfoH qlnHcJhavonf/ udk,fcE¨mwGif; "r®apwDtjzpf wnfxm;Mu&ef
ñTeMf um;cJo h nf/ ud, k ahf rG;aeYupNy;D 9-&uftwGi;f qm;[if;qm;xrif;pm;&rnf/ aeYwikd ;f
*kPaf wmfyw k ;D jzifh bk&m;*kPaf wmfu;kd yg;udk ud;k ywfjynhpf yd &f rnf/ wwfEikd v f Qif ud;k &ufjynfh
8-yg;oDv apmif&h rnf/ ESv;kH om;0,f ud;k awmifjynfb h &k m; wnfxm;ovdjk zpfonf/
rdrEd iS hf rdzaqGrsdK;rsm;tm;vH;k ow¬E&Å uyfç a&m*EÅ&uyfç 'kAu Çd E© &Å uyfrv
S wG af jrmufrnf/
96
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 97
"mwfaygif;apwD wnfxm;nm; wdkif;um;NrdKU&Gm at;vwHåU}}[k a[majymjcif;rsdK;udk

]]"mwf
OD;pHazEIwfrSajymqdkaeaomfvnf; vltrsm;um; ,HkMunfvufcHjcif;r&Sd aecJhMuonf/
bd;k rif;acgifonf &yf&mG wdik ;f vltrsm; tEÅ&m,fuif;a&; vIUH aqmfco hJ nf/ Zkwo f w
k &f mG ü
OD;pHazwpfa,mufom vufcv H u kd ef mcJo
h nf/ ppfBudKacwfro S nf 1330-jynhEf pS t f xd
toufaygif;rsm;pGm vlaygif;rsm;pGm ysufpD;qHk;½IH;oGm;Mu&onf/ olawmfaumif; wpfOD;
wpfavaMumifo h m oufomcGi&hf cJ[ h efwo l nf/ vlowfyBJG uD;rsm; tcsif;csif; owfjzwfrI
rsm; ay:aygufco hJ nf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG 0,f usa&mufrnhf uyfab;BuD;rsm;udk bd;k awmfatmif
rif;acgif toufxif&mS ;&Scd sd euf yif vma&mufu,fwifcahJ omaMumifh tjyefjyefpOf;pm;ygu
ay:vGifvmonf/
aoG;acsmif;pD; vlowfyGJ
Zkwo f wk &f mG rSm vGecf ahJ om ESpf 2000 ausmu f vlaea'ojzpfco hJ nf/ &GmOD;&Gmxdyf
0,f qHawmfapwD ud;k uG,w f nfxm;cJo h nf/ ok0ÖPblrd omoemjyK &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&
wdkY <ua&muf omoemjyKcJhaom ae&mtjzpf aomPapwD Owå&apwD ajr0,f jrKyf
aeaom A'örd rf sm; apwDiw k w f rkd sm; txift&Sm;&Sad ecJo h nf/ &Si*f 0Hywdyif oDwif;oH;k cJh
zl;aMumif; ordik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm; &Scd o hJ nf/ umvorÜwçåd ya,m*orÜwt åd csdef
a'oaevlwYkd ud, k u f sifw
h &m;aumif;aumif; Ak'0¨ g'tay: ½dak oudik ;f ½Iid ;f cJMh uaomfvnf;
umv0dywdå ya,m*0dywdå tcsdefa'oae vlwdkY udk,fusifhw&m;rsm; ysufjym; &wem
oH;k yg;udk arhavsmv h suf vufeuftm;ud;k aexdik Mf uvQif aMumufrufz, G &f m uyfBuD;oH;k yg;
usa&mufEdkifavonf/ 1300-jynhfaemufydkif;rS 1330-jynhftxd vltrsm; pdwfMurf;
EIwMf urf; ud, k Mf urf;olrsm; jzpfvmp&mtaMumif;rsm; &Sad ecJo h nf/ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &awmfveS f
a&; *syefawmfvSefa&; tcsdef0,f &Gmom;wdkY vuf&J Zuf&J owf&J jzwf&J&SdvmMuonf/
vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D aemuf olyek rf sm; tkycf sKyfot l pd;k &udk awmfveS yf ek u f efMuonf/ Zkwo f w
k f
&Gm Zmwdom; Adv k rf LS ;azñGeo Yf nf ygvDreftrwfjzpfvmovdk tpd;k &tzGUJ wGif 0efBuD;&mxl;
yg &&Sx d m;onf/ &yf&mG vHNk cKH a&;twGuf vufeufuikd t f zGUJ udk pepfwuszUJG pnf; OD;aqmifí
&Gmudk pnf;½d;k oH;k xyf tcdik t f rmjyKvkyo f nf/ aeYuif;nuif;csxm;onf/ vHNk cKH a&;twGuf
½dk;&menf; ajimifhaxmifç ajrwGif;wl;ç axmifacsmufqifç ql;um&efç Mucwf0g; t&H
twm;rsdK;pHt k jyif opfyiftjrifh wdik t f jrif0h ,f rD;tdru f kd BudK;jzifch sdwíf tcsufjyenf;udk
97
KTS 15-11-14-1
toH;k jyKonf? &dum© pkpnf;onf/ tpktzGUJ tiftm;awmifw h if;vmaomtcg Muufç bJç

0ufç EGm;udk wdww f qdw, f íl umuG,af &;wyftwGu[ f q k u kd m &dum© odak vSmifonf/
wpfcgw&H tEkMurf;pD;ovdt k jzpf a&mufcahJ vonf/ orD;ysdKrsm;udk &Jwif;pGm cspfa&;qdk
tEdik t
f xufjyKovdjk zpfvmonf/ olyek t f zGUJ pd;k pd;k OD;aqmifow l u Ykd qufaMu;awmif;onf/
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; ray;vdv k Qif pwdtjzpfay;&efawmif;qdo k nfukd i½kyo f ;D wpfawmifu h ykd if
ray;Edik [
f k jiif;y,f&m tjcm;&GmqufaMu;&aeygvsuf Zkwo f w k &f mG rS jiif;y,fc&H onfukd
rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfaecJo
h nf/
wpfaeYwGif axmufvSrf;a&;orm;rsm;u &Gmawmifbufyifv,fjyif Zkuúvd&Gm
wpf0dkufü rouFmzG,f&m armfawmfrsm; vIyf&Sm;aeonf/ &efoltzGJUrS[k ,lq&onf/
Akv
d rf LS ;azñGeYf OD;aqmifaom uRrf;usif&&J ifo h rl sm; avSrsm;jzifh yifv,fjyifoYkd xGuo f mG ;
Muonf/ yifv,furf;pyf&dS aus;&Gmrsm; wpf&mG 0ifwpf&mG xGujf zifh &efoo l wif;&,l&mS azG
aeMuonf/ ta&mifjyaom pd;kd pd;k OD;aqmifonfh olyek w f oYkd nf bD;vif;jrpftwdik ;f qef
wufNyD; acsmif;½d;k twdik ;f Zkwo f w k &f mG awmifbufoYkd a&mufvmonf/ &Gmtac: r*Fvm
wHcg; ,cktcg &-,-u½H;k wHcg;rSpwif0ifa&muf pD;eif;wdu k cf u
kd of nf/ umuG,af &;
acgif;aqmifuakd rmifyo k nf aoewfjzifh ckcyH pfcwfaomfvnf; usnfrxGuí f xGuaf jy;
yke;f atmif;ae&onf/ olykefAdkvfpdk;wyfu awGUwJo h yl pfowf? tpdwo f m;t&G,f arG;uif;p
uav;udyk g cserf xm;eJ[ Y k [pfatmfMuvsuf tqufrjywfypfcwfonf/ a,musmf ;[lorQ
udk ypfowfonf/ trsdK;orD;uav;t&G,u f kd zrf;qnf;onf/ wefz;kd &Syd pön;f udk &GmazG
,lonf/ tdru f kd rD;½dUI onf/ xdt k csdeu f vsmPDord yf &d0P k rf mS awmcsHKzH;k vsuf&&dS m &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm; vGwv f vkd w G jf im; yke;f cd&k mae&mjzpfaomfvnf; ,aeYoyl ek w f Ykd odryf &d0P
k t
f wGi;f
yke;f cdo
k tl m;vH;k udk ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;r&Sd ypfowfavonf/ aoG;acsmif;pD;cJ&h aomae&m
jzpfcJhavonf/
aoG;acsmif;pD;aom tvSLyGJBuD;
&GmvnfuvsmPDord af wmifbuf0ifaygufteD;wGif &[ef;cH&iS jf yKtvSLyGt J wGuf
tBudKaeYwiG f {nhcf &H ef csufjyKwfxm;Muonf/ tvSL'g,umrSm OD;armifwifjzpfonf/
&GmteD;NcHBuD;twGi;f tke;f yifrsm;pGmpdu
k yf sdK;í rdom;pk[if;vsmtwGuf ig;uefw;l í ig;rsm;
98
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 99
arG;jrLxm;ovdk oD;yifpm;yifpu kd yf sdK;xm;oljzpfí tke;f awmydik &f iS f OD;armifwif[k *kPx

f ;l
wyfxm;oljzpfonf/ wpfaeYwmtwGuf tom;ig; toD;tESt H vG,&f aeoljzpfonf/
aiGaMu;wwfEdkifoljzpfí &[ef;cH&SifjyKyGJ auR;arG;&ef 0ufom;bD;pywfwkH;ac: 0ufom;
tom;wpfxyf tqDwpfxyf twH;k BuD;BuD; xrif;vGwpf m;Edik af tmif uvsmPDord t f wGi;f ü
oHyk&m',ftdk;BuD;rsm;jzifh El;tdaeatmif csufjyKwfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
owif;ay;olwdkYum; tvSLyGJtBudKn &Sifavmif;rsm; wpfa,mufvQif a&Tcsdef
tpdwo f m;pD0wfqifapNy;D awm&a&Tusiaf usmif;rS ntdyx f m;onf[k owif;t& bke;f BuD;
ausmif;udk oJBuD;rJBuD; ypfcwfonf/ ykef;olwdkY ausmif;ay:wufrvmí &Sifavmif;rsm;
touftEÅ&m,frS uif;vGwcf &hJ onf/ uvsmPDord u f m; &[EÅm t&Sijf rwfwYkd orkwcf hJ
aom odrfjzpfcJhonf/ ,aeY vltoufaygif;rsm;pGm owfjzwfcH&í aoG;acsmif;pD;
oGm;cJ&h onf/ &Gmudv k nf; rD;½dUI cJ&h m tdraf jc (68)tdrf rD;wGi;f ygoGm;cJo
h nf/ uREJ mG ;udv
k nf;
odr;f ,lapNyD; uav; rdciftygt0if t&G,af &mufol (11)ESpt f xuf vli,frsm;udyk g
&Gmjyifxu G pf ½k ;kH apvsuf ukoed m½Ht k eD; ac:aqmifomG ;onf/1
xdktcsdef &GmrS aoewfoH qlnHpGmMum;&? &Gmudk olykefpD;xm;NyD[k owif;pum;
a&mufvmaomaMumifh Adv k rf LS ; azñGeYf OD;aqmifaom &GmumuG,af &;tzGUJ taqmwvsif
jyefvmMuNyD; &GmreD;ra0;rS aoewfudk tay:axmif toHay;vdkufvmMuonf/
Adkvfpdk;pdk;olykefwyfuvnf; uRJcsdKrIwfoHjzifh tcsufay;vlpkapí &GmajrmufbufodkY
xG u f c G m oG m ;Muonf / bD ; vif ; ta&S U ajrmuf uk o d e m½H k a wmif a jc bk & m;qd y f & G m
taemufbufurf;ü vlrr,fEiS hf om;onf rdcifrsm;udk csefxm;ae&pfapNyD; usefow l u Ykd kd
ta&SUbufurf;ul;apNyD; wef;pDum aoewfjzifh ypfowfMuavonf/
tvSLyGJaeYa&mufaomtcg &[ef;cH&SifjyKr*FvmyGJae&m0,f tavmif;csif;xyf
aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif &Gmom;rsm; towfc&H í ylaqG;idak <u;ae&aom tr*FvmyGjJ zpfcMhJ u
&onf/ oHyk&mjcrf;',frsm; ½dkufcGJxm;í 0ufom;bD;pywfwHk;rsm; jrifraumif;atmif
1/ bD;vif;acsmif; (avmhaqmfacsmif;)twGi;f ul;oGm;aecsdef a&SUaemufraS eí aoewfjzihf wef;pD

ypfcwfowfjzwfc&H onf[k qdo
k nf/
99
KTS 15-11-14-1
jyefu
Y sv
J su&f odS nf/ uvsmPDord af wmNcKH tMum;1 0ufEmG ;owfaom om;owfuek ;f jzpfaecJ&h m
,aeY vlrsm;pGm owfc&H aom vlowfuek ;f jzpfc&hJ avonf/ olyek Af v kd pf ;kd pd;k OD;aqmifaom
aoewfuikd t f zGUJ Zkwof w
k &f mG om;wdt
Yk m; aoG;acsmif;pD; owfjzwfcahJ om tjzpftysufukd
,aeYwikd f rarhEikd b f J ajymqdak eqJjzpfavonf/
rSwfom;zG,f&m tjzpftysuf
vlowfyBJG uD;tNy;D rSwo f m;zG,&f mtjzpftysuf 2-ck&adS vonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfjzpfvmrnhf &Si&f aoh Zkwo f w
k &f mG vnf ZD0okapwDysuf 2-qlteD;0,f a&SUrS
uefvY efcY w
H m;qD;Ny;D t*kv F rd mvESihf jrwfpmG bk&m;taMumif; EdiI ;f cdik ;f ajymqdck ahJ om OD;armifyk
taMumif;jzpfonf/ ta<u;xm;jcif;[m pdwfrcs& vufiif;awmif;jcif;uom aocsm
onf[k ajymqdak vh&o dS nf/ Adv k rf LS ;azñGeYf a&mufvmaomtcg uif;wm0efMuolrsm;udk
ppfaq;Ny;D w&m;cH&mS onf/ uif;wHcg;wm0efcrH mS OD;armify[ k k xif&mS ;vQif ac:,lppfaq;
onf/ ckcrH I tb,fah Mumifh rjyK&ygovJ[k ppfaq;ar;jref;onf/ udik x f m;aom aoewfrS
usnfqrH xGuv f Ykd ud, k vf wG af jy;oGm;&aMumif;&Si;f jyonf/ [kwrf [kwf rSeu f efrI &Srd &Sd
vufawGUprf;&atmif[k ajymqdNk yD; OD;armifyv k ufrS aoewfu, kd pl pfaq; usnfqx H nfh
vsuf &ifbwfukd csdeí f ypfavonf/ usnfrxGuv f mbJ acsmuf[t k oHomMum;&onf/
ppfaq;ol Adv k rf LS ;azñGeYf auseyfvufco H mG ;onf/ w&m;cH OD;armifyw k ifcahJ om ta<u;
udk vufiif;ay;qyfvdkuf&ojzifh toufqHk;&rnhftjzpfrS vGwfcJh&onf/ OD;armifyk
vufoHk;pum;rSm ]]jyóemES i f h a iG a Mu;ud k ta<u;rxm;bJ vuf i if ; ajz&S i f ;
tajzay;qyf j cif ; uom pd w f c s&onf / pd w f c srf ; omaponf [ k j zpf o nf / }}
,aeYjzpfaom jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif toufudk&if; ajz&Sif;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
1/ uvsmPDord rf mS &Gmtvnfüwnf&NdS y;D aomPapwD Owå&apwD nDaemifEpS q

f &l o
dS nf/ jyKjyifol
r&Sd 0g;½Hck sHK ql;csHK xlxyf(awmxlxyf)í vHNk cHKrI&o
dS nf[k ,lqMuum vma&mufyek ;f cdak eMu
jzpfonf/ tcsdKUum; tdr0f if;twGi;f yke;f cdu
k sif;wl;um tay:u xif;acsmif;zH;k um yke;f cdck MhJ u
&onf/
100
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 101
BudKwifodaeaom OD;pHaz
aemufqufwt JG jzpftysurf mS usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jzpfvmrnfh OD;atmifNird ;f
\ zcifjzpfonf/ vlowfyGJrjzpfrD 7-&ufcefYrwdkifrDu &GmtwGif;aeYa&mnyg oGm;vm
aeaom OD;pHazwpfa,muf &GmrS ½kww f &ufaysmufomG ;cJNh y;D vlowfyjJG zpfNy;D 7-&ufausmf
MumrS &GmokYd jyefa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ OD;pHazonf yJc;l NrdKUae wlrjzpfol rcifaxG;xH1
ta&mufomG ;NyD; ighwrl &Gmvnf uvsmPDord t f wGi;f rSm vlawG towfc&H w,f/ aoG;
acsmif;pD;aewmyJ? &Gmudjk yefrvmeJ[Y k ajymqdo k nf/ wlrcspu f &kd mS &onfrmS 7-&ufMumonf/
'DaeYrS &SmawGUonf[q k o kd nf/ rcifaxG;tm; yJc;l a&Tomavsmif;bk&m;wpf0u kd rf mS &Smonf/
rawGU&? vdyjf ymuefa&mufr&S mS awGUonf/ OD;pHazrSwrl tm; twefwefwm;jrpfaeonfrmS
rjzpfEdkif[kxifaomfvnf; OD;av;auseyfap&ef 0wfaus0wfukef pdwfcsae &Gmrjyefyg[k
uwday;cJ&h onf/ wpfywftMum &GmrSval wGa&mufvmNy;D vlowfyt JG aMumif; od&onf/
OD;pHazajymcsderf mS vlowfyrJG jzpfao;? b,fvBkd udKodygvdr[ hf k a':cifaxG;pOf;pm;r&jzpfchJ
&onf/ &Gmol&mG om;rsm;um; OD;pHaztm; pdwrf rSe[ f k owfrw S x
f m;Muonf/ b,fvkd
vlpm;vJ[k cGjJ cm;r&bJ&adS eonf/
1/ a':cifaxG;onf OD;pHaztpfudk OD;xGef;a&TrS arG;zGm;oljzpfonf/ ,cktcg oDv&Sifb0jzihf

usdKufx;D aqmif;ü &moufyefaexdik v
f suf&&dS m vlowfyrJG jzpfrD (7)&ufBudKNyD; vmwm;cJo
h nfukd
r,HEk ikd af tmifjzpfc&hJ onf[k rSww
f rf;jyKpkaepOf ajymjycJo
h nf/
101
KTS 15-11-14-1
b0tcsKyfaxmifusavNyD
udak tmifNird ;f onf ruúi;f epftwwfukd uRr;f usiv f monf/ 1313-ckEpS w f iG f oH;k bD;
um;armif;&ef oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESihf ndE§ idI ;f wdik yf ifMuonf/ udak tmifNird ;f \ tcifrifq;kH rsm;rSm
udzk ;kd usm;? udBk uHK;? udjk rarmif? udak rmifwif? udak zwif? udak rmifarmif? udak zaomif;wdYk
jzpfonf/ oli,fcsif;tm;vH;k yif aeYpOfvv kd qkd íkH pm;aomufqikd çf vufbuf&nfqikd rf mS
pka0;Ny;D aysm&f iT pf mG pum;vufqakH jymavh&MdS uonf/ tvkyu f pd çö pD;yGm;a&;udpçö tdraf xmif
a&;udpö ud, k af &;ud, k w f mrsm; a0zefaqG;aEG;avh&o dS nf/ wpfa,muftaMumif; tqd;k
taumif; axmufjyMuonf/ qd;k wdik yf ifaumif;wdik yf if a&mif;&if;vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawG
rdwfaqGaumif;rsm; jzpfaeMuonf/ ruúif;epfynmudk ykZGefawmif tdEd´,EdkifiHom;ydkif
(0ga&Smifurk P Ü )D 0yfa&Smw h iG f pmawGUvufawGU oif,Ml uolawGjzpfí q&mwl wynhf
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawG jzpfMuonf/ um;ypön;f rsm;udk ajreDuek ;f &wemyH½k yk &f iS ½f t kH eD;0,f
OD;zdk;usm;\ udk,fydkif wm,mqdkifü 0,f,lavh&Sdonf/ nDrjzpfol rESif;NrdKifonf
tpfuw kd m,mqdik w f iG f um;ypön;f udk ulnaD &mif;avh&o dS nf/ t&G,af &mufvmaeNyjD zpfaom
rESi;f NrKd ifonf tpfu\ kd oli,fcsi;f rsm;rS t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif; pwdkifaumif;
½kyaf csmacsm vl&, G f wpfa,mufukd jrifjrifjcif; arwåmouf0ifvmcJo h nf/ rESi;f NrdKifonf
xdok t l m; pdw0f ifwpm;ajymqdq k ufqH rdr\ d twGi;f pdwu f kd vSp[ f jyvmonf/ oli,fcsif;
rsm;uvnf; tvdu k o f pd mG vl&, G Ef pS Of ;D eD;pyfEikd af &; ulncD MhJ u\/ atmifo, G af wmfrsm;
tusdK;aqmifay;rIaMumifh rESi;f NrdKifEiS hf vufxyfcMhJ uonf/ A[ef;NrdKUe,f OD;0dpm&vrf;ESihf
tmZmenfuek ;f vrf;teD; xdt k csed uf oHyckH sKd if&h yfuu G af c:aomae&mü tdrif mS ;aexdik cf MhJ u&m
1313 ckESpfydkif;rS 1314 ckESpftxd (2)ESpfwmumvtxdMumcJhonf/ 1314 ckESpf
e,kev f qef; 14 &uf aomMumaeY (6-6-1952)wGif om;jzpfol udkoef;ñGefYukd
arG;zGm;cJo h nf/
rESif;NrdKifrSm um;ypönf;rsdK;pHkqdkifydkif&Sif\ wpfOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfonfhtjyif
tpfuakd wGtMum; BuD;jyif;vmoljzpfí Adik ;f aumif;ausmufzad ecJ&h oljzpfonf/ rdrb d 0wGif
cspcf ifEpS o
f ufq;kH udk ydik q
f ikd x
f m;NyjD zpfí t&m&mjynhpf akH eNy[
D k cH,v l suf b0wmaysm&f iT pf &m
tcsdeftcgrsm;[k rSwf,lcJhum wlESpfudk,fwJtdkysufrSm csrf;ajrhpGmaecJhonf/ om;jzpfol
armifoef;ñGeYf 6-vom;t&G,af &mufaomtcg taztaru awGUcsiv f Ykd acwåvu
kd cf yhJ g[k
qduk m rESi;f NrKd iftm; ac:oGm;av&m jyefvmEd;k Ed;k ESihf apmifq h ikd ;f arQmaf ecJo
h nf/ jyefay:rvm
vawGMumoGm;cJhonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;u wlESpfudk,faygif;Edkifa&; BudK;pm;Muaomfvnf;
102
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 103
tcGirhf om ESpaf wGMumvmonf/ vli,fwo Ykd bm0 wpfyifvw J pfyifxvl u

kd çf tkw&f pS f
wpfwif; ESrf;wpfwif;acwf rdef;rr&Sm;bl;? avSum;oHk;xpfqif;vQif vlysdK[k tm;ay;
tm;ajr§mufjyKí tdraf xmifopfx&l ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJMh uonf/ oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufurl
rif;b0twGuf ighrSmwm0ef&Sdw,f[k qdkum nDrti,fESifhay;pm;cJhonf/ OD;atmifNidrf;
wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;jzpfí taomuftpm; taysmftyg;jzifh vrf;vTJa&mufrnfudk
pdk;&drfaeMuonf/ taygif;tazmftm;vHk;u twif;a&mt"r®yg pDrHaqmif&Gufay;
aomaMumifh rtlyifraS &mufvmol a':wifMunfEiS ahf y;pm;cJMh uonf/ a':wifMunfrmS
usm;ysHraumufaq;vdycf 0kH ,f tvkyv f yk u
f ikd af eoljzpfí tpptqifajycJMh uonf/
oufwrf;jzifMh unfv h Qif touf(30)jynfu h meD;NyDjzpfí vlb Y 0ü tqifrh pD ;D yGm;a&;
pkaqmif;&ef cGet f m;taumif;qH;k tcsed 0f ,f vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufw\ Ykd tpDtpOfukd oabmwl
vufcv H suf b0wnfNidraf tmif vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G tf m;xkwcf o hJ nf/
OD;atmifNidr;f onf i,fpOfuyif tvkyu f kd pl;pdu
k af ooyfpmG vkyaf vhvyk x f &Sod l
jzpfonf/ wpfxmG jyvQif wpfvjH rifaom ÓmPfygvmoljzpfonf/ &efuek Nf rKd U? A[ef;NrKd Ue,f?
a&wm&Snfvrf;opfwGif um;jyifq&m OD;xGef;cifonf um;avmu0,f xif&mS ;aecJh
onf/ OD;xGef;cifESihf cifrif&if;ESD;NyD; ruúif;epfynm oif,lcGihf&cJhonf/ pdwf0ifwpm;
q&mpum; ajr0,frus em;axmifvkyfudkifcJh&m q&mjzpfolrS ruúif;epfynm vufxyf
oifay;cJo h nf/ q&mhu, kd pf m; ,HMk unfvt JT yfjcif;cH&oltjzpf a&mufvmcJo h nf/ wynhf
tay: q&m ,HkMunfpdwfcsaomtcg tmp&d,0wå&m;ESihftnDapmihfa&SmufcJhonf/
a&wm&Snfvrf;opf NcHtrSwf (34)aetdrfwGif OD;atmifNidrf;rdom;pk 5-a,mufwdkYtm;
tdrfvc(30d)jzihf aexdkifcGihfjyKcJhonf/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf 0ifaiG&&Sdap&ef &efukefwGif
oHk;bD;ay:ump [ef;bD;trsdK;tpm; wpfpD;usyf(3000d)jzihf 0,fay;NyD; wpfaeYusyf(20d)
EIef; aiGoGif;pepfjzihf owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ wpfvvQif usyf(60d)um;zdk;ausatmif
oGif;&onf/ aiGydk&atmif tjcm;enf;jzihf &SmNyD;pk& pm;aomufMu&onf/ tqifajy
aomaeYrsm;wGif tcjzihf um;jyifjcif;? vdt k yfaom ppfaq;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyaf y;&onf/
vkyif ef;&Sirf aS y;aom vkyt f m;caiGukd pkaqmif;xm;Ny;D oH;k bD;um;wefz;kd (3000d) ausatmif
BudK;pm;&m udk,fydkifum;jzpfvmcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;tqifajyvmcJhonf/ tdrfaxmifa&;
taejzifh om;orD;rsm; xGef;um;vmcJh&m-
(1) 1320 ckESpfwGif om;OD; armifaX;vGif?
(2) 1322 ckESpfwGif om; armifausmfvGif?
(3) 1324 ckESpfwGif orD; rwifwifcsdK &ifaoG;oHk;a,muf&&SdvmcJhonf/
103
KTS 15-11-14-1
wwd,ydkif;
0dZÆmynm[lonf
&efuek Nf rKd U a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfonf Ak'b ¨ mom0ifw\ Ykd txGwt f jrwfxm;&m apwD
wpfqljzpfonf/ jynfwGif;jynfyrS bk&m;zl;rsm; vma&mufzl;ajrmfMuonf/ &efukefae
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;twGuf ukodkvfjyK&m Xmejzpfovdk pdwfat;vufat; tyef;ajz&m
Xmevnf;jzpfonf/ apwDawmf&ifjyif0,f Z&yfwefaqmif; "r®m½Hrk sm;pGm&Sad eonf/ ½H;k ydw&f uf
tvkyyf w d &f uf aps;ydw&f ufrsm;ü vlpnfum;avh&o dS nf/ bmoma&;udk tajccHvsuf
0dyóempum; orxpum; xGu&f yfaygufpum; aqG;aEG;vdo k wl t Ykd wGuf pka0; BuHKqH&k ef
ae&maumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ aumZmESpf 1325-ckESpf 0ef;usifumv0,f a&Twd*HkapwD
&ifjyifay:&Sd aemifawmfBuD;apwDteD; Z&yfwefaqmif;rsm;wGif 0dZmÆ ynm&yf qnf;yl;vdu k pf m;
olwYkd vGwv f yfpmG aexdik af jymqdak qG;aEG;avh&MdS uonf/ xdt k csdef xdu k mvü r[d'd¨*dkPf;
q&mausmf tygt0if ausmfoHk;ausmf? aAm"d*kdPf; q&mqdkif tygt0if qdkifoHk;qdkif?
raemr, q&mcdkifudk taMumif;jyKí cdkifoHk;cdkifwdkYrSm xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdonf/ 0dyóem
½Ienf;rsm;? orxur®|mef; tm;xkwfenf;rsm;? tbd"r®mpum;rsm; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;oH
nHvsu&f o dS nf/ vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf wdik yf ifazmf wkid yf ifzufrsm;ESihf a&Tw*d akH pwDukd zl;ajrmfavh
&SMd u&m oli,fcsi;f wpfa,mufrS tazmfac:í vdu k v f mcJ&h mrS raemr,q&mcdkif\wynhf
rsm;ESifh BuHKqHk&onf/ xdkolwdkYxHrS aepufvpufe0if;ynm? prydkifynm? Mwif;ynm?
a&ay;aq;jzpf? ½kyaf jymif;emrfcgG ynm? *E¨m&D0Zd mÆ ynm toH;k tEIe;f udMk um;&onf/ &aoh
0wf? zd;k olawmf0wfjzifh yk*K¾d vftrsdK; ½kyyf t kH rsdK;udk jrifawGU&onf/ OD;atmifNidr;f touf
(35)ESpft&G,fjzpfí vufawGUr[kwfvQif vufcH,HkMunfrnfholrsdK;r[kwf? 0dZÆmynm
toH;k tEIe;f udMk um;vQif vufrcHv?kd xGu&f yfaygufy*k K¾d vfvYkd &aoh0wf olawmf0wf
bd;k rif;acgif bd;k bd;k atmifwu Ykd kd r,HMk unfEikd ?f twkta,mif[efaqmifoal wG[o k m
odjrifvsuf&o dS nf/ raemuHjzifh jypfrmS ;rdrrI w S pfqifw h ufí 'D[mawG twkta,mif
[efaqmifoyl g[k 0pDujH zifh ajymqdv k mrdonf/ wdu k w f ukd q f ikd qf ikd yf if raemr,q&mcdkif
a&SUarSmufoYkd a&mufvQif rdrb d ,fuvmonf? 'DaeY bmvkycf o hJ nf? tdwx f aJ iGrnfrQ
ygonf[k twdtusajymqdo k nf/ olawmfaumif;tm; 0pDujH zifh jypfrmS ;xm;oljzpfí
,aeY tdrt f jyefum;jzifh touftEÅ&m,fusa&mufrnf/ tdraf &mufvQif trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D
tNyD;tydkif tdrfrSxGufcGmoGm;rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ um;jyifum;armif; uRrf;usifol
104
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 105
jzpfí r,HMk unf? ZeD;jzpfo\ l tcspq f ;kH jzpfí tdrrf t

S Ny;D xGuo
f mG ;onf[k tajymudv k nf;
vufrcHEikd bf J a&Tw*d &kH ifjyifrS jyefqif;vmcJNh yD; oH;k bD;um;udak rmif;um urÇmat;apwD
vrf;twdkif; jyefvmcJhonf/ ESif;qDukef;bdk;bGm;&dyfommteD;a7mufvQif um;udk wpfpkH
wpfa,mufu wGe;f csovdk acsmufwGif;wdrf;arSmufco hJ nf/ rajymyavmufaom yGe;f &m
&S&m&cJo
h nf/ trsm;tjrif aoavmufaom um;arSmufjcif;rsdK;jzpfaecJo h nf/ tdraf &muf
vQif ZeD;jzpfol\ tcspfqHk;trsdK;orD;rSm aetdrfrS tNyD;xGufoGm;NyD[k Mum;od&onf/
,aeYwpfaeYwm jzpfysufyHkESifh raemr,q&mcdkif\ a[majympum;rsm;udk tjyefjyef
qifjcifa0zefMunhfrdonf/ igonf olawmfaumif;rsm;udk jypfrSm;rdcJhNyD? tjypfudk 0efcs
awmif;yefrnf? 0dZÆmynm&yfukd odatmifcsOf;uyfavhvmvdu k pf m;rnf[k owdoaH 0*
,SOuf m todÓmPfay:vmcJah vonf/ 0dZÆmynmodYk pdw0f ifpm;um rsufEmS rlco hJ nf/
raemr,ynm&SifwdkYESifh OD;atmifNidr;f BuHKqH&k mü bkrodbrodbJ raemuHç
0pDuHjzifh jypfrSm;rd7m 'Pf (10)yg;\ a&SUajy; udk,fapmifhewfrsm;u owday;cJhonfudk
todÓmPf0ifum ½dkaopGm 0efcsawmif;yefcJhonf/ ightawG; ightBuH trSef[k ZGwfjyK
vkycf yhJ grl BuD;rm;aom tukov kd u
f x
H u
kd í
f qd;k usdK;rsm;pGm cH&zG,&f odS nf/ 0dZmÆ ynm&Siwf Ykd
usifhpOfudk rodbJ ajymrSm; qdkrSm; 0pDuH vGefusL;cJhonf/ bkod bod olvdk
0dZÆmynm&yftaMumif;udk odatmif pl;prf;ar;jref;rnf? vufawGUusifhaqmifrnf[k
or®mqE´rsm;jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ i,fpOfumvuygcJah om tavhtxrSm Ak't ¨ qdtk qH;k trESihf
nD rnD a0zefjcif;? qHk;jzwf jcif;jyKonf/ rdrdvufcHqHk;jzwfonfudk rnfolajymajym
vufrcH em;raxmif qufvufvyk af qmifwwfonf/ b,mvmbjzifh jzm;a,mif;
ajymqdak omfvnf; vufrcH? vrf; aMumif; rajymif;oljzpfonf/ ,cktcg 0dZmÆ r,ynmudk
avhvmvdu k pf m;rnf[k qH;k jzwf cJah vonf/ tb,fupusifh&rnfenf;[k ar;jref;&m
bk&m; w&m; oHCmudk ½dkaopGm &Sdcdk;uefawmh&efESifh rdrdtm; þvlYb0odkYa&mufatmif
arG;jrLcJhaom trdtzudk rarh ravsmh&? uG,fuef;ypfy,fjcif;rjyK&? r½dkrao
rav;rpm;ajymqdkjcif; rjyK&? udk,fpdwf yifyef;atmif jyKvkyfajymqdkjcif; rjyK&?
n§O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrrI jyK&? todw&m;jzpfymG ;atmif oifMum;ajyma[maom q&mudk tvm;wl
½dak o&rnf[k tqdt k qH;k trjyKavonf/ Ak'\ ¨ tqH;k trESihf udu k n f aD om usifph Of[k
vufcHcJhonf/
1/ xdt
k csdeu
f [mrpfwpfvrf;qHrk S a&T*w
kH ikd rf ;D yGKd ifrh a&mufrD vrf;0J,mrSm acsmufawG&adS eonf/
105
KTS 15-11-14-1
e0if;ynm
raemr,q&mcdkifonf &efuek Nf rdKU? omauw (6)&yfuu G w f iG f aexdik of nf/
OD;atmifNird ;f onf raemr,ynmudk pdw0f ifpm;vsu&f adS omaMumifh q&mcdik x f o
H mG ;a&muf
avhvmar;jref;NyD; 1325-ckESpf? e,kefvjynhfausmf (11)&uf (11-6-1963) t*FgaeY
n (9)em&Dtcsdef teEÅig;yg;udk ½dkaopGmjyKí 2-uHxdef; pwifcH,lcJhonf/ usifhpOfudk
avhvmaomtcg teEÅig;yg;udk ½dak oav;pm;olonf tvdv k u
kd o
k vkd &f ol jzpfaeonf/
r*fwm;zdvk w f m; tukov kd u
f jH zpfaom t&d,yl 0g&uHç rmwkCmwuydwC k mwuuHEiS hf
tvm;wltjypfwrYkd S uif;a0;aponf/ o*¾E&Å m,frS uif;a0;aponf/ aumif;usKd ;csr;f om
rsm;pGm&aom usipfh Ofjzpfaeonf/ ]]2-uH 2-uHxdef;}}qdok nfrmS ygPmwdygwESifh ok&mar&,
odu©myk'fESpfyg;udk vHkNcHKapmifhxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ raemr,*dkPf;tqdk aee0if; ve0if;
e0if;pufynm&yf[k ac:Muonf/
e0if;[laom a0g[m&toH;k tEIe;f rSm ygVdvkd e0=ud;k ckjzpfí ta&twGuof csmF rSm
9 *Pef;jzpfonf/ e0rS e0if;a0g[m&jzpfvmonf/ avmuü aeYtcsdef tvif;a&mif
ay;aomt&mrSm aerif;jzpfí ntcsdef tvif;a&mifay;aomt&mrSm vrif;jzpfonf/
aerif;\tus,ft0ef;udk ygVdy#d uwfü 54 ,lZem? vrif;\ tus,ft0ef;udk 45
,lZem[k jyqdkxm;onf/ 4 ESifh 5 *Pef;aygif;vQif 9 jzpfvmonf/ 9 *Pef;udk ygVd
toHk;tEIef; e0jzpfí jrefrma0g[m&jzifh e0if;[k ac:qdkcJhonf/ 54 udkjzpfap? 45 udk
jzpfap 9 jzifhpm;vQif okn&vm'ftajzjzpfvmonf/ e0if;jywf Mwif;jywf[k oHk;EIef;cJh
onf/
e,kefvjynhfausmf (14)&uf aomMumaeY n 9 em&Dtcsdefü umarokodu©myk'f
udyk g t"d|mefwif aqmufwnfaomaMumifh oHk;uHxdef;jzpfí 0ifpr xGufpr? prydkif
ynm Mwif;ynm ynm[k ac:qdo k nf/ vufz0g;wGif ae v tu©&ma&;í 0 tu©&m
twGi;f ü oGi;f xm;onf/ wynhv f ufEpS zf uf Muufajccwftae jzefx Y m;apNy;D q&mjzpfol
uvnf; Muufajccwf vufz0g;jcif;½du k v f suf ynm&yftyfEiS ;f Mu&onf/ Mwif;ynm[k
ac:qdo k nf/ þynm&yfrsm; cH,v l o
kd o
l nf aee0if;ynmtwGuf ud;k yg;oDvjzifh ud;k 7uf
ajcmufBudrf ve0if;ynmtwGuf udk;&uf ig;Budrf apmifhxdef;&onf/ &moufyef ig;yg;
oDvudk vHkNcHKatmif apmifhxdef;&onf/ aeYpOf t"d|mefxm; *kPfawmfykwD;pdyf&onf/
106
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 107
OD;atmifNidr;f onf 1325-ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynhaf usmf(14)&uf? aomMumaeY (14-6-1963)

rSpí oufowfvGwfjzifh e0*FoDv 9-&ufapmifhxdef;NyD; r[m*E¨m&D 0dZÆmynm&yfudk
cH,al vonf/ ig;yg;oDvudak pmifx h ed ;f &mwGif tm&wDpnf;tqifh 0d&wDpnf;tqifh 0do'k ¨d
(oDv0do'k )¨d pnf;[k tqifo h ;kH qifx
h m; usifo h ;kH cJoh nf/ oDvodum© jznfu h sif&h mü orm"d
odum© udyk g jrifw
h if&efvtkd yfvsuf&adS omaMumifh tEkówd 10-yg;wGif Ak'g¨ Ekówdukd
t"d|mefxm; ykw;D pdy&f onf/ oDvodum© orm"dou d m© jrifw
h ufvmaomtcg vltrsm;\
,HMk unfav;pm;cH&onf/ tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKvdo k w l Ykd vma&mufNyD; a&m*ga0'emaysmuf
uif;a&;twGuf a&ref;awmif;Muonf/ arwåmu½kPmxm;vsuf opöma&ay;vQif
,HkMunfpGm oHk;pGJMuaomaMumifh a&m*ga0'emrsm; aysmufuif;oGm;Muonf/ vlemtm;
aq;uk&mü tapmifhta&Smufqdkif&m (ewfa'0g)rsm;&Sd&mwGif rdrdxufjrifhjrwfolrsm;udk
½dkaopGmyifhzdwf? edrfhusolrsm;udk qifhac:vsuf tarh"mwf? tao"mwf? ½kyfajymif;?
emrfcGm xl;qef;tHMh ozG,&f mrsm;udk vufawGUBuHKvm&onf/ þtqifrh mS a&ay;aq;jzpf
aysmufapq&mtjzpf ywf0ef;usifu owfrw S v f mMuonf/
*E¨m&Dynm
*E¨m&Dynm&yfukd avhvmpDppfMunfv h Qif &wemoH;k yg;? teEÅig;yg;udk OD;xdyx
f m;vsuf
ig;yg;oDvudk oDv0do'k j¨d zpfatmif apmifx h ed ;f jcif;rSm okwrf [m0gygVdawmf? r[my&deAd mÁ e
okwaf wmfvm "r®m'gookweå Ef iS hf ndE§ idI ;f aomf aomwmyefy*k K¾d vf\ t*Fg7yfEiS hf nDñw G f
aeonf/ tEkówd 10-yg;udk yGm;rsm;oljzpfvsuf&adS omaMumifh þusifph OfrmS ax&0g'
ESifh qefYusifrIr&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ 0¥okwfvmbk&m;tavmif;awmfiHk;rif;onf
]]twd¬avmau oDv*kaPm opHöaomap,s Ek'´,m}} þ 4-jzmudk tajccHxm;
opömjyK&m awmrD;Nidr;f cJ&h onf/ t*Fvk rd mvrax7fonf ]],awm [Hb*ded t&d,m,
Zmwd,m Zmawm embdZmemrd oOdöpöygPH ZD0dwm a0ga&may,s {awe oapöe---
ponfjzifh opömjyKaomaMumifh udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;rsm; vG,fvifhwul arG;zGm;
oGm;cJh&onf/ teEÅig;yg;? yOöoDv? tEkówdbm0emwdkYonf 0dZÆmynm&yf\ usifhpOf
jzpfonf/ þusifph Ofonf bk&m;&Sit f vdu k s jzpf rjzpf pDppfavhvmvQif r[m,me*dkPf;
t,ltq q[k qdo k ifyh goavm apmaMum&efjzpfonf/
0dZmÆ ynmtaMumif;udk tjynft h pHak vhvmvdv
k Qif v,fwq D &mawmf jyKpkxm;aom
0dZmÆ r*¾'yD eDusr;f udk Munh½f &I efjzpfonf/ þ0dZmÆ ynmrSm usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jzpfvm
107
KTS 15-11-14-1
rnfh OD;atmifNidr;f avQmufvrS ;f cJah om usifph Ofuokd m jyqdjk cif;jzpfonf/ orx ur®|mef;
onf orm"dou d m© udk jznfqh nf;jcif;jzpfonf/ wefc;kd tmPm t&Sed t f 0gBuD;vdok w
l Ykd
Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;avh&MdS uonf/ Ak'ó ¨ ylZH r[mawZ0aEÅm[k qdak vh&o dS nf/
ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwjf cif;rjyKrD oAÁwu ¬ ac:pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;udk OD;pGmyGm;rsm;&onf/
t&[H*P k af wmfç arwåmbm0emç r&PmEkówdbm0emç tmemygeur®|mef;udak c:qdjk cif;
jzpfonf/ OD;atmifNidr;f onf tm;vyfcsde&f vQif a&Tw*d akH pwDtay:ypö,çH aemifawmfBuD;
apwD ypö,üH 1 yGm;rsm;avh&Sdonf/ tvkyfrtm;vQif vlajcwdwfcsdef tdyfbk&m;cef;wGif
yGm;rsm;avh&o dS nf/ orxyGm;rsm;jcif;onf orm"dou d m© udk jznfqh nf;jzif;jzpfonf/ orm"d
odum© &ifu h sufroS m ynmodum© &ifu h sufEikd o
f nf/ ]]orm[dawm bdua© 0 ,xmblwH
yZmemwd}} pdww f nfNidrvf Qif trSewf &m;udk odEikd of nf[k a'oem&Sad eonf/ odum©
oHk;yg;onf tqifhausmfr& yg&rD 10-yg;udkvnf; pHknDatmifjznfhusifhNyD;rS r*fÓmPf
zdv
k Óf mPf jzpfay:vmEdik o f nf/
5-yg;oDvudk tm&wDoDvtqifhrS 0d&wDoDvjzpfatmif apmifhxdef;&onf/
t&d,mwdYk usifo h ;kH aom oDvrsdK; r*fÓmPfjzifjh zpfay:vmaom "r®wmoDv? t&d,muEÅ
oDvrSm oDv0do'k [ ¨d qk &kd onf/ avmua0g[m&ac:a0:MuonfrmS aomwmyefy*k K¾d vfwYkd
oEÅmefüwnfaom oDv t&d,moDvjzpfonf/ þodYk oDv0do'k jd̈ zpfatmifusif&h efrmS
vG,u f jl cif;r&SEd ikd /f OD;atmifNird ;f onf tqifo h ;kH qifu h kd wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh tusijhf ri§ chf o
hJ nf/
oDvodum© ESiEhf iS w hf n l aD om orm"dou d m© udk jznfu h sirhf o
S m oH;k acsmif;axmuf wlnaD om
odum© oH;k yg;jzpfvmEdik rf nf[k ,HMk unfco hJ nf/ aemufq;kH oDv0do'k j¨d zpfatmif aexdik rf nfh
olrmS avmuwGif olvu kd ,
kd v
f akd e½d;k aepOf r&[k ,HMk unfvmonf/ aemufyikd ;f umvwGif
OD;atmifNidr;f rdom;pktodik ;f t0dik ;f rS tNyD;xGucf &hJ onfrmS aeu©r"® mwf&ifo h efvmjcif;jzpf
onf/ aeu©r"® mwf&ifv h maomtcg olt Y oufowfrI ygPmwdygwç olwpfyg;Opömcd;k rI
t'dEmé 'geç olwpfyg;tdrf &f mvGeu f sL;rI umarokrpd mä pm&[laom um,uHo;kH yg; pifMu,f
vmonf/ vdrfnmajymqdkjcif;? tcsif;csif;uJGjym;atmif ukef;wdkufjcif;? Murf;wrf;aom
pum;qdkjcif;? tusdK;r&Sdaompum;ajymjcif; 0pDuHav;yg; pifMu,fvmonf/ olwpfyg;
tay: rvdkpdwfç tusdK;ysufpD; &efvdkvm;jcif;ç t,lvGJrSm;jcif; raemuHoHk;yg; uif;pif
vmonf/ 'kp½du k w f &m;q,fyg;rS vGwaf jrmufco hJ vdk pdwt f pOfjzLpifoef&Y iS ;f vmonf/
1/ xdt
k csdeu
f a&Tw*d akH pwDü aeYa&mnyg vGwv
f yfpmG w&m;bm0emyGm;aexdik cf iG &fh &Scd sdejf zpfonf/
108
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 109
þonfrSm oDvpGrf;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ oDvodu©mjrifhNyD; orm"dodu©m

&ifo
h efvmonf/ tawG;tac: t,ltqrSeu f efvmonf/ oDv*kP?f aomap,s*kP?f
opöm*kP?f tEk'´,m*kPw
f jYkd zpfay:vmonf/ þ*kPwf uYkd kd tajccHxm;vsuf-
(1) rdrx
d uf jrifjh rwfaom yk*K¾d vfwt Ykd m; ½dak opGmyifzh w
d &f cdS ;kd ylaZmfvQif qdik &f m
yk*d¾KvfwdkY apmifha&SmufrIudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;cHpm;cGifh&cJhonf/
(2) avsmhedrfhusolrsm;udk zdwfMum;í jyKcJhaom ukodkvftzdkUudk ay;a0rQí
twm;tqD; taESmuft,Suu f kd z,f&mS ;ay;&ef arwåm&yfcv
H Quf vdt
k if
qE´jynf0h atmif ulnMD uonf/ þtusdK;w&m; &&Scd o hJ nf/
wpfqifwh ufí xl;jcm;aomynm&yfrmS - yk*K¾d vfwpfO;D tm; arhavsmhatmifapcdik ;f
jcif;? tarh"mwf½dkufynm? vlaoaumifvdkjzpfapí uyfa&mufaom a&m*ga0'emudk
z,f&Sm;apjcif;? tao"mwf½dkufynm? yifudk,frlv½kyftpm; yl;0ifuyfa&mufvmol\
½kyfyHkü a&m*gajymif;a&GUapjcif;? ½kyfajymif;ynm? ½kyfcE¨mudk csefxm;NyD; emrfw&m;jzifh
a0;vHaoma'o&Sd apwDykxdk;rsm;udk zl;ajrmfapí ukodkvfjzpfapjcif;? ½kyfajymif;emrfcGm
ynm&yfrsm;udk vufawGUoif,lcJhonf/ þynm&yfudkyif *E¨m&D0dZÆmynm&yf[kac:cJhMu
onf/1
þodYk oDvodum© ig;yg;oDvudk bk&m;&Sit f vdu k s usiho
f ;kH vQif C&m0gojzifh
aevdrYk jzpfawmh? pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rkom;pum;qd&k rnf? arSmifcykd pön;f ta&mif;t0,f
udprö vkyEf ikd ?f rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&; ikww f w
k x f ikd &f rvdjk zpfonf/ q&mhq&mrsm;u ig;yg;
oDv vHNk cHKatmif apmifx h ed ;f Edik v
f Qif txGwpf cef;a&mufNyD? tyg,fav;yg;rS vGwaf jrmuf
oGm;NyD[k qdck MhJ uonf/ txGwpf cef;a&mufatmif usifah qmifvakd omfvnf; vuf&dS
tajctaerSm ZeD;a':wifMun unf? om;BuD;armifaX;vGif? om;vwfarmif armifausmfvGif?
orD;axG; rwifwifcsdKwdkY&Sdaeonf/ rdrdjyKcJhaomtrIudk avmuobm0 "r®"d|mefus
jzpfatmif udk,fw&m;udk,fwdkif pD&ifcsufcsaomtcg tcsdefra&mufao; umvwpfck
apmifh&rnf/ tdrfaxmifOD;pD;wm0efausyGefatmif aqmif&Guf&OD;rnfjzpfí a&SUwuf&ef
tpDtpOfqikd ;f iH&h jyefonf/
1/ ½kyaf jymif;emrfcmG ynm? emrfjziho

f mG ;aomc&D;ü rnfonhaf pwDyx
k ;kd ü rnfou
l akd wGUcJo
h vJar;xm;Ny;D
xdo
k El iS fh qHak wGUaomtcg xdt
k cdsef xdak e&mrS trSeyf if&adS eonf/
109
KTS 15-11-14-1
yxrtBudrf udk;e0if;t"d|mef
OD;atmifNidr;f onf 0dZmÆ ynm&yf pwifc, H cl sdeu
f tom;pm;oH;k rItay: ,HMk unfrI
uGJvGJaecJhonf/ qif jrif; tom;rSm pMum&wemwGif yg0ifjcif;? avmu0,f vlvdk
todÓmPf&SdaaomaMumifh pm;oHk;jcif;rjyK&ef? uRJEGm;wdkYonf vlom;wdkY pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf vlEiS t hf wl tvkyv f yk af ejcif;aMumifh pm;oH;k jcif;rjyK&ef tqdt k qH;k rjyKonfukd
vufcEH ikd af omfvnf; 0ufowå0gwdkYonf vlwdkY\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sd?
tom;pm;&ef tdraf rG;owå0grQomjzpfonf/ Ak'v ¨ ufxufawmfu bk&m;&Siu f ,kd w
f ikd f
bkOf;ay;cJhaMumif; y&dedAÁmefjyKcgeD;&ufrSmyif bkOf;ay;onf[k jyqdkcJhMuonf/ avmu
vlom;wdik ;f trGet f jrwfpm;oH;k aeMuonf/ ygPmwdygwodum© yk'Ef iS t hf jypfuif;onf/
toD;rSmo&uf t&GufrSmvbuf tom;rSm0uf}} [k *kPw
]]toD f ifNyD; pm;oH;k &aom
tom;jzpfaeonf/ avmujypf avmukw&å mjypf rjzpfEikd /f pm;oH;k rIjyK&mü qifjcifÓmPf
&Sd&efom t"du[k ,HkMunfcJhonf/ 0ufom;rpm;&ef tqHk;trudk vufrcHEdkifay/
tBudKufqHk;tom;jzpfí a&Smif&eftm;xkwfjcif; rjyKcJhbJ pm;½dk;pm;pOf jyKaecJhonf/
yxrqH;k 9-yg;oDvESihf oufowfvw G pf m;oH;k um Ak'*¨ P k af wmf 9-yg;udk ykw;D pdyf
wefc;kd BuD;bk&m; 9-qlwiG f tvSnu fh st"d|mefxm; 9-&uf Oykoaf pmifah ecJo h nf/ pm;avh
pm;xr[kwaf omaMumifh tm;rvdt k m;r& 0rf;[mvsuf&o dS nf/ t"d|mef&ufrjynhrf u D yif
tom;[if;rsm;udk rnfoq Yl ikd of mG ;pm;rnf[k pdwu f ;l ESirhf w
S x
f m;cJo h nf/ &ufjynfah om
tcg rdwaf qG7if;jzpfol OD;jrarmiftm;ac:cJNh yD; A[ef;a&wm&Snv f rf;opftrd rf S &efuek Nf rdKU
wGi;f w½kwv f rl sKd ; t½Iyfqdkiu f x kd u G v f mcJMh uonf/ qdik af &mufaomtcg 0ufom;ESycf su?f
0ufom;okwf? 0ufom;aMumfcsdKcsOfpyf? 0ufem;&Gufokwf? 0ufeHuif? 0ufeHwHk trsdK;rsdK;
pHkatmifrSmNyD; tm;yg;w7pm;Muonf/ t"d|mefatmifyGJtjzpf aumif;aumif;pm;yGJEGJcJhMu
onf/ 9-&ufrjynhrf u D yif pGrJ ufaeaom 0ufom;udk pm;vdpk w d jf zpfaecJ&h m ,aeY rsdK;pHk
atmifpm;oHk;cJhNyD;jzpfí t&om&SdvSonf/ auseyftm;&&Sdaeonf/
&efuek Nf rdKUwGi;f rS A[ef;aetdro f Ykd jyefvm&m tdraf &mufvQifyif 0rf;Adu k xf J tlacG
twGif; "m;ao;ao;ESifhqGaeovdk emvmonf/ wjznf;jznf;emusifaoma0'emrSm
raeEdik f rxkid Ef ikd af tmif 'kua© y;vmawmhonf/ touf½LS r0atmifyif atmifv h monf/
atmifrav;wNyD; u,fMuyg[kyifatmfrad wmhonf/ aemufq;kH BuHr& t"d|mef 9-&uf
twGi;f jyKcJah om e0*Fov D ? Ak'g¨ EkówdymG ;rsm;jcif; arwåmyGm;jcif;paom oDvukov kd f
bm0emukov kd f a0,sm0pöuo k v kd w f u Ykd kd owd&NyD; bk&m;pifrS aomufawmfa&csrf;udk
110
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 111
awmif;cH raemr,aq;eDreI u Yf kd cHwiG ;f 0,fxnhf aomufo;kH vdu

k &f onf/ ,ljypfovdk
aysmufuif;cJ&h onf/ rpm;tyfaomtom;[k vufcjH cif;rjyKao;yg/ yxrtBudrf ud;k e0if;
t"d|meftawGUtBuHKjzpfonf/
'kwd,tBudrf udk;e0if;t"d|mef
'kwd,tBudrf udk;e0if;t"d|mef0ifaomtcg tqifhjrifhaomtaejzifh 9-&uf
2-vD (18)&uf owfrw S vf u kd Nf yD; 9-yg;oDv *kPaf wmf 9-yg; oufowfvw G q
f rG ;f
wpfcgw&H rD;vGwt f "d|meftjzpf opfo;D pm;vsuaf ecJo h nf/ 18-&ufjynhaf omtcg yxr
f vdyk if w½kwt
tBurd u f ½Iypf m;aomufqikd o f mG ;Ny;D 0ufom;tpm;tpmrsKd ;pHak tmifrmS pm;onf/
yxrtBudru f vdyk if w0wNyJ rpm;bJ twdik ;f twmjzifh pm;oH;k cJo h nf/ qdik t f jyifxu G f
vQifyif Aduk x f rJ aS tmifah wmifah tmifah wmifh wjznf;jznf; tlut kd yfzsm;ESix
hf ;kd qGovdk
wppfppfjzifh 0ufom;ema&m*gjzpfvmcJhonf/ avxdk;avatmifhovdk raeEdkifrxdkifEdkif
jzpfvmcJo
h nf/ toHxu G nf ;D &onftxd emvsu&f o dS nf/ bk&m;pifwiG x f m;aom y&dwaf &
aomufawmfa&rS cGiyhf efawmif;cHNy;D raemr,aq;eDreI u Yf kd opömzGUJ aomufo;kH vdu k &f onf/
þtBudrw f iG f oHo,pdwjf zpfvmonfrmS 'D0dZÆmynmusifhpOfcH,lxm;olESifh 0ufom;
trSefrwJhjzpfrnf/ csufcsif;AdkufemaysmufroGm; (3)&ufMumrS aysmufuif;cJh&onf/
'kw,d tBudrf e0if; (18)&uft"d|mef tawGUtBuHKjzpfonf/
wwd,tBudrf udk;e0if;t"d|mef
udk;e0if;t"d|mef 2-Budrf0ifNyD;aomftcg ae½dk;aepOf aer& pm;½dk;pm;pOf rjzpf?
Oykot f "d|mef0ifvpkd w
d jf yif;xefvmaeonf/ wwd,tBudrf t"d|mef&ufrmS 9-oH;k vD
(27)&ufowfrw S &f ovdk tusifph cef;taeESihf wpfqifw h uf&rnf/ wpfaeukef pum;
rajym EIwyf w d x
f m;NyD; rD;vGwt f pm;tpmpm;? opfo;D pm;? a&qGr;f a&aomuf t"d|mefyg
usi&hf rnfjzpfonf/ ud, k u f m,Av&Srd S owfrw S &f uftjynhaf eEdik rf nfjzpfí &ufowfrw S f
usiahf qmif&onf/ opfo;D pm;&uf? a&aomuf&ufwu Ykd kd rQwatmifppD Of7onf/ 27-&uf
twGi;f &efuek Nf rdKUteD;wpf0u kd &f dS wefc;kd BuD;apwDyx k ;kd rsm;tjyif yJc;l ? jynfNrdKUtxd pcef;csJU
xm;&m c&D;uyef;? vluEGr;f vsaeonf/ tcsdKUae&mrSm um;&xm;oGm;r&? ajcvsifomG ;
&onf/ t"d|mef&ufjynhv f Qif atmifypJG m;taejzifh tom;[if;udjk yefpm;onf/ 0ufom;
pm;&ef &GHUovdkjzpfaeonf/ 0ufom;pm;vQif Adkufem Adkufatmifhjzpfrjzpf aocsmatmif
111
KTS 15-11-14-1
wrifpm;Munho f nf/ ,cifuxuf ydrk jkd yif;xefpmG Adu

k ef mvmonf/ vufawGUBuHK&aom
tcg 0dZÆmynmcH,lol 0dZÆmyg&rD"mwfcHygolwdkY 0ufom;vHk;0rwnhfaomtpm omtpmjzpfonf/
,aeYrpS í 0ufom;udk toufxufq;kH &moufyefrpm;awmhyg[k pdw0f ,faqmufwnf
vdu
k of nf/ bk&m;pifrS aomufawmfa&udk awmif;cHpeG , Yf l raemr,aq;eDreI u
Yf pkd m;oH;k cJh
&onf/ wwd,tBudrf ud;k e0if;t"d|mef (27)&uf NyD;qH;k csderf pS í 0ufom;pm;oH;k jcif;udk
a&SmifMuOfcJhavonf/
t"d|meftqifhqifhxm;usifh&ef vrf;ñTef
1/ oufowfvw G tf "d|mef 9-&uf = Oykorf apmifah omaMumifh eHeufpm npm
pm;Edik o f nf/
2/ Oykoo f ufowfvw G t f "d|mef = eHeuf 12-em&DtwGi;f pm;&rnf? rGe;f vGcJ sdef
azsmf&nfrSvGJí tm[m& rpm;&/
3/ ywåyP dk u f si0fh wfygvQif &[ef;rsm;twGuf oydw?f vlrsm;twGuf ZvHk yk*jH ym;?
[if;pHk&marTí eHeuf 12-em7D twGif; pm;Edkifonf/
4/ {uoedou f sif0h wfygvQif wpfaeYwpfBudrf wpfxyfqrG ;f udk eHeuf 12-em&D
rxdk;rD pm;oHk;Edkifonf/
5/ {uoedoEf iS yhf wåyP kd u f sih0f wfygvQif qGr;f ESi[ hf if;rkeyYf o
J a&pmrsm; a&marTNyD;
rGef;rwnhfrDtwGif; wpfBudrfompm;oHk;&rnf/
6/ opfo;D pm;rD;vGwf = rdrt d wGuf csufa&;jyKwfa&;jyKzG,rf vd?k tpmtm[m&
twGuf aMumifMh uuif;pGm w&m;tm;xkwEf ikd &f ef yAÁEo ¨ rm"d=orm"dtm;aumif;
ap7ef jzpfonf/
7/ a&aomuft"d|mef = wpfaeYv;kH a&qmwdik ;f aomufciG &hf o dS nf/ tjcm;tm[m&
pm;oH;k jcif;rjyK&/ yAÁEo ¨ rm"d&ifo h eforl sm;omjyKvkyo f ifo h nf/ tpmtdraf &m*g
ponf&o dS rl sm; qifjcifpmG jyKvky&f efvo kd nf/
8/ a&qGrf; a&aomuf t"d|mefudk tqifhjrifhjcif;jzpfonf/ rGef;rwnhfrD tcsdef
twGi;f wpfBudrf (a&oefb Y ;l 2-vH;k cef)Y om aomuf&rnf/
9/ EIwyf w d 0f pDyw d f = pum;vH;k 0rajym? pdwu f kd txl;csKyfxed ;f jcif;jzpfí ur®|mef;
ESiahf eolwt Ykd m; orm"dtxl;&ifo h efap&efjzpfonf/
10/ ausmrcst"d|mef = acgif;tk;H tdy&f mcif; zsmrvdk w&m;½Irw S 7f if; aexdik ef nf;
jzpfonf/ 24-em&D t"d|mefjzpfonf/
112
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 113
bk&m;&Siftvdkus tusihfrsm;
txufwiG f ñTeMf um;xm;aom usiphf Ofrsm;udk usiahf qmifvv kd Qif usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfESifh tjcm;tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom &[ef;oDv&Sifrsm;xH enf;emcHusifhrSom pepf
wusjzpfí tusihfpcef;tqifhjrifhEdkifonf/ oDv&Sifq&mBuD;rsm; pDpOfay;aomtwdkif;
txl;ojzifh qGr;f pm;ausmif;&Sw d m0efcu H kd today;usifah qmifvQif vdt k yfaom tm[m&
oifah vsmf aom opfo;D opf&u G f aomufa& usiafh qmif&efae&ma'o pDpOfay;avh&o dS nf/
þt"d|mefum; 'Dvdktusifhrsm;usifhol[k trsm;txifBuD;&ef usihpf Ofxm;jcif;r[kw?f
ykw;D pdycf sdef w&m;tm;xkwcf sdeyf Nkd yD;&&efjzpfonf/ ttdyf tpm;avsmhaomtcg tcsdejf ynhf
w&m;tm;xkwfcGifh&vmí orm"dtm;aumif;NyD; w&m;xl;&apaom usifhenf;jzpfonf/
þusifph Ofonf vHv Yk 0D&,
d o'¨gw&m; xufoefow l tYkd wGujf zpfonf/ avmua&;&m
tawG;rsm;? tdyif u fkd af eolrsm;ESihf xdu k w f efaom usiphf Ofr[kw?f vlwikd ;f twGuf owfrw S f
ay;aomusiphf Ofr[kwaf y/ &nf&, G cf suaf umif;aumif;r&So d w l Ykd yifyef;tm;BuD;jzpfz,G &f mjzpf
onf/ toufcE¨mud, k u
f m,tay: iJu h u G rf rI xm;? toufyifaoygap? w&m;xl;&atmif
usiahf qmifrnf[k jrifjh rwfaompdwx f m;&So d wl t Ykd wGuf owfrw S x f m;aomusiphf Ofjzpfonf/
Ak'¨vufxufawmfu &Sifr[muóy? &SifAmukv? &SiftEk½k'¨gpaom &[EÅm
t&SifjrwfwdkY "kwifaw&ojzihf udavom&efudk tEkdifwdkufcJhaom bk&m;&Siftvdkus
usihfpOfrsm; jzpfonf/
vlolawmfpcef; rif;q&mpcef;
1325-rS 1327-txd (3)ESpf
1326-ck jymodkvtwGif; tpDtpOfwpf&yfa&G;qGJxm;onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;tjzpf
jrefrmjynftxufydkif; yk*H? rEÅav;? ppfudkif;? rHk&Gm tygt0if a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if
wefc;kd BuD;bk&m;zl;í ur®|mef;xdik f ykw;D pdyrf nhf &ufaygif; 3-vjzpf&m raemr,q&mcdkif
vdkufvmrnfhc&D;jzpfonf/ rdrdc&D;xGufvQif tdrfwGifusef&pfrnfh ZeD;ESifhom;orD; 3-
a,muf pm;0wfaea&;ajyvnfap&ef um;a&mif;&aiGtm;vH;k tyfxm;cJo h nf/ um;aumif;
aumif;&Sm&ef e,fxGufrnf/ &ufMumvQif pdwfrylESifh aiGvdku ,ckaiGudk oHk;&pf[k
rSmcJhonf/ um;&Smc&D;[kajymaomfvnf; *E¨m&Dc&D;xGufjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufESpfopful;
wefc;l vukeaf vmufjyefa&mufrnfjzpfonf/ teEÅ&twåbm0rS awmfpyfcahJ om omoemh
113
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdcifzcifw\ Ykd pum;t& ]]xm;&maexm;&mae ap&moGm; auR;wmpm; cdkif;wmvky}f } &rnfjzpfí

rdom;pktwGuf aemufqrH wif;&ef pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ *E¨m&Dpcef;xGucf sd efü qdik &f mwdu Yk
]]vlavmu ta<u;,lxm;vdYk ta<u;wifaeol[m jyefrqyfv&J w,f? a<u;&Siu f
r,lawmhb;l qdv k &J w,f? 'dYk *E¨m&Dpcef;xGu&f mrSm ur®0#f udavo0#f 0dygu0#fuakd wmh
oHo&m twdik ;f twmeJY 0#fw0YkH #fvUJS 0#fa<u;[m rqyfvrYkd &bl;? 'gaMumifh t"d|mef
twdik ;f twdtus vdu k ef m&r,f[k qH;k rpum; qdMk uonf/ t"d|mefxm;cJo h nft
h wdik ;f
ae& oGm;& vm& pm;&onf/ vlavmutvdEk iS hf trsm;enf;wl aevdrYk &? tajymwpfrsdK;
vkyaf qmifcsuw f pfrsKd ; rjzpfap&? vlvakd rSmufcsv
D eS cf sD jyKvkyv
f rYkd &? owfrw
S &f uf 9_
_ 9=
vDqkd (81) &uf 9 _ 10 vDqdk (90)jynfhatmifae&onf/ aemufydkif;rdom;pkta&;
rnfo&Ykd &dS dS aemufvn S Mhf unhcf iG rhf &aom tusifrh sdK;jzpfonf/
teEÅig;yg;udk t"d|mef&ufxm;ylaZmfenf;
*E¨m&D0Zd mÆ pcef;odt
Yk a&mufomG ;vdo
k o
l nf ig;yg;aomteEÅ*P kd ;f 0if aus;Zl;&Siwf \
Ykd
*kPfaus;Zl;udk pdwfraemo'¨g xda&mufpGmjzifh tav;tjrwftm½HkjyKum &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;?
uefawmhjcif;tavhtxudkjyK&rnf[k q&morm;rsm;urSmMum;cJhonf/ teEÅig;yg;wGif
bk&m;&wemudkom t"d|mefxm;í wpfaeYwmAk'¨*kPfudk qifjcifyGm;rsm;vQif Ak'ëdrdwf
tm½Huk kd pdwwf iG rf jywfatmif yGm;rsm;onf/ rdrad &SUwGif Ak'<¨ uvmaeonf[k tjriftm½Hk
xm;onf/ Ak'a¨ &SUwGif a&muf&adS eonft h vm; todÓmPfxm;vsuf um,uHru I kd jyKvkyf
onf/ 0pDuHrIajymqdkonf/ raemuHjzifh usdK;EGHpGmapmifhxdef;onf/ uHoHk;yg;jzifh ukodkvf
jzpfatmifaexdkifonf/ tukodkvfrjzpfatmif apmifhxdef;onf/ wpfaeYwmukefqHk;í
ntdyfpufcsdefa&mufvQif bk&m;a&SUarSmufa&mufaeoltjzpf todpdwfxm;í tdyf&m0if
onf/ þenf;jzifh Ak'¨*kPfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfavonf/
'kwd,ajrmufaeYwGif "r®&wemudk t"d|mefxm;vsuf "r®*kPfawmf (6)yg;udk
qifjcifyGm;rsm; pdwftm½Hkxm;aexdkifonf/ usrf;*efrsm;ü "r®&wemtaMumif; jyqdkxm;
onfrmS "r®[o l nf jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;tyfaom y&d,wd"å r®yifjzpfonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;vufxufawmfujzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf om0wdj¬ ynf aZw0ef
ausmif;awmfü oDwif;oH;k awmfro
l nf/ ol<u,fwpfO;D onf "r®&wemudk ylaZmfvakd om
114
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 115
o'¨gw&m;jzpfyGm;vmaomaMumifh ylaZmfenf;udk bk&m;&SifxH ar;jref;avQmufxm;onf/

w&m;awmftm; ylaZmfvv kd Qif "r®"&=w&m;udak qmifaom&[ef;udk vSL'gef;ylaZmf&ef rdeMYf um;
awmfro l nf/ oHCmawmfrsm;xHomG ;a&mufNyD; "r®"&w&m;udak qmifaom &[ef;ukñ d eT jf y
yg&ef awmif;yefonf/ oHCmtrsm;u &Sit f meE´mrax&ftm; ñTejf yvdu
k &f m t&Sijf rwfukd
yifzh w
d Nf y;D qGr;f ? ouFe;f paom 0w¬Krsm;udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfaMumif; yudÖPuedygwf
bdum© y&rÜ&Zmwf t|uxmpwkww ¬ üJG zGiqhf o
kd nfukd awGU&onf/
y&d,wd"å r®ukd pwifazmfxw
k o
f u
l m; Ak'y¨ ifjzpfí bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;awmfrcl ahJ om
y&d,wd"å r®EiS hf Ak'u
¨ kd ½dak oav;pm;tm½Hyk mG ;aexdik v
f Qif "r®&wemudk ylaZmfjcif;yifjzpfonf[k
ñTejf yxm;onf/ wpfaeYwmtwGi;f y&dwaf wmfrsm;yGm;rsm;jcif;? pmoifwu kd rf S pmoifoC H m
rsm; qGrf;cH<uvmcsdef vSL'gef;ylaZmfjcif;jzifh "r®*kPfudk ½dkaorIjyKcJhavonf/
w&m;&wemudk ylaZmfaomaeY
oD&d"r®maomurif;onf "r®u©E¨maygif;&Spfaomif;av;axmifwdkYudk ylaZmfaom
txdr;f trSwjf zifh "r®uE© m¨ wpfql wpfqv
l Qif ausmif;wpfaqmifpv
D LS 'gef;cJah Mumif; yg&mZdu
t|uxmyxrtkyf wwd, o*Ðwu d xm ESm-37 wGif jyqdx
k m;onf/ xdo k Ykd "r®&wemudk
ylaZmfvakd omqE´jzifh enf;vrf;wustwk,jl cif;jzpfonf/ avmuü w&m;awmfonf
vGepf mG ta&;ygonf/ t&Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmoonf pd&Hwd|wk o'är®m "ar®a[mEÅKo*g&0g=
owå0gtm;vH;k "r®ü½dak ojcif;&SMd uygapownf;[k t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü rSmMum;cJo h nf/
Ak'¨\"r®rsm; &SdaeorQumvywfvHk; omoemawmf qkwf,kwfjcif;r&SdEdkif? "r®udk
½dak oav;pm;vsufaexdik o f ol nf omoemawmfukd ½dak oav;pm;aexdik o f yl ifjzpfonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio f nf a,m "rH® yówd? aom rH yówd/ [lívnf;aumif;? aom
a0g rrpöa,e ow¬m/ "r®uE© m¨ aygif;&Spaf omif;av;axmifonf igbk&m; y&deAd mÁ efp0H ifNy;D
aemuf oifw\ Ykd q&mtjzpf wnfaevdrrhf nf[í l vnf;aumif;? y&deAd mÁ efp0H ifcgeD;qJqJ
tcsderf mS yif rdecYf ahJ vonf/ jyqdt
k yfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pdwEf v
S ;kH 0,fxm;vsuf
"r®&wemudk ylaZmfjcif;jzpfonf/
oHCm&wemudk ylaZmfaomaeY
oHCm&wemudyk al Zmf&ef t"d|mefxm;aom&ufa&mufaomtcg oHCmh*P k f 9-yg;
udk &Gwq
f t
kd m½Hjk yKonf/ oHCmudjk rifvQif ½dak ouefawmhonf/ oHCmonf t&d,m
115
KTS 15-11-14-1
yk*K¾d vf 8-a,muf[al om y&rw¬oC H m vuf&adS wGUjrifae&aom orkwo d C H m 2-rsdK;

&So
d nf/ t&d,myk*K¾d vfwo Ykd EÅmefü wnf&adS om oky#Ü yd Eépaom 9-yg;aom*kPu f kd tm½H,k l
ylaZmf&jcif;um; tcuftcJr&Sad omfvnf; orkwo d CH mESivfh ufawGUBuHK&aomtcg pdww f iG f
apwemo'¨grysuaf tmif apmifx h ed ;f &onfrmS vG,u f al omtvkyf r[kwaf Mumif; awGUqHck hJ
&onf/
wpfaeYwGif oHCm*kPfudk t"d|mefxm;yGm;rsm;NyD; um;jzifhxGufvmcJhonf/
ykZGefawmifaps;auGUteD;rS &[ef;wpfyg;vufwm;ae&m um;udk&yfay;cJhonf/ um;ay:
a&mufvQif ]]rif;wdu Yk m;orm;awG}}tpcsDum ratESizfh atwkwaf wmhonf/ xdt k cg
orkwo d CH m\ rzG,rf &m um,uHr?I 0pDurH aI Mumifh pdww f iG Nf iKd jiifysuu
f u
G pf &mjzpfonf/
½dak o usdK;EGpH mG yif vd&k mausmif;odaYk &mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;cJo h nf/ um;cb,favmuf
ay;&rvJ[k ar;vmonf/ wynhaf wmfvLS wmygbk&m;[k ½dak opGmavQmufxm;aomtcg
vmjyefNyv D m;wpfa,muf[k atmfaigufjyefonf/ wynhaf wmf 'DaeY oHCm*kPu f kd t"d|mef
xm;aomaeYjzpfygw,fbk&m;[k xyfavQmufaomtcgwGif 'DvdkqdkvJNyD;a&m[kqdkum
oGm;avawmhonf/
yaEE ¬ 'doGme umom0H? q¥ dwH rDVrud©wH/
ya
od&o®ð tOövduwGm? 0Ed´wAHÁ £od'¨ZH/ (tyg'g 'k-52)
vrf;ay:ü pGeyYf pfxm;aom rpifpaomtnpftaMu;wdjYk zifh ayusaH eaom ouFe;f
tpkwu f akd wGUjrifvQif OD;acgif;wGif vuftyk cf s&D cdS ;kd jcif;udjk yKvkyv
f suf t½dt
k aojyKvkyo
f ifh
onf[k 0de,"&{w'*f& &SiOf ygvdrax&fonf tyg'ge ('k-52)ygVdawmfü *gxmAE¨zUJG NyD;
ñTefMum;cJhavonf/
ig;&mig;q,fZmwfawmfvm q'éfqifrif;taMumif;rSm qifrif;onf ta>ct&H
qifaygif;(8000)&Spaf xmifEiS t hf wl a&csKd ;Ny;D aepmvIaH ecsed w
f iG f rdr0d rf;atmufrS &efojl rm§ ;jzifh
ypfcwfvdkuf&m AdkufrSausmudkazmufoGm;onf/ &efolrSm rdrdAdkufatmufrSm&SdaeaMumif;
odcohJ nf/ qiftaygif;udk tjcm;ae&modYk &efo&l mS &efapvTwv f ukd of nf/ rdrd Adu
k af tmuf&dS
ajrudk cGmjzif,
h ufxw k Nf yD; &efoul Ekd mS armif;jzifh qG,J o
l nf/ &efoal omEkwKåd &f rkq;kd onf
opfacgufzef&nfjzifh qd;k tyfaom NcKH xnfukd q'éq f ifrif;jrifatmif jyvdu k &f m 'Dta&mif
'Dt0wfum; t&d,molawmfaumif;wdYk 0wf½akH om ouFe;f a&mifjzpfonf[k oHCmh*P k u f kd
tm½Hk,lowd&vdkufonf/
116
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 117
&efoludkowfjzwfjcif;rjyKbJ aomEkwdåK&f tvdk&Sdaom qifpG,fESpfpHkudk qifrif;

ud,
k w h nf/ ]]oAÁnKwnmPyÜ#da0"m ar £'H yknH ypöa,m a[mwk}}
f ikd jf zwfay;cJo
ig\ þaumif;rIonf oAÁnKwÓmPfawmf xdk;xGif;í odjrifjcif;\taMumif; jzpfygap
ownf;}}[k qkawmif;NyD; toufuek af vonf/
0denf;t&m {w'*f& &SifOygvd&[EÅmt&Sifjrwf\ Mo0g'ç q'éfqifrif;\
t&[wå"Z*kPfudk tm½Hk,lvsuf ta&mifwlaomt0wfudkjrifvQif ouFef;[laom
trSwo f m;tjzpf pdwwf iG pf NJG rNJ y;D &efou
l okd wfjzwfjcif;rjyKonft
h jyif taocHí qifp, G uf kd
vSL'gef;aom bk&m;avmif;\ tm*ro'¨gudk MunfnKd aomtm;jzifh oHCmh*P k u f kd ylaZmf
aomaeYü um,uHrçI 0pDurH rI sm;udk trSwrf xm;rlí y&rw¬oC H m[k owfrw S jf cif;jyKum
½dak oav;pm;jcif;jyKcJah vonf/ orkwo d C H mrsm;tay: o'¨gw&m;jzpfymG ;yHu
k kd vufawGU
jyqdkjcif;jzpfonf/
jA[®mESifhwlaom rdbrsm;
vlb Y v kH b
Yl 0udk txGwt f jrwfq;kH bHbk 0[kqMkd uonf/ 'kvb ’ w&m; 5-yg;wGif
rEkówåbma0g 'kva’ bm[k bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;awmfro l nf/ vlb Y 0ud&k &Sv
d maomol
onf Zmwdy#doaE¨tm;jzifh wd[w d yf nmygaom vlwpfO;D tzdYk &&Sx d m;aomb0üyif
r*fzvkd &f Edik af om tcGit hf a&;&SNd yDjzpfonf/ uvsmPrdwaå c: q&maumif;ESiafh wGUvQif
usifph OfreS u f &kd &Su d m avmukw&å mynmudk xyfqif&h &SEd ikd o f nf/ vlb Y 0udk csrf;ompGm
a&muf&v dS ma&;twGuf trdtzwdo Yk nf a&Munfumvvwnfcsderf pS í tpm;taomuf
qifjcifaexdkifonf/ tcsdefESifhtrQ om;yJ orD;yJ[k cGJjcm;rod&rDuyif oaEävmif;
csrf;omapa&;twGuf aMumifhMupdkufaexdkifpm;oHk;rIjyKMuonf/ arG;zGm;vmaomtcg
toufESihfxyfwlxm;vsuf apmifha&SmufauR;arG;onf/ vufajc paom udk,ft*Fg
ajyjypfacsmarGUatmif jyKjyifay;Muonf/ &ifrSjzpfaomaoG;onf rdcifarwåmaMumifh
teDa&mifrS jzLpifaom EdkYESpfa&mifokdY ajymif;vGJvm&onftxd arwåmw&m;jzpfyGm;vm
onf/ EdcYk sdKudk w,kw,wdu k af uR;onf/ aumif;aomt&m raumif;aomt&m cGjJ cm;
jyo teD;uyfoifMum;ay;Muonf/ vlavmuü vlwpfv;kH olwpfv;kH jzpfatmif? vlvm;
ajrmufatmif? vlt Y qifth wef;rDaexdik w f wfatmif apmifah &SmufMuonf/ þonfrmS
rdzwdkYu om;orD;tay: arwåmw&m;xm;&SdyHkudk jyqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ þpum;pkjzifh
arwåmw&m;xm;yHkudkjyonf/
117
KTS 15-11-14-1
&ifrjS zpfaom om;orD;rsm;tm; a&m*guif;&Si;f jcif;? ud, k t

f *FgtcsdK;tpm;useNyD;
toGm;tvmpepfusatmif jyKjyifay;onft h jyif uav;obm0rQomjzpfí rSu?f jcif?
,if? oef;paomydk;rTm;rsm; udkufcH&aomfvnf; y,f&Sm;[efYwm;Edkifjcif;r&SdbJ atmf[pf
id,
k akd omtcg ido k MH um;umrQjzifh oem;pdwjf zpfymG ;Muonf/ þum; u½kPmw&m;xm;yHk
udk jyonf/
ajy;vTm;aqmhupm;Edkifaomt&G,f? pum;ajymEdkifaomt&G,f? ynmoifMum;
wwfajrmufaomt&G,?f um,Av? ÓmPAv zGUH NzdK;vmaomt&G,af &mufvmaomtcg
om;orD;wdu Yk kd wpdrphf rd Mhf unhv
f suf z&PmyDwd *Gr;f qDxo d vdk 0rf;omtm;&jzpfMuonf/
rk'dwmw&m;yGm;rsm;yHkudkjyonf/
tcsed w f eft&G,af &mufvmNyjD zpfí td;k tdrf t f oD;tjcm;cGaJ exdik Mf uvQif pdwq f ;kd jcif;
r&S?d ighom; ighorD; t&G,af &mufvmMuvdYk ud, k yf ikd pf rG ;f tm;ESihf om;r,m;? vifom;wdu Yk kd
auR;arG;aeEdkifMuavNyD[k pdwfcspGm wnfNidrfat;csrf;jcif;jzpfMuonf[k Oayu©mw&m;
xm;Muonf/
rdb 2-yg;wdo Yk nf om;orD;wdt Yk ay:ü arwåmu½kPm? rk'w d m? Oayu©mw&m;rsm;
yGm;rsm;jzpfay:avh&SdaomaMumifh ]]jA[® jA[® m}}[k Oyrmxm;um a[mMum;awmfrcl o hJ nf/
t*kw F &å t|uxm 'kw, d wGJ ESm-99 ü &Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmo zGijf yxm;onf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio f nf t*kw F &å ygVdwud edygwfa'0'lw0*f (130) pwkueú yd gwf
ywåur®0*f jA[®ow k eå f (384)ü þodYk a[mMum;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ rdbESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd ½dak opGm
vkyfauR;jcif;? &Sdcdk;jcif;? ½dkaopGmajymqdkaexdkifjcif;? xrif;tazsmf t0wf tdyf&mae&m
udk,fudkESdyfe,fay;jcif;? aq;vdrf;jcif;? ajcqkyfvufe,fjyKjcif;jzifh vkyfauR;aom om;
orD;wdo Yk nf jA[®mESit hf wlaecGi&hf ol vufO;D q&mESihf teD;uyf aexdik cf iG &hf &Sad eol tvSLcH
yk*K¾d vfEiS hf twlaecGi&hf &Sad eol a&S;OD;ewfEiS hf twlaecGi&hf olawG jzpfonf[k rdeMYf um;awmf
rlNyD;-
jA[®mwd rmwmydwa&m? ykAÁmp&d,mwd 0kpöa&/
tm[kae,sm p ykwåmeH? yZm, tEkurÜum/
wo®m [d ae eraó,s? ouúma&,s p y@dawm/
taEée tx ygaee? 0aw¬e o,aee p/
Opäm'aee ESmyaee? yg'geH a"m0aee p/
wm, eH yg&dp&d,m,? rmwmydwlok y@dwm/
£a"0 eH yoHoEdÅ? aypö oa*¾ yarm'wd/
118
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 119
[laom*gxmjzifh rdbESpfyg;udk vkyfauR;jyKpkapmifha&Smufaom om;orD;wdkYudk vuf&Sd

vlavmuü csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&onf/ aemifb0twGuf aumif;&mbHkb0rSm a&muf&Sdrnf[k
a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
'Da'oemawmf\ tvdt k & rdb 2-yg;udk om;orD;rsm; tNrrJ jywf ½dak oav;pm;&ef
txl;vdt k yfaMumif; xif&mS ;vsuf&o dS nf/ pwkuú edygwfb@*gr0*f 'kw, d okwf (ESm-
310)ü rdb 2-yg;? jrwfpGmbk&m;? bk&m;&Sif\ om0ursm;tay: jypfrSm;olwdkYonf rdrd
ud, k u f kd ysufp;D &m ysufp;D aMumif;jyKaeol? tjypfBuD;jzpfatmif jyKvkyo f ?l ynm&So
d w
l \Ykd
uJ&h UJ jcif;udck aH e&ol? tukov kd rf sm; tNrJymG ;atmif jyKvkyaf eolrsdK;jzpfonf[k a[mMum;
awmfrlonf/
txufyg Ak'a¨ 'oemrsm;udk ½dak oav;pm;pGm Munh½f NI y;D olwo Ykd nf bk&m;? w&m;?
oHCm? rdbwdu Yk kd ud,
k tf rlt&m? EIwt f rlt&mwdjYk zifh ½dak opGmjyKvkyaf jymqd&k ef txl;
vdtk yfaomaMumifh uvsmPrdw[ å k ac:qdt k yfaom q&morm;wdo Yk nf rdrw d Ykd wynhf
rsm;tm; qH;k raejcif;jzpfonfukd q&mNird ;f od&edS m;vnfcohJ nf/ od&o dS nft h wdik ;f aexdik jf cif;
udk jyKavonf/
tpmtm[m&vGwfaom Oykof
rdbwdkY\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk od½Hkjzifh &yfwefYraebJ &ufowfrSwfNyD; rdb 2-yg;udk
ylaZmfjcif; t"d|mefujkd yKonfrmS rdbt&G,f rdtzkd tdrk sm;udk awGUvQif rdru
d m;jzifh xdok w
l Ykd
oGm;vd&k mudk ta&mufyaYkd qmifonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg q&mNidr;f onf 8-yg;oDvudk
oufowfvw G tf pmjzifh t"d|mef&ufowfrw S í
f aexdik o
f nf/ &efuek af q;½HBk uD;a&SUwGif
rdtkd ztdk t&G,&f odS ul vlemtm;ydaYk y;&ef ajymqdv
k monf/ oGm;vd&k mokyYd &Ykd ef xGuv
f m&m
c&D;vrf;aMumif;rSm a0;vHaomae&mjzpfonf/ &efukeftjyifbufusaom &GmomBuD;udk
ta&mufydkY&onf/ c&D;qHk;okdYa&mufaomtcg 12-em&Dxdk;aeNyDjzpfí ,aeYxrif;pm;&ef
tcdsefr&SdawmhNyD? t"d|mefBuD;vQif BuD;ovdk jzpfavhjzpfx&SdaomaMumifh pdwfysufjcif;?
t"d|mefzsujf cif; rvkyaf wmhay/ yg&rDajrmuf oDvyg&rD 'geyg&rD wpfaeYwmtpmiwfcí H
w&m;bm0emyGm;rsm;jcif; paom yg&rDwdkYudk qnf;yl;cGihf&&SdcJhonf[k 0rf;omyDwdjzifh
wpfaeYwm ukev f eG cf o
hJ nf/
t"d|mefBuD;wifvsuf Oykoaf pmifo
h ;kH &mü tcuftcJawGU&wwfonf/ wpfaeukef
tpmrpm;&bJ Oykoaf pmif&h onf/ um;jzifh oGm;vm&mwGif c&D;tuGmta0; tcsdet
f cgudk
119
KTS 15-11-14-1
Munhf xrif;pm;&efpw d u
f ;l xm;vQif um;ysujf cif;? vrf;raumif;jcif;aMumifh owfrw S af e&m
a&mufcsdeEf iS hf 12-em&Dx;kd csderf mS tcsdeu
f u
kd jf zpfaewwfonf/ xrif;pm;oH;k vdak omfvnf;
pm;oHk;jcif;rjyKrlí t"d|mefOykofudkapmihfxdef;EdkifcJhonf/ rdtdkztdkrsm;udk rdrd\aus;Zl;&Sif
rdb 2-yg;tvm; udk,fpdwfwlxm;í tvkyftauR;jyKjcif;jzifh rdb 2-yg;aus;Zl;udk
ylaZmfjcif; jyKcJhonf/
rdbudk ½dkaorS &wemoHk;yg;udk MunfndKoltppfjzpfEdkif
,cktcg q&mawmfonf rdrx d H wynht f jzpfc, H vl molwt Ykd m; bk&m; w&m;
oHCm rdb q&morm;wdt Yk m; ½dak oav;pm;oljzpfa&; 5-yg;oDvudk vHNk cHKpGmapmifx h ed ;f
aexdkifapa&; qif jrif; uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;ig;rsdK;wdkYudk pm;oHk;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfapa&;
a[majymqH;k ravh&o dS nf/ vuf&dS rdb 2-yg;&Sad eygvsuf rac:rajymaeol aus;Zl;qyfjcif;
r&Sb d J &wemoH;k yg;udk qnf;uyfvmol txl;ojzifh rdrx d vH ma&mufvsuf 0w¬K ypön;f
aiGaMu; vSL'gef;olwdkYudk rif;wdkY rdb 2-yg;udk 0efcsuefawmhNyD;rS jyefvmvSLyg? ,ck
ouf&Sd rdbudk OD;pGm 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;rjyKbJ igwdkYudkMunfndKvdkY vmvSLjcif;onf
Ak'¨ tvdu k srjzpfEikd ?f &wemoH;k yg;udk MunfnKd ygonf[k ajymqdjk cif;rSm obm0opömESifh
uduk n f rD rI &S[
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jyKrdaomolwYkd rdb 2-yg;udk 0efcsuefawmhMuonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf qH;k rvdYk
vdrm® vmaom om;orD;wdu Yk kd taMumif;jyK xdo
k w l \ Ykd rdbrsm;yif om;orD;rsm;ESithf wl
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0ifa&mufvmcJhMuonf/
vlwo Ykd nf owå0gwd\ Yk tom;udk pm;oH;k MuonfrmS olt Y vdv
k kd aoaomtom;udk
pm;oH;k Mujcif;r[kw?f pm;oH;k olawGtwGuf owfow l u
Ykd owfNyD; a&mif;csMuonf/
pm;oH;k vdo k al wGu0,f,Ml uonf/ pm;ok;H ol&v dS Ykd owfoal wGu owfMujcif;jzpfonf/
owfoül om uHxu dk o
f nfr[kw?f pm;oH;k vdo k al wG ya,m*yg0ifí ygPmwdygwuH
xduk Ef ikd of nf/ 'd|-okw-y&douØwt"dymÜ ,frmS us,f0ef;eufev J o S nf/ oDv0do'k ¨d
rdrud ,
kd u f sio
hf v D pifMu,fatmif tom;pm;oH;k rIrjyKrlí oufowfvw G pf m;rSom tqifjh rifh
oDvjzpfrnf[k a[majymavh&&dS m MunfnKd olwo Ykd nf tcsKd U&moufyefoufvw G pf m;jcif;?
tcsdKUrSmvydik ;f ? &ufyikd ;f jzifh oufowfvw G pf m;oH;k í t|*Fov D e0*Fov D apmifx h ed ;f cJh
Muonf/ þenf;jzifh a,m*D0wftrsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ESpf
120
KTS 15-11-14-1
v Mumaomtcg trsdK;om;rsm; &[ef;abmifoYkd 0ifa&mufomG ;Muonf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;

oDv&Si0f wfjzifh aexdik cf MhJ uonf/ wjznf;jznf; wynh&f [ef; oDv&Sif vly&dowf
pnfum;vmcJhonf/
q&mcdkif; r½dkif;[k cH,laexdkifcJh
&aohb0jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHa'otoD;oD; a&S;a[mif;bk&m;rsm;odkY zl;ajrmfvsuf
t"d|mefpcef;aqmifcsed u hf azmftjzpf i,fq&myg1 yk*H anmifO;D odYk
f jzpfonf/ &Si&f aohEiS t
vdu
k yf gvmcJo h nf/ &Si&f aohum; 9-yg;oDvapmifx h ed ;f í q&mjzpfou l omreftazmfrsdK;
tjzpf vduk yf gvmoljzpfaomaMumifh npm pm;oH;k csed af &mufaomtcg 0ufom;ESifh acgufqJG
aMumf aps;rS0,fvm&ef rSmMum;avonf/ q&mcdik ;f r½dik ;f [laom q&mMo0g'ESifh cdik ;f wm
vkyf auR;wmpm;? xm;&mae ap&moGm;[laom 0dZÆmpnf;urf;? pnf;rsOf;udk OD;xdyfrSm
xm;vsuf q&mqE´jynhf0atmif anmifOD;aps;rS0,fNyD; jyefvmcJhonf/
&aohoal wmfpift0wfEiS hf npmacgufqaJG Mumfxyk u f kd qdik rf v
S rl sm;u r,Hrk Munf
aomrsufpjd zifh Munh½f MI uonf/ vrf;0,fawGUaomolwu Ykd vnf; tvm;wl Munfo h mG ;Mu
jyefonf/ vufawGUtjriftm;jzifh vltrsm;wdYk txifao; tjrifao;apumrl igum;
q&mh0wå&m;udk aus>yefatmifaqmif&GufEdkifcJhNyD[k auseyftm;&jzpfcJh&onf/
avmuD"r®wm? þvl&Gmü? vdr®mjrifod? todynm[lonfrSmum;? q&mwdkYxH?
½dkusdK;EGHí? enf;cHwdk;0if? roifray;? ta&;rxm;? rwwfjim;bl; [laom rmefvnf
q&mawmf\ rCa'0vuFmqHk;rpmtwdkif;yif q&morm;wdkYtm; raemo'¨g xda&muf
pGmjzifh tav;tjrwfxm;vsuf aexdkifcJhonf/ xdkodkYaom aus;Zl;&Sifq&morm;wdkY\
ulnaD pmifah &SmufrrI sm;aMumifh oGm;av&m&m c&D;vrf;omvsuf vd&k mqE´rsm; jynh0f jcif;
tusdK;rsm; cHpm;cJh&avonf/
rdcif zcif aus;Zl;&Sif
Ak'¨bmomjrefrmwdkYonf rdcifzcifwdkYtm; rdzaus;Zl;jrifhrdk&fOD; jrifhrdk&fawmifOD;
ruusK;onfh aus;Zl;BuD;vS rdESihfz rdzaus;Zl;jrifhrdk&fOD;[laom toHk;tEIef;jzifh *kPfjyK
ac:a0:avh&MdS uonf/ &wemoH;k yg;ESiw
hf ef;wlxm;í Ak'*¨ ak PmteaEÅm rmwmydw*k ak Pm
teaEÅm tmp&d,*kaPmteaEÅm? teaEÅm teEÅ 5-yg;[k ac:a0:cJMh uonf/ rdbwdo Yk nf
1/ i,fq&mtrnfrmS OD;tke;f wifjzpfonf/ ESm-62 ü Munhyf g
121
KTS 15-11-14-1
om;orD;wdt Yk ay: aus;Zl;BuD;rm;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; trsm;vufccH NhJ yD;jzpfonf/ jA[®mESifh

wlaom rdbrsm;tjzpf(tH? 1? 130)ü bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;aMumif; pmrsufESm ( )
wGif azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ 'DCedum, (okwo f ;kH usrf; ygwdu0*¾ygVd od*gF avm0g'okwf
wGif rdbwdtYk m; jyKpkvu
kd ef m&efusif0h wf 5-yg;udk a[mMum;cJ&h m o*FZmq&mawmfb&k m;
Bu;D uvnf; auR;arG;rysuf? aqmif&GufpDrH? arGcHxdkufap? vSLrQa0í? apmifhavrsdK;EG,f?
0wfig;oG,f? usifhzG,fom;orD;wdkYom [k vuFmpDu;kH xm;cJo h nf/
0wå&m;ausyeG Mf uaom om;aumif; orD;aumif;wdo Yk nf ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad eaom
rdb? teEÅ&b0rsm;rS rdbwdkYtm; &nfrSef;NyD; 'ge oDv bm0emukokdvfjyKvkyfNyD;wdkif;
owd&wrf;wvsuf-
(1) teEÅa& b0gba0rS awmfpyfcJhMuzl;ukefaom rdcifzcifaus;Zl;&Sif
(2) omoemhrdcifzcifaus;Zl;&Sif
(3) omoemawmfjrwfBuD;ESifh BuHKqHak p&ef vlb
Y 0odyYk aYkd qmifay;awmfrMl uukeaf om
jrihfrdk&fawmifOD; ruusL;onfh teEÅ*kdPf;0if aus;Zl;&SifrdcifzcifwdkYtm;
trQay;a0ygukef\ [k zGJUqdkay;a0avh&SdMuonf/
teEÅ&b0rS rdb 2-yg;
rmwmydw*k ak Pm teaEÅm= rdb 2-yg;wd\ Yk om;orD;tay: xm;&Sad om arwåm
apwem u½kPm rk'dwm Oayu©mw&m;rsm;rSm wdkif;wmr&atmif BuD;rm;aeaMumif;
ajymqdMk u&mwGif vuf&dS vlb Y 0wGi&f adS eaom rdb 2-yg;udo
k m qdv
k jkd cif;r[kwb
f J
b0rsm;pGmu awmfpyfcMhJ uaom rdbrsm;udyk g atmufarhowd&wrf;wvsuf trQay;a0cJh
MuonfrSm bk&m;a[ma'oem? t|uxmtqdktrdefY? omoem0if &mZ0ifwGif azmfjy
xm;aom 0w¬Kom"ursm;udk zwf½INyD;aomtcg ,ckvdktrQa0jcif;um; rSefuefaom
tpOftvmaumif;jzpfaMumif; vufcEH ikd Mf urnfjzpfonf/
twdwb f 0rS rdbrsm;wGif tcsdKUum; ewfbekH wfb0okYd a&muf&adS eMuonf/
tqdyk g rdbwdoYk nf þolum; ighom; ighorD;[laom oHa,mZOfjzifh aumif;usdK;csrf;om
jzpfEdkifaomudpörsm;udk ñTefjyay;avh&SdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf-
(1) jrefrmEdkifiH &efukefNrdKU av;ql"mwfyHka&Twd*HkapwD\ 'g,umjzpfvmrnhf
wykóESihf bvdu ’ ukeo f nfnaD emif\ rdcifjzpfczhJ ;l aom bkrp® ;kd ewf?
(2) om0wdN¬ rdKUom; temxydPo
f al X;BuD;tm; bk&m;&Si&f &dS modo Yk mG ;&ef tm;ay;
pum;ajymMum;aom &mZN*dK[fNrdKUteD;rS od0uewfbv D ;l ?
122
KTS 15-11-14-1
(3) &[EÅmta,mifaqmifaeaom Am[d,'g½kp&d , d tm; vrf;rSeaf &muf&adS pa&;

twGuf bk&m;xHoYdk oGm;a&muf&ef ñTecf ahJ om ok'g¨ 0gojA[®m?
(4) yk*HjynfwGif taem&xmrif;\zcif uGrf;aqmfrif;tm; o&P*HkoDvNrJí
tEkówd (10)yg;yGm;rsm;&ef ñTeMf um;wdu
k w
f eG ;f aom aZmifMurf;yifapmifeh wf
ponfwYkd jzpfonf/
ukefonfnDaemifwdkY\ twdwfb0 rdb
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf aAm"dyifteD; owåowåm[ (7_7=49)&uf oDwif;oH;k NyD;
t|rowåm[yxraeYeeH uf (r[mouú&mZf 103-ckEpS ?f 0gqdv k qef; 5-&ufaeYwiG f
&mZm,w=vif;vGe;f yif&if;0,f oDwif;oH;k aecsdejf zpfonf/ '*HOk uúvmyNrdKUrS wykó
bvdu ’ ukeo f nfnaD emifwo Ykd nf vSn;f om; (500)ESit hf wl aAm"dyifEiS hf reD;ra0;
O½ka0vawmtkyo f Ykd a&muf&v dS mMuonf/ vSn;f rsm;armif;r&aomtjzpfEiS fh BuHKawGU&
aomtcg awmifapmifeh wftm; AvdewfpmwifyvQif bkrZ® ;kd ewfonf ud, k x f ifjyvsuf
]]bk&m;yGifhaeNyD? bk&m;zl;NyD;rS c&D;qufMu? vSLzG,f&mawG oGm;vSLMu}}[k ñTefjyav
onf/ b0a[mif;rS rdcifa[mif;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdak vonf/ rdcifewf ñTejf yaomtwdik ;f
oGm;a&mufMu&m a&mufjcnfawmfajcmufyg;uGejYf rL;vsuf oDwif;oH;k aeaom bk&m;&Siu f kd
zl;jrifMu&avonf/ MunfnKd o'¨gxufoefpmG jzifh axmywfysm;&nf wifvpJ onfwjYkd zifh
zGJUqkyftyfaom ysm;rkefYqkyf? rzGJUqkyf&ao;aom rkefY<uyfuspf (rkefYajcmuf)wdkYudk uyfvSL
Muonf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf vSL'gef;aom rkeq Yf rG ;f udk tvSLcHbOk ;f ay;awmfrNl yD; ud;k uG,&f ef
qHawmf"mwf 8-qludkvnf; ay;oem;awmfrlavonf/ a'G0gpdu o&P*Hkwnfí
aemifaomtcg wykórSm aomwmyefwnfNyD; bvdu ’ rSm &[EÅmjzpfomG ;avonf/
b0a[mif;rS rdzwdo Yk nf om;orD;jzpforl sm;udk b0rsm;pGmjcm;cJah omfvnf; rdb
arwåmxm0&xm;aMumif; oufaojyzG,fyifjzpfonf/ bkr®Zdk;ewf\aus;Zl;aMumifh
aomwmyefjzpfjcif;? a&Twd*HkapwD'g,umjzpf&jcif;? jrefrmEdkifiHom;trsm; ,aeYwdkif
'óemEkw&å , d ukov kd t
f ajccHvsuf aumif;usKd ;csr;f omtjzmjzmudk &&Scd MhJ uaomaMumifh
teEÅb0rS rdcif zcifaus;Zl;&Siftjzpf OD;xdyfxm;oifhaom ewfrsdK;tjzpf owfrSwfoifh
ayonf/
temxydPfolaX;BuD;\ omoemhzcif
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &mZN*dK[fü 'kwd,0gqdkawmfrlí oDw0eawmausmif;wGif
oDwif;oH;k vsuf&o
dS nf/ om0wdN¬ rdKUom; temxydPo
f al X;BuD;onf ukeaf &mif; uke0f ,f
123
KTS 15-11-14-1
udpöjzifh &mZN*dK[folaX;aetdrfokdY a&mufvmcJhonf/ olaX; (2)OD;onf armifvS,f

ESrvS,frsm;jzpfMuí pD;yGm;a&; vlrIa&;rsm; cGJjcm;r&atmifyif cifrifav;pm;Muolrsm;
jzpfonf/ temxydPo f nf &mZN*Kd [fNrKd Ura&mufrD wpf,Zl emc&D;rS vlBuHKvTwNf y;D olaX;xH
owif;pum;ajymMum;avh&o dS vdk &mZN*Kd [foal X;uvnf; ud, k wf ikd o
f mG ;a7mufBudKqdak vh
&So
d nf/ ,cktacgufwiG f 0wå&m;rausyGeEf ikd ?f tvky½f yI af eaomaMumifh tusdK;taMumif;
ar;jref;Munh&f m reufjzefeeH uf bk&m;trSL;&Sad om oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f qufuyf&ef
pDraH e&aMumif; ajymMum;avonf/ temxydPo f nf bk&m; [laom toHuMkd um;&vQif
z&PmyDwd *Grf;qDxdovdk yDwd 5 jzm udk,frSmysHUESHUoGm;cJh&onf/ r,HkEdkifp&mpum;rsdK;
jzpfí 3 Budrw f ikd jf yefíar;rdavonf/ bk&m;yGio fh nfrmS rSeu f efaMumif; Mum;odcsderf pS í
rpm;Edik f rtdyEf ikd f nOfOh ;D ,Htcsdef oef;acgif,t H csdef vif;vkvt k csderf sm;wGif bk&m;zl;&ef
jyifqifrad vonf/ rd;k aomufvek ;D csdew f iG f atmift h ;D Edik jf cif; r&Sad wmhbJ bk&m;zl;oGm;&ef
jyifqifavonf/ wHcg;apmifeh wfrsm;onf olaX;BuD;qE´jynf0h ap&ef ydwx f m;aom wHcg;
rsm;udk zGihfay;Muavonf/
NrdKUrSxu G &f ef od0uwHcg;teD;a&mufvQif t&d,mjzpfaom NrdKUapmifeh wfwo Ykd nf
temxydPo f al X;BuD; aomwmyefwnfNyD; bk&m;ausmif;'g,umBuD;jzpfrnfukd BudKwif
odMuaomaMumifh NrKd UwHcg;udk zGix fh m;Muavonf/ NrKd Ujyifya&mufvQif tykyef u YH kd ½SLrdjcif;?
vlaoaumifrsm;awGU&jcif;? awmacG;rsm;toHMum;&jcif;aMumifh tm;i,fpw d jf zpfvmonf/
o'¨gw&m;aMumifh xGufaomtvif;a&mifrsm; uG,faysmufNyD; tarSmifxkvTrf;vmvQif
tdrjf yefvpkd wd jf zpfay:vmavonf/ xdt k cg od0u
uewfbv olaX;BuD; bk&m;&SifxH
D ;l onf ]]ol
qufoGm;vdkufyg/ 'Dc&D;rsdK;u wefzdk;rsm;pGmxdkufaeygw,f/ qiftpD; 1-odef;?
jrif;tpD; 1-odef;? tóxdk&fjrif; 1-odef;? &wemrsm;pGm qif,ifxm;aom
tysdKpif 1-odef;xuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmifjrwfaomc&D;jzpfygw,f/ a&SUqufoGm;
vdkufygg}}[k om,mnif;aysmif;aompum;jzifh tm;ay;vdu k af vonf/
od0uewfbv D ;l \tm;ay;rIaMumifh vif;vkvek ;D apmapmpD;pD; bk&m;&SiEf iS hf awGUqHzk ;l
cGi&fh &So
d nfth jyif *kPxf ;l ac:trnfr[kwb f J rdzrsm;ac:aeus (tdref mrnf) ]]ok ok 'wå
teD;vmcJhygg}}[k w&if;wES;D vQdKU0Sut f rnfuakd c:a0:EIwq f ufjcif;cH&onf/ 'ge oDv
paom ukodkvfqdkif&m "r®uxmrsm;udk a[mMum;av&m temxydPfolaX;BuD;
aomwmyefwnfc&hJ avonf/ od0uewfbv D ;l onf temxydPo f al X;BuD;\ omoemh
rdcif omoemhzcift&m a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/
124
KTS 15-11-14-1
awmawmifrsm;twGi;f wpfO;D wnf;w&m;usiMfh uaom olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;tm;

tvm;wltjzpfrsdK; BuHKawGUMuaMumif; Mum;zl;Murnfjzpfonf/ od0uewfbv
D ;l vdk teEÅ
*kPx
f u
kd o
f rl sm;&Scd MhJ uonfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf/
Am[d,\ omoemhzcif
uóybk&m;&Sif omoemaemufyikd ;f wGif &[ef;tcsdKUonf usih0f wfou d m© udk
aumif;pGmrusifbh J aexdik Mf uonfukd rawGUrjrifvMkd uaom &[ef; 6-yg;onf vlol
ra&mufaom awmifxyd o f Ykd avSum;axmif wufa&mufMuNyD; twuftqif;jyKvkyEf ikd rf I
r&Sad p&ef avSum;udjk zKwfcsvduk Mf uonf/ toufupkd eG í
Yf &[ef;w&m;tm;xkwMf u&m
acgif;aqmif&[ef;rSm &[EÅmjzpfoGm;ovdk 'kwd,vufaxmuf&[ef;rSm tem*grfjzpfNyD;
psmeftbdnmOf&oGm;Muonf/ usef&[ef; 5-yg;twGuf tpmt[m&aqmif,l ulnD
Muonfukd vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fMuaomaMumifh acgif;aqmifrsm; tjcm;t&yfoYkd a&SmifcmG
ay;Mu&onf/ tem*grf&[ef;um; ok'¨g0gobHkodkYa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/ &[ef; 5-yg;rSm
uóybk&m;omoemwGif w&m;xl;r&bJ uG,fvGefoGm;Muonf/ a*gwrbk&m;
vufxufawmfwGif-
(1) &Sif'AÁonf aoemoeynmyu{w*f& &[EÅmjzpfvmonf/
(2) &Siuf rk m& uóyonf pdw&å "r®uxdu{w'*f& &[EÅmjzpfvmonf/
(3) obd,y&dAdkZfonf &[EÅmjzpfvmonf/
(4) yuúKomwdrif;BuD;onf bk&m;&SiEf iS ahf wGUvsuf ok'g¨ 0gojA[®mbHo
k Ydk a&muf&dS
oGm;cJhonf/
Am[d,onf olaX;om;jzpfvmNy;D ta&mif;t0,fjzifh ok0ÖPblro d Ykd yifv,f
c&D; avSoabFmjzifhoGm;cJh&m vrf;wGif oabFmysufNyD; Opöm"ersm;udk qHk;½IH;oGm;&onf/
t&SufvHk&ef ysOfcsyfudkpD0wf? tm[m&awmif;&ef tdk;EIwfcrf;jywfudk udkifaqmifae&m
vltrsm;onf &[EÅm[kowfrw S u
f m ½dak opGmvSLzG,&f mrsm; uyfvLS Muonf/ tpm;tae
acsmifaomaMumifh &[EÅma,mifaqmifaeonfukd ok'g¨ 0gojA[®ma&mufvmNy;D ]]Am[d Am[d,
oifonf &[EÅmr[kwfao;yg/ ,ck bk&m;yGihfaeNyD om0wd¬NrdKU aZw0efausmif;udk
oGm;vdkufygg}}[k apwemaumif;jzifh ñTejf ywdu k wf eG ;f avonf/
Am[d,onf owdoHa0*&NyD; bk&m;&Sif&Sd&modkY c&D;jyif;ESifavonf/ bk&m;&Sif
qGrf;cHaecsdefrSm bk&m;xHcsOf;uyfNyD; w&m;a[m&efawmif;yefonf/ yg&rD7ifhusuf&ef
125
KTS 15-11-14-1
tcsed yf ikd ;f rQiv

hH ifNh y;D aemuf Am[d,tm; 'da|'d| rwHå paom"r®a'oemudk a[mMum;vdu k f
avonf/ Am[d,onf ÓmPfxufjrufojl zpfí tcsdew f t
kd wGi;f rSmyif &[EÅmtjzpf
a&muf&NdS yD; y&du&© m&SmaepOfrmS twdwb f 0rS &efol bDv;l u EGm;a,mifaqmifa0SUowfí
uG,v f eG Nf yD; ok'g¨ 0gobHw k iG jf zpfcahJ vonf/ cdygÜ bdnm {w'*f& &[ef;jzpfvmcJo h nf/
þAm[d,'g½kp&d , d rax&ftavmif;tm; vma&mufowday;aom ok'g¨ 0gojA[®monf
Am[d,tm; omoemESihfBuHKqHkap&ef bk&m;&Sd&modkY ydkYaqmifay;cJholjzpfí omoemhrdcif
zcifpm&if;0,f xnhfoGif;oifhayonf/
uGrf;aqmfrif;\ omoemhzcif
taemf&xmrif;\ zcifjzpfou l rG ;f aqmfonf i,fpOfb00,f awmvufaus;&GmwGif
aexdkif&NyD; bk&ifhtwGuf tcGefawmfrsm;&&Sda&; aqmif&Guf&aom rif;rIxrf;wpfOD;jzpf
onf/ yk*jH ynfb&k ifxH tcGeaf wmfvmydw Yk ikd ;f em;aeavh&adS om aZmifMurf;yifwpfyif&&dS m
em;ae&if; xrif;xkyaf jzí pm;rnfjyKwdik ;f aZmifMurf;yifapmift h m; pm;OD;pm;zsm;yocJo h nf/
wpfaeYwGif aZmifMurf;yifewfonf udk,fxifjyNyD; aeYpOfaeYwdkif; tEkówd (10)yg;udk
tacguf (2000)&Gwq f Nkd y;D o&P*Hw
k nfí ig;yg;oDvudk vHNk cKH atmifapmifx h ed ;f &ef ñTeMf um;
avonf/ uGr;f aqmfonf ewfñeT Mf um;onft h wdik ;f vku
d ef mcJo
h nf/
yk*HjynfwGif rif;avmif;ay:rnf[k aumvm[vpum;jzpfav&m rif;avmif;
Munfvh okd w
l Ykd yk*wH iG pf ½k ;kH aeMuavonf/ uGr;f aqmfonf trsm;enf;wl rif;avmif;
MunhfvdkaomaMumifh aqmif&GufzG,fudpörsm;udk tvsifjyKNyD; yk*HokdY c&D;ESifavonf/
vrf;wGif tbd;k tdw k pfa,mufonf uGr;f aqmftm; ]]igh ighjrif;udk yk*HodkY ,laqmifoGm;yg ;yg}}
[k qdok nf/ rif;avmif;Munhv f í kd wk&if;awmifoYkd tcsderf aD &mufatmifomG ;&ef&ydS gonf
ajym&m jrif;pD;oGm;vQif ydrk jrefavm[kqrkd S ,laqmifoabmwlavonf/ vufpyG ?f ywåjrm;
OaoQmifMuif? vHrS sm;udak y;vdu k Nf y;D igtcsed rf rD a&mufvQif rif;&ifjyifo0Ykd ifEiS yhf g[k xyfqifh
rSmavonf/
uGr;f aqmfjrif;pD;vmonfujkd rifvQif jynfow l o Ykd nf ]]rif;avmif;<uvmNyD}}[k
OD;wdu
k Bf udKqdMk uNyD; eef;awmfoYkd ac:aqmifomG ;Muonf/ rif;\rSL;rwfwo Ykd nf vuf&dS
rif;\ trltusifu h kd rMunfnKd í qD;wm;jcif;rjyK? rif;onfig&Sv d suf tb,fov l mrnf
enf;[k eef;OD;wGi&f yfíqdo k nf/ wHcg;apmifah usmufo½l yk o f nf vuf&b dS &k iftm; wGe;f cs
aomaMumifh tedpaö &muf&onf/ uGr;f aqmfonf tvdv k ykd *k jH ynf0,f rif;tjzpfa&mufchJ
126
KTS 15-11-14-1
&avonf/ xdkrif;onf Al;bk&m;awmifbuf reD;ra0;wGif rdrdtdrfedrfhb0u em;aeus

aZmifMurf;yifae&m0,f twGi;f pnf;cHak pwDtrnfjzifh apwDwpfqw l nfco hJ nf/ uGr;f aqmf
rif;jzpfrS om;awmftaemf&xmrif;jzpfrnf/ taemf&xmrif;jzpfrS Ak'o ¨ moemawmf pnfyif
jyefyY mG ;Edik rf nfjzpfaomaMumifh odMum;ewfwo
Ykd nf uGr;f aqmftm; jrif;ESiyhf wåjrm;vufpyG ?f
OaoQmif? usif/ t&dE´rmvSHwdkYudk ay;tyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
aZmifMurf;yifapmifeh wfonf uGr;f aqmfrif;\ omoemhzcif[k qdMk u&rnfjzpfonf/
uGr;f aqmfrif;ESifh om;awmftaemf&xmrif;wd\Yk aus;Zl;aMumifh oxH(k ok0ÖPblr)d rS yd#uwf
awmf/ arGawmf "mwfawmf t&d,moHCmawmf? ynmonftm;vH;k yk*o H aYkd &mufc&hJ onf
wpfqifhwufvsuf ,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHt&yf&yfodkY Ak'ömoemawmf jyefYyGm;cJh&onf/
omoemjyKolwdkY\ rdcifzcifaus;Zl;&Sif
bk&m;&Sify&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf ESpf 250 ausmfcsdef Ak'ömoemawmfjyKEdkifrnfh
acgif;aqmif&&Sad &;twGuf &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;wdo Yk nf jA[®mbHrk S wdójA[®mtm; vljY ynf
wGif omoemawmfjyK&ef arwåm&yfcHcJh&mrS t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdównf;[laom
omoemjyKacgif;aqmifay:aygufvmcJh&onf/
jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f ok0ÖPblrad 'o Ak'a¨ 'oemawmfrsm;udk jyefyY mG ;atmif
aqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f &l &Sad &;twGuf &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;wdo
Yk nf wm0wðomewfjynfrS ewfom;
tm; vlYjynfwGif yd#uwfawmftzGifhrsm; a&;om;Edkif&ef arwåm&yfcH&mrS urÇmausmf
t|uxmusrf;jyK t&Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmo ay:aygufvmcJ&h onf/
oxHk (ok0ÖPblr)d rS t&Sirf umv'óD OD;aqmifaom&[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;wdYk
onf omoemESpf 1600 ausmfaomumv0,f t&dr'éyl&ü Ak'o ¨ moemawmf yGiv hf if;
rnf[laom bk&m;&SifAsm'dwfawmftwdkif; omoemjyKacgif;aqmif&SmazGMu&m wm0wð
omewfjynfrS ewfom;tm; vljY ynfwiG f Ak'o
¨ moemawmfjyefyY mG ;a&; aqmif&u
G &f ef arwåm
&yfcHMu&mrS taemf&xmrif;\q&m t&Sif"r®'óD (ac:) t&Sift&[H ay:aygufvmcJh
&onf/
bk&m;&Sifonf t&Sifr[mtEk½k'¨gOD;aqmifaom &[EÅm 6-yg;wdkYtm; qHawmf
6-qlay;oem;awmfr&l ef omoemawmfEpS f (2500)ausmfaomumv0,f vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wdYk ylaZmfMuvdrrhf nf[k Asm'dwaf wmfpum; rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf/ &Si*f 0Hywdrax&fukd taMumif;
127
KTS 15-11-14-1
jyKNyD; bk&m;&Sifonf ok0ÖPblrd (c) oxHjk ynfoYkd <ua&mufawmfr&l mrS &aohwt Ykd m;
qHawmfrsm; a0iSco hJ nf/ &aohrsm;tm; apwDwnfEikd af &;twGuf odMum;rif;onf ulnrD I
rsm; ay;cJo h nf/ usdKufx;D ½d;k apwDtygt0if qHawmfapwDrsm;pGmudk wnfxm;cJMh uonf/
,cktcg omoemawmfEpS f (2500)ausmí f q,fpEk pS (f 5)ckausmcf sed f a&muf&adS eNyjD zpfonf/
bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwaf wmfEiS t hf nD qHawmfapwDrsm; wpfausmjh yefyiG v hf if;vsu&f adS eNyjD zpfonf/
xdkodkYqHawmfapwDrsm; yGifhvif;vma&;twGuf OD;aqmifyk*d¾KvfrSm vdktyfaecJhonf/
qHawmfapwDrsm; Ak'Äsm'dwfawmftwdkif; jzpfvma&;udk olawmfaumif;rsm;ESifh qdkif&m
ewfrsm; BudKwif&SmazGcJhrnfudk rSef;qodEdkifMuonf/ qHawmfapwDrsm; yGifhvif;atmif
aqmif&GufEdkifol &&Sdvmaomtcg BudKwif&SmazGcJhMuolrsm; vufydkufMunfhaeMurnf
r[kwb f J acwfpepftvdu k f 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnMD urnfrmS aocsmvsu&f o dS nf/ xdu
k n l rD jI yKaom
olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;? odMum;ewfrsm;onf qHawmf&Sif omoemjyKyk*d¾Kvff\ omoemh
rdzif omoemhzcifrsm; jzpfaeayonf/ xdkrdcif zcifwdkYtm; aus;Zl;&Siftjzpf owfrSwf
vsuf t½dktaojyKjcif;jzpfayonf/
usdKufx;D ½d;k ? auvmo? ukoed m½H?k Zif;usdKuf? ZGu J yif? usdKufx;D aqmif;? usdKuf
a';,sHK paom r[m"mwk0ifqHawmf? ouúxly? yZÆKEéxly? rPdarcvmxly? t'd̈u
em0duxly? 0½kPmem*&mZmxly? owåem0duyl [laom qauoxly0if[al om ax&
0ifqHawmf&Sifrsm; yGihfvif;vmaomtcg-
(u) bk&m;tavmif;awmf EkpOfumv q'éfqifrif;\aqGrsdK;rsm; tygt0if
ZmwfBuD; (10)bGJU b00,fawmfpyfcJhaom Ak'¨\ Ómwdrsm; (tEdÅry&dowf)
(aemufq;kH uRwfwrf;0ifMurnfo
h rl sm;)
( c ) awmawmifwiG ;f usufpm; rkq;kd tquftEG,rf sm;?
( * ) jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkif yifv,fwGif usufpm; wHigrsm;ygrusef uRwfwrf;0if
Murnfh tqdkESifhtnD tqifhjrifhrm;aomrsdK;EG,frSonf tedrfhqHk; rkqdk;
wHigrsm;yg qHawmf&iS f apwDrsm;udk qnf;uyfyal Zmfvsuf&MdS uonf/
rkq;kd EG,rf sm; uRwfwrf;0ifEikd af &;twGuf awmawmifapmifeh wfrsm;? wHigrsdK;EG,f
rsm; uRwfwrf;0ifEdkifa&;twGuf yifv,fjrpfacsmif; tif;tdkifudkapmifhaom ewfrsm;
tqifjh rifrh sKd ;EG,rf sm;uRww
f rf;0ifEikd af &;twGuf vl0Zd mÆ ewf0Zd mÆ rsm; (odMum;rif;? t&d,m
ewfjA[®mrsm;)um; ulnMD urnfjzpfonf/ xdo k w
l x
Ykd rH S tultnD&&SMd uolrsm;rSm vufawGU
128
KTS 15-11-14-1
jyrS ,HMk unfvufcEH ikd rf nf[k w,loeforl sm; aygrsm;aomumvjzpfí xkwaf zmfajymqd&k ef
0efav;vsuf&MdS uonf/ omoemawmfyiG v fh if;a&;ulnoD rl sm;udk omoemhrcd if omoemh
zcif (acwftac: bd;k awmf r,fawmfrsm;)[k owfrw S xf m;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
om;&SifjyK&eftoGm;c&D;
1326-ckESpfa[mif;tukef 1327-ckESpf wefcl;vqef;wGif *E¨m&Dpcef;rS &uf
(90)jynhíf tdro f jYkd yefa&mufvmcJo h nf/ a&mufrqdu k yf if rGejf ynfe,f? rk'NkH rKd Ue,f? rSed ;f *ede;f
&Gmae tpfujkd zpfol OD;armifNyHK;;xHrS trSmpma&mufvmí zwf½&I onf/ OD;av;omatmifvJ
ode;f qkaygufw,f? 'dv Yk J 700d^-qkaygufcw hJ ,f/ rdom;pk 5-a,mufeYJ wlr r0if ;wdu Yk kd
ac:vmyg/ om;ESpaf ,muf&iS jf yKay;r,f[k yg&So d nf/ om;tBuD; armifaX;vGif touf
(7)ESp?f om;i,farmif armifausmfvGif (4)ESpo f m;t&G,f &Sijf yKcsdeaf &mufvmNyD[k owdjyKrdvm
onf/ trSmpmtwdkif; rdSef;*edef;oGm;7ef oabmwlcJh&onf/ xdkc&D;wGif a&Tbdkbkef;BuD;
OD;aombPç OD;jrarmifESifh ZeD;om;tBuD; (2)a,mufwdkYyg ac:,lcJhNyD; rD;&xm;jzifh
armfvNrdKifNrdKUodYk xGucf MhJ uonf/ rdom;pkEiS t hf wlvmcJah omfvnf; toGiu f rwlovdk
taetpm;ygrwljzpfaecJhonf/ rdom;pktm;vHk;aysmf&TifpGmajymqdkpm;aomufaeMuaomf
vnf; OD;atmifNidrf;um; ZeD; om;orD;wdEYk iS hf pum;rqd?k t"d|mef&uf&n S 0f ifcsdet
f wdik ;f
t0wftpm;taerajymif;Edik b f &J o
dS nf/ e0*Fov D aqmufwnfaeqJjzpfonf/ t0wftpm;
rSm awmufajymifjcif;r&Sd/ bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? ESif;ykvJblwma&mufvQif aeYvnfpmpm;csdef
a&mufNyDjzpfí OD;a&Tbdk1tm; tom;pHjk zifh qGr;f uyfMuonf/ rdom;pkrsm;vnf; tvm;wl
tom;[if;ygxrif;xkyf 0,f,pl m;aomufMuonf/ OD;atmifNidr;f um; xrif;jzLwpfxyk f
,lum wpfaeYwm tm[m&udk jynhpf akH pvdu k of nf/ ywf0ef;usifvt zatwl
l jrifjzifh ]]zatwl
om; zatvdkyif rdom;pktay: wm0efraus zcif0wå&m;twdkif; jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;
rjyK vspfvsL½Iolygwum; gwum;}}[k ajymvd[ k ef rsuEf mS trlt&m ay:vGiaf eMuonf/ vuf7dS
tae vuf&Sdb0rS ajymif;vTJEdkifOD;rvm;[k u½kPmrsuf0ef;&SdaeMuonf/ xdktcsdefu
OD;atmifNird ;f ½kyyf u
kH akd y:vGiaf paom bd;k awmfatmifrif;acgif xGu&f yfvrf;pOf {uyk'd &f wkrS
pmom;rsm;rSm-]]rawG rawG;rxif oGifjyif½ly rvS0wfpm; cg;0wfudk,f½Hk vHkrvHkESifh?
yHko²Pmefrsm; t½l;vm;odkY/ auom<uufodkuf ajrüvSJtdyf? ae&dyfaeyl tyltat;
1/ OD;aombPrSm a&Tbckd ½dik ?f a&OD;NrKd Ue,fom;jzpfí OD;a&Tb?kd a&Tbu
kd ,
kd af wmf[k oH;k EIe;f ac:qdck MhJ uonf/
129
KTS 15-11-14-1
ta&;rpdkuf? cEDÅpjzifh rQw£&d,m pm;tpmvJ &&mwif;wdrf csdKNrdefcsOfiH tzef

tcg; qD;ysm;axmywf/ ruyfvHk;pHk ajcmuftm½HkvJ jrLrIefrQavmuf pGJra&muf&Sifh}}
xdtk csdeu
f OD;atmifNidr;f \ yH&k yd u
f akd zmfxw
k o
f nfph mom;rsm;jzpfonf/ rH&k mG v,fwD q&m
awmfuvnf; ]]qDO;D axmywf &om"mwfukd tjrwfwpfck rSwrf ½IbJ pHpk rkH ufruf rESpf
oufoifh xufjruftzsm; oifwek ;f oGm;0,f ysm;ozG,}f }[k ÓmPfus,foavmuf
tjypfaumufavmh [k &owPSmuif;apa&; tqH;k tray;xm;cJo h nfukd owd&um
aypöa0u©PmÓmPf tjrifreS &f atmif qifjcifaecJo h nf/ trsm;tjrif rdom;pktjrifum;
pdwfa0'em&aeol}}[k xifMuonf/ usifo
]]pd l aeum; Oayu©mygrDukd vufawGUjznfh
h t
jcif;jzpfonf/
trQa0jcif; rwluGJjym;
tpfuBkd uD; OD;NyHK;;rdom;pkEiS t hf wl OD;av;omatmiftrd 0f ,f aexdik í f ½Sijf yK&efupd ö
aqmif&u G Mf uonf/ &Sijf yKyGu J m;pnfum;vSonf/ {nhyf &dowfukd 0ufom;t0auR;onf/
aoG;&J&J tom;wG?J tnDev YH idI v
f idI f tom;pdik rf sm;? ',ft;kd BuD;i,fjzifh csufjyKwfxm;aom
0ufom;[if;vsmrsm;udk jrif&vQif ysdKUtefcsifjzpf&onf/ {nhyf &dowfum; aysmfaysmf&iT &f iG f
tm;yg;w& pm;MuaomufMuonf/ t"d|mef&uf&n S f e0*Fov D jzifah eaomoltzdu Yk m;
NiD;aiGUacsmufcsm;zG,jf rifuiG ;f tjzpfom/ qdik ;f oHAo kH qH q l nl í
H aysmfjrL;Muonfujkd rif&jyef
vQif pdwb f 0ifr&Ti&f olum; OD;atmifNidr;f wpfO;D omjzpfonf/ xrif;&nfacsmif;pD; &Sijf yKyGJ
tvSLawmfBuD; tjzpf *kP, f 0l <Hh um;aeMuonf/ yifo h CH mrsm;uvnf; tm;yg;w& qGr;f
bkO;f ay;Muonf/ om;&Sijf yKjzpfí zcifwpfO;D taejzifh tvSLawmfaumif;rItpkpu k kd a&puf
cs&ef a&pufcu G af &SUodv
Yk mcsonf/ ,aeY&iS jf yKtvSL0,f toufpaw;cH&aom Muuf
0ufawGukd aoG;oH&&J jJ zifh jrifae&onf/ xdyk gPmwdygwuHukd taMumif;jyKí tukov kd f
awGukd trQc, JG yl g[k ay;&efum; rjzpfEikd /f e0*Fov D jzifh &uf&nS tf "d|mefjzifah exkid cf ahJ om
oDvukodkvf? wefcdk;BuD;bk&m;rsm; zl;ajrmf&jcif;? arwåmur®|mef;pD;jzef;jcif;? orx
xdkif? ykwD;pdyf? a0,sm0pöukodkvft00udk xyfwlxyfrQ ,lawmfrlMuyg[k ukodkvf
tzdkYa0jcif;u jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufaomt&may[k qifjcif? xdkjyKcJhaom ukodkvftpkpk\
tzdb Yk m*udo k m &nfreS ;f wrf;wvsuf trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uyg[k EIw>f rufc&hJ onf/
tjcm;olwYkd trQa0jcif;um; rnfonhu f ok vdk u
f kd ay;a0onfrodaomfvnf; OD;atmifNird ;f
trQay;a0jcif;um; ukokdvfw&m;oufoufudkom ay;a0cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
130
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 131
OD;atmifNidrf;um; trsm;ESifhrwlbJ oGm;vmaexdkif pm;aomufyHktrlt&muGJjym;

aeonfukd &[ef;vlxu G f vuf&t f iG f rk'NkH rdKU uefBuD;ausmif;ü pmcsvsuf&Sdaom
dS csdew
OD;omatmif1 owdjyKrdonf/ wpfcsed cf sed w f iG f vlaY bmifrS &[ef;abmifoYkd 0ifa&mufrnho f l
[k tuJcwfNyD; uJ-ighwal & OD;av;xHrS vdck sifwm,lyg[k zdwrf efpum;qd&k m ]]ODOD ; av;
tNrJpmcs bk&m;0wfjyK w&m;xdkifwJhtcg toHk;jyKwJh aeuxdkifcif;udk ,lvdkygw,f?
'grS "mwful;tm;ul;vdkY w&m;xl;&EdkifrSm}}[k ajymqd&k m aeuxdik u f akd y;cJo
h nf/
ZeD;jzpfolurl avmuDvlom;wdkY obm0&if;ESD;pm;aomuf&efaiGudkawmif;apvdkonf/
xdktcdsefu OD;av;omatmif tpdk;&xDaygufxm;NyD;jzpfí toifhtwifhaiG&Sdaeonf/
tcspq f ;kH wlawmif;vQiaf y;&ef pum;urf;vSr;f jcif;udk wefz;kd r&Sad om w&m;xdik cf sed f toH;k jyK
onfh tcif;udk tjrwfwEd;k xm;awmif;cHjcif;rSm rdrt d m; wrift&GUwJ u
kd o
f nf[k ,lqyHk
&onf/
olawmfaumif;jypfrSm; 'PfoifhcJh&
&aohO;D atmifNird ;f onf aeu©ry® g&rDukd t"duxm;vsuyf g&rDpcef;udjk znfu h siahf ecsed f
npmrpm;? eHeufpmudyk if tdr&f iS rf csux f m;aomxrif;oufowfvw G [
f if;r&Síd qDqm;ESihf
vl;um rD;zdw k iG f toif&h adS om i½kyo f ;D ESiwhf pfaeYwm tm[m&NyD;apcJo h nf/ tjA[®p&d,
odum© yk'v f NkH cKH ap&ef vrf;ab;qdik w f iG af eYa&mnygtcsed uf ek af exdik &f m rdom;pkEiS hf ZeD;r,m;
tay: Muifem,k,rI r&So d vdjk zpfaeonf/ rdom;pkEiS hf eD;pyfrrI &Sjd cif;rSm ZeD;r,m;tay:
arwåmysufpdwfukefaevdkY[k ywf0ef;usifuxifjrifMuonf/ &yfuGufwGif;twlae
a':apmbGif2h u OD;atmifNird ;f rdom;pkqufqaH &;udk tm;r& ZeD;jzpfot l m; zD;vdr;f jyifqif
opfvGifaomt0wftpm;? rm,mtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh jrLqG,f&efwdkufwGef;onf/ OD;atmifNidrf;
qdik af &SUrS oGm;csnfjyefvn S fh rMum;wMum;jzifh rwifMunf t&G,f vifaumif;wpfa,muf
tvG,yf ifaumuf,v l &Ykd onf/ wpfvifraumif; wpfa,mufajymif;vdu k ½f kH ponfjzifh
EIwu f qdo k nf/ xdpk Ofu OD;atmifNird ;f touf (39)ESpt f &G,f c&pfEpS f 1971-ckEpS jf zpfonf/
olawmfaumif;ewfaumif;apmifronf[al ompum;rSm oDv0EÅtm; oDvrysuf
atmif apmifhovdk oDvysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif; jyKvkyftm;ay;oludkvnf; z,f&Sm;ay;
onfrmS "r®wmjzpfonf/ wpfaeY a':apmbGifhonf OD;atmifNidrf;\qdkifa&SUrS oGm;csnf
jyefvSnhfjyKvkyfaecsdef [Gef;wD;oHrMum;Edkif? um;vmonfudkrjrifEdkifbJ um;udk0ifwdk;rd
1/ OD;omatmifrmS OD;pHaz\nDjzpfí OD;av;awmfpyfonf/
2/ a':apmbGio
hf nf A[ef;(3)vrf;ae OD;pd;k vGi\
f rdcifjzpfonf/
131
KTS 15-11-14-1
awmhonf/ yHv k sufom;vJus&mrS jyefxaomfvnf; rxEdik b f jJ zpf&onf/ wJwh w

hJ ;kd rdaom
um;rSm oCFe;f uRef;&Jpcef;rS &JrLS ;um;jzpfaejyefonf/ ta&mfr&bJ 0wå&m;aESmuf,u S f
ovdjk zpfaeonf/ xdak cwfu t½d;k taMumtxl;ukq&m0efBuD;xH oGm;a7mufjyo&m
orm;awmfBuD; OD;byk (4)Budrw f ikd cf pJG w
d u
f ak omfvnf; yuwdtwdik ;f jyefjzpfrvm ao&myg
a&m*gjzpfcJh&onf/
"r®y'ygVdawmf '@0*fwiG f olawmfaumif;wdt Yk m; aESmuf,u S o
f l raumif;BuHol
wdkY usa&mufaom'Pf (10)yg;wGif ukor&Edkifaoma0'em cE¨mudk,f tpdwftydkfif;
ysufpD;&jcif;[laom 'PfudkcH&onf[k rdom;pkrsm;u ,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkpOfu
OD;atmifNird ;f rSm aeu©r"® mwf&ifoh ef&ef tm;xkwaf eoljzpfí aeYa&mnyg vrf;ab;ta&mif;
qdik w
f iG f tcsed uf ek af ponf/ nOfeh ufoef;acgiftcsed w f iG f anmifyifatmuf0,f ½kur© "l w k if
aqmifoyl rm rvIyrf ,Suaf exdik o f nf/
½kww f &ufarSmif&yd 0f ,f rvIyrf &Sm; OD;atmifNird ;f udk jrif&olwYkd xdwv
f efMY u&onf
[k qdkonf/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm tvkyfcGif ta&mif;qdkifrSmtcsdefukefaeNyD; rdom;pktdrfjyef
rvmí ZeD;jzpfolu rausreyfjzpfaeonf/ tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol a':apmbGifhuMum;rS
0ifa&muftusdK;aqmifay;7mrS rvkyfoifhaomudpöyg0ifvkyfudkif&mrS 'PfcwfcH&jcif;udk
owdjyKvsuf olawmfaumif;wdkYtay: qufqH&mü a&SmifMuOfMu&rnhf tjyKtrludk
a&SmifMuOfEikd 7f efjzpfonf/
bGm;apm\ a,musfm;jr§LqG,fenf;rsm;
OD;atmifNird ;f onf avxd;k uRwzf m um;jyiftif*si0f ikd af &mif;aomqdik Ef iS hf rsuEf mS csi;f
qdik w f iG f 0dZmÆ oef;pufrv I ufrv I yk if ef;trnfjzifh pufjyifq&mOD;oef;rdom;pkaexdik v f suf
&So
d nf/ OD;oef;\rdcifa':apmbGio hf nf vGivf iG af t;xrif;qdik zf iG v
hf pS x
f m;onf/ OD;atmif
Nird ;f a':wifMunfw\ Ykd tdraf xmifa&;rajyrvnfjzpfaeonfukd aeYnjrifae&oljzpfonf/
olwpfyg;\ tdrw f iG ;f a&;udk pyfpyfppk jk yKavh&o dS nf/ vifr,m;tqifrajyolwMYkd um; 0ifí
aphpyfay; (atmifo, G rf jI yK&m)wGif uRr;f usiof [ l k trsm;u owfrw S x f m;onf/ OD;atmif
Nidr;f a':wifMunftay: om;pdwrf ,m;pdwrf &Sjd zpfaejcif;rSm a':wifMunfrjyKrjyifwwf?
rdef;rrm,mjzifh jr§LqG,fjcif;rjyKwwfvdkY[k ,lqcJhonf/ rdef;rrm,moJudk;zsm[laom
a&S;oHk;a0g[m&wGifwpfckjzpfaom jr§LqG,fjcif;vkyfief;udkpwifcJhonf/
132
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 133
OD;atmifNidr;f a&Tw*d akH pwDajrmufbufaemifawmfBuD;apwD0,f t"d|mef0ifaecsdef

jzpfonf/ w&m;xdik cf sed f tm;vyfcsed f pm;aomufcsed rf sm;udk avhvmonf/ ae&mtwdtus
odatmifppkH rf;onf/ a':wifMunftm; 0wfaumif;pm;vS tysKd ½H;I avmufatmifjyifqifNy;D
jrL§ qG,af ponf/ ratmifjrif? a':apmbGihf rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfNy;D qdik af &SUta&muf wifMunfa&
'Da,musmf ;xufomolawG trsm;BuD;&Sw d ,f/ wpfa,mufuraygif;&if wpfa,mufa*smif;
topfu&kd mS ay;r,f[k cEd;k ceJaY jymqdo k nf/ aA'ifq&mxHar;jref;&m emrnfajymif;&rnf[k
tBuHjyKonf/ rdwaf qGo*F[rsm; zdwMf um;NyD; vufbuf&nfwu f suf a':oef;ñGefY
kd v
trnfajymif;onf/ ac:qdkaponf/ OD;atmifNidrf;um; a':wifMunftay: ig;jzmtm½Hk
umr*kPftae om,mrIuif;NrJ ajymif;vGJvmjcif;r&SdcJh/
a':apmbGihf enf;vrf;wpfcak jymif;&ef pDpOfay;avonf/1 wpfaeYwiG f a':wifMunf
onf tysdK½I;H atmifjyifqifNyD; om; 2-a,muf orD;i,fu&kd ifciG yf u kd u f m a&Tw*d akH pwDoYkd
bk&m;zl;&ef[ak jymum tdrrf x S uG cf ahJ vonf/ bk&m;udk tvsipf vdk 0wfjyKOD;csNy;D aemifawmf
BuD;apwDoYkd OD;wnfomG ;cJo h nf/ &ifjyifay: trsdK;orD;rwuf&aomaMumifh OD;atmifNidr;f
w&m;xdik af omae&mudk atmufrv S rS ;f ajr§mMf unfo
h nf/ vlwpf&yfcefo Y mjrifah omaMumifh
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGif OD;atmifNidr;f w&m;xdik af eonfujkd rif&onf/ acwåapmifah e&m w&m;
xdik cf sdeNf yD;í toH;k taqmifypön;f rsm;udk odr;f qnf;aeonf/ om;ESio hf rD;wdu Yk vnf;
tazcPvmcJhygOD;[k toHpmpmESiafh c:aeMuovdk a':wifMunfuvnf; ta&;wBuD;
ajymp&m&Sv d cYkd PvmygOD;[kqo kd nf/ teD;a&mufaomtcg 'gu&Sio hf m;BuD;aX;vGi?f 'gu
om;i,f ausmfviG ?f 'guorD;i,fav; &Si&hf ifaoG;oH;k a,muf rsufEmS axmufNyD; tdrjf yef
vdu k cf yhJ g[k toHus,fus,fatmfajymavonf/ ywf0ef;usifvt l rsm; tMunhf OD;atmif
Nidrf;rdom;pkxH pkNyHKaecJhonf/ tHhMoaomrsufESmjzifh at;yguGm[k ESpfodrfhpum;qdkum
'Dae&muapmifah e[krmS Mum;NyD; taqmwvsiftoH;k taqmifrsm;ud, k u l m okwaf jcwif
avonf/ a':wifMunfpw d wf iG f 'g[m ,aom",muav;ydu k f tyl*u kd ½f yk ef YJ a,musfm;
jr§LqG,ef nf; b,foif;cHEikd rf vJ[k twGi;f jyHK;rdavonf/ a':wifMunfum; tdrt f jyef
a&mufvmrnfudk apmifhcJh&avonf/ A[ef;NrdKUe,f? A[ef;(3)vrf;? OD;pdk;vGifrS tbGm;
a':apmbGifh a,musfm;jr§LqG,fenf;rsm;udk ajymjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/
1/ A[ef;NrdKUe,f? A[ef;(3)vrf; OD;pd;k vGirf S tbGm; a':apmbGifh tawGUtBuHKudk rSww

f rf;jyKxm;onf/
133
KTS 15-11-14-1
Oayu©myg&rD
bk&m;avmif;wdkYonf yg&rD (10)yg;udk jznfhusifhNyD; &ifhusufaom yg&rD&SdrSom
oAÁnKwAk't¨ jzpfoYkd a&mufawmfrMl uonf/ yg&rD (10)yg;wGif Oayu©myg&rDjznhu
f sifyh u
kH kd
pmayusrf;*efrsm;ü jyqdkxm;onfrSm-
,xmyd yx0D emr? edud©wHå tokpð ok"ð/
Oayu©wd Oabmayaw? aumygEke, 0ZdÆwm/
wax0 wGrdÜ okc'kau©? wkvmblawm o'gb0/
Oayu©myg&rdwH *E
*EÉÉm?
m? oarÁm"ð ygykPdówd/
ajrBuD;onf rdrt d ay:ü tnpftaMu;rsm;oGecf sjcif;? tarT;eHo Y mrsm;oGe;f avmif;
jcif; jyKvmaomtcg pdwyf sufr?I 0rf;omtm;&rIrjyKbJ tnDtrQoabmxm;vufco H vdk
Oayu©myg&rDjznhu f sio
hf wl oYkd nf qif;&JEiS fh &ifqikd &f jcif;? csr;f omrIt00ESijfh ynhpf v
kH mjcif;wdYk
BuHKawGU&aomtcg0,f csdecf iG v f smvdk A[d&k w f nfw h nfah eEdik af tmif jznhuf sifEh ikd rf oS m
Oayu©myg&rD txGwt f xdyaf &mufí oAÁnKwAk't ¨ jzpf rvGrJ aoGa&mufEikd af yonf[k
Zmwued'gef; t|omvdeD ed'gef;wdw Yk iG f jyqdx k m;vsuf&o dS nf/
Oayu©m\oabmrSm owå0gwdkY\csrf;omaMumif; qif;&JaMumif; taumif;
tqd;k udk BuHKawGU&aomfvnf; xdu k pd oö nf rdrEd iS o
hf ufqikd jf cif;r&Sb
d J xdo
k \
l uHw&m;
ESio
fh mqdik o S ;kH oGi;f jcif;udk Oayu©m=vspfvsL½Iaeonf[k ac:qdMk uonf/
f nf[k xifjrifEv
owå0gwd\ Yk csr;f omrI qif;&JruI kd vspvf sL½Ijcif;onf wMw rZÑww å m apwoduf
\ yifu, kd o
f abmjzpfonf/ xdak pwoduu f kd Oayu©myg&rD[k trnfx;l wpfct k jzpf
owfrw S x
f m;onf/ Oayu©m 10 rsdK;wGif jA[®0[ d m½kayu©m[k trnfx;l jyKac:qdx k m;
onf/ rdrt d m;qif;&JjzpfatmifjyKvkyo
f ?l rdrtd m;½dak oav;pm;rIjyKolwt Ykd ay: bufvukd jf cif;
r&Sb
d J tv,ftvwfpm; csdecf iG v f smyrm pdwx f m;Edik af om tjcif;t&mudk jA[®0[ d m
½kayu©m=jrifjh rwfaomaeenf;jzifh vspfvsL½Iaexdik o f [ l k ac:qdak vonf/
vufawGUOayu©myg&rDjznhfusifhyHk
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf/ vloal wmfusihpf Ofjzifh oH;k ESpo
f ;kH rd;k aexdik cf NhJ yD;
aemuf acgif;yg;aom pm;aomuf 0wf½Hk aexkdifrIwpfrsdK;jzifh aexdkifcJhonfudk rdefYMum;
cJhonf/ t0wfwpfpHkESihf udk,f½HkavmuywfNcHKxnfjzifh &ufaygif; 90 Mum aexdkifNyD;
134
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 135
e0*Fov D aqmufwnfum wpfaeYwmwpfxyfqrG ;f jzifh usifah qmifco hJ nf/ &ufMumvm

aomtcg t0wftpm;rsm;vnf; acR;pdk a&pdkí aqG;ajrhum tayguftNyJrsm;jzpfNyD;
&dvmonf/ qHyifr&dwf rkwq f wd u f sifp,G f xlxyfpmG aygufvmaomaMumifh ab;vltjrif
wGif t½l;toGif ½kyq f if;t*Fg ay:vGiv f monf/ jrifow Ykd ½l;aeolavm
l u vm[k pl;prf;aom
tMunfhrsdK;jzifh MunhfcJhMuonf/ pm;a&; 0wfa&; aea&; avsmif;xdkif&yfoGm; udk,ftrl
t&mrsm;udk owdrxm;bJ pdww f nfNidraf tmifxm;jcif;? tyltat;'Pfukd *½krxm;bJ
aexdik o f nf/ t&Suw f &m;vHNk cHK½Ho
k m 0wf½o kH nf/ tpmt[m&udv k nf; ygpu0rf;rD;'Pf
cHEikd ½f o
kH m oH;k aqmifaexdik o
f nf/ rdrt d "du OD;wnfjcif;um; orm"dw&m; &ifu h sufa&;
omjzpfonf/ tcsdKUq&mrsm;u Or®wåBudK;udk aqmifaeol[k ajymqdMk uovdk t½l;pcef;
tusifah qmifaeonf[k ajymqdak vh&MdS uonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg Z0e&yfuu G &f dS tajccHynmrlvwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;tkyq f &m
BuD; OD;xGe;f &Sio f nf q&mNidr;f \ om;orD;rsm;ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufí aqG;aEG;&efvt kd yf
onf/ zcifudk,fwdkifvma&mufawGUqHk&rnf[k taMumif;Mum;vmonf/ 0wf½Hkaom
t0wfrsm;rSm tayguftNyJrsm;qufvkeD; qHyif rkwfqdwf EIwfcrf;arT;rsm; rnDrnm
t½l;½kyo f iG yf rmjzifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHck &hJ onf/ ausmif;wGiaf &muf&adS eaom q&m q&mr
rsm; ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vH;k onf t½l;wpfa,muftm; 0dik ;f tHMk unho f vdk Munhaf e
Muonf/ rMum;wMum;toHrsm;jzifh ]]bmjzpf bmjzpfvdkY ½l;aeygvdrfh}}[k ajymqdak eMuonf/
xdkolwdkY\tMunhf xdkolwdkY\ajympum;udk tav;rxm;bJ rdrdonf jrifhjrwfaom
usiphf OfrsKd ;udu
k siahf ejcif;omjzpfonf[k tv,ftvwfpw d x
f m;jzifh ausmif;tkyq
f &mBuD;xH
0ifa&mufawGUqH&k onf/ ]]cif cifAsm;taeeJY udk,fhom;orD;rsm;&JU *kPfodu©mudk xdef;odrf;
aomtm;jzifh t0wftpm;udk oyfoyf,yf,yf0wfqifaeyg eyg}}[k rSmMum;av&m wpfpkH
wpf&m ajzMum;jcif;rjyKbJ ausmif;tkyfBuD;½Hk;cef;rS jyefxGufvmcJhonf/
avmr[HoZmwfvm Or®wå utusif h
t½l;pcef;usiphf Of Or®wå uBudK;vdu
k af ecsed [
f k wynhrf sm;u ajymqdo
k ;kH EIe;f avh&MdS u
onf/ *E¨m&Dusifph Ofukd rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh tqdyk gusihpf Oftrnfukd azmfjyEdik jf cif;
r&Syd g/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf avmr[HoZmwfü Oayu©myg&rD jznfu h sifyh u
kH jkd yqdx
k m;
onfrmS tvm;wlusihpf Oftjzpf wlno D nfuakd wGUjrif&onf/ Zmwfawmfvm taMumif;
t&mrSm þodYk jzpfonf-
135
KTS 15-11-14-1
wpfcak omb00,f bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf Opöm<u,f0aomtrsdK;ü vljzpf

vmonf/ t&G,af &mufvQif ynmoifMum;&ef 'domygarmu©xH tyfEo HS nf/ ynm&yf
tm;vH;k wwfajrmufaomaMumifh rdbxHjyefvmNyD; ½dak opGmjyKpkvyk af uR;avonf/ rdb
ESpyf g;uG,v f eG af omtcg rdsK;½d;k tqufqufyikd q f ikd cf ahJ om Opömrsm;udMk unhNf y;D oHa0*w&m;
jzpfymG ;vmonf/ ocFg&"r®wo Ykd nfrNrJ? bHb k 0üusifvnfae&onfum; aMumufvefzY , G f
jzpfonf/ cE¨mud, k u f m; tokbonmrQom&So d nf/ tdr&f mwnfaxmifru I m; aMumifMh u
zG,f&mrsm;vSonf/ þodkY oHa0*ÓmPfjzifh qifjcifNyD; umre,frS vGwfajrmufa&;udk
pdwjf yif;jyvmonf/ &[ef;jyKvQif *kPaf us;Zl;udk csD;rGr;f cH&í xif&mS ;vmEdik o f nf/ vmbf
aygrsm;jcif;? trsm;oligwdYk ½dak ojcif;rsm; jzpfvmrnf/ pufqyk zf , G &f mrsm; jzpfay:vmEdik f
jyefaomaMumifh &[ef;jyK&ef qEávsmu h sjyefonf/ vmb=vmbfaygrsm;jcif;? tvmb=
vmbfr&jcif;? ,o=ta>ct&Haygjcif;? t,o=ta>ct&Henf;yg;jcif;? yoHo=cs;D rGr;f jcif;?
edE´=uJ&h UJ jcif;? okc=csrf;omjcif;? 'ku=© qif;&Jjcif;[laom avmu"Hw&m;wdEYk iS hf &ifqikd f
&aomtcg wkev f yI jf cif;r&Sd wnfNidro f nfph w d xf m;jzifh aeEdik af tmif pGr;f aqmifrnfavm?
olwpfyg;wdYk txiftjrifao;cHNyD; tESyd t f puf'Pfukd onf;cHEikd af tmif pGr;f aqmifaom
tusihrf sdK;udk tjynht f 0 jznhu f Qif Oayu©myg&rD=vspfvsL½Ijcif; udpö txGwf
f sifEh ikd v
txdyaf &mufrnf? xdt k usifu h kd jznhu f sifrh nf[k BuHpnfrad vonf/
t0wfwpfpHk udk,f½Hkwpfck0wfqifí aetdrfrS tNyD;xGufcGmvmNyD; acgif;yg;aom
toufarG;jcif;jzifh aexdik of nfrmS tpm;tpmudk cE¨mud, k Ef iS t
hf oufwnf&½dS rkH Q oabm
xm;NyD; acgif;yg;pGm toufudkarG;jrLjcif;? tiftm;r&Sdolvdkç xufjrufaomÓmPfr&SdbJ
rEHw
k EH&k o
dS v
l kd t&m&mudk pdwq
f ;kd jcif;r&So
d v
l kd trsm;tjriftxif&adS tmif aexdik o f nf/
vltrsm;uvnf; txiftjrifao;um tEdik u f sihMf uavonf/ aus;&GmtESUH NrdKUtESYH
wpfae&m wpfnom aexdkifNyD;oGm;vmcJhonf/ r½dkraojyKvkyfolrsm;aomt&yf0,f
Mum&Snpf mG aexdik af vonf/
rlv0wfqifvmaom t0wfrsm;aqG;ajrv h maomtcg tjcm;olwu Ykd t0wfopfukd
vSL'gef;Muonf/ vufcH0wf½Hkjcif;rjyKbJ t&Sufw&m;zHk;vTrf;½HkrQ t&m0w¬Kwpfckckjzifh
zH;k vTr;f aexdik af vonf/ umvMumcJv h Qif tpGet f zsm;usaom NrdKUi,fwpfNrdKUodYk a&muf
vmcJo h nf/ xdt k &yf7u
dS av;wdo
Yk nf p½du
k Mf urf;í rdb\tqdt k qH;k ruif;rJo
h l rkq;kd rom;
136
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 137
tmPmt&Sed t f 0gBuD;olw\ Ykd om;orD; ajr; uReftrIvyk w f oYkd nf wnfNidrrf rI &SMd ubJ
rmefrw l uf<u vQyfay:avmfvMD uonf/ EIwMf urf;tmMurf;NyD; ½dik ;f pdik ;f aomtrIukd jyKavh
&SMd uonf/ wpfzufom;tm; tusdK;rJh jyuf&,fajymifavSmifajymqdrk u I o kd m jyKavh&MdS u
onf/ vltv kd q l if;&J tajctaerJh tm;ud;k &mrJo
h w
l u Ykd akd wGUvQif aemufrt S yk pf zk UJG vdu
k í
f
ausmjyif0,f jymylwdkYjzifhyufNyD; rcHcsd rcHomjzpfatmif opf&GufMurf; opfcufMurf;jzifh
csdKif;Mum;qGjJ cif;rsdK;udk jyKvkyMf uonf/ oufBuD;&G,t f kd tbd;k tbGm;wdaYk &SUrS uke;f a,mif?
uGa,mif? qGUH t? ta,mifjyKvkyjf yí avSmifajymifjcif; [m;wdu k &f ,f&iT jf cif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf
Muonf/ xdt k &yfum; olawmfaumif;rsm; taeenf;í vl,w k rf m vlq;kd vlorG ;f rsm;om
taersm;Muonf/
tavmif;awmfonf þa'oum; Oayu©myg&rDjznh&f ef ae&maumif;jzpfonf[k
BuHpnfNy;D Mumjrifph mG aexdik af vawmhonf/ p½du k Mf urf; uav;i,fwo
Ykd nf bk&m;tavmif;
udk jrifvQif rzG,rf &majymqdjk yKvkyMf uonf/ bk&m;tavmif;uvnf; xdu k av;i,fwYkd
tjyKtrlukd rcHpm;Edik o f vdk aMumuf&UHG aeovdk [efaqmifumxGuaf jy;avonf/ uav;
qd;k wdo
Yk nf tkypf zk UJG um aemufr0S ikd ;f tHv
k u
kd v
f mMuonf/ ajy;oGm;[efaqmifvsuf ud, k f
a&mifjyí okomefteD;a&mufatmif jr§m;NyD;ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/ okomeftwGif;
þt&yf0,f uav;qdk;wdkYudk [efYwm;rnfhol r&SdNyD? Oayu©myg&rD
odaYk &mufvQif ]]þt&yf
tm;yg;w& jznhfcGifh&ayNyD}}[k BuHpnfNyD;aemuf vl½;kd udk acgif;tH;k jyKumtdyaf vonf/
uav;qdk;rsm; bk&m;tavmif;teD; pkNyHKa&mufvmMuonf/ cRJ wHawG;jzifh axG;jcif;
paom rzG,t f &mtjyKtrl rsKd ;pHjk yKvkyMf uonf/ tm;&auseyfvQif &Gm\twGi;f odYk jyefomG ;
Muavonf/ aemufaeYrsm;wGif tvm;wlyif Oayu©myg&rDjznhjf cif;trIukd jyKavonf/
qifjcifww kH &m;&So
d w
l u
Ykd rl uav;qd;k wdt
Yk m; wm;jrpfMuonf/ þolum; ]]wefc;kd
BuD;aom &aohjrwfjzpfonf/ jrifjh rwfaomtusi&fh o dS jl zpfonf}}[k ajymqdMk uonf/ ½dak o
av;pm;rIudkjyKMu\/ ½dkaoav;pm;pGm ylaZmfMuavonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonfum; uav;qd;k rsm;\ ESyd pf ufuvljyKrIukd rke;f wD;jcif;
vnf;rjyK? ½dak oav;pm;ylaZmfjcif;jyKaomolwtYkd ay: cspcf ifom,mjcif;vnf;rjyK ESpOf ;D vH;k
tay: tv,ftvwfoabm wpfxyfwnf;jzpfatmif xm;&SEd ikd cf ahJ vonf/ þenf;jzifh
Oayu©myg&rDukd jznhu
f sichf ahJ vonf/ þZmwfawmfvm bk&m;tavmif;awmfusiehf nf;um;
137
KTS 15-11-14-1
jrif&olwdkif; Mum;&olwdkif; MuufoD;arT;n§if;x&aom tusihfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh

Zmwfawmftrnfukd r[mavmr[Ho [k ac:qdMk uavonf/ t½l;pcef; Or®wu å BudK;
[k ac:qdMk urnfjzpfonf/
q&mNidrf;\ Oayu©myg&rD
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oH;k vcefY t"d|mefBuD;wnfaqmuf&ef pDpOfonf/ q&mBuD; OD;tke;f wifEiS t hf wl jrefrmjynf
tESHY c&D;&SnfxGuf&efjzpfonf/ armif;aeusum;udk oifhavsmfaomaps;jzifha&mif;csNyD;
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atmif apmifhxdef;onf/ rdrd\ omoemhrdcif omoemhzcif q&mocif t&mü wnf&Sd
olw\ Ykd tvdu k stwdik ;f xm;&maernf/ ap&mt&yfomG ;rnf? t0wfwpfpkH ud, k ½f w
kH pfxnf
jzifh &uf 90 twGif; ajymif;vJ0wfqifjcif;rjyKbJ ae&mtESHUbk&m;zl;rnf? ykwD;pdyfrnf?
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f vkyu f okd m
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rEÅav;NrdKU taemufjyif (,ckcsrf;at;omZHNrdKUe,f)1 csrf;om&bk&m;y&d0P

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igonf zcif
twdkif; txif;om;jrifaeonf/ tdrfrSm jzpfysufaeyHkudk jrif&aomtcg ]]igonf
0wå&m;ysufaeNyD? 0wå&m;t& acwåtdrfjyefvQif oifhawmfrnf}}[k BuHrad vonf/
tdrfjyefvdkaompdwfjzpfay:vmonf/
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f rEÅav;taemufjyif[ak c:NyD; ,cktcg csrf;omBuD;bk&m;rSm
atmifajr omZHNrdKUe,f? csrf;om&bk&m;rSm csrf;at;omZHNrdKUe,f[k owfrw
S x
f m;onf/
138
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 139
qifjcifpw d jf zifh ig[m&ufaygif; 90 t"d|mefBuD;0ifxm;oljzpfonf/ &ufrjynhaf o;?

xm;&mae ap&moGm; a<u;wmpm; cdkif;wmvkyfrnfh t"d|mef&Sdaeonf/ t"d|mefzsuf&ef
rBuHoifh? t"d|mefudkrzsufoifh? armifausmfvGif\uHw&m;twdkif; aocsdefa&mufvQif
aornf? zcifu0ifí wm0ef,al omfvnf; uHw&m;uom tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfjzpfonf/
oaAÁowåm ur®oum um[k bk&m;&Siaf [mxm;onft h wdik ;f owå0gawG\ uHtwdik ;f
vufcHjcif;om "r®"d|mefjzpfonf[k qifjcifpdwfjyKNyD;? t"d|meftwdkif; pdwf"mwfjyif;pGm
vkyuf ikd u
f sifBh uHaexdik cf o hJ nf/ þtcsderf mS t"d|mefysufvek ;D eD;a&mufc&hJ onf/ omoem
rdcif zcif q&mt&Siw f u Ykd qk;H ronfum;- rif;wdYk vlaY vmurSm ta<u;rqyfvaJ evdYk
&w,f? ay;wJv h u l jyefr,lawmhyg[k qdv k mvQif wm0efausoGm;w,f? oHo&mc&D;
twdik ;f twmrSm 0#fw0YkH #fvn S fh ta<u;uawmh rqyfbaJ evdrYk &? 'gaMumifh t"d|mef&uf
jynfah tmif qufusdK;pm;yg? þodYk qH;k rpum;ajymMum;cJah vonf/
tcspq f ;kH om;b0ysuv f k toufxu G v
f ek ;D tajctaeudk rsujf rifvufawGU &ifqikd f
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tqifh tqH;k pGef txGwt f xdyo f Ykd a&mufvmaeNyDjzpfonf/ pcef;NyD;í tdrjf yeft0if
tñdk0wfjzifhqufaeonf/ tNyD;tydkifavmuDe,frS tvGwf½kef;vdkaomqE´ jyif;jy
vsuf&o dS nf/ rdom;pktwGuf pm;0wfaea&;aMumifh pD;yGm;a&;udpaö jymqd&k onfrmS NiD;aiGU
p&mjzpfonf/ pum;wpfceG ;f jzihf wdwu d sajymonfukd bkawmonf/ pdww f okd nf[jk rifonf/
twGi;f &Sd raempdw&f w dS ikd ;f EIwjf zifah jymonfukd vufrcHv?kd t&m&mwGif qefu Y sifzufvkd
jzpfaeonf/ tvdrt f nmpum;ajymrS ,aeYtNyD;vkyaf y;yg[k rjzpfEikd o f nfuh pd uö kd ZGwf
ajymqdv k Qif tNyD;vkyaf y;Edik w f qhJ uD kd oGm;yg[k ajymrdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;vky&f mwGif
tqifrajyvS? um;jyif&m0,f wcPaumif;wmudrk vd?k ysuaf eorQ taumif;jzpfatmif
139
KTS 15-11-14-1
jyifay;&rnfjzpfí tcsed ,f &l onf/ Ny;D pvG,vf yk Nf y;D vufc vkyt f m;c,l&rnfukd t'dEmé 'ge
rvGw[ f k cH,x
l m;aomaMumifh rjzpfEikd af omudpu ö kd rjzpfEikd [
f k ajym&ef0efav;aeonf/
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orm; vljywfpw d w
f o
kd [l k orkwcf MhJ uonf/ umvMumaomf tcsdKUtvkyt f qifrajy
pD;yGm;a&;tajc,dkifvmcJhonf/
ZeD;jzpfou l rl rdom;pkEiS hf cspfcspfcifcifaeapvdo k nf/ ZeD;armifEb HS 0jzifh rcGrJ cGm
qd;k wlaumif;zuf aygif;zuf&ef cspcf sicf ifcifMuifMuifememjyKrIukd ajrm§ v f ifah eonf/ aeu©r®
"mwf&ifo h efaeaom OD;atmifNidr;f um; qE´jcif;rwl? avmuobm0t& rdom;pktwGuf
pm;0wfaea&; wwfoad omynmjzifh &Smay;NyD; vkyaf uR;&efomOD;wnfaeonf/ om;pdwf
r,m;pdwaf vsmeh nf;aeonf/ qlnq H nl t H oHajymvmonf/ tdrw f iG ;f a&;rajyvnfjzpfae
onfukd OD;jrarmifç OD;[efywdYk a&mufvmMuNy;D OD;atmifNird ;f ESihf a':wifMunfwYkd rsuEf mS pHn k D
pum;ajymqd&k ef 0dik ;f xdik Mf uonf/ OD;atmifNidr;f rdom;pku;kd uG,t f m;xm;aeaom a&Tbkd
OD;aombP1 tdro f tYkd rSwrf xif ryifrh zdwb f J a&mufvmcJo h nf/ vuf&t dS ndKa&mif&aoh
0wfuckd Rw?f vltusyÐ q k ;kd 0wf pD;yGm;a&;tvkyu f kd qufvyk zf Ykd ajymqdMk uonf/ 'Dt0wfeJYyJ
pD;yGm;a&;vkyf&wmyJ[k tajzay;onfuv kd ufrcH? &aoh0wfrcRwfvQif vifr,m;tNyD;
tydik f uGm&Si;f zdt Yk xd ajymqdv k mMuonf/ tjrifrwlno D w l Ykd vifprkH ,m;pHk aevdo k El iS hf
om;pdwf r,m;pdwu f ek o f w l Ykd tcsif;csif; ndM§ ujcif;jzpfí tcsdeMf umaomfvnf; ndr§ &jzpf
aeonf/
OD;atmifNidr;f \qH;k jzwfcsufrmS BudKufovdk pdwcf srf;omr,fxifovdk pDpOfMu?
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uav;vG,Nf y;D x&yfavonf/ ukvm;xdik af y:rS em;axmifaeaom OD;a&Tbakd &SUa&mufvQif
pl;&SaomtMunhaf Mumifh OD;atmifNidr;f acwå&yf vuftyk cf sDum EIwq f uf[efjzifh ]]OD;Zif;
bmtrde&Yf zdS v
Ykd akd o;ovJ? bmrsm;rdeOYf ;D rvJ}}[k pum;qdo k nf/ cPavmuf'rD mS xdik yf gOD;?
tavmif;awmfwYkd aeu©ry® g&rDjznhMf u&mrSm tcsdet f cgMunfMh u&onf/ avmuud, k 0f ef
aqmifrcd ifrsm; tcsderf usbJarG;r&ovdk yg7rDr&ifrh D acwåtcsdeaf pmif&h ef? ,ckom;tBuD;
armifaX;vGif (8)ESpf 3-wef;? armifausmfvGifum; EkdYn§m? rdcsdKum; EdkYpdkY? xdkolwdkYudk
1/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ rdom;pk tdrw f iG ;f a&;twGi;f ususrsm;udk rSww
f rf;a&;xm;onfukd
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h nf/ xdpk mrlrsm; OD;aombPysv H eG af omtcg rnfo, l o
l mG ;onf[k
rod&awmhay/
140
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 141
iJh&efvdkonf[k ajzmif;jzvQif &aoh0wfcRwfum ykqdk;vJcJhavonf/ pkefa&ESifhqefa&?

a&pkefvm; a&qefvm; ruGJrjym; tcsdef 'Dvdkjzpf7onf/
&SifrxD;q&mawmfowday;
1330-jynhEf pS u f oCFe;f uRe;f NrKd Ue,f aps;BuD;ESirhf suEf mS csi;f qdik f OD;zd;k xl;wduk w f ef;
taemufq;kH (2)cef;rSmaexdik pf Ofujzpfonf/ &mZpcef;ZD0uBudK; Or®wu å pcef; t½l;BudK;
usifph Ofrsm;udk 3-ESppf u D sifch &hJ m ,cktcg psmepcef;wyopcef;twGuf pcef;wufvrS ;f 7ef
OD;wnfaecsdejf zpfonf/ rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;zlvakH p&ef avxd;k uRwfzm tif*sif0ikd af &mif;
tvkyu f kd vkyuf ikd af ecJoh nf/ ykq;kd tndKa&mif? tndKa&mifyife?D zsOfMurf;wdu k yf t
kH usÐ?
qHyif&n S f rkwq f w d u f sifp, G rf &dw?f oufowfvw G tf pm;tpm pm;oH;k vsuf&adS eonf/
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f m;Muonf/
ta&mif;t0,ftvkyjf zpfí pum;tydrk ajym? qG,w f &m;ra[m wdwu d susaooyfpmG
vkyuf ikd af y;onf/ aps;yd, k í l tif*sif0ikd u
f rkd a&mif;? aygufaps;udo k ma&mif;onf/ orÁKa'¨
*gxmudk tacguf (1000)&GwNf yD;ylaZmf&m n(12)em&DrS p&m eHeuf(3)em&DausmfrNS yD;onf/
aeYcif;tvkyfvkyf noef;acgif,H vlajcwdwfcsdef BudK;pm;NyD; ykwD;pdyfcJh&onf/
a&aomufa&qGrf; t"d|mef0ifcsdefjzpfí cE¨mudk,fEGrf;e,faeonf/ t"d|mefjynhf
atmif ykw;D pdyNf yD; acwårsufprd w dS t
f em;,lcsdef arS;ueJowdvpfovdjk zpfNyD; tdyrf ufvv kd kd
tm½Hw k pfck yDyjD yifjyifay:vmonf/ q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;onf ouFe;f udk 'l;acgif;atmufxd
0wf½HkNyD; a&SUwGif acgufwHkYacgufjyef pBuø<uaeonf/ ajcvSrf;cswdkif; ajcoHjyif;í
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wkecf gvmNy;D aMumufpw d f av;pm;pdwrf sm; jzpfaecJo w,lroefeJY 'efylcHxJusoGm;
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onf/ ½kww f &uftajzr&bJ&adS eonf/ pum;vH;k wpfv;kH pD ppfaq;tajz&Smaomtcg
'ef y l c Hudk yHkazmfrdonf/ a&S;acwf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf qGrf;pm;NyD;wdkif; oGm;wdkuf&mü
'efyw l u H kd toH;k jyKMuonf/ oGm;oef&Y iS ;f rIjzpfvQif teD;ü&Sad om axG;cHwiG f pGeyYf pfcsonf/
avmutac: wHawG;axG;aomcGujf zpfonf/ w,loefvQif vltrsm; wHawG;cGuw f iG ;f
yufvufarsmusoGm;rnf/ arsmoGm;rnf[q k v kd &kd if;jzpfonf/ twårvGeu f aJ peJ?Y tcsdeu
f kd
apmifhNyD; tusifhudkaqmifyg[k owdvmay;jcif;jzpfrnf/ aemifaomtcg rdrdtm½HkwGif
ay:vmaom q&mawmfBuD;um; &SifrxD;yifjzpfaeonf/
141
KTS 15-11-14-1
tEÅ&m,fuif; y&dwf&GwfyGJ
awmifOuúmy? 6-&yfuu G ?f [Hom0wDvrf;? trSwf (21)wGif aexdik pf Ofujzpfonf/
q&mNidr;f onf oH;k ESpw f mumvtwGi;f owå0gawGtusdK;o,fy;kd rnf[al om t"d|mefjzifh
rdrdESifhawGUqHkvmol a&m*gonfwdkYtm; a&ay;aq;jzpf orm;awmfZD0uyrm usa&muf
aeaom a&m*grsm;udk aysmufuif;apaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ tdrfwGif omoemyGJtjzpf
tke;f iSuaf ysm tarT;wdik f za,mif;wdik f yef; qDr;D ylaZmfvsuf ykw;D pdyjf cif; a&muf&v
dS maom
a&m*ga0'emonfwt Ykd m; opöm? arwåm? t"d|mefjzifh ukoay;jcif;? rdom;pk 0rf;a&;twGuf
oHk;bD;um;armif;í vdktyfaomtoHk;p&dwfaiGudk &SmazGcJhonf/ aq;ukjcif;aMumifh
tcaMu;aiGr,l vdt k yfvQif aq;zd;k yifpu kd af y;cJ&h onf/ a0'emonfrsm; rsdK;pHv k S onf/
emwm&Snfa&m*g? aq;½Hk aq;cef; aq;q&mrsm; vufvTwfvdkufaomaMumifh MuH&mr&
q&mNidrf;xHoGm;vQif oufomvdk oufomjim; aysmufoGm;avrvm;taejzifh
r,Hw k ,Hak q;ukovmMujcif;jzpfonf/ a&mufvmorQ aysmufuif;oGm;Mu&m wjznf;
jznf; vlemrsm;vmcJo h nf/ ud, k 0f efaqmifrsm;yif ygvmvsu&f o dS nf/ vlemtvmrsm;aomf
vnf; aq;ukocr,laomaMumifh pD;yGm;a&; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tusdK;r&Sd uefawmh
vmaom ypönf; pm;aomufzG,f&mESifh za,mif;wdkif tarT;wdkif t0wfrQomjzpfonf/
rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf oHk;bD;um;rS&aom aiGaMu;rQom&Sdonf/
teD;wGif weoFm&Dwdkif;rS xm;0,fZmwdrdom;pkrsm;aexdkifMuonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
jynhfpHkMuonf/ vl*kPfweftjzpfaexdkifMuonf/ q&mNidrf;rdom;pkum; pm;0wfaea&;
rQw½Hkom&Sdonf/ vl0ifvlxGufrsm;onf? wGJvm&aomvlemrsm;? usdK;uef;&d&GJqif;&JMu
aom vlemrsm;udjk rifae&aomaMumifh tdrt f eD;wGif qefu
Y sib f ufjzpfaeonf/ ZeD;onfu
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ukoolq&mrSm pke;f wapäo&l u J kd arG;xm;NyD; a&m*gpGo J wl t
Ykd m; a&ref;wdu
k f qDref;vdr;f í
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k rd rf S
OD;aqmifí vrf;aevlwYkd tEÅ&m,fuif;apa&;twGuf oHCmawmfrsm;yifzh w d í
f tEÅ&m,f
uif; y&dwf&Gwfzwf&ef pDpOfMuonf/ ZeD;jzpfolonf trsm;enf;wl y&dwftdk;&GufNyD;
tEÅ&m,fuif;w&m;em,lonf/ a&muf&Sdaeaom y&dowf\rsufvHk;rsm;rSm ZeD;jzpfolxH
pl;pdu
k af eonfukd owdrjyKbJ trSww f rJth rsm;enf;wlyif 0ifxikd af e&m,lonf/ rdrt d eD;wGif
142
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 143
aeolrsm; wjznf;jznf;cGmoGm;Muonf/ wpfa,mufwnf;usef&adS ecJo

h nf/ igbmjzpfaeyg
vdrfh[k wpfcsufpOf;pm;rdonf/ tajzur&cJhay/
aemifrSod&onfrSm q&mNidrf;wdkYrdom;pkraeEdkifatmif y&dwf&GwfawmxkwfyGJjzpf
onf/ pke;f rud,
k w
f ikd f y&dwvf memaomaMumifh 'Dpek ;f rBuD;u 12 BudK;ru ynmwwf
aeol[k aMumufvefo Y mG ;Muonf/ tjcm;enf;jzifEh iS Mf uaomfvnf; wpfpwkH pf&mjzpfroGm;?
awmxkwaf omfvnf; awmrxGut f cufawGUaeMuonf[k aemifro S vd m&onf/
vGJrSm;aom awmxkwfyGJ
q&mNidr;f tdrf a&muf&v dS molwrYkd mS pHv
k o S nf/ ynm,lq&mwlrsm;? wynht f jzpf
cH,lxm;olrsm;jzpfonf/ acgif;aygif;pyHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; udk,f0wfa&mifrSmtndK? tjzL uGJjym;
ykw;D uH;k tBuD; tao; vnfwiG q f xJG m;olrsm;jzpfNyD; aqG;aEG;a0zefon H aH vh&o dS nf/
taMumif;t&maqG;aEG;MuyHrk sKd ;pHv k o
S nf/ pGuJ yfaoma&m*gukoay;&efvma&muforl mS vnf;
tbd;k tdk tbGm;tdrk t S p arG;uif;puav;rsm;txd t&G,pf v kH o S nf/ tjypftjzpf Munfo h l
wdt Yk jrifwiG f £óm? rpä&, d jzpfz, G &f mtm½Hrk sdK;? tukov kd pf wd yf mG ;aeMuonf/ Mumaomf
wpfOD;OD;ae&majymif;rSjzpfrnf[k ,lq[efwlonf/ wpfnwGif cifyGef;jzpfol um;xGuf
oGm;Ny;D aemuf em&D0uftwGi;f vQypf pfr;D Nird ;f oGm;onf/ &yfuu G w f pfcv k ;kH arSmiftwdusomG ;Ny;D
qufwu kd yf if tdraf y:odcYk rJ sm;pkNyHKusvmonf/ vlrr,f 3-a,mufEiS hf rdcifjzpfow l Ykd
pd;k xdwaf Mumufvef&Y atmif av;bufav;wefcrJ sm;pHNk yKH vmonf/ bmjzpfygvdr[ hf k pOf;pm;
aomfvnf; tajzr&? cJrsm;&yfoGm;NyD; rD;jyefvif;aomtcsdefrSmyif q&mNidrf;oHk;bD;um;
armif;NyD;a&mufvmonf/ uav;rsm;idk,dkum zciftm;ajy;zufMuonf/ ZeD;jzpfolum;
q&mNird ;f tay: a'gojzpfvmawmhonf/ aiGaMu;r& tv[óvlaygif;pHt k 0iftxGurf sm;
a&m*gpHkukoay;aeaomaMumifh 12 BudK;wwfol pkef;rBuD;tjzpfa&muf&onf/ cJayguf
cH&onf/ wm0efrausoltjzpf ponfh roifhravsmfaomtjrifrsm; jzpfay:vmawmh
onf/ q&mNidrf;um; rdom;pk\NidKjiifrIudkvnf; roda,mifaqmifovdk tdrfeD;csif;wdkY\
tjyKtrluv kd nf; cGiv
hf w
T v
f suf ]]bmjzpfbmjzpfaeMuwmvJ}}[komar;Ny;D bk&m;pifa&SU OD;wdu k f
ykw;D udik v f sufom w&m;xdik af wmhonf/
ya,m*q&mrsm;ESihf "mwf½u
kd "f mwfqif tif;tdik v
f ufzUJG enf;ynmpHjk zifh q&mNidr;f
rdom;pk tdraf jymif;apa&; awmxkwf y&dw&f w
G Ef iS x
f w
k jf cif;rsm;udk ywf0ef;usifrS jyKvkyf
143
KTS 15-11-14-1
vmaomtcg ZeD;onfrSm &yfuGufajymif; tdrfajymif;rnf[k pdwful;vsuf tdrfXm;&ef

jyifqifawmhonf/ wpfywfcefYtMum pdwfBudKuftdrfawGUvmaomaMumifh reufjzefyif
tdrfajymif;rnf pdwful;vmonf/ wpfaeukeftdrf&SmxGuf&mrS jyefa&mufaomtcg teD;
tdrw
f iG f vlawGr&Sad wmh wHcg;aomhyw
d x
f m;onf/ pHpk rf;aomtcg tqdyk grdom;pk tjcm;
ae&modkY vlukefypönf;ukefajymif;oGm;NyD[k odvdkuf&awmhonf/ awmxkwfolwdkYyif
txkwcf &H aom ]]vGJrSm;aom awmxkwfyGJ}}}yif jzpfcJh&avonf/
olawmfaumif;jypfrSm;ol 'Pf (10)yg;xdEdkif
&Sirf [marm*¾vmefonf bk&m;&Siyf &deAd mÁ efrjyKrD wefaqmifrek ;f vuG,af eYrmS yif
&mZN*dK[fjynfwGif y&dedAÁmefjyKcJhavonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD;csdefrSpí wdwd¬*dkPf;
om;rsm; vmbfvmbqkw, f wk af ecJo h nf/ ¤if;wdq
Yk w
k ,f w k yf sufp;D &jcif;rSm bk&m;&Si\ f
vuf0aJ wmf&H wefc;kd t&m{w'*f& &Sirf [marm*¾vmefaMumif[ h k vGrJ mS ;aomt,l&adS ecJMh u
onf/ vlowform;wdt Yk m; tojymaiGay;í owfjzwf&efXm;&rf;xm;Muonf/ t&Sijf rwf
BuD;onf umVodvm tndKa&mifausmufzsm0,f oDwif;oH;k aMumif;odvQif vlowform;
rsm; vlcsif;qufrad tmif 0dik ;f &Hyw d q
f xYkd m;Muonf/ wefc;kd jzifh wHcg;tzGit hf ydwv f yk af om
aomhaygufrS xGuv f mcJo h nf/ 'kw, d tBudrf vkyBf uH&mwGiv f nf; tvm;wlvw G af jrmuf
cJo
h nf/ wwd,tBudraf &mufaomtcg rdr\ d twdwt f ukov dk u
f t H usdK;ay;csdeaf &muf
aomaMumifh uHtwdkif;&Sdapawmh[k a&Smifwdrf;roGm;awmhay/ vlowform;wdkYonf
t&Sijf rwfBuD;cE¨mud, k w f pfcv
k ;kH qefuzJG yGJ rm pdpnd ufnufaMuatmif ½du k Ef u
S v f yk Bf uH
Muonf/ tZmwowfrif;od&adS omtcg tqdyk gvlowform;rsm;udk zrf;qD;vkyBf uH&mwGif
ygaom t0wfr0wfaom wuú'Gef;ig;&m vlowform;ig;&mwdkYudk wGif;wl;ajrjr§KyfrD;½IdU
owfapcJhonf/
&Sirf [marm*¾vmeftm; vkyBf uHorl sm;udk taMumif;jyKí a,m'a@e t'a@ok
paom *gxm 4-yk'fudk rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh&m (1) acgif;rl;acgif;cJempGJuyfjcif;? (2) qif;&J
yifyef;pGm &SmazGxm;aompnf;pdrOf pömysupf ;D jcif;? (3) vufjywfajcjywfjcif;? (4) rsupf u d ef;
em;uef;ponfjzpfjcif;? (5) ½l;oGyjf cif;? &mxl;avsmusjcif;? (6) rif;jypf rif;'Pfc&H jcif;?
(7) cdk;rIponfjzifh tpGyfpGJcH&jcif;? (8) tm;udk;tm;xm;ae&ol aqGrsdK;qHk;½HI;ysufpD;jcif;?
(9) ukerf sm;ykyof ;kd jcif;? a&TaiGrsm; oH;k r&aomtjzpfa&muf&o dS mG ;jcif;? (10) rD;avmifc&H jcif;
[laom 'Pf (10)yg; usa&mufonft h jyif aovQifi&Jou Ykd sa&muf&rnf[k a[mMum;cJh
onf/
144
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 145
,ck tdref ;D csi;f rsm; rdom;pkwiG f rdom;pktwGuf tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKae&ol orD;ysKd

av;rSm acgif;rS qHyifrsm; aqG;ajrv h mNy;D acgif;Nz;D r&atmif qHyifrsm; acsmufuyfaeonf/
vufzsm; tndKa&mifajymif;vmNy;D ukr&aom ajcykyf vufyyk af &m*gpGu J yfaeonf/ tusihf
oDv&Sdaom q&mwpfOD;xHjyoaomtcg ]]olawmfaumif;udk jypfrSm;cJhvdkY jzpf&wm?
olYt&dyf olYtoHeJY a0;&ma&SmifoGm;Muayawmh}}[k ñTefMum;aomaMumifh rdom;pkrsm;
a0;&modYk xGuof mG ;&aMumif; od&avonf/ q&mNidr;f um; arwåmrysufaeEdik o f jl zpfaomf
vnf; pdwaf umif;rxm;Edik o f wl Ykd b0ysufc&hJ avonf/
ukxHk;EdkifvdkY udkif;cJhNyD
wpfaeY um;jzifhxGufvm&m eE´0efaps;teD;a&mufvmcsdef um;Xm;olrS vufjzifh
qD;wm;onf/ Munhjf rifwikd b f ufoYdk oGm;vdo k nf[q k &kd m vduk yf cYkd o
hJ nf/ tjyefyg vdu k &f ef
ajymaomaMumifh apmifah eNy;D aq;q&mvmyifah Mumif; od&onf/ apmapmydik ;f u aq;q&m
onf vlemtm; aq;wdu k af uR;Ny;D tdrjf yefomG ;jcif;jzpfonf/ aq;aomufrS a&m*gwd;k vmí
vlemtajctaeraumif;aomaMumifh ta&;ay:q&mudk jyefac:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ eE´0ef
aps;teD; vlemtdro f aYkd &mufaomtcg q&monf aq;ukoonf/ vlemrS owdr&jzpfae
aomaMumifh vlemoufomatmif aq;ukx;kH udpk Of;pm;aomfvnf; ukx;kH r&Sjd zpfaeonf/
q&monf vlemtajctae yHkrSefr[kwfaMumif;odvmvQif vufvTwf&efpOf;pm;í
aq;tdwu f kd rodromjyifxm;Ny;D aemuf jyef&ef toift h aetxm;&Sad eonf/ q&mNird ;f onf
aq;q&m trlt&m vlemtajctaeudk jrif&aomtcg u,fwifvakd omqE´jzpfay:vm
onf/ a&S;q&mwdo Yk nf ukxHk;rydkifvQif vlemrudkifeJY? rqdkifvQifvJ rudkifeJY? rEdkifvQif
rudkifeJY vdYk qdxk ;kH &Swd ,f/ q&mrEdik v f Qif rudik o f if?h 'dt Yk aeeJUvJ rEdik v f Qirf udik ?f rydik v
f Qif
rudik ?f rqdik vf Qifvnf; rudik ?f 'gaMumifh 'Dvel mtwGuf ZD0w d 'gejyKvkyv f o kd nf/ vlemudk
tyfvQif ukoay;vdo k nf[k ajymqdv k u kd of nf/
vlem&Siw f oYkd nf rEdik af omaq;q&mudw k pfvnS fh q&mNidr;f udw k pfvn S fh txl;
tqef;jzifh Munfhaeonf/ aq;q&monf rdrdaqmif&Guf&rnfudkodvmaomaMumifh
vlemudk tdr&f iS rf sm;xH jyeftyfEo HS nf? q&mNidr;f udv
k nf; owå0gtoufukd u,fay;&ef
wdu
k w
f eG ;f onf/ q&mNidr;f onf ]]uJ uJ-ukxHk;EdkifvdkYudkifNyD? vlem&SifawGu vlemudk
tyfvdkY udkifNyD? ydkifvJydkifNyD}}[k ajymNyD; &wemoH;k yg;udk &Scd ;kd OD;csonf/ rdbq&mrsm;udk
uefawmhonf/ yifzh w d o
f nf/ rdrt d m;xkwcf ahJ om t"d|mefov D / jyKvkycf ahJ om'gerI?
145
KTS 15-11-14-1
yGm;rsm;xm;aom orxbm0emrsm;udk tm½Hjk yKvsuf vl0Zd mÆ ewf0Zd mÆ wdt Yk m; cGiyhf efMum;Ny;D

vlemtm; a&ref;jzifyh ufzse;f í ]]uJ-igtrdeaYf y;onf/ vlemrSm&Sad oma&m*g yuwdtwdik ;f
&Sad p? rdarG;wdik ;f zarG;wdik ;f &Sad p? ud,
k jf yKvkyaf omya,m*tm;vH;k ,laqmifxu G cf mG ap}}[k
trdeaYf y;vQif vlemrSm rdarG;wdik ;f zarG;wdik ;f usef;rmvmonf/ ukoaomaq;q&monf
wtHhwMojzpfonf/ vlem&Sifrsm;vnf; q&mNidrf;tm; ydkrdkav;pm;oGm;NyD; aq;ukoc
rnfrQuefawmh&rnfenf;[k ar;jref;vmonf/ aq;ukocvnf; ay;&efrvd?k tXm;um;c
udv k nf; ukov kd jf zpfvLS onf[k ajymqdak vonf/ vlppfppf[w k yf g&JUvm;[k ydrk t kd MhH ojcif;
jzpfomG ;Muavonf/ q&mNidr;f vnf; jyefomG ;cJah vonf/
aeu©r®"mwf&ifhoefvm
1331-ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;aeYwpfaeY? xdkaeYu tjzpftysufrSm OD;&aohESifh rdom;pk
cGJcGm&eftaMumif;jzpfvmcJhonf/ rdrdonf t'dEém'gea0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd=
ydkif&Sifonf udk,fEIwfjzifh ray;aomypönf;udk ,liifjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfaMumif;tusifhudk
aqmufwnfygrnf[k 0efcx H m;cJNh yD;jzpfonf/ þodum© yk'u f kd toufxufq;kH vdu
k ef m
aexdik &f ef qH;k jzwfxm;onf/ rdwaf qGu BudKwifrmS xm;onf/ OD;atmifNird ;f uReaf wmfph uf½kH
twGuf 'DZ,fqv D akd ew,f/ qD&mS r&vdYk puf½ykH w d &f rvdjk zpfaew,f/ atmf'gawGusae
w,f/ 'gaMumifh qDayygwpfvHk; tjrwfaiGusyf (1000d)tydkay;r,f? &Smay;yg[k qdkvm
onf/ rMumrD ppfavmfvu D m;BuD;wpfp;D qdik af &SU7yfvmNyD; qDayygwpfv;kH usyf (300d)om
ay;yg? 0,folvmu a&mif;ay;yg[k ajymqdkvmonf/
OD;atmifNidrf;um; tif;rvIyf tJrvkyf wdwfqdwfaecJhonf/ ZeD;jzpfolrS udkNidrf;
puf½HkudkoGm;ajymvdkufyg[kqdkonf/ rdrdESifhrqdkifovdk rMum;[efjyKaeavonf/ ,ck
'DZ,fqaD yygonf abmufaxmfrw S w
f rf;½H;k rS o,f,cl ohJ nfjzpf&m Xmeqdik &f mydik jf zpfonf/
txuft&m&Sdrodatmif,lvmaomypönf;jzpfonf/ puf½Hkydkif&Siftm; 'DqDayygcifAsm;
,lomG ;[kq½kd jkH zifh usyf (1300d)ay;rnfjzpf&m em&Dyikd ;f twGi;f usyf(1000d) tacsmif&rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; cd;k &mygypön;f udk vufco H jl zpfí t'dEmé 'geodum© yk'uf kd usL;vGeof vdjk zpfonf
[k ,lqcJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh r,l bl;[k wH;k wdwd ajymqdv k Qif ta&mif;t0,fjywfomG ;cJh
onf/ ZeD;jzpforl mS tydak iGtom;wif usyf (1000d)&rnfukd jiif;qdv k ukd of nft h wGuf
OD;atmifNidrf;tay: a'goBuD;pGmjzifh atmifrav;awmf jzpfrSjzpf&av rdom;pktwGuf
oufoufvmbfyw d af ewm rBuHKbl;aygif? 'Dvel YJ rjzpfawmhygbl;? uRefruav;awG
146
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 147
uRefrvkyfauR;Edkifw,f/ pdwfcsae 'Duav; 3-a,muf rqif;&Jap&bl;? vlwpfvHk;

olwpfv;kH jzpfatmif vkyu
f ikd &f mS azGv&Ykd oavmuf qifr,f? aemuftrd af xmifvrJ jyKygbl;/
'DoCFe;f uRef;ub,frrS ajymif;bl; pdwcf sae? &Si<f uvd&k m<uygawmh[k atmfBuD;[pfus,f
&efaxmifajymqdu k m tdrrf ES iS x f w
k af vonf/
OD;atmifNird ;f um; ZeD;\ &efaxmifvmrIukd pdwrf qd;k pdwrf uGu/f avmurSmaeolrsm;
avmutavhpum;qdjk cif;ayyJ[k todjzifh onf;cHonf/ tif; ighbufuawmh wm0ef
ausatmif vkyfauR;cJhwmyJ? 'g[m ightwGuf tcgaumif;ayyJ[k oEdé|mefcsvsuf
t0wfwpfxnfudk,fwpfck? rk'HkNrdKUrS OD;av;omatmifu w&m;xdkifvQif tcif;vkyf&ef
ay;vdu
k af om aeuxdik w f pfxnfukd csdKif;rSmn§y?f raemr,aq;vG,t f yd u
f av;vG,Nf yD;
vlavmurSm igaevdrYk jzpfawmh? igaeu©ry® g&rDukd a&SUqufjznfu h siahf wmhrnf[k qH;k jzwfum
aetdrrf S xGuvf mcJo h nf/
ausmwpfvSnhf oHa,mZOfjzwf
tdrrf S tNyD;tydik x
f u
G v f mcJoh nf/ &[ef;0wfzq Ykd vkd Qif bke;f BuD;ausmif;oGm;&rnf?
&[ef;0wfzrYkd [kw?f b,fuo kd mG ;rvJ? ap&moGm;rnf? b,frmS tdyrf vJ? bk&m;ausmif;Z&yf
tm½Hck w H efaqmif;&Sw d ,f? ausmwpfae&mpm b,frmS rqdk em;cdk tdypf ufz&Ykd &Srd nf? bmvkyf
rS m vJ ? igod x m;aomw&m;ES i f h t nD a ernf / pm;a&;twG u f b,f v d k v k y f r S m vJ ?
toD;t&Guf&Sd7if ylp&mrvdk? a&&maomae&m 0wfp&m pm;p&m b,frSmvJ? bmwpfckrS
ra&&m raocsm? &ifarmp&m pdwfarmp&m? 'g[m avmutaeeJY jzpfwwfavh&SdwmyJ/
,ck b,foGm;rvJ? eD;&m usdKuúpHbk&m; oGm;rnfpOf;pm;um rdrdae&mrS ajrmufbuf
Z0e&yfuu G u f akd usmfjzwfí usdKuúpb H &k m;udk OD;wnfxu G v f mcJo
h nf/ ,ckpjH yaq;½HBk uD;
ae&mrSm abmvHk;uGif;0ef;usifrSm ocsØKif;ukef; tkwf*lawG0ef;&Haeonf/ abmvHk;uGif;
tv,facgifa&mufvQif tzsuftarSmifu h ay:vmonf/ tdrjf yefowd&aeonf/
iguawmh oHa,mZOfjzwfNyD; tdrfrStNyD;xGufvmcJhNyD; zateJYnwdkif; tdyfaeus
om;i,f armifausmfvGif? zatum;armif;xGuf&mrS jyefrvm&if rtdyfbJikwfwkwf
apmifaewwf
haewwfonfh ausmfvGif? zatr&Sd rtdyfwwfaomom; b,fvdkrsm;&Sd&Sm
avrvJ? om;i,f ac:oHvdkvdk Mum;aerdonf? tazjzpfoludk arQmfaeavmufNyD[k
&ifwiG ;f odru hf eJ aomu0ifvmjyefonf/ om;taMumif; owd&NyD; touf½LS Muyf
&yfaerdonf/ vnfrsdKrSm qdeYk ifv
h monf/ twefMumNyD;rS qifjcifÓmPfay:vmonf/
owå 0 gwd k i f ; onf uH o mtrd uH o mtz uH w &m; t"d u ol Y u H u ol Y u d k
147
KTS 15-11-14-1
apmifah &Smufayvdrrhf nf/ oaAÁowåm ur®óum ur®a,med ur®AE¨K ur®y#dó&Pm

[k bk&m;a[mtwdik ;f qifjcifaomtcg touf½LS vd&Yk vmcJo h nf/ touf½LS 0cJo
h nf/
a&SUc&D;quf&if; rd;k vH;k ywfvnf t&yfav;rsufEmS t&yf&pS rf sufEmS udk vSnMfh unfNh yD;vQif
usOf ; ajrmif ; usyf w nf ; aom avS m if t d r f r S x G u f v d k u f & ovd k cH p m;vm&onf /
pMu0VmwHwdkif;txd twm;tqD; r&Sdus,foGm;cJhonf/ touf½SLacsmifvmonf/
oHa,mZOfqw kd m ud,
k u f jzwfrjS ywfw,f? ud, k u f ydik ;f rSjcm;w,f[al om oHa0*ÓmPf
ay:vmcJhonf/
tzv,fwq D &mawmfBuD; oHa,mZOfBudK;udk Oyrmay;xm;onfrmS -oHa,mZOf
BudK;qdkwm ig;rQm;csdwfESifhwlonf/ ig;rsm; ig;pm[yfrdawmh r½kef;cif NidrfaewJhtcg BudK;
wif;rSe;f rod? ½ke;f Munhrf w S if;rSe;f odw,f/ ½ke;f av BudK;uwif;av wpfcsdKUtoufao
&onf/ BudK;urjywf? oHa,mZOfrmS ig;rQm;onfBh udK;yrm&So d nf/ ,ck igvlavmurS
tNyD;xGucf NhJ yD/ aeu©ry® g&rDxu G &f mvrf; twdtusvSr;f cJNh yD/ c&D;qufco hJ nf/ usdKuúpH
apwD&&dS mqDoYkd ,cktcsderf pS í igonf bk&m;omoem bk&m;tqdt k qH;k r w&m;ESihf
aeorQ igaexdkif&m þtdrfa&SUa&mufvQif tdrfbufrsufESmrrl vSnhfrMunhf[k
t"d|mefwifvu kd af vonf/ ausmvSnx fh m;cJah vonf/ q&mawmf tqdt k qH;k rjyKwdik ;f
'du
Yk ausmwpfvn S ehf YJ jywfcw
hJ m? þpum; rnfrQwmoGm;onfukd owd& twk,pl &mpum;
xda&mufvSonf/
OD;atmifNidr;f onf 1331-ckEpS w f iG f rdom;pkEiS hf oHa,mZOfBudK;udk ausmwpfvn S fh
jzwfcJh&m0,f tdrfa&SUa&mufcJh&if tdrfbufrsufESm rrlvSnhfrMunhfyg[k t"d|mef
xm;cJo h nft h csderf pS í vufawGUtvkyEf iS t hf nDaexdik v f u kd ef mcJo h jl zpfonf/ om;orD;
vlrr,frsm;tay:ü omrmefy*k K¾d vfrsm; rxm;Edik af ompdwx f m;yifjzpfonf/ oCFe;f uRef;
NrdKUe,fonf OD;&aohtzdYk uif;uGmr&aomae7mjzpfonf/ "r®rw d af qGrsm; yg&rDjznhzf uf
rsm;&Sad eonf/ taMumif;udp&ö adS omtcgrsKd ; acwåaexdik &f rnfjzpfonf/ xdpk Of oCFe;f uRe;f
NrdKUe,f Z0e&yfuGuf ZrÁK'dwfvrf;ae OD;ñGefYpdk;onf OD;&aoh\ taetxdik u f sihpf Ofukd
MunfndKav;pm;oljzpfí ypönf;av;yg;'g,umtjzpfvufcHyg&ef avQmufxm;onf/
aetdru f kd pcef;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKNyD; oDwif;oH;k yg&ef zdwMf um;cJo h nf/ 0denf;awmfEiS hf
tnD yifzh w d xf m;oljzpfí OD;ñGefYpdk;tdru f kd pcef;tjzpf owfrw S cf ohJ nf/ ("mwfcef;[k
ac:Mu&mü aMumif;usdK;udk Ak't ¨ vdu k s ig;oH;k vD "r®yv’it f zGiw hf iG f tus,f&iS ;f jyxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/)
148
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 149
Z0e&yfuu G f tru (8)rlvwef;ausmif;tkyq f &monf xdpk Ofu OD;xGef;&Sifjzpf

onf/ oD&dacrmvrf; trSwf(3)wGif aexdkifoljzpfonf/ OD;atmifNidrf;onf om;orD;
vlrr,frsm;udk vspv f sL½Iaeonf[k Mum;od&onf/ ol\ausmif;tkyyf g0gudk toH;k jyKvsuf
&aoh0wfudk cRwfapNyD; vlYabmifvlYb0rdom;pkESifhaexdkifap&ef ynmjyrnf[k qHk;jzwf
vku
d of nf/ om;jzpfol armifaX;vGi?f armifausmv f iG wf \Ydk zcif OD;&aohxH qifph mwpfapmif
udk ydv
Yk u
kd o
f nf/ zcifu, kd w
f ikd f vma&muftyfErHS S ausmif;aecGiv hf ufcrH nf/ ud,k wf ikd f
vmawGU&rnf[jk zpfonf/ OD;ñGefYpdk;rSwpfqifh OD;&aohxpH ma&mufvmvQif 'Dupd o ö nf
uav;wdaYk emifa&;twGujf zpfí vdu k af vsmaomtaejzifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHck o hJ nf/
om;orD;(3)a,mufvHk;ESifh zcifOD;&aohtm; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ ½Hk;cef;wGif
awGUqHck MhJ uonf/ 3-a,mufpvH;k zcifuakd wGU&aomtcg ½du I Bf uD;wiifiMkd uonf/ toHyg
xGuv f mMuonf/ rawGU& rjrif&wmMumaeí vGr;f Muonf/ atmifah tmifNh y;D ½Iu d Mf uonf/
tom;awGe?D ud, k v f ufawGwek af eMuonf/ OD;&aohum; t"d|mef0ifcsdeu f mvtwGi;f
jzpfí 0wfxm;aom0wfpu kH rkd cRwf? t0wfravsmf a&rcsdK; acR; rd;k a&aMumifh &d&UG pJ w k jf ywf
aeonf/ (cE¨mudk,frS acR;eHYrxGuf) pOf;pm;aeonfrSm igonf aumif;aomukodkvf
tvkyu f v kd yk af eoljzpfonf/ igjyKwJu h o k v kd t f zdYk uav;awGtwGuyf g aumif;usdK;&ap
vdo k nf/ olww Ykd pfawGjyKwJu h H b,fo&Ykd &dS dS igjyKwJu h o k v
kd f olwt Ykd wGuf jzpfygap/ pH;k pk;H epf
r,fhtwlwl wpfjcrf;epf&ifepfygap? wpfjcrf;ay:atmifigazmfr,f/ wpfjcrf;azmfEdkifvQif
wpfcsdefcsdefrSm usefwpfjcrf;yg azmfap&r,f? opömudkqdkvdkufonf/ omoemhrdcif zcif
aus;Zl;&Sit f aygif;wdYk avmutrsm;enf;wl vlvrkd jcm; cspfcifjrwfE;kd pGv J rf;ESpof uf&rnfh
om;orD;rsm; wG,w f maewJh ork',oHa,mZOf&cdS w hJ mtrSejf zpfw,f/ rdom;pkrsm;taeeJY
tukov kd ef 'YJ u
k v © jYkd rifMuwmvJreS w f ,f/ 'D'u k e© YJ ork',udk avhusifrh jI yKí auGuiG ;f Edik f
atmif a&SmifMuOfNyD; omoemhrcd if zcifwt Ykd vdu k s xm;&mae ap&moGm; auR;wmpm;
cdkif;wmvkyfNyD;aew,f/ 'Dtusiphf cef;udu k siahf qmifygw,f/ avmutjrifEiS Mhf unhcf ahJ omf
þ7ifaoG;(3)a,muftay: avmuzcif0wå&m;ysufuu G v
f pf[if;onf/ omoemhrcd if
zcifwYkd cdik ;f apwJt h wdik ;f owå0gtusKd ;? omoemtusKd ;? aus;Zl;&Siw f \
Ykd tusKd ;udk onfy;kd
aeonf/ rSeaf ompum; rSeaf omvkyaf qmifraI Mumifh avmurdom;pkrsm; BuD;yGm;csrf;om
Muygap/ rdrv d nf; vdak omyg&rDuo k v dk tf vG,w f uljyKcGi&hf ygap[k 0pDopömjyKcJah vonf/
149
KTS 15-11-14-1
use&f pfaomrdom;pkrsm;twGuf ud, k yf ikd af etdr?f ud,

k yf ikd v
f yk if ef;jzifh wifw
h ifw
h ,f
w,f vlaY vmutv,fwiG f aexdik Ef ikd cf MhJ uonf/ ta0;rS ydv Yk w T af om rdcifvyd \ f
om; (Orsm;)ydv
Yk w
T af om vdyaf rwåmyrm at;jraomb0 &&So d mG ;Muonf/1
zdeyfrpD;xD;raqmif;jcif;taMumif;
rdom;pkESihf oHa,mZOfjzwfcJh&mü ausmwpfvSnhfjzifh jzwfcJhNyD; rdrdcE¨mudk,f
tat;tyl &moDOwk'PfcEH ikd af p&ef zsiftusÐ &aoha&mifcg;0wftay:½Hk avmuywfrmS
rygrjzpf vdktyfí udk,fESihfruGm 0wf½HkcJhonf/ oGm;vdk&mc&D; csrf;ompGmoGm;vmEdkif&ef
ajcwGif zdeyfryg roGm;vmwwfMu/ zdeyfrygvQif aEG&moD tyl'PfcH&rSod[k tqdk&Sd
aomfvnf; tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlabmifukd tNy;D pGecYf mG vmcJo h w
l t
Ykd wGuf bk&m;&dyaf usmif;
&dyo
f nf y#d½yl a'o0gojzpfonf/ zdeyfp;D cGirhf &Sad omae&mjzpfí zdeyfrmS tydjk zpfaeonf/
pD;vmaomzdeyfrSm toHk;jyKrIumvMumí BudK;jywfoGm;í ajcAvmoGm;vmaecJhonf/
wpfaeY oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif; 'g,umrS zdeyftopf0,fNyD; OD;&aohtm; vSL'gef;cJo h nf/
rpD;wm&ufMum ajcAvmoGm;vm&wm tom;usaecsdefjzpfí zdeyfpD;&m tqifrajy
topfjzpfí ajcMum;temjzpfvmonf/ bk&m;0dkif; ausmif;0dkif;twGif; taersm;oljzpfí
rpD;jzpf/ rdrdtwGuf aMumifhMup&mypönf;jzpfvmonf/ oGm;av&m&m zdeyfudk vufrSm
udkifxm;& odrf;qnf;&aom 'ku©rao;vS? aMumifhMuae&onf/ zdeyfrpD;bJ ajcAvm
oGm;vm&jcif;u pdwfcsrf;omrIjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufvmcJhonf/
vlom;wdik ;f onf þr[myx0Dajray:rSm aeYn&yfwnf touf&iS o f efae&í
trdEiS w
hf o
l nf/ aus;Zl;&Si[
f q
k Ekd ikd o
f nf/ pm;aomufz, G &f m tm[m& aomufo;kH p&m
a7rSm ajrrS&aeonf/ trdyrmwlvo S nf/ bk&m;ykx;kd ausmif;uef\t&dyrf mS ae&mwdik ;f
&Sad eonf/ *g&0xm;vQif zdeyfrpD;oif[ h k jrifvmonf/ bk&m;&Si\f ud,
k af wmfpm; ud;k uG,f
&rnhf "mwkç "r®ç y&dabm*ç O'dó´ apwDrsm;pGm&Sad eaomajrjzpfonf/ þtawG; þtod
aMumifh usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf zdeyfrpD; xD;raqmif;jcif;jzpfonf/
c&D;BuHKa&Twd*Hkbk&m; rydkYrdol
OD;armifarmifonf oH;k bD;um;jzifh c&D;onfwifaqmifí vd&k mc&D;ta&mufyaYkd qmifNy;D
jyefvmvQif oli,fcsi;f ESifh ½kyq
f ifou
l akd wGUí acwåum;&yfapmihMf unhaf eonf/ a[harmif
1/ q&mawmf "r®yv’i0f ,f rdeMYf um;aom taMumif;t&mjzpfonf/
150
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 151
armif rif;ukokdvf&atmif ighudk c&D;BuHKa&Twd*Hkbk&m;ydkYay;uGm[k &if;ESD;pGm pum;qdkvm

onf/ ½kyfqifolr[kwfbJ udkatmifNidrf;tppfjzpfaeaMumif;od&onf/ yHk[efrSm EGrf;yg;
aygufNyaJ eaom &aoh0wfpjkH zpfaeonf/ ,cifuakd tmifNird ;f rSm taemufwikd ;f 0wfpkH prwf
usus0wf cg;ywfwiG af omhwv JG v
S cS sw
d q
f JG taumif;pm;acgif;vdr;f qDvrd ;f aom bdak ujzifh
oGm;vmaom udak tmifNidr;f tjzpfjrif&vQif r,HEk ikd jf zpfaeonf/ tif; pdwaf zmufomG ;NyD?
tjrefvpfrS [k pdwuf ;l um rMum;[efaqmifvsuf um;udt k &Sed w
f ifarmif;xGucf ohJ nf/
rsufaphwqHk;ta&muf um;tif*sif[ufuGJoGm;NyD; um;xGufr&jzpf&avonf/ tif;
iguHq;kd wmyJ[k nD;nLpGmpdwyf suftm;i,fjzpfc&hJ avonf/
rMumrD&ufydkif;twGif; &aoh OD;atmifNidrf;ESihf&ifqdkifawGUvQif EIwfcGef;quf
pum;qdkonfrSm ]]a[h armifarmif rifhukodkvf&apcsifvdkY a&Twd*HktydkYcdkif;cJhwm um;
tif*sif[ufuv JG Ykd ukovkd vf rJ & aiGvu J ek o
f mG ;w,fr[kwv f m;}}[k &aohpum;Mum;rS
aemifw&um awmif;yefc&hJ onf/ &aohtm; txiftjrifao; r½drk aojyKrdaomaMumifh
tif*siftaumif;u [ufuo JG mG ;&onfukd oifcef;pm,lNyD; OD;&aohtm; ½dak o av;pm;
oGm;cJhonf/ xdkaeYu um;jzifh a&Twd*Hkbk&m;c&D;BuHKydkYvQif ukodkvf&ovdk um;
tif*sif[ufruGJbJ 0ifaiG&Edkifygvsuf (3)&ufwm um;rxGufEdkif 0ifaiGr&jzpfcJh&onf/
aemif OD;&aohEiS afh wGUvQif vd&k mc&D;ydaYk wmhrnf[k pdwx f m;ajymif;vdu
k o
f nf/ um;rysuf
awmhbJ &ufquf 0ifaiGw;kd cJah vonf/
151
KTS 15-11-14-1
pwkw¬ydkif;
azmifpMum&Sifyk*Htavmif;pnfolrif;
bk&m;&Sif y&deAd mÁ efjyKNy;D aemuf ESpf (235)ckEpS af &mufaomtcg0,f &Sirf [marm*¾vd
ykwåwdórax&fESihf oD&d"r®maomurif;wdkY q&m'g,um pdwfwlnDpGmjzifh wwd,
oH*g,emwifyJG qifENJT yD;aemuf urÇmajrjyiftESUH a&wGi;f a&uef apwDaygif; &Spaf omif;
av;axmif wnfxm;cJah Mumif; rSeef ef;&mZ0ifpaom jrefrmordik ;f wdüYk jyqdv k suf&o
dS nf/
apwDwnfxm;&mü rka|mapwD[k trnfjyKMu&m tcsKd Uu v-aeudk tol&ed ef wfzrf;aom
tcsdef (viykwfzrf;)csdef apwDtm;vHk; wpfcsdefwnf;owfrSwfay;cJh&m tol&defcHwGif;rS
vGwo f nfukd rk awå m[k ,lum a&Trkawå mapwD [k rSw, f cl MhJ uonf/ tcsdKUurl rk|-
ygVd\ t"dymÜ ,frmS 6-vufrcefY twdik ;f txGmudk wpfru kd [f k ac:qdjk cif;jzpfí twdik ;f
twm wpfru kd &f adS om a&TapwDrsm;udk wnfxm;aponf[k qdMk uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf rdeMYf um;onfrmS taomurif;onf tazwl trduJG nDtpfukd (99)a,muf
wdt Yk m; owfjzwfí tmPm&,lcNhJ yD; omoemudjk yKcJo h nf/ xdak qGrsdK;wdt
Yk m; "mwfawmf
tkyf (MuKwf)wpfrdkufcefYudk ,lapNyD; vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vdk&moGm; aevdk&mae rdkufjynhf
yef;awmif; a&TapwDaygif; (84000) ,laqmifoGm;&ef apvTwfcJh&m a'otoD;oD;ü
apwDi,frsm; wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf MhJ uonf/ tavmif;pnforl if; azmifpMumonf xdak pwD
&Sd&mt&yfrsm; (a&jyif ajrjyif awmifxdyf)rusefatmif vSnhfvnfjyKjyifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
oD&"d r®maomurif;\ y|mef;qufaMumifh a&TapwDrsm;&S&d m tm;vH;k a&wGi;f a&ueftm;vH;k
jyKjyifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ vufnd§K;ñTef&mt&yf azmifpMumoGm;onf[k ordkif;
q&mwdq Yk Mkd uonf/ azmifawmfO;D apwDtcsKd U awmifxyd rf mS &Sad eonfrmS q&mawmftqdEk iS hf
udkufnDvsuf&Sdonf/
a&Tw*d akH pwDü t"d|mefpcef;csaexdik cf sed f qdik &f mwdu
Yk [oFmwodo
Yk mG ;&ef ñTeMf um;
vmonf/ Munfjh rifwikd b f wl mrS om&a0godaYk jy;qGaJ om rD;&xm;jzifh c&D;xGucf o hJ nf/
tazmfryg t0wfESpfpHkrxm; xD;raqmif; bdeyfrpD; tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKp&m vufuoHk;
awmifa0S;/ xdkawmifa0S;jzifh ajrBuD;udk axmufí pum;ajymvQif qE´jynhf&ovdk
rdk;ay:OD;vSnhfí pum;ajymEdkifonf/1 usef;rma&;twGuf yg&rDy|mef;quf&SdolwdkY
1/ rdrad wGUvdo
k l awGU&rnfo
h x
l H BudKwiftoday;jcif;udk qdv
k o
kd nf/
152
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 153
toufu,fEdkifa&; aq;vG,ftdwfi,fwpfvHk;omyg&Sdonf/ om&a0grS [oFmwNrdKU

bufu;l cJo h nf/ todtuRrf;r&Sd qdik &f mrSvwT v
f o
Ykd m pcef;aqmif&rJah e&m vmcJ&h wm
jzpfonf/ tndKa&mif t0wfEGrf; &aohqef;wpfyg;[k trsm;ujrifaeMuonf/
"rD&Ç mG a&mufvQif &JrLS ;OD;apmarmif1 u vma&mufNyD; tppulnrD ,f[k wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/
pcef;cs&efae&mum; "rDÇ&Gm csrf;omBuD;ausmif;teD; a&S;a[mif;apwDikwf (3)ql
jyif&efjzpfonf/ jyKjyifvQif xdcdkufonf[k tqdk&Sdí jyKjyif0Hholr&Sd? csHKEG,frsm;
ydwfzHk;vsuf&Sdonf/
apwD(3)ql2 rSm tavmif;pnfoal c: yk*jH ynf azmifpMumydik &f iS f bk&if wnfxm;
cJah om apwDrsm;jzpf&m azmifawmfOD; azmifawmfyJh azmifawmfjyef apwDbUJG awmf
&Sdaeonf/ udef;cef;t& rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwdkY\ jyKcJhaomopömpum;t& vG,fulpGm
aqmif&GufEdkif aom tvkyfr[kwf? &aohwpfOD;tae olpdrf;jyifjyif vltxifrBuD;jzpfí
apwD(3)ql NyD;pD;atmif jyefvnfwnfxm;&efrSm vG,fulrnfr[kwf/ NyD;pD;atmif
wnfay;ygrnf[k uwdjyKcJhNyD;jzpfí apwDteD;0,f pcef;cs t"d|mef0ifcJh&onf/
[oFmwwpf0u kd f xdpk Ofu xif&mS ;aomolwrYkd mS -
crkefq&mawmf OD;ukov
crkeq f &mawmf OD;ukovonf Edik if aH usm"f r®uxdujzpfonf/ "mwfjym;uufquf
acGrsm; wpfEikd if v Y m;&m txl;ojzifh Edik if aH wmftyk cf sKyfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
H ;kH tESYH jzefx
ae0if;udk a&Tw*d akH pwD xD;awmftm;jyefcsNy;D tvlreD , D o H w¬Kjzifh vkyaf omxD;udk tpm;xd;k
wifvLS 7efppD Ofaeonfukd xD;rcs&ef uefu Y u G wf &m;a[mMum;vsuf&o dS nf/ a&Tw*d xkH ;D
b,fow l if rif;wke;f rif;BuD;wif? a&Tw*d x kH ;D b,focl s -----awGcs[k &ifo h ;D pGm
ajymqd&k oJ jl zpfonf/ w&m;a[m&ef yifah qmif&mwGif rif;0wfrif;pm; a'0g0if; &mZm0if;
a&SUaemuf cif;NyD;yifah qmifr<S uonf/ BudKqdyk ifah qmifcsdef BuD;us,fcrf;em;NyD; vlpnfum;
avh &Sdonf/ w&m;a[mr@yfudk wdkif(100)jzifh aqmufvkyfNyD; uEkwfyef;qifjymom'f
aqmuf ayguf rkcOf ;D ygaqmufí a&Tyv’iaf y:rSw&m;a[mavh&o dS nf/ w&m;emy&dowf
pnfum; rsm;jym;NyD; ta[mtajymaumif;aom q&mawmfjzpfonf/
yxrHq&mvIdif
yxrHq&mvIid o f nf [oFmwc½dik f t*FyNl rdKUe,f uGi;f aumuf&mG \ awmifbuf
f &mawmf3jzpfco
,Ge;f bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif; ausmif;xdik q hJ nf/ 1314-ckEpS f 0gacgifvqef;
1/ &efuek af &Tw*d akH pwD&ifjyifü raemr,ynmcH,Ml uol q&mwlwynhjf zpfonf/
2/ azmifawmfapwD(3)ql&adS om pcef;rSm 0dik ;f ywf&mG ouúxyl apwDteD; bd;k &[ef;pcef;jzpfonf/
3/ bGaYJ wmfrmS OD;aZmwdu[k od&onf/
153
KTS 15-11-14-1
(14)&uf n 9-em&Dtcdsef txuft&Sijf rwfwYkd csD;jr§ií hf xGu&f yfaygufcohJ [ l k ausmfMum;

vsuf&Sdonf/ aemifwGif vl0wfaMumifb0 udk&ifBuD;b0jzifh wynhfrsm;pGmNcH&Hvsuf
w&m;a[majymaeoljzpfonf/ aumufni§ ;f aygif; wif;q,fcsDí vmorQy&dowfwt Ykd m;
{nhcf aH uR;arG;Edik o
f nf/ "mwfusonf[q k ukd m 0ufom;[if;ESifh qefwif;a&q,fcscD suNf y;D
auR;arG;avh&o dS nf/ *Hnk if;oD; 'd;k vH;k udw
k ef;pDvsuf oHauG;jzifh tvSnu fh sxd;k í vH;k a&
trsm;&atmifx;kd jyNyD; Edik af om*Hn
k if;'d;k udk wynhyf &dowfwt Ykd m; taqmiftjzpfay;avh
&So
d nf/ [oFmwe,f&dS vltrsm;rSm q&mvIid \ f wynhrf sm; jzpfaeMuonf/
bdk;awmfOD;a&maz
[oFmwNrdKUtaemufawmifbufwiG f wvkyaf xmf&mG rS OD;a&mazonf apwpfv;kH
ydik f bd;k awmftjzpf xif&mS ;vsuf&o dS nf/ t7ufaomuf&mwGif tcsdejf ynhaf omufaeol
jzpfonf/ t&ufrrl;oljzpfí txl;tqef;jzpfvsuf bd;k awmf OD;a&maz[k ½dak oaeMu
onf/ vlwikd ;f aMumuf&UHG ½dak ocJMh uonf/ wpfaeYwiG f touft&G,Bf uD;BuD; yk*K¾d vfwpfO;D
onf wvkyaf xmf&mG OD;a&maztdraf &mufvmonf/ t&ufNyKd ifaomufrnf ½I;H vQif wynhcf H
pwrf; uwdjyKMuonf/ ESpOf ;D wpfa,mufwpfcu G f qufaomufMu&m aemufyikd ;f OD;a&maz
trl;vGeu f m owdarhomG ;cJo h nf/ trl;ajyí OD;a&mazonf teD;wGi&f adS om t&ufyv k if;
tm;vH;k t&nfr&Sd tcGo H museaf eonf/ tdrcf ef;twGi;f odr;f xm;aom t&ufyv k if;tm;vH;k
½d;k ½d;k a&tjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;cJo h nf/ pdeaf c:olum; tajctaerysuf xdik v f suaf wGU&aom
aMumifh rdrdt½IH;ay;aMumif;? wynhftjzpfcH,lygaMumif; ajymqdk 0efcHvsuf xdkyk*d¾Kvf
ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f aqmifc&hJ onf/
a&S;a[mif;bk&m;ikww f rkd sm;udk jyKjyif&m wynht f rsm; vdu
k yf gulnMD uonf/ vlrsKd ;pHk
a&m*gpHk a&ref;wdkufvsuf aysmufuif;aponf/ vkyfief;udpörsm;udk ajyvnfatmif
aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f l &mxl;&mcHwufatmif rpEdik o f [ l k ,HMk unfav;pm;tm;xm;cJMh uonf/
wvkyfaxmf bdk;awmf OD;a&maz [k xif&Sm;aevsuf&Sdonf/
pdefyef;yifvufyHukef;bdk;awmfvSodef;
[oFmwNrdKU ajrmufbufwiG f pdeyf ef;yifvufyuH ek ;f &Gmrsm;&So
d nf/ xd&k mG ü aexdik f
aom OD;vSoed ;f qdo
k o
l nf vufjzifv
h n
S cfh sKyf&aom vufcsKyfpufq&mjzpfonf/ ajcjzifh
eif;&aompuf ray:ao;ay/ ,ckvufcsKyfpufr&Sd uG,faysmufaeNyDjzpfonf/ ykqdk;
tusÐ t0wftxnfrsm;udk tcaiGjzifh csKyfay;aeoljzpfonf/ wpfaeY pufcsKyfae&if;
154
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 155
rl;vJomG ;&m owdjyef&csdef vltrsm;tm; tmPmoHjzifh apcdik ;f onf/ vltrsm; OD;vSoed ;f

cdkif;aporQ jiif;qef0Hholr&SdbJ cdkfif;orQ vkyfudkifay;Mu&onf/ wpfqifhwuf t0wfndK
0wfvm bk&m;wnf&ef b,fae&mudkvm ajymvQifajymovdkvkyfMu&onf/ 'DaeY rdk;&Gm
rdk;wdwfyg avwdkufyg av&yfyg[kqdkvQif ajymqdkonfhtwdkif; jzpfaeonf/ a&S;a[mif;
bk&m;ikww f rkd sm;udk txdu
k t
f avsmuf jyKjyifEikd o
f nf/ vltrsm;uvnf; bd;k awmfvo
S ed ;f [k
av;pm;pGmac:a0:cJhMuonf/
rlvjyefbdk;awmf
aemifESpfMumvmaomtcg OD;a&mazrSm ig;zrf;aoma&vkyfief;udk OD;aqmifNyD;
rdom;pk toufarG;0rf;aMumif;tvkyfjzifh b0ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&onf/ OD;vSodef;onfvnf;
aemufvu kd yf &dowfr&Sad omtcg rlvpufcsKyftvkyu f kd vkyu
f ikd t f oufarG;0rf;aMumif;
jyKvsuf b0ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&onf/ a&m*gusa&mufaeonfudk awGU&vdkY &Sif&aohuyif
ukovrf;ñTeaf y;cJ&h onf/ bd;k awmfatmifrif;acgify*k K¾d vf pD;0ifvsuf rkq;kd quf wHigquf
y&dowfukd o&P*Hw k nfatmif ig;yg;oDvvHak tmif aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ xdek ,fwiG f
ausmMf um;olwYkd t&Sed t
f 0gBuD;csed f OD;atmifNird ;f rxifr&Sm; &aohb0jzifh a&mufvmcJ&h onf/
xif&Sm;aeolrsm;tMum; a&muf&Sdae&csdeftwGif; vltrsm;\ txifao; tjrifao;
tjypfajym ESdyfcscH&onfrSm wpfaxmifESifhwpfa,mufvdkjzpfaecJhonf/
&aohqdkwm bmudkac:ovJ
"rDÇ&mG csrf;omBuD;q&mawmfxH 0ifa&mufuefaY wmhonf/ bk&m;ikww f (kd 3)qlukd
jyefvnfjyKjyif&efvmaomaMumifh jyifcGifhjyKyg&efESifh apwDteD; pcef;csaexdkifvdkaMumif;
avQmufxm;onf/ ,cifu tdy&f mwGif tNrJvaJS eNyD; ab;vlxrl S xEdik o f nf/ ,ck
bk&m;jyifrnf[Mk um;vQif 0rf;omtm;&jzpfNy;D wnhrf wfpmG xxdik vf suf xlxal xmifaxmif
tmvmyov’mypum;ajymqdv k monf/ ygvmaomaq;udk uyfvLS NyD; aeYpOfbOk ;f ay;&ef
avQmufxm;cJo h nf/ &ufrMumrDrmS vlaumif;yuwdvjkd zpfvmNy;D apwDiw k w
f &kd &dS m vma&muf
Munhf½Ionf/ aoG;cdk;avcdk; oefY&Sif;ap&ef 0ufom; trJom; pm;oHk;rIrjyKoifhaMumif;
avQmufxm;&m oabmusvufcí H rpm;roH;k awmhay/ ud, k u
f m,rQwNyD; usef;rmvm
onf/ apwD 3-qljyKjyif&modYk <ua&muftm;ay;cJo h nf/ apwD 3-qlrmS wjznf;jznf;
taumiftxnfay:vmNyD; vltrsm; t0iftxGuf tvSLtwef;rsm;vmcJo h nf/
a&mufump vlrodorl odtcsdeu f t½l;rwpfa,mufonf &Si&f aohxaH &muf
vmNyD; teD;wGif ½dkaopGmxdkifvsuf a&S;½dk;eef;us bk&ifvGrf;csif;oHjzifh idkcsif;csonf/
155
KTS 15-11-14-1
bk&iftm; vufnK§d ;xd;k &efawGU[efjzifh oDcsi;f qdv k Qif OD;&aohuvnf; wifyv’icf swd v
f suf
yGihfvif;pGm wifavQmufapAsm;[k Zmwf[efjzifh jyefajym&onf/ twdwfaMumif;
ta[mif;udak rhNyD; eef;opfyv’io f pfwiG f a>c&HtopfawGEiS hf aysmfjrL;aeaom taMumif;
t&mjzpfonf/ idkcsif;&SnfqHk;vQif ESpfOD;vHk;&,farmMuonf/
avQmufxm;vmolrmS u&iftrsKd ;tEG,f touf 50 t&G,f a':jrMunfjzpfonf/
vltrsm;u pdwrf ESo YH pl w
d Zå a0'em&Sit
f ½l;r[k owfrw S xf m;Muonf/ oeyfcg;yg;uGuMf um;
ES;D carmufaqmif; tus&Ð ifz;kH a&S;toH;k tEIe;f pum;ajymavh&o dS nf/ qufvufí ar;cGe;f rsm;
udk ar;vQif OD;&aohuvnf; pdw&f n S pf mG ajzMum;cJo h nf/
ar;/ /'Du &[ef;vm; &aohvm;/
ajz/ /&aohyg/
ar;/ /&aohqdkawmh 'DtndKa&mift0wfudkac:jcif;vm;? 'Dtom;ta&udk
zH;k wJch E¨mud,k f udk ac:jcif;vm; (&ifbwfukd vufnK§d ;xd;k ar;onf)/
ajz/ /twGi;f tZÑwå twGi;f pdwef YJ ud, k u
f sifw
h &m;udk &aohvaYkd c:&w,f/
(þtajzudMk um;vQif 0rf;omrIjzpfomG ;onf)
ar;/ /olt Y ouf olt Y om; pm;aeovm;/
ajz/ /toD;tESH tm[m&udo k mpm;ygw,f/ (ydí k auseyfomG ;onf)
ar;/ /yHo h ulom;udk pm;ao;vm;/
ajz/ /rpm;yg/
ar;/ /yHo h ulom;qdw k m odygovm;/
ajz/ /b,fvdktom;rsdK;udkac:ygovJ ajymjyyg/
a':jrMunf/ /"m;oGm;xufxufev YJ nfyif;atmufu yifyh ifu h Nl y;D owfvYkd aowJt h om;
rsdK;udk ac:Muwm[k ajzqdNk yD;aemuf-
pm;olawG&v dS Ykd a&mif;olawG&iT ?f a&mif;ol&iT v f Ykd owfou l oGiof iG o
f wfae
Muwm/ &aohqw kd m 'Dvrkd sdK;udak c:&rSm/ tusihv f rJ rSef enf;vrf;rus
(emrfavmurSm&Sad eolw&Ykd UJ tvdq k E´) oabmxm;rrQvYkd 'Db&k m; 3-ql
udk jyifcGifhray;cJhwmyg/ pm;a&; aomufa&; ypönf;av;yg;'g,umcH,l
r,f [k ajymqdNk yD; xGuo f mG ;cJo
h nf/
bk&m;a[mif;jyifolwdkY owdjyK
a':jrMunfonf OD;&aohxv H mwdik ;f qefqq D m; i½kyf MuufoeG f toD;tESH
[if;oD;[if;&Guaf wG ,lvmonf/ pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;vnf;ygvmwwfonf/ &Si&f aoh
156
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 157
teD;wGif acG;wpfaumiftNrJ&adS eonfrmS oufawmfapmifv h jkd zpfonf/ a':jrMunf ,lvm

aom rkefYyJoa&pmauR;vQif tukefrpm;bJ wpf0ufudkajcjzifh,uf0Sufxm;NyD; aemufrS
pm;avh&o dS nf/ tcsdKUu t½l;r[m trIu d yf u
kH aumufvmwm[kqMkd uonf/ ygvmaom
ypön;f rsm;u oef&Y iS ;f vwfqwfaeonf/ bk&m;wnf&m vkyt f m;ay;rsm;twGuf aeYpOf
pm;oH;k &ef axmufyahH eoljzpfonft h jyif wpfbufe,f (emrfavmu)&JU raempD; "mwfp;D Ny;D
vltrsm;Mum;odatmif ajymqdkjcif; jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ orxvkyfief;rSefvQif orm"d
tm;aumif;vmw,f/ qdik &f mwdt Yk ultnD&vmw,f/ bk&m;wnfMu&mrSm tusdK;aqmif
olrsm;udk owday;&onfrSm bk&m;udktaMumif;jyKNyD; udk,fusdK;twGufoHk;pGJzdkY rpOf;pm;
MueJY udk,frSm&SdwJhypönf;udk BuHKawmifhBuHKcJ vSL'gef;MuvdkY owday;cJh&onf/ yg&rDquf
y|mef;quf&adS om &Si&f aohç a':jrMunfç oufawmfapmifah cG;wd\ Yk rSwo
f m;zG,&f m jzpf&yf
aywnf;/ bk&m;ypönf; tqdyfoD; oHk;enf;tvGefcuf[k qdMk uonf/ bk&m;a[mif;
jyifvdkolwdkY owdjyK&ef jzpfayonf/
bk&m; 3-ql jyKjyif&mü vltrsm; o'¨gw&m;xufoefpmG vkyuf ikd cf MhJ uonf/ tpp
0dkif;0ef;ulnDvSL'gef;aeMu&m teD;&Sd csrf;omBuD;q&mawmfausmif;odkYt0iftxGufenf;
vmonf/ vkyftm;ay;olwdkY wpfaysmfwpfyg; pm;aomufvkyfudkifaeMuovdk &Sif&aoh
uvnf; apwD 3-ql rNyD;vQif ig cg;0wft½Hk rvJNyD[k t"d|mefjyKvsuf wpfxyfqGrf;
opfoD;qGrf; a&qGrf; t"d|mefjzifh &ufqufcJh&m cE¨mudk,frSm tm;tifcsdeJY t0wft½Hk
&d&GJaqG;ajrhvmcJhonf/
o'¨gw&m;EHck sm todrygolwuYkd m; &Si&f aohu bke;f BuD;xufomaeNy/D oHCmxuf
&aohxH ud;k uG,af ejcif;rSm obm0rus £ómpdwjf zpfaeNyD; csrf;omBuD;q&mawmfxH
oGm;a&muf ukef;acsmpum;ajymMuonf/ bmr[kwfwJh &aohpum; em;axmifp&mrvdk
q&mawmf tm;&Sad tmif 0uf trJ jyefbOk ;f ay;yg[k ajymqdNk yD; csufjyKwfvLS 'gef;qufuyf
Muonf/ 'umpum; em;axmifNy;D 0ufom; trJom; jyefvnfbOk ;f ay;avonf/ rMumrD
a&m*gjyefjzpfvmNyD; tdyf,mxJ bkef;bkef;vJ&Sm&avonf/
xD;wifyGJESihf bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ
&Sif&aoh t"d|mefwifí a&S;a[mif;apwDikwfwdk(3)ql jyKjyifcJh&m tacsmowf
NyD;pD;í xD;wif&ef tqifoifjh zpfaecJo
h nf/ apwDawmfjyKjyifjcif;rSm "rD&Ç mG wGif wpfouf
wm pcef;csae&efr[kwf/ yg&rDy|mef;quf&SdolwdkY ukodkvfw&m;yGm;rsm;&efomjzpfonf/
uRwo f ifu
h Rwx
f u
kd o
f w
l t
Ykd m; uRwv
f wG af p&ef qdik &f mbkr,
®d ajrESiq fh ikd &f mewfwYkd 0rf;om
tm;& tultnD ay;cJMh uonf/ 9-yg;oDv (e0*Fov D )apmif&h efrvdk arwåmydYk arwåmyGm;
157
KTS 15-11-14-1
vQif jynhpf o
kH nf/ oufowfvw G bf &k m; ud, k w
f ikd f rbkO;f ay; OD;&aoh usihpf Ofw&m;
a[mpOfrsm; bk&m;a[mESihf rnD[k a0zefMuonf/ tom;[if;pHkpHkpm;NyD; owå0gawG
csrf;omygap[k arwåmydjYk cif;um; obmusaom arwåmur®|mef; jzpfEikd f rjzpfEikd f pOf;pm;
rnf[o k m tajzay;&onf/ rodpw d jf zifh qefuY sifo&l o
dS vdk zsufvzkd sufq;D jyKvdo k l
y&dowf pnfum;onfudk rjrifvdkolawGum; tEÅ&m,ftrsdK;rsdK; zefwD;cJhMuonf/
arwåmopöm vufuikd x f m;onf;cHjcif;cEÅwD &m;rsm;pGmjzifh aexdik cf &hJ onf/ owfrw
S &f ufwiG f
oltY ouf olt Y om; owfjzwfNyD; auR;arG;jcif;rjyK? toD;t&Guf qDaygaygjzifh csufjyKwf
{nfch í
H oifw h ifah om &[ef;oHCmyifv h suf xD;awmfwifvLS yGJ usif;ycJo h nf/ ukov kd f
oufouf&atmif jyKvkycf ahJ omyGjJ zpfco hJ nf/
csr;f omBuD;ausmif; ausmif;xdik q f &mawmf\ a&m*grSm oufomjcif;r&S?d xD;wifyJG
eD;av a&m*gwdk;avjzpfvmonf/ xD;wif&ef &ufydkif;tvdkrSmyif bkef;awmfBuD; b0
ewfxH ysHveG af vonf/ psmyeudpu ö kd xD;wifyEJG iS hf tNydKifaqmif&u G Mf u&m ZmwfyJG tNidryhf JG
{nfhcHauR;arG;&ef Muuf 0uf uRJ EGm; vdktyfaompm&if;udkyg jyKpkwm0efay;cJhMuonf/
ukokdvfoefYoefY&apaom bk&m; (3)ql xD;wifyGJESihf aysmfyGJpm;yGJ tukeftusrsm;aom
bke;f BuD;ysHyu JG m; qufomG ;avonf/
yk*jH ynfrS rif;aumif;rif;jrwf azmifpMum&Sif tavmif;pnfol ukov kd af wmfapwD
(3)ql NydKysufae&m ,cktcg jyefvnfjyKjyifx;D awmfwifyJG NyD;ajrmufcNhJ yDjzpfí &Si&f aoh\
cEDo Å pömt"d|mefyg&rDum; jynhpf ckH ahJ vonf/ trsm;u &aohBuD; bdk;opöm[kac:a0:Muonf/
qdik &f mwd\
Yk ñTeMf um;csuf Ny;D pD;atmif aqmif&u G cf &hJ um; tjcm;wpfae&modYk pcef;ajymif;a&GU
cJah vonf/ "rD&Ç mG rS vltrsm;url rSwrf w S &f & xD;wifyGJvJrSD bkef;BuD;ysHyGJvJrSD xD;wifyJG
ESifh bke;f BuD;ysHyJG 'Gew
f v
JG Ykd aysmfyaJG wGqufwhJ ESpx f ;l ESpjf rwf[k ajymqdMk uavonf/
arsmufzrf;ol OD;apmarmif
&aoh bdk;opömb0jzifh "rDÇ&GmazmifawmfqufapwDwnfxm;csdefu t½l;rtjzpf
owfrw S af c:qdck &H aom a':jrMunftm; acRcRw&f eftwGuf vlBuHKjzifvh ukd yf gvdu
k ac:cJ&h ef
&JrSL;OD;apmarmiftm; rSmMum;cJhonf/ a':jrMunfonf vlBuHKESifhusdKufxD;aqmif;odkY
acwåa&mufvmonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf a&SUa&mufvQif ZmwfobifyGJü
rdzk&m;rsm; pum;ajym[efjzifh q&mawmftm;avQmufxm;onf/ q&mawmfuvnf;
wifyv’icf sdwx f ikd Nf yD; avQmufwifapAsm;[k rdeMYf um;onf/ y&dowfrsm; &,f&,farmarm
jzpfaeMuonf/ aemiftcg a':jrMunftwGuf vlBuHKOD;apmarmiftm; oDv&Si0f wfpakH y;Ny;D
jynfNrdKU 'ud©Pm½Hkausmif;rSmpcef;xGuf&rnf[k q&mawmfurSmvdkufaMumif; ajymqdk
158
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 159
acsmharmhum oDv&Sif0wf&ef tBuHjyKvdkufonf/ OD;apmarmifonf a':jrMunftm;

uRefawmfwYkd (2)a,mufv;kH jynfNrdKUrSm *E¨m&Dpcef;xGu&f efrmS vduk af Mumif;? ,ckc&D;xGuf
&ef vmac:aMumif;ajym&m tvG,w f ulvu kd v
f mcJo
h nf/ jynfNrdKUa&mufvQif a':jrMunf
tm; oDv&Sif0wfapNyD; OD;apmarmifu &aoh0wfjzifh t"d|mef0ifMuonf/ t"d|mef&uf
aphvQif ½H;k udpt
ö a&;BuD;onf? [oFmwjyefO;D rnf[q k u
kd m jyefrvmawmh? a':jrMunfum;
a':od*b Ð UJG trnfjzifh oDv&Sit
f jzpf aecJ&h onf/
q&mawmfxH a':od*aÐ &mufvmcJo h nf/ q&mawmfonf oDv&Sit f m; a&To*d Ð
trnfjzihfac:qdkavh&Sdonf/ q&mawmftm; wdkifMum;onfrSm--[dka&S;a&S;wkef;u
awmifajcteD; awm&GmrSm v,form;wpfO;D v,fvyk af eonf/ pdu k yf sKd ;xm;aom oD;ESrH sm;
udk arsmuftyk zf sufq;D í tysuftpD; tqH;k t½H;I rsm;vSonf/ arsmuftyk u f kd zrf;qD;rS
oufomrnf[k pdwu f ;l vsuf vlwYkd tjyKtrlukd vdu k v
f yk w
f wfaom arsmufwjYkd rifatmif
aumuf (pyg;)e,fwvif;teD; t&uft;kd csxm;Ny;D xef;a&cg;udak omufjyonf/ EGm;rsm;udk
BudK;ESiw
fh NJG y;D pyg;e,fonf/ opfyifay:rS arsmufrsm;onf rodrom tuJcwfvsu&f o dS nf/
arsmufzrf;rnfo h o l nf pyg;e,fNyD;vQif BudK;rsm;udk t&if;rS xH;k csDNyD; ta0;rSacsmif;ajrmif;
aecJhonf/
arsmuftkyfonf BudK;rsm;udk,lNyD; tcsif;csif; csDaESmifMu? xef;a&cg;aomufMu?
EGm;rsm;e,fovdk pyg;e,fMuonf/ pyg;uGif;ywfcsmvnfrl;ovdk xef;a&ygrl;vmvQif
rvIyfEdkifbJ&SdaeMuonf/ arsmufzrf;olonf arsmuftkyfudk tvG,fESifhzrf;,lcJhonf/
OD;apmarmifonf ykvdyftusifh ykvdyfÓmPfqifNyD; olyg'kv’b0wfrnhf[efaqmifNyD;
wynhaf wmfrtm; &moufyefov D &Si0f wfatmif jzm;a,mif;cJo h u
l ,aeY oluvGwf
aeonf/ apmarmifonf ykvdyfÓmPfeJY arsmufzrf;olrsdK;ygbk&m; avQmuf&m q&mawmf
ESihf y&dowfrsm; &,farmcJh&avonf/ a&Tod*Ðum; oDv&Sif0wfjzifh b0ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJh
avonf/
jrpfrcjrpf0J,mtajccs
{&m0wDjrpfonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; arcjrpfrvdcjrpfwdkYqHk&mrSpwifpD;qif;
vmcJ&h m rEÅav;wdik ;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f rauG;wdik ;f yJc;l wdik ;f {&m0wDwikd ;f udk jzwfoef;vsuf
b*Fvm;yifv,ftwGif; 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmjynfajrmufzsm;rS awmifzsm;txd
pD;qif;í &Snv f sm;aomjrpfjzpfonf/ {&m0wDwikd ;f [oFmwc½dik ?f yJc;l wdik ;f om,m0wD
c½dik o
f Ykd a&mufvQif jrpfvufwufrsm;cGx J uG Nf yD; ajrEkuRef;rsm;jzpfay:apcJo h nf/ yJc;l wdik ;f
159
KTS 15-11-14-1
rd;k ndKNrdKU ajrmufbufrpS wifcx

JG u
G cf ahJ om jrpfvufwufukd jrpfrcjrpf[k a'oaevlwYkd
ac:qdkMuonf/ yJcl;½dk;rrS pD;qif;aoma&rsm;onf jrpfrcjrpftwGif; aygif;qHkMuNyD;
anmifwkef;NrdKU ajrmufbufwGif {&m0wDjrpfvufwufESifh jyefaygif;vsuf &efukefwdkif;
xef;wyif wdkufBuD; arSmfbD 0g;wpf&m vIdifom,m? a&Tjynfom? tif;pdefrS &efukefjrpf
wGaH w;wl;ajrmif;twGi;f tqH;k owfp;D qif;onf/
vufyw H ef;NrdKUe,f\ taemufjcrf;&Sd jrifu0&Gm r[maygif;&Gm v,fwD&GmwdrYk mS
jrpfrcjrpf\ta&SUbufurf;0,f wnf&NdS yD; wrm&Gmum; jrpf\taemufbufurf;wGif
wnf&o dS nf/ wrm&GmteD;wGif tif;BuD;rsm;rSm 2-rdik cf ef&Y n S Nf yD; {&m0wDjrpfcJG jrpfrcjrpf
teD;wGi&f &dS m a&vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;wGuaf jcudu k af omtif;wpfcjk zpfonf/
rd;k ukev f Qif tqdyk gtif;rSa&rsm;udk av;vufrydu k w
f yfpufav;vH;k jzifh aeYa&mnyg em&D
rjywf jrpfrcjrpftwGif; pkyfxkwf&m &ufaygif; (30)eD;yg; tcsdefMumonf/ a&ukefvQif
ig;ykZeG rf sm; a&yd;k a&ig;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;vsuf pD;yGm;a&;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ r[maygif;&Gmom;wdYk
uvnf; tif;aumufü wrm&Gmom;rsm;enf;wl a&vkyfief;vkyfudkifaecJhMuonf/ Ak'¨
bmom0iftjrifjzifMh unhv f Qif tcsdejf ynhaf &owå0grsm; toufq;kH ½I;H atmif jyKvkyo f rl sm;
tpkvu kd af exdik &f ma'ojzpfonf/ 5-yg;oDvwGif ygPmwdygwuHukd tcsdejf ynhu f sL;vGef
aeolrsm;[k qdEk ikd o f nf/ 5-yg;oDvvHNk cHKrIr&Sv d Qif tyg,fav;yg;usa&mufrnfjzpfonfh
pwåma&m tyg,m oua*[o'dom [laoma'oemumm; xdo k w
l u
Ykd kd &nfñeT ;f jcif;[k
qdEk ikd af yonf/ tyg,fav;&Gm tdraf *[monf wrm&Gm v,fwD&Gm r[maygif;&Gm
jrifu00&G &G mudk &nfñeT ;f xm;ovdjk zpfaecJo h nf/ tif;avvHqcJG sdeaf &mufvQif vlowfrI
jzpfavh&o dS nfrmS xH;k pHjzpfaeonf/
v,fw&D mG um; jrpfta&SUbufwiG &f o dS nf/ jrpfrcjrpfonf xdt k csdeu
f a&pD;oef
a&jyifus,o f nf/ tdrw
f ikd ;f vdv
k kd vkyif ef;oH;k (14 awmif)avSrsm;&So d nf/ &Gmcsi;f qufo,
G f
a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tdro f ;kH y&dabm*jzpfonf/ avSjzifh wrmtxufqyd f atmuf
qdyrf S v,fw&D mG odYk oGm;Muovdk r[maygif;&Gmwef;&Snf txufqyd f atmufqyd Ef iS hf
wpfrikd cf efu
Y mG a0;aom r[maygif;ausmif;qdyf jrifu0qdyo f Ykd oGm;vmMu&onf/ r[m
aygif;&Gmum; ordik ;f t& yk*jH ynf azmifpMumydik &f iS f tavmif;pnforl if; <ua&mufaexdik f
cJah om eef;awmf&muke;f ? azmifawmfO;D apwD? tif;0acwf vuf&m ½kyyf mG ;awmf (17)ql/
ukef;abmifacwf a&Tbdkrif;ac: om,m0wDrif; vma&mufí ,m,DwJeef;xdk;aexdkifcJh
zl;onfukd oufaoxlvsuf&o dS nf/ eef;rawmfrjrav;um; om&a0gol[k trsm;odMu
160
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 161
onf/ jrifu0&GmvnfrS r[maygif;ausmif;odYk toGm;tvmjyKaom 18 vufr&Sd tkwcf syf

rsm; a'gifvu
kd pf cD if;xm;aomvrf; ,aeYwikd f awGUjrifEikd o
f nf/ bk&ifrif;jrwf r[maygif;
bk&m; zl;ajrmfavh&Sd&m rif;toGm;tjyefvrf;jzpfcJhonf/
vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aemuf om,m0wDe,f ,ckvufyw H ef;NrdKUe,f r[maygif;&GmrS
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; ay:xGufcJhonf/ zqyvacgif;aqmif yxpacgif;aqmif
Awvp Ouú| EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftxd &mxl;BuD;BuD; xrf;aqmifcJhaom (ocifwif=
jrefrmtvif;OD;wif)\ arG;zGm;&mZmwdjzpfco hJ nf/ xdak cwfu aqmufvyk x f m;aom tv,f
wef;ausmif;rSm cHn h m;x,f0gvSonf/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tqdyk g taqmuftOD&rdS nfrxif/
ausmif;zGifhyGJjyKvkyfcsdefu jrpfrcjrpftwGif; a&wyfoabFmrsm;pGma&muf&SdcJhNyD; EdkifiH
acgif;aqmifrsm; wufa&mufziG v hf pS af y;cJah om txufwef;ausmif;&Sad eonf/ ynmwwfrsm;
EdkifiHawmftpdk;7 0efxrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ,cktcg obm00ef;usif &moDOwk
ajymif;vTcJ o hJ vdk jrpfrcjrpfrmS oabFm0ifxu G o f mG ;vmEkid af om tajctaer&S?d rd;k &moDü
avSu;l wdjYk zifo h m oGm;vmEdik Nf yD; yGiv hf if;&moDwiG f acsmif;½d;k ajrmif;½d;k rQ a&pD;jzifh ajcvQif
jzwfomG ;Mu&onftxd a&pD;tm;enf;vsu&f o dS nf/ vrf;yrf;qufo, G af &;rSm ajcvQiof m
oGm;Mu&NyD; EGm;vSn;f jzif0h efwifvQif urf;yg;twuftqif; Murf;wrf;vSonf/ &efuek rf S
oGm;vmygu Munfjh rifwikd b f w
l mrS om&a0gblwmtxd rD;&xm;pD;Edik o f nf/ vufyw H ef;NrKd U
taemuf (3)blwmtvGef crHpk &k mG blwmrSmqif;Ny;D wrm&GmodYk ajcvQif (4)rdik f qdik u f ,fjzifh
oGm;vmEdik o f nf/ wrm&GmrS ta&SUbufurf;&Sd v,fw&D mG r[maygif;&Gm jrifu0&Gmrsm;odYk
ajcvQio f mG ;Mu&onf/ vufyw H ef;blwmrS &xm;pD;cJNh y;D crHpk &k mG rSmqif;onf/ *E¨m&Dtusihf
pcef;rsm;rSm jrpfrcjrpf 0J,mü&Sdaom wrm&GmESifh r[maygif;&GmwdkYjzpfonf/
a&Twd*HkapwDrS r[maygif;odkY
&aohO;D atmifNird ;f onf a&Tw*d akH pwDawmf &ifjyif&dS aemifawmfBuD;apwDü t"d|mef
vkyif ef;rsm;jzifh aeYntm;xkwcf &hJ m ,aeY t"d|mefatmifjrifaomaeYjzpfonf/ omoemh
rdcif zcifwYkd ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f pcef;xGu&f efppD Ofxm;&m tBudKaxmufvmol wrm&GmrS
'g,umODOD;oef;a&T toifah pmifq h ikd ;f vsuf&o
dS nf/ a&Tw*d ükH t"d|mefNyD;í aeuxdik u
f kd
acguf? aq;vG,t f w
d Ef iS hf vufuwH;k awmifa0S;udk udik Nf yD; [d[ k 'kd 'D D tuJcwfaepOf
bk&m;jzpfr,fhvla& 'Dem;vmygOD;}}tpcsDum om; 2-a,mufESifh orD;i,fudkyg
]]bk
161
KTS 15-11-14-1
vufqNJG yD; vlyt kH v,f t&Su&f p&m pum;rsm; ajymqdo k MH um;vdu k í f vSnMfh unhrf o d nf/
rdom;pkESifhtqufjzwfvsuf *E¨m&Dc&D;xGufvmonfrSm &ufMumaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
"mwfoo d il ,fcsi;f u ae&mtwdtus tcsed u f ykd gajymjyvdu k af omaMumifh ZeD;ESirhf o d m;pkrsm;
aemifawmfBuD;apwD&ifjyifteD; a&mufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ ur®|mef;tvkyNf yD;í om,m
0wDc½dkif vufyHwef;NrdKUe,fodkY *E¨m&DoGm;&ef om&a0goGm; rD;&xm;vufrSwf,lxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ tBudKaxmufou l m; teD;wGif toifah pmifv h suf&adS omfvnf; vuf&&dS ifqikd f
ae&aom tcuftcJ t[eft Y wm;udk rnfoaYkd jz&Si;f rnfukd &ifwrrESiahf pmifah ecJo h nf/
[efwY m;aeolZeD;tm; vuf0g;jzifu h mjyNy;D toH;k taqmifrsm;udk ta&;wBu;D ,laqmifvsuf
aemifawmfBuD;apwD&ifjyifrq S if;um bk&m;apwDtBudKtMum; yke;f vsdK;vsufMunfjh rifwikd f
blwmodYk a&SU½Ixu G cf MhJ uonf/
vufumjyí cPapmifhae igvmrnf[k t"dyÜm,faygufyHk&onf/ &aoh
OD;atmifNird ;f bufuMunfv h Qif t"d|mefyg&rDuo k vkd Bf uD;rm;pGm jznhu f siEfh ikd cf o
hJ nf[k qdEk ikd f
onf/ tdr&f iS rf bufrmS rl tukov dk pf w
d t
f aMumif;cHaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuHjzpfomG ;
cJo
h nf/ avmuvlwt Ykd jrifwiG f &aoh OD;atmifNird ;f onf ZeD; om;orD;tay: jyKvkyo f nf
rSm rw&m;[k owfrSwfMurnfjzpfonf/ omoemh rdcif zcifwdkYurl 0rf;omtm;&
aumif;csD;Ekarmf om"kac:aeMurnfrSm aocsmaeayonf/ rdom;pktay: oaAÁ owåm
ur®óum [k Oayu©mjyKcJ&h onf/ rdom;pkrsm;tjrif0,f ud, k thf rd f ud, k ,
hf m ud, k hf
om;r,m;udk trSwrf xm; oGuo f u G cf g½l;&SmavNyD/ t0wft½Hpk w k pf w k jf ywfjywf tayguf
tNyJ eud, k ½f yk af ysmufaeygvm;[k ,lBuHK;r& rsufEmS oGijf yif wcPomjrifvu kd &f onf/
vlomrefwdkY rvkyfEdkifaomtvkyfrsdK;jzpfaeayonf/
Munfjh rifwikd b
f w l mrS om&a0grD;&xm;pD;vsuf *E¨m&Dc&D;quf&m vufyw H ef;blwm
tvGef crHbk w l mwGiq f if;í wrm&GmodYk ajcvsifc&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/ wrm&Gm wmqHEk iS hf
reD;ra0; &Gmtpyf0,f 'g,um OD;oef;a&T\wJtrd o f aYkd &muf&MdS uonf/ ZeD; a':Muifjr
jyifay;aom 0g;Murf;cif;ESihf 0g;vH;k jzwfacgif;tH;k udk teD;wGix f m;vsuf tdrt f ajctaeudk
avhvmtuJcwfonf/ ouúm,fr;kd 0g;wdik f 0g;Murf;cif; 0g;x&Humaetdrjf zpfonf/ bk&m;
pif0,f bk&m;yHak wmf eH&w H iG f awmyef;rsm; uyfvLS xm;onf/ yg&rDy|mef;quf&o dS rl sm;udk
t7if;cHvsuf wHigvkyo f rl sm;udk Ak'o
¨ moemwGi;f oGwo f iG ;f &ef a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/
qGrf;wpfxyfpmtwGuf tom;vGwf toD;t&Guf[if; ZvHk0,fxnfhíuyfvSLonf/
162
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 163
opfo;D wpfv;kH pm; a&qGr;f a&aomuf t"d|mef&uftwGuf tqifajyatmif pDpOfuyfvLS

Muonf/ r[maygif;&Gmausmif;BuD; q&mawmfESifh aqGrsdK;ruif;olrsm;jzpfonf/
rdk;rc tb&aoh
r[maygif;&Gmodo Yk mG ;&efjzpfí OD;oef;a&Tonf nae (3)em&Dtcsdef wrmavSqdyf
teD;&Sd OD;jyefYBuD;tdro f o Ykd mG ;Muonf/ toifjh yifxm;aom 14 awmif ul;wdaYk vSjzifh
oH;k OD;om; r[maygif;ausmif;BuD;qdyo f Ykd a&S;½Ixu G vf mcJMh uonf/ jrpfrcjrpftwGi;f a&muf
vQif avSOD;rS OD;jyefYBuD; 0J,mudkMunhf&m taemufawmifrS rdk;om;tHkYqdkif;aeonf/
a&v,fa&mufaeNyDjzpfí urf;odu Yk yf&eftcsderf &Sad wmh/ rMumrD rd;k a&mavygusawmhrnf/
usD;uef;awmifvkd ndKrJaeaom rd;k om;rsm;rSm wjznf;jznf;edrq hf if;vmNyD; toHrnfvsuf
&Gmcsawmhonf/ &aoh OD;atmifNidrf;wGif aqmif;p&mxD;rygovdk usef 2-OD;rSmvnf;
xD;carmufryg? 14-awmif&n S af vSwpf0u kd f 0J,m rd;k oD;rd;k ayguf tqufrjywfusvm
aeonf/ acgif;aqmif;p7mrygolrsm;jzpfaeí OD;jyefBY uD;ESihf OD;oef;a&TwYkd wpfa,mufrsuEf mS
wpfa,mufMunhaf eMuonf/ avSay:0,f rd;k vH;k 0rus acgif;ay:pGwpf jkd cif;r&S?d avS0, J m
avSwjyefpm rdk;aygufrus? rdk;uGif;vsuf&Sdonf/ jrpfrcjrpfwpfjyifvHk; rdk;a&mavyg
toHus,pf mG jrnf[;D aeonf/ w0ke;f 0ke;f wdu k cf wfvsu&f adS om jrpfjyif0,f avSrmS [d, k rd ;f
'D,drf; vl;vGefYaeonf/ wrm&GmavSqdyfwGif usef&pfol OD;zdk;pDtygt0if vltrsm;um;
&aoh wpfyg;ESihf OD;oef;a&T OD;jyefYBuD;wdkY b0Zmwfodrf;&SmMuNyD[k ajymqdkaeMuonf/
&aoh OD;atmifNidrf;um; rodovdkyifyHkrSefvdkufygvmcJhonf/ 'g,um 2-OD;vHk;
tcsif;csif;Munfí h NydKifwl acgif;ndwjf yMuonf/ wrm&Gm txufqyd rf mS r[maygif;&Gm\
ausmif;BuD;avSqdyfESifh wpfrdkifausmfc&D;jzpfonf/ rdk;avtMum;rSmyif c&D;ESifcJh&m
ausmif;qdyfodkYa&mufvmMuonf/ &aoh OD;atmifNidrf;rSm r[maygif;odkY yxrtBudrf
a&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; r[maygif;&Gmausmif;BuD;\ t*Fgaxmifo h Ykd OD;aqmif<uoGm;NyD;
apwDa[mif;udk ½dkaopGm &Sdcdk;0wfjyKqkyw¬emjyKonf/ teD;wGif&Sdaom ESpfusdyf&Spfql
½kyyf mG ;rsm;&S&d mudk oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmfonf/ 0gqdv k jynhaf eYjzpfí ausmif;atmufxyf0,f
y&dowfrsm;vsuf&o dS nf/ q&mawmf&&dS m ausmif;tay:xyfoYkd taemufbufavScg;rS
wufomG ;í bk&m;cef;ü&Sad om ½kyyf mG ;awmfukd OD;csuefawmhonf/ xdaYk emuf ausmif;xdkif
q&mawmf OD;*kP00tm; ½dak opGm 0wfjyKavonf/ ausmif;xdik q f &mawmfrS c&D;rqdu k f
pum;qdo k nfum; 'umBuD; usKyf&UJ oH"mwfv;kH aysmufomG ;w,f[q k v kd Qif t&Sib
f &k m;
163
KTS 15-11-14-1
oH"mwfv;Hk aysmufomG ;wmr[kw?f qdik &f muodr;f ,lomG ;wm[k ajzqdo k nf/ vm&if;
taMumif;rSm tavmif;pnfolrif; wnfxm;cJhaom azmifawmfOD;apwDudk zl;ajrmf&efESifh
apwDawmf oefY&Sif;a&; NydKysufaeaom apwDudk jyKjyifvdkí cGifhjyK&efavQmufxm;onf/
apwDa[mif;jzpfNy;D ql;NcKH rsm;tMum; a&muf&adS eNyjD zpfí OD;&aoh qE´twdik ;f cGijhf yKaMumif;
rdefYMum;onf/ twlygvmol 'g,um ESpfOD;onf atmufxyf&Sd Oykofonfrsm;xH
oGm;a&mufNyD; vrf;wGiBf uHKqHck &hJ aom jzpfpOfukd wd;k wd;k wdww f w
d f azmufonfcsvQif
vltrsm; pdw0f ifwpm;jzifh ausmif;ay:xyfoYkd a&mufvmMuNyD; OD;&aohtm; tuJcwf
Muonf/ rdk;onf;xefpGm&Gmaeygvsuf 'g,um 2-OD;ESifh OD;&aoh rdk;rpdkonfudk
awGU&aomtcg tHMh oaeMuonf/ rodrom tuJcwfMuonf/ r[maygif;ausmif;ü
aqmif&u G zf , G &f mNy;D aomtcg tb&aohEiS hf 'g,um ESpOf ;D avSqyd o f Ykd jyef<uoGm;Muonf/
avSqdyfrS wrm&Gm OD;oef;a&TtdrfodkY jyefvmMu&mwGif rdk;&Gmaeygvsuf rdk;rpdk a&rpGwf
toGm;tjyefc&D;udk tHMh oMu&onf/ a'ocHtm;vH;k um; 0gqdv k jynhaf eYrpS í OD;atmifNird ;f udk
rdk;rc&aoh [k [lívnf;aumif;? tb&aoh [lívnf;aumif; bGUJ trnfac:qdMk u
avonf/ vGecf ahJ om 1330-ck 0ef;usiu f jzpfysucf ahJ om taMumif;t&mrsm;avhvm&ef
1371-ckEpS f wydw Yk v JG twGi;f a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ &Gmol &Gmom; odro DS rl sm;um; rsuf&nf
vnfpmG jzifh rdk;rc&aoh taMumif; jyefvnf ajymqdMk uovdk aESmif;vli,fyikd ;f uvnf;
'@m&DozG,f pdw0f ifwpm; wpfqifah jymqdak eMuonf/1 r[maygif;wpf0dkuf tcgaumif;
Bud K uf c sd e f a &muf c J h M uavNyD /
r[maygif;q&mawmf oH"mwfvHk;aysmuf
q&mawmf OD;*kP0onf "mwfv;kH xd;k 0goemBuD;onf/ a&Z&Ho&H &Scd ahJ omaMumifh
zdkxdk;onf/ &&Sdaom temr0w¬KaiGrsm;jzifh a&T0,f? xnhfxdk;onf/ enf;pHk q&mpHk
avhvmí oH"mwfao&ef zdx k ;kd cJ&h m t&nftaoG;rSm &Te;f vJah wmufajymifvsuf&o dS nf/
bmqufvyk &f rnfrod/ vbuf&nfMurf;wpft;kd jzifh "mwfv;kH udak &pdraf omufonf/ &if;ES;D
ol rnforl qdk "mwfv;kH pdrNf yD; vbuf&nfMurf;wdu k of nf/ trl;orm;vuf? tnDe§ YH
rjy,faomvuf? aoG;pGef;aomvufrsm;jzifh udkifMunhfaponf/ umvMumaomf
tjrwfE;kd qH;k "mwfv;kH rSm [drk mS xm;rdovdk 'DrmS xm;rdovdjk zpfvsuf vH;k 0&SmrawGUawmh
1/ ighrmS tydk 0wfp&mxnfvrJ &S?d xD;raqmif; rSeaf omtaMumif;jzpfí rd;k rpdv

k Qifaumif;rnf[k
t"d|mefjyKcJo
h nf[k q&mawmf rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf/
164
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 165
pdw"f mwfusaecsdef b&aoha&mufvmjcif;[k &ifE;DS aom 'g,umrsm;uqdMk uonf/ 0dZmÆ

vky&f yfonf avmuDtxGupf cef;jzpfonf/ oDv orm"d tajcrygvQif vky&f yfatmifjrifrI
r&Edkif[k qdkcJhMuonf/ ,cktjzpftysufrSm pOf;pm;zG,f&m jzpfaecJhonf/
nwd k i f ; "r® y v’ i f u sif ; y
tb&aohonf OD;oef;a&T a':Muifjrwd\ Yk tdrüf acwåowD if;oH;k vsuf tdr\ f
ta&SUawmif cJwypft&yf uGi;f jyifí ,m,Dr@yfaqmufvyk af pvsuf nwdik ;f vdv k ykd if
a&mufvmolwt Ykd m; w&m;jyaqG;aEG;onf/ rd;k &Gmaom&ufrsm;ü OD;oef;a&Taetdrf wpfcg
wpf&H wrm&Gm ajrmufydkif; r[mNrdKifavSqdyfteD;&Sd OD;omñTefY a':a&Tusifaetdr?f
wrm&Gmawmifydkif; OD;jyefYBuD;aetdrfwGif nusdef;avh&Sdonf/ wpfaeY r[maygif;&GmrS
OD;wif0if; onf a&,Hek mraysmufEikd í f oli,fcsi;f OD;wifatmifEiS hf vufyw H ef;NrdKU
rif;&yf 6-vrf; a'gufwmjrifhodef;aq;cef;odYk oGm;a&mufuo k onf/ q&m0efrmS wpfNrKd UvH;k
av;pm;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf/ q&m0efrS xdk;aq;xdk; aomufaq;ay;NyD; ukxHk;t&
(3)7ufMumvQif temaz;wufvmNy;D ,m;,Ha0'emaysmufuif;oGm;rnf[k rSmMum;onf/
usoifah iGukd ,lxm;vdu k o f nf/
a&m*graysmuf q&m0efxH avsmfaMu;awmif;
OD;wif0if;rdbrsm;u ,cif zqyvacwfü r[maygif;&GmolBuD;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaeaumif;vSí vufyw H ef;NrdKU? rif;&yfuu G f 4-vrf; t*Fvyd af cwfAv kd tf rd u
f kd
0,f,al exdik v f suf&MdS uonf/ wpfvrf;Mum;wGif q&m0eftrd &f í dS &yfuu G of m;tcsif;csif;
jzpfaecJo h nf/ OD;wif0if;um; rdbt&Sed Bf u;D onft h jyif r[maygif;&Gm&Sd rdbvufiw k v f ,f,m
udik ;f uRef;ESihf tif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pD;&oljzpfí pD;yGm;a&;acsmifvnfaeonf/ oli,fcsif;
rsm;ESit hf wl taysmt f yg; taomuftpm;jzifh tcsed u f ek o f nf/ Muufwu kd f zJ½u
dk f xef;&nf
t&ufaomuf tom;rsdK;pHkpm; rdb 2-yg;udk rav;rpm;jyKvkyfajymqdk oufBuD;&G,ftdk
orD;ysKd udk xduyg;&duyg;jyKrlonf/ tzbuf trdbufrS awmfpyfMuaom oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESihf
vlru kd t f yk pf zk UJG oGm;vmaeMuí vltrsm;rSm xdo k w
l EYkd iS fh NyKd ifqikd af jymqdjk cif; rjyK a0;a0;u
a&SmifMu&onf/ tpm;ra&SmifaomaMumifh a&,Hek mrSm wdik ;f &if;aq;ESirhf aysmuf? a'gufwm
jrifhodef; ukocsufrSm rxda&mufbJjzpfaeonf/ 3-&ufpm rSefrSefaomuf aysmuf&rnf
raysmuf&if aiGjyefavsmfrnf[k q&mpum;udk owd&aeonf/ a&,HkemrS oiefa&rsm;
acsmufroGm; pdak eonf/ vufyw H ef;NrKd UodYk oGm;a&mufNy;D q&m0efxH aiGjyeftavsmaf wmif;
165
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf/ tjiif;tcHk rjyKvdkí aq;ukocaiGjyefay;vdkufonf/ tavsmfaiGjzifh oli,fcsif;

rsm;ESit
hf wl t&ufqikd x
f ikd í
f pm;aomufcMhJ uNyD; jyefc&hJ m wrm&GmodaYk &mufvmMuonf/
vrf;0,f 2-a,mufwikd yf ifMuonfrmS udkjym;BuD;tdrrf mS tb&aohqw kd m a&muf
aew,f/ oGm;NyD; ynmNydKif&atmif[k qdv k Qif oabmwlomG ;Muonf/ ESpaf ,mufv;kH
owårwef;atmifxm;Muovdk r[maygif;bke;f BuD;ausmif;xGujf zpfí twGi;f atmifjcif;
tjyifatmifjcif; &wema&TcsKd ifh eruúm& avmueDwd y&dwBf uD; (11)okwf &Sirf [moDv0Ho
qHk;rpm? &Sifr[m&|om& qHk;rpm? pum;BuD;q,fcGef;? zdk;olawmfOD;Ekpum;yHkpmrsdK;pHk
&xm;olawGjzpfonf/ bke;f awmfBuD;oifynma&; oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf; ukecf o hJ rl sm;jzpfonf/
&GmwGi;f &yfwiG ;f tmaygiftm&if;oefoefajymqdw k wf Muonf/ olwo Ykd x
d m;aom A[kow k
tm;udk;NyD; &GmodkYa&mufvmaom &aoh bdk;awmf OD;olawmfrsm;ESifh tjiif;tcHk ynmNydKif
tEdik ,
f cl MhJ u tEdik ,
f al vh&o
dS nf/ vlru
kd f tkypf t
k jzpfoad eí t½H;I ay; ta0;ajy;oGm;cJh
Muonf/ ,ck tb&aohEiS hf ynmNydKif&ef OD;jyefBY uD;tdro f aYkd &mufvmcJMh uonf/
OD;wif0if; a&,Hkemaysmufatmif
OD;wif0if;ESifh OD;wifatmifBuD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYawGUjrifvdkaom tb&aohudk
tqifoifah wGUMu&onf/ tdr&f iS f OD;jym;BuD;um; olwYkd 2-a,muf EIwq f ufoMH um;&vQif
rsuEf mS raumif; yHpk aH jymif;oGm;onf/ aomufazmf aomufzuf twGi;f odrsm;jzpfí apmfum;
armfum; ajymrnfudk pdk;&drfaeonf/ tb&aohum; xdk 2-OD;udk aphaphMunhf
tuJcwfNyD;aepOf 2-OD;om; ½dkaopGm&Sdcdk;Muonf/ wynhfawmf a&,HkemraysmufvdkY
tb&aohxH vmaMumif; pum;pqdkonf/ tb&aohusifhpOfudk ar;jrefvQif ig;oHk;vD
usipfh Ofukd &Si;f jyonf/ r*Fvokww f iG yf gaom rdzq&mqdik &f m ygVd&w
G qf vkd suf jrefrmjyefjzifh
vufawGU&Si;f jyonf/ &weokwv f m bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm*kPaf wGukd &Gwq f jkd yonf/
&wemoH;k yg;tm; ½dak oqnf;uyf ud;k uG,ef nf;tygt0if oHCmh*P k wf iG f aomwmyefonf
t&d,myk*K¾d vf0,f tedrq hf ;kH jzpfonf/ &wemoH;k yg;*kPu f kd &moufyefav;pm;? ig;yg;oDv
vHkNcHKoGm;yHk? tyg,fav;yg;vGwfyHk? vuf&Sd Ak'ömoemESihf BuHKqHkcdkuf ig;oHk;vDusihfpOf
twdik ;f aeoifyh ?kH rdb 2-yg; ½dak ojcif;r&So d w
l \Ykd &wemoH;k yg;tay: ,HMk unfygonf[k
qdvk mvQif obm0rusyHk &Si;f vif;jyonf/ OD;wif0if;ESifh OD;wifatmif tb&aohtay:
av;pm;vmonf/ tb&aohu a&,Hek maysmufatmif vkyaf y;vQif b,fvt kd wHt Yk vSnfh
jyKEdik rf vJ[k ar;&m (3)&uftwGi;f aysmufvQif &moufyefwynhcf rH nf[k qdo k nf/ ig;oH;k vD
pnf;eJYae jrefjrefaysmufvdkvQif uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;rpm;? xef;a& t&ufraomuf
166
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 167
5-yg;oDvvHak tmifxed ;f &rnf[k qdNk yD; uGr;f wpf,m0g;um a&,Hek may: uGr;f wHawG;
axG;í yGwo f yfvrd ;f usHay;onf/ ½dak opGm *g&0jyKí jyefomG ;Muonf/ (3)&ufjynhaf om
aeYwiG f OD;wif0if;jyefvmNy;D tb&aohtm; pm;aomufz, G &f mjzifh uefawmhvsuf a&,Hek mvJ
aysmufygNyD? tb&aohxH &moufyefwynht f jzpf cH,yl gonf[q k akd vonf/ OD;wif0if;
um; crHkq&mawmf OD;ukov\ wpf0rf;uGw J al wmfpyfonf/ tzd;k jzpforl mS vufyw H ef;NrKd UrS
om&a0gtxd aiG'*Fg;cif;í olaX;bGJUcHxm;oljzpfí vltrsm; ,HkMunfav;pm;cH&oljzpf
onf/ OD;wif0if;udk taMumif;jyKí wrm-r[maygif; v,fw-D jrif;u0a'o&Sd vltrsm;
tb&aohxv H ma&mufcMhJ uNyD; ig;oH;k vDusihpf Ofukd ,HMk unfvufco H mG ;cJMh uonf/
Muuform; OD;zdk;pDorD; r0dkif;
wrm&Gm r[mNrdKifavSqdyfteD;wGif OD;zdk;pDqo kd ol nf vuf&ZJ uf&o J wf&J ao&J
ol t&ufaopm rl;,pfaomufpm;ol wdu k Mf uufarG;í Muufwu kd o
f l Muufa&mif;ol
tjzpf emrnfq;kd jzifh xif&mS ;vsu&f o dS nf/ ,m,Dwt J rd jf zihf jrpfrcjrpfurf;ab;wGif aexdik f
onf/ Muufowf 0ufowf EGm;owf tom;a&mif;onf/ wdu k Mf uuf½;HI vQif ae&mwGiyf if
owfpm;oltjzpf vlord sm;onf/ rdu k af zmfru kd zf uf aoazmfaozuf OD;wifatmifBuD;
OD;wif0if; OD;oef;a&TwYkd pnf;½H;k rIaumif;í tb&aohxH w&m;emig;oH;k vDpnf;twdik ;f
aexkid v
f maomaMumifh a'ocHwu Ykd tHMh o&oljzpfonf/ wpfcsdeu f v,fawm awmpm
auR;&ef Muufu, kd wf ikd of wfí yoapoljzpfaomfvnf; tb&aohtqdt k qH;k traMumifh
vlvdr®mjzpfaeMuonf/
v,f&w d o f rd ;f csdef wrm&Gmtaemufbuf&dS a&wGif;ukef;&GmodYk orD;jzpfol r0dkif;
tm; v,fuv l vD yk &f ef apvTwv f u kd of nf/ orD;tdrjf yefvmaomtcg rsufpu d kd wpfcck k
xdrdovdkjzpfum a&mif&rf;vmNyD; rsufpdjyL;xGufaeonf/ rcHr&yfEdkif a0'emcHpm;ae&
onf/ tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyK&aom tb&aoh oDwif;oH;k &m OD;oef;a&Taetdro f Ykd ac:vmNy;D
b&aohxt H yfEaHS vonf/ uJ---vdu k qf u
kd mG -
wynhaf wmf armifz;kd pD ,cifu EGm; 0uf Muufuo kd wf ud,k w
f ikd pf m;cJyh gonf/
,ck teEÅig;yg; OD;xdyfxm; ig;yg;oDvudkvHkatmifxdef;í uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;rpm;
q&m tqdt k qH;k rjzifh aexdik yf gonf/ orD; rsupf ad 0'em aysmufvíkd vma&mufcyhJ gonf/
rSefaompum;aMumifh a0'emaysmufuif;ygapownf;/ opömjyKí uGrf;wpf,mpm;&ef
ay;Ny;D a&pifwpfcu G af omufaponf/ rMumrD r0dik ;f rsupf ad 0'emaysmufuif;oGm;cJo h nf/
vlru kd Bf uD; OD;zd;k pDonf tb&aoh\ wynf&h if;jzpfomG ;NyD[k Mum;od&aom e,fol
167
KTS 15-11-14-1
e,fom;rsm;rSm wtHw
h MojzpfaeMu&onf/ vlru
kd t
f yk pf k tb&aoh\ w&m;yGJ tNrJ
em,lonfukd 0rf;omaeMuonf/
em*0dZÆm tb&aoh
r[maygif;&Gmom; OD;wifatmifBuD; onf jyLapmxD;ppfacgif;aqmifjzpfonfh
tjyif ocifwif\wl&if;jzpfaomaMumifh a'ocHwu Ykd aMumuf&UHG av;pm;cH&oljzpfonf/
t&ufaopmaomufpm; vuf&JZuf&Jvkyfavh&SdaomaMumifh emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sdonf/
wpfaeYwiG f udw k ifatmifBuD;onf v,fawmoGm; tvkyv f yk uf ikd &f mrS a>rayG;udu k cf &H
onf/ a>rudu k cf &H vQif aq;rrDaoyG0J ifMu&onf[k owfrw S xf m;Muonf/ ao&J owf&J
aom owå&d iS f OD;wifatmifBuD;onf rdru d ,kd w
f ikd f a>rayG;udu k cf &H vQif toufq;kH ½I;H
&rnfukd pd;k &drv f monf/ tb&aohrw S pfyg; tm;xm;ud;k uG,&f mr&S[ d k ,HMk unfvsuf
oDwif;oH;k &mtdro f Ykd vmcJo
h nf/ tb&aohpnf;twdik ;f vdu k ef maexdik yf grnf/ toufukd
u,frawmfryl g[k avQmufxm;onf/
wynfah wmfonf ,aeYrpS í a>rudrk owfyg/ t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;rjyKyg/
&wemoHk;yg; rdzq&mudk ½dkaoygrnf/ ig;oHk;vDpnf;ESifhaeygrnf/ rSefaompum;aMumifh
a>rqdyaf ysmufjy,fygap[k qdak pNyD; aeYpOf cEöw k &f w G q
f &kd ef qH;k rpum;rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
tcsdetf cgr[kwb f J OD;wifatmifaetdrrf S oD;aeaom rmvumoD;rSnhf ESpv f ;kH udk cl;apí
cEöwk &f w
G qf Nkd y;D auR;&m tqdyjf y,fí yuwdtwdik ;f jzpfomG ;cJo h nf/ rsuv f ;kH rsm;eDae&mrS
jzLvmonf/ a'ocHwdkYonf vlqdk;vlrdkuf OD;wifatmif teEÅig;yg; ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;í
vlaumif;jzpfvmonfukd awGUjrifMu&onf/ a>rqdyaf ysmufatmif pGr;f Edik af om tb&aoh
udvk nf; em*0dZÆmbdk;opöm&aoh [k trnfxl;jzifh *kPfjyKac:a0:oHk;EIef;cJhMuonf/
rdk;BudK;ypfcH&ol udkoef;armif
r[maygif;&Gmom; udkoef;armif onf rd;k OD;ustcsdef jrpfrcjrpf taemufbuf
urf;&Sd wrm&Gm v,fuGif;jyifü EGm;xGefvsuf&Sdonf/ EGm;rsm; em;apNyD; a&pyfpyf&Sdaom
v,fuiG ;f aygif;yifrsm;udk aumuf,pl yk akH eonf/ xdtk csed rf mS rd;k BudK;ypfoMH um;&Ny;D owdr&
jzpfoGm;onf/ owd&vQif rdk;BudK;pufuGif;rdaMumif; od&onf/ ajcvufrsm; vIyf&Sm;
oGm;vmr&jzpfaeonf/ jrefrmwdik ;f &if;aq;cef; aq;½Hrk sdK;pHak tmif oGm;a&mufuo k cJah omf
vnf; oufomjcif;r&Sd jzpfaeonf/ trsm;wdu k w
f eG ;f í tbrd;k rc&aohxH a&mufvm
cJo
h nf/ tb&aohrS ig;oH;k vDpnf;twdik ;f &moufyefaexdik yf grnf[k uwdjyKaponf/
,aeY 2500 ausmf omoemawmfrmS bd;k awmfoMd um;rif; apmifah &Smufcsdeaf &mufNyD;jzpfí
168
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 169
odMum;rif;tvdu k s apwDa[mif;rsm;udk jyKjyifco hJ nf/ vltrsm;wdu Yk ig;yg;yOövND rJap&ef

twGuf ig;oH;k vDusihpf Ofukd a[majymvsuf&o dS nf/ rSeaf ompum;aMumifh rd;k BudK;pufuiG ;f
cH&ol armifoef;armifü pGJuyfaeaom ab;qdk; 'Pfqdk; tEÅ&m,fqdk;rsm; aysmufuif;
ygapownf;[k opömpum;qdNk yD; cEöw k yf &dwaf wmfukd &Gwqf akd &ref;wdu
k Nf yD; cEöwk f
y&dwt f NrJ&w
G qf &kd ef qH;k rpum;rSmMum;vdu k o f nf/ rMumrD OD;oef;armif yuwdtwdik ;f
usef;rmvmcJhavonf/
tESpf (20)cefu Y mvMumcJNh yD;aemuf OD;oef;armifonf touft&G,Bf uD;vmNyD;
tm;&Sdatmif tom;rsm;pm;oHk;jcif;rsm;vmonf/ yJcl;½dk;rawmifajc&Sd ig;usD;tif;&GmodkY
aetdrftopfaqmuf&eftwGuf oGm;a&muf&m aqmufNyD;tdrfrSm aps;aygyg&ojzifh
0,f,Nl yD; tdr&f iS rf S {nhcf aH om &Gm0ufom;udk tom;wH;k udo k ma&G;NyD; aMumfxm;onf/
aeyl'PfcH qD;aumif;&ef[k taMumif;jyum xef;&nfEiS fh awm0ufom;[k vdrn f m
{nhcf aH uR;arG;onfukd rod[efjyK pm;oH;k avonf/ vrf;rSm0,f,cl ahJ om tdraf qmuf
opf tzrf;cH&onf/ &Gma&mufvQif a&m*gwjznf;jznf;wd;k vmcJo h nf/ tb&aohxH
a&mufvm&m at; rif;u rdk;BudK;ypfvdkY raoayr,fh tD;anmfrdvdkYao&rnfoljzpfaeNyD
[k qH;k rpum;ajymqdck o hJ nf/ rMumrD udo k ef;armif uG,v f eG o
f mG ;avawmhonf/
&aoh OD;atmifNzdK; "mwfvHk;
tb&aoh\ arG;&yfZmwdrSm rGefjynfe,f?bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? Zkwfokwf&Gmjzpfonf/
rdom;pk todkif;t0ef;rS tNyD;xGufcJhNyD; aeu©r®yg&rDjznhfusifhaepOf (3)ESpfumvtwGif;
Zmwd&Gm&Sd usdKufxD;aqmif;pcef;ESihf a&Twd*HkrSomoemhrdcif zcifwdkY ñTefjyaom *E¨m&D
pcef;rsm;ü vSnv fh nfaecJo
h nf/ Zmwdom; OD;atmifNzKd ;onf tb&aohEiS t hf wlvu
kd yf gcJNh y;D
wrm r[maygif;ü wynhf0wfjyKvkyfaexdkifcJhonf/ wrm&Gm OD;oef;a&T\ tdrfteD;
uGi;f jyifwaJ usmif; ,m,Dr@yf0,f ntcg wynhrf sm;ESifh usiphf Ofqikd &f mrsm; a[mMum;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;jcif; jyKvkyMf uonf/ OD;atmifNzKd ;onf q&mawmf\ vuf½;kH &aohtjzpf a'ocHwYkd
odaeMuonf/
wpfaeYwGif [oFmwc½dkif? "rDÇ&Gm&Jpcef;rS &JrSL; OD;apmarmif tb&aoh&Sd&modkY
a&muf&v Yk 1 rEÅav;? arNrdKU (,ck jyifO;D vGiNf rdKU) um;twuftqif;
dS monf/ qdik &f mwdu
1/ OD;apmarmifonf q&mawmfEiS fh ynm,lwynhw

f cl sif;jzpfaomfvnf; q&mawmftm; vGepf mG
½dak ooljzpfonf/ tm½Hek rd w
d t
f & jyifO;D vGiNf rdKUc&D; oGm;a&muf&jcif;jzpfonf/
169
KTS 15-11-14-1
c&D;oGm;vmMuolwYkd 9-a,muftwlp;D vQif um;arSmuf 'kua© &mufae&onf/ tb

&aohO;D aqmifNyD; 9-a,mufc&D;oGm; tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif pDpOfygu atmifjrifEikd rf nf[k
yk*K¾d vfp;D rSmMum;onf qEóabmxm;odvykd gonf[k qdo
k nf/ owå0gawG toufu,f
aumif;onf c&D;xGurf nf[k qdu k m taqmwvsif xGucf MhJ uonf/
ausmif;apmift h jzpf &aoh OD;atmifNzdK;usef&pfonf/ tb&aohr&Scd u kd f jyóem
awGUvQif ajz&Si;f &ef cufcrJ nf[k pd;k &drpf w d jf zpfaeonf/ xifonft h wdik ;f jzpfvmcJo h nf/
touf (30)t&G,f trsdK;orD;wpfO;D ua,mifuwef; ½l;aMumifaMumifjzpfaeoltm;
rdbaqGrsdK;rsm; ausmif;odaYk c:vmonf/ tb&aohr&Sad yr,fh OD;atmifNzdK; pGr;f oavmuf
ukoay;yg[kqo kd nf/ q&mxHrS taqmifay;xm;aom "mwfv;kH udk aomufa&cGuw f iG f
pdrfNyD; vlemtm;aomufaponf/ vlemum; aomufa&ESifhtwl "mwfvHk;udkyg NrdKcsav
onf/ tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKaom "mwfvHk;qHk;½IH;aomaMumifh rsufvHk;jyL;um jyóem
rajz&Si;f Edik jf zpfaecJo
h nf/ q&m&aohxm;cJah om 0rf;EIwaf q;rSm rD;jcpfqrH QaomufvQif
0rf;'va[moGm;avh&&dS m pufjzwfaq;tjzpf1 toH;k jyKcJo h nf/ tqdyk g0rf;EIwaf q;udk
vlemtrsdK;orD;tm; aomufapaomfvnf; 0rf;roGm;bJ&o dS nf/ tBudrBf udrw f ukd af omf
vnf; 0rf;roGm; 0rf;csKyfaeonf/ q&m&aoh 9-&uf *E¨m&Dc&D;xGuo f mG ;&m (7)&ufaeY
txd "mwfv;kH r& pdwyf sufaecJo h nf/ em&Dyikd ;f twGi;f vlBuHKjzifh owif;ygvmonf/
q&m&aoh obufcg ausmif;jyefa&mufrnf/ owif;pum;ESit hf wl vlemtrsdK;orD;
yuwdval umif;jzpfvmNyD; OD;atmifNzdK;"mwfv;kH jyef&vdYk vmydyYk gonf[q k o kd nf/ b,fu
jyef&ovJar;&m awmxdkif&if;jyef&wm2[kqo kd nf/ &aohO;D atmifNzdK;onf "mwfv;kH udk
uref;uwrf; t0wfjzifyh w G wf u
kd f iHv
k u
kd af vonf/ "mwfv;kH jyef&vdYk 0rf;omNy;D yg;pyfwiG f
iHkrdNyD;rS a&aq;&onf[k OD;atmifNzdK;ajymavonf/
tb&aoh jyifO;D vGiNf rKd U *E¨m&Dc&D;aMumifh jyifO;D vGiaf wmifwufc&D;rSm aemufydkif;
9-a,muf o G m ;aomf v nf ; tEÅ & m,f r jzpf a wmh a y/ 2001-ckESpf {NyDv (19)
oBuFe&f ufuek cf geD; usdKufx;D aqmif; qHawmf&iS af pwD "r®pMumatmif"r®m½Hn k w&m;yGüJ
q&mawmf jyefvnfrdefYMum;cJhaom pum;rsm;jzpfonf/
1/ 0rf;csKyfaeoltm; auR;aom 0rf;EIwaf q;jzpfí tBudrrf sm;rsm; 0rf;oGm;aomaq;/

2/ awm&Gm"avhtac:jzpfonf/ tdro f mrxm;bJ &GmtjyifcsHK awm uG,&f mrSm rpifpeG jYf cif;udk
ac:aomtrnf toH;k tEIe;f jzpfonf/ 0rf;oGm;&m "mwfv;kH usvmonf[k qkjd cif;yif/
170
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 171
t&uform; OD;ausmfESihf tb&aoh

wrm&Gmawmifyikd ;f O,smOfvrf;ae OD;ausmf (touf 77 ESp)f onf tb&aohEiS fh
awGUcsed uf olo Y m; udkarmifomaumuf[k trnfay;xm;ol\zcifjzpfonf/ toufi,f
ajccGiaf eolrmS tb&aohcikd ;f orQ teD;ta0; oGm;vmoltjzpf vlord sm;í omaumufrmS
vltrsm;odaeí omaumuftaz OD;ausmf[k om;trnfEiS w fh í JG ac:qdjk cif;cH&oljzpf
onf/ OD;ausmfajymjyonfrSm wrm&GmrS tb&aoha&mufrvmrD tcsdefu ausmif;r&Sd
ao;bJ OD;oef;a&T\ aetdrrf mS pcef;csaexdik Nf y;D ,ck bke;f BuD;ausmif;aqmufrnfah e&m0,f
&[ef;wpfyg;aeEdkif&eftwGuf ,m,D0g;ausmif;ESifh qGrf;pm;aqmifudk aqmufvkyfNyD;
tb&aoh oDwif;oH;k aexdik cf o hJ nf/ tNrJvakd exdik af omaMumifh 0g;ausmif;tpm; tcdik f
trm opfom;ausmif;tjzpf aqmufvkyfcJhMuonf/ ausmif;aqmufNyD;pD;aomtcg
ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf oufawmf (36)ESpf&Sd tpdk;&"r®mp&d, OD;t&d,&[ef;tm;
yifhwif&ef pDpOfMuonf/ ausmif;bk&m;cef;ü ½kyfyGm;wpfqlxm;&Sd&ef 'g,umwpfOD;u
vSL'gef;vmonf/ ausmif;NyD;vQif tb&aohtay: uEÅaumpjyKvdo k w
l Ykd ay:vmonf/
ausmif;taqmuftOD;r&Srd D pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k &Scd ahJ om wynhyf &dowfoabmxm;uGrJ vdk
tajca&mufvmonf/ ½kyyf mG ;qif;wkukd tb&aohxH cGiyhf efMum;jcif;r&S?d olt Y vdt
k wdik ;f
xm;&Syd al Zmfrnf[k pDpOfvsu&f o dS nf/ xdt k cg tb&aohrS wynhyf &dowftm; n"r®yv’if
w&m;a[monf/ w&m;yGNJ yD;vQif ,ckpcef;xGu&f ef&o dS nf/ igr&Scd u kd f 'DrmS tcuftcJ
BuHKvQif bk&m;pifrS 0gqdzk a,mif;wdik f 5-wdik f wpfwikd , f l bk&m;rD;ylaZmfMu/ tm;vH;k
tqifajyrnf[k rSmMum;Ny;D c&D;qufonf/ ausmif;xdik rf mS ½kww f &uf use;f rma&;csKd U,Gi;f
vmNyD; tdyf&mwGifvJae&onf/ r*Fvm&Sd&rnfhtcsdefjzpfí ylyifaeMuonf/ wpfcsdKUu
tb&aohxH oGm;yifh7ef tcsdKUu q&m0efyifh&ef tqdkjyKMuonf/ OD;ausmfu tBuHjyK
onfrmS tb&aohrmS Mum;pum;twdik ;f za,mif;wdik w f pfwikd xf eG ;f &efyifjzpfonf/ tm;vH;k
oabmwlní D za,mif;wdik x f eG ;f NyD; tb&aohtm;yifzh w d Mf uonf/ eHeuf 4-em&Drxd;k rD
jyef<uvmNyD; vlemtm; aq;wdkufvQif cPjcif;aysmufuif;oGm;cJhonf/ aqmif&Gufvdk
aomudpörsm; nd§EIdif;cGifh&Muí oabmxm;uGJaejcif; ajyaysmufoGm;cJhonf/ tb&aoh
qE´rmS ½kyyf mG ;awmfyifah qmifu;kd uG,v f Qif oufowfvw G q f rG ;f awmfBuD;uyf? bke;f BuD;
qGr;f uyf? {nfyh &dowftm; tauR;tarG;jzifh {nhcf NH y;D w&m;yGu J si;f y&efjzpfonf/ oabm
171
KTS 15-11-14-1
rwlbJ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;jyKvkyfrdaomaMumifh ½kwfw&uf usef;rma&;csdKU,Gif;cJh&onf[k

k nf/1
qdo
wpfaeYwiG f OD;ausmw f pfa,muf t&ufaomufvmNy;D tb&aohnw&m;yGaJ &muf
vmonf/ ,cifra&mufjzpfyJ ,aeYrSpwifvmjcif;jzpfí y&dowftpGeftzsm;ü 0ifxdkif
onf/ rkezYf ufxyk f wpfxyk pf pD m;&efa0iSonf/ t0pm;vdak omaMumifh tydw k pfc,k xl m;
vdu k jf yefonf/ yxrrkezYf ufxyk f pm;&onfrmS t&om&Sv d o
S nf/ yd,
k x
l m;aom rkezYf uf
xkyfudkpm;vQif Adkufatmifhvmonf/ wjznf;jznf;jyif;xefvm&m rl;arhoGm;onf/
&Supf &mtjzpfaMumifh arSmif&yd cf í kd w&m;yGt J jyifoYkd xGuaf eonf/ tb&aoh jrify&kH onf/
udvk aS 0ESifh udv k aS &TwtYkd m;wGí J reD;ra0;tdrt f a&muf vlEpS af ,mufwyJG Ykd tdraf &mufvQif
tdy&f mcif;odyMf uonf/ aemufrS wpfa,mufvu kd v
f mNyD; tb&aohu 'Daq;aomuf[k
rSmvdkufonf[kqdkum aq;wdkufonf/ ,lypfovdk AdkufemaysmufoGm;onf/ owd
aumif;pGm&vmonf/ jyefvdkufcJh&rnf[kqdk&m aeOD;/ t0wfayaew,f[k ajymqdk
ykq;kd udck gMunho f nf/ rawGU&? 0rf;ysufí ykq;kd twGi;f ygcJv h Qif teHxY u G &f rnf? ,ck
tnpftaMu;r&Sd teHYrxGufjzpfaeonf/ "mwfcef;rSm tnpftaMu; usefvQif
ud, k [f mud, k jf yefoef&Y iS ;f &ef pdwu f ;l jzifh vduk vf monf/ rdrt d npftaMu; pGecYf rhJ od nf
[kxifaomae&mü bmrQrawGU&í ighudk tb&aoh rif;t&ufaomufaMumif;
igodw,f[k owday;jcif;jzpfrnf[k oHa0*& t&ufjywfc&hJ onf[k qdo k nf/
"rDÇpcef;rS tjzpfqef;
OD;oef;a&T OD;odef;xGef; tjcm;ESpfOD;wdkYonf tb&aohESifhtwl *E¨m&Dc&D;tjzpf
wrm&Gmpcef;rS crHkblwmodkY ajcvsifxGufcJhMuonf/ om&a0godkYoGm;&ef tcsdefapmaeí
crHb
k wl mteD; 'g,umwpfO;D tdrw f iG f acwåem;aeMuonf/ tb&aohonf acgif;rD;NcHKí
tdypf ufae&m nae 2-em&D &xm;csdeef ;D aeaomfvnf; tdy&f mrSrxí &xm;csderf rDawmh
[k pdwyf al eMuonf/ tb&aohukd vIyrf EI;d &J tomMunhaf eMuonf/ &xm;oHukd
em;pGifhae&m nae 3-em&Dausmfaeaomfvnf; &xm;oHrMum;&/ tb&aohonf 3-
em&D 45 rdepftcsdef tdyf&mrSxNyD; yg&Sdypönf;,lum blwm½HkodkY<uoGm;onf/ aemufrS
1/ oufowfvw
G f tm[m&r[kwb
f J {nhcf aH eustom;[if;jzihf qGr;f uyfrjI yKMuonf/ ausmif;xdik f
rnf&h [ef; a0'emcHpm;&rS owfoufvw
G q
f rG ;f awmf uyfvLS Muonf/
172
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 173
4-OD;om; vdu k vf mMuolrsm; &xm;vufrw S jf zwfNyD;csdef &xm;oHMum;&onf/ yHrk eS f 2-

em&Dqdkufaom rD;&xm; ,aeY xl;jcm;pGmaemufus 0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ &xm;vm
rvm tb&aoh b,fvo kd yd gvdr[
hf k tcsi;f csi;f wD;wd;k ajymqdMk u&onf/ rD;&xm;vufrw S f
0,f7ef 'dik ,f m,Dpmtkyw f iG f 0w¬KaiGyg&So
d nf/ vufuseaf iG 5d omuseaf eonf/ [oFmw
a&mufaomtcg "rDpÇ cef;twGuf useaf iGjzifh ypön;f 0,fMuonf/ c&D;qufcMhJ u&m vrf;wGif
ypön;f tcsdKU0,f&efajym&m aiGukd tukeo f ;kH vdu
k Nf yD[ak vQmufvQif pmtkyrf mS aocsmMunhf
&Sw
d ,fqí kd wpf&u G cf sif;&SmvQif aiG 5d awGU&onf/ pmtkyx f J b,fua&mufvmygvdrhf
[k ar;cGef;xkwfMu&onf/ "rDÇpcef;ü ntdyfMuNyD; eHeufapmapm awmifpG,fpcef;odkY
a&mufMuvQif apwDawmfukd rdrad rG;eHae7mrS bk&m;&Scd ;kd 0wfjyK ykw;D pdwMf uonf/ tb
&aohum; Mumoyaw; t&yfwiG af e&m,lí OD;xGe;f ode;f pae? OD;vSa0 Ak'[ ¨ ;l ? OD;oef;a&T
aomMum t&yfwiG f ykw;D pdyMf uonf/ ykw;D (3)ywf wpfem&Dceft Y MumwGif &S&J o JS jH zifh
ajcoHMum;aeonf/ OD;oef;a&TrS toHMum;&mudMk unfo h vdk OD;xGe;f ode;f vnf;Munh&f m
tb&aohaemufausmudk usm;[kxif&aom t0gMum;vsmjzifv h suaf eonfujkd rif&onf/
aMumufvefpY w d jf zpfum acR;jyefvmonf/ tb&aohtoHMum;&onf/ ud, k t hf vkyf ud, k f
vkyfMu? olrsm;MunfhNyD; raeeJY[k ajymí ykwD;udk tm½HkpdkufpdyfMu&onf/ owfrSwfcsdef
NyD;vQif uJ pcef;jyef qGrf;bkOf;ay;csdefa&mufNyD[k toHjyKrS ykwD;tm½Hkajymif;ae&mrS
xí "rDpÇ cef;jyefvmMuonf/ þjzpfpOfukd OD;ausmfBuD; OD;jyef1Y wdYk 2-OD;om; ajymMum;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;jyefYrSm rdk;rc&aoh pD;aomavSESifh twlygvmcJholjzpfonf/ "rDÇpcef;rS
tjzpfqef;yifjzpfonf/
&aohtm; BudK;wkyfowfcJh&ma'o
1330-jynhEf pS uf jrifu0aus;&Gmtkypf t k wGi;f aus;&Gmwpfcük &aohwpfyg;tm;
vufjyefBudK;wkyNf yD; &ufpufpmG owfjzwfc&hJ mt7yfoYkd bd;k awmftrnfcH &aohoal wmfrsm;
toGm;tvmrjyKvky0f jhH zpfcMhJ uonf/ tb&aohonf ,if;a'oae vltrsm; olawmf
aumif;tay: jypfrmS ;rdu tyg,fusrnfukd pd;k &drpf w
d jf zpfc&hJ onf/ aus;Zl;&Sirf b
d ozG,f
jzpfol bdk;bdk;atmif bdk;rif;acgifwdkYu a'owGif;&Sd vltrsm;pdwfaumif;arG;vmap&ef
tyg,fqif;&JrS uif;a0;ap&ef wrm&GmodkY c&D;xGufzdkY ñTefMum;vmonf/ rdrd\ oDv
1/ OD;ausmfBuD;ESifh OD;jyefw
Y Ykd ud,
k w
f ikd f ajymjyaomjzpfpOf
173
KTS 15-11-14-1
orm"d ynmpGrf;tm;udk ,HkMunfpGmjzifh raMumufr&GHUa&mufvmcJhonf/ aus;&Gmae

vltrsm;pkonf tb&aohujkd rifvQif vmjyefNyD aemuf&aohwpfyg;? b,faeY towf
cH&rvJ[k wD;wd;k pum; ajymcJMh uonf/
wrm&GmwGif OD;oef;a&Tonf vlru kd af vmuü emrnfBuD;vsu&f o dS nf/ yGv
J rf;obif
tNidrfhyGJ ZmwfyGJ&SdorQ a&mufavh&Sdonf/ aus;&Gm&Sd vlrdkuftrnfcHolwdkYrSm acgif;0,f
rsuEf mS okwo f bufjzifh acgif;aygif;xm;avh&MdS uonf/ acgif;t½du k cf &H vQif tumtuG,f
jzpfap&ef &nf&, G af cgif;aygif;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;oef;a&Tum; ol½u kd vf Qif igcHrnf/ ig½du k v
f Qif
olem&rnf[k ajymqdkavh&Sdonf/ acgif;aygif;rxm;bJ owdå&SdaMumif; ajymqdkonf/
vl½u kd cf &H aom tBudrrf sm;í twGet Yf vdrcf sKyf½;kd aMumif; trm&Gw&f mxifaeonfrmS urÇm
ajryHk urÇmvHk;ESifhwlaeonf[k wifpm;ajymqdkcH&ol jzpfonf/
tb&aohEiS hf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D qHak wGUcsderf pS í t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;? rl;,pf
&rf;um;jcif;? cdu k &f efa'gojzpfjcif;rS a&SmifcahJ vonf/ vlru kd af cgif;aqmif OD;oef;a&TEiS fh
pm;azmfaomufzufjzpfaom OD;zd;k pD? OD;omñGe?Yf OD;jyefY tygt0ifvrl u kd f t&uform;tkypf k
tm;vH;k eD;yg; ig;oH;k vD"r®pnf;twdik ;f vdu k ef mcJMh uonf/ usef&mG ol&mG om;rsm;vnf; tb
&aohxH wjznf;jznf;pka0;ud;k uG,cf MhJ uavonf/
rd b aus;Zl ; qyf y G J
tb&aoh\ qH;k rMo0g'aMumifh udw k if0if;wpfa,muf &wemoH;k yg;udk ½dak o
wwfvmonf/ rdbaus;Zl;BuD;rm;yHu k v
kd nf; odvmonf/ bd;k bGm;tpOftquf aexdik f
cJ&h m r[maygif;&Gm rdrad etdrw
f iG f tb&aohukd yifzw d íf oufvw G q
f rG ;f uyf? "r®rw d af qG
rsm;tm; zdwMf um;vsuf w&m;emMuonf/ rdbaus;Zl;odvmvQif vufyw H ef;NrKd Uae tar
tazwdt Yk m; zdwaf c:í tvSLjyKvky&f ef pdwuf ;l NyD; vdt
k yfaomypön;f 0,f&ef rif;&yfuu G f
4-vrf; aetdrfodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ taz tarwdkYtm; a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; OD;csNyD;
om;aemufaemufu jypfrmS ;rdaom um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH tjypf[o l rQ cGiv hf wT &f ef
0efcsawmif;yefuefawmhonf/ rdcifjzpforl S ighom;vJ om;awG orD;awG&aeNyD vdrm® pGm
aeyg[k qH;k ronf/ tareJt Y az uReaf wmfth wGuf pdwcf saeyg? q&mtb&aoh tqH;k tr
cHNyD; t&ufraomuf zJr½dkuf Muufrwdkuf vlBuD;olr om;ysdK orD;ysdKrsm;udk ½dkif;pdkif;pGm
ajymqdkqufqHjcif; rjyKawmhyg/ nwdkif;w&m;emygonf/ teEÅig;yg;udk ½dkaoygonf/
ig;yg;oDvvJ vHkatmifxdef;aeygonf/ qif jrif uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;udkvJ a&SmifygNyD?
tb&aohvkd q&maumif;xHrmS qnf;uyfaeygNyD? om;twGuf pdwcf saeMuyg/ aemuf
174
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 175
(3)7ufMumvQif om;tdrrf mS tvSLvkyNf yD; qGr;f uyfygrnf/ tarwdu Yk kd zdw&f efvmygonf/

nDr ñGefYa&Tudkygac:vmcJhyg[k ½dkaopGm zdwfMum;avonf/ tara':pdefEkuvnf;
ighom;udk vdrm® atmif oGeo f ifq;kH rcJw h hJ tb&aohukd vmzl;ygrnf[k 0efcu H wdpum;
ajymMum;um om;tm; pl;pl;pdu k pf u kd af vhvm&m toGm;tvm tajymtqdk *g&0w&m;
&Sad eonfukd jrif&vQif 0rf;omyDwjd zpfavonf/
r[maygif;&GmvnfavSqdyfwpf0u kd f xdpk Ofu jrpfurf;yg;NyKd oH aeYa&mnyg w0ke;f 0ke;f
qlnaH eonf/ OD;wif0if;\tdro f nf jrpfrcjrpfurf;ezl;wGif wnf&o dS nf/ tdraf &SUwGif
9 cef; 3 cef; r@yfaqmufvkyfxm;onf/ npOftb&aoh w&m;a[mEdkif&ef pDpOf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,aeYwiG f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &yfe;D &yfa0;rS "r®rw d af qGrsm;udk zdwcf o hJ vdk
rdcifBuD; a':pdefEkudkyg zdwfMum;xm;&m vlpHkaecJhonf/ udkwif0if;tar a':pdefEkESihf
nDrjzpfol a':ñGeaYf &TwYkd a&muf&v dS mvQif y&dowfpo kH mG ;NyjD zpfonf/ w&m;emy&dowf0,f
rdrEdkif zrEdkif &yf&GmvlBuD; aqGBuD; rsdK;BuD; rEdkif pdwfMurf; udk,fMurf; tpm;Murf;
taomufMurf;olrsm;udk awGU&onf/ udkwifatmifBuD;? udkzdk;pD? udkoef;a&T? udkomñGefY?
udkxGef;odef;? udkMunfarmif? udkxGef;vIdif? udk[efñGefY? udkjym;BuD;? udkvSa0?
udkuHjrifh? udkausmfBuD;? udkjyefY? udkpdefNcHK? udkvSarmif polwu Ykd kd awGUvQif a':pdeEf rk mS
tHMh oaerdonf/ om;qd;k om;rdu k f rdztay: EGUJ qd;k qd;k olrsm; ,ckvrd m® pGm pka0;aeMuonfrmS
[kwyf gavp[k tHMh o&jcif;jzpfonf/
tb&aohonf a&muf&v dS molwt Ykd m; a[mMum;aomw&m;rSm-rdbarwåmBu;D rm;yHk
udk OD;pm;ay; a[mMum;onfh rdbtay: rodE;kd em; ajymrSm;qdrk mS ; EGUJ qd;k qd;k jypfrmS ;rdaom
tjypfukd q&mxHrmS 0efcsawmif;yefvQif ausEdik yf kH tZmwowfrif;ESihf zcif AdrÁdom&
rif; 0w¬Kom"u1jyK a[mMum;onfh tzowfuaH Mumifh r[mt0Dpid &Jus&rnfjzpfaomf
vnf; bk&m;&SifxH 0efcsawmif;yefcJhaomaMumifh tZmwowfrif; r[mt0Dpdi&J rus
&bJ avm[ukrDÇi&JrSm tESpfajcmufaomif;om cH&yHk a[mMum;avonf/
rdbtay: usL;vGefaom tjypfajyaysmufatmif rnfodkYjyKvkyf&ygrnfvJ[k
avQmufvQif rdzt&G,f oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;udk ylaZmfyGJjyKvkyf0efcsawmif;yef 9-&uf
'kvb ’ &[ef;0wf aus;Zl;qyf&ef ajymMum;&m a&muf&v dS maom y&dowftm;vH;k jypfrmS ;
rdaom tjypfrsm;udk cGiv hf wT yf g&ef awmif;yefpum;vdu k q f akd ponf/ 'kvb ’ &[ef;0wfvkd
1/ 'DCedum,oDvu©E0¨ *¾ygVd? 80 ESifh ,if;t|uxm (211? 212)Munh&f ef
175
KTS 15-11-14-1
olwt Ykd m; &[ef;'g,umwpfO;D wnf;ay:vQifaumif;rnf/ b,fol &[ef;'g,um cH,l

rvJ[ak r;&m udw k if0if;nDr a':ñGeaYf &Tu 'g,dumrtjzpf cH,rl nfjzpfaMumif; avQmuf
xm;onf/ tb&aohrS tvSLtrtm; aphaphMunhv f suf tm;vH;k oabmwlvQif vla&m
ewfyg om"k 9-Budrf ac:yg[k qdv k Qif tm;vH;k om"kac:Muonf/
tvSLyGt J pDtpOfrmS (3)&uf oufowfvw G xf rif; tpm;tpmjzifh {nfch aH uR;arG;
&ef toufBuD;olrsm;zdwfí ylaZmf&ef? y|mef;ylaZmf&ef? 'kv’b&[ef; (9)yg; &[ef;cH&ef?
npOfw&m;yGu J si;f y&ef vuf&rdS @yfrmS yif a&pufcsyjJG yKvkyí f ukeu f sp&dwf usyaf iG (3000d)
owfrSwf&ef nd§EIdif;Muonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif urf;yg;NydKoHrsm; w0kef;0kef;Mum;ae&onf/
vuf&rdS @yfEiS fh jrpfurf;yg;NyKd &mrSm tawmif (30)cefo Y muse&f &dS m rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f urf;NyKd
Edik o
f nf/ tb&aoh 'Dae&mrSm tvSLvkyzf Ykd urf;yg;u tcsderf a&G;NydKaewm jzpfyghrvm;
[k ar;&m at; aemufoHk;ESpfawmh cHrSmyg[k ajymqdkvsuf awmifajrmuf acgufwkefY
acgufjyef (3)Budrf <uavonf/ ndE§ idI ;f yGNJ y;D vQif wrm&Gm r[maygif;&Gm v,fw&D mG om;rsm;
r@yfupd ö qGr;f auR;udpö odr0f ifupd ö tygt0if vkyt f m;ay;udprö sm; wm0ef,Ml uonf/
vufyHwef;rS a':pdefEkrdom;pkrS 0w¬KaiG usyf (3000d) vSL&efomvdkawmhonf/
a':pdeEf Ek iS fh orD; rñGeaYf &TwYkd crHb
k wl mrS rD;&xm;pD;í vufyw H ef;NrdKUodYk jyefomG ;
Muonf/ tdraf &mufvQif rdcifjzpfou l orD;tm; ar;onfrmS orD;rSm pkaiGb,favmuf
&Svd Ykd &[ef;trtjzpf wm0efc&H wmvJ? orD;em;uyfNyD; eifwm0ef,v l u kd v f Ykd vmajymae
w,f/ tck 'DaiG b,fvdk&SmrvJ? vufaumufa&mif;vdkuf&if &rSm[k tjiif;tcHkjyK&mrS
rEkid 0f efukd ,lonf[k pdwq f ;kd um pum;rajymbJaeonf/ rñGeaYf &Tonf tb&aoh
tBuHay;onft h wdik ;f tdrt f ay:xyf bk&m;pifa&SUrSm 3-&ufqufwu kd f opfo;D pm;?
a&aomuf t"d|mefjzifhaeawmhonf/ a':pdefEkonf orD;xrif;rpm;bJaeí pdwfylum
bk&m;piftjyifrS orD;tarpum;ajymp&m&Sw d ,f? vmOD;[k ac:onf/ rvm ayuyfaevQif
taru aiG (1500d)vSLr,f? usefwm orD;updkuf[kajymojzifh tqifajyoGm;cJhonf/
tdrf0if;twGif; pkyHkxm;aom oHwdkoHp wpfyHkudk ukvm; 5-a,muf a&mufvmNyD;
a&mif;&efajymqdv k m&m usyfaiG (1500d)eJY a&mif;rnfqo kd jzifh ukeuf sp&dwaf iGrsm; &&Sv d m
onf/ rdwaf qGrsm;uvnf; qef qD qm; ponfjzifh ulnMD ujyef&m tvSLyGJ (3)&ufpm
{nfch pH &dwf vHak vmufco hJ nf/
wrm&Gmü xdt k csdeu
f bke;f awmfBuD;rSm ,m,DwaJ usmif;rQomjzpfonf/ tb
&aohonf reD;ra0; OD;oef;a&Ttrd rf mS oDwif;oH;k cJ&h mrS wynhf y&dowfrsm;vmaomtcg
176
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 177
wrmbke;f BuD;ausmif; (,ckqrG ;f pm;ausmif;ae&m0,f) wJausmif;aqmufNyD; ausmif;a&SU

,m,Dw&m;a[mr@yf aqmufvkyfonf/ a0,sm0pöaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf &aoh
OD;atmifNzKd ; tNr&J adS eonf/ a'ocHwynfrh sm;vnf; t"d|mef&ufowfrw S vf suf 5-&uf
9-&uf Oykoaf pmifah vh&o dS nf/ tb&aohEiS t fh wl OD;t&d,0Hovnf; wJausmif;jzifh
oDwif;oH;k vsuf&o dS nf/ oufawmf 36-ESp?f odum© awmf 16-0g omoe"Z"r®mp&d,
bGUJ &&Sx
d m;onf/ &[ef;0wfrnfo h l 9-OD;wdtYk m; 9-&uft"d|mefjzifh pepfwusaeEdik af &;
oifwef;ay;onf/ teD;uyf usifph Ofukd ñTejf yonf/ &[ef;cH OyorÜ'r*Fvmudk v,fwD
&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif; c@odrfü jyKvkyfMuonf/ yifhoHCmESihf y&dowftm; wrm&Gm
tb&aoh *E¨m&Dpcef;ü oufowfvw G tf m[m&jzifh qGr;f uyfjcif; {nhcf aH uR;arG;jcif;rsm;
jyKonf/ atmifyu JG kd r[maygif;&Gm udwk if0if;aetdrf r@yfü usif;yonf/ &[ef;avmif;
9-yg;rSm-
1/ udkwifatmifBuD; r[maygif;&Gm
2/ udkwif0if; r[maygif;&Gm
3/ OD;pdefNcHK wrm&Gm
4/ OD;xGef;vIdif v,fwD&Gm
5/ OD;vSarmif r[maygif;&Gm
6/ udkjym;BuD; r[maygif;&Gm
7/ udkMunfarmif v,fwD&Gm
8/ udkzdk;pD wrm&Gm
9/ udok mñGeYf wrm&Gm wdYk jzpfMuonf/
owfrw S &f uftwdik ;f tvSLyGJ oufBuD;ylaZmfyu JG kd qufvufusi;f yMuonf/ ,aeY

1371-ck E S p f wGif1 wrm&GmrSm tajctaerajymif;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;onf xnf0g
cHn
h m;aecJNh y;D v,fw&D mG bke;f BuD;ausmif; apwD odraf e&mrSm jrpfrcjrpf taemufbufurf;
aomifjyiftjzpfa&muf&cdS NhJ yD; ausmif;udk ta&SUbufurf; ajymif;a&TUapwDukd topfwnf
odruf vkd nf; rl&if;rysuaf pbJ rlvodr'f g,um OD;atmifoed ;f ZeD; a':pdeEf k om;udw k if0if;
orD; rñGeaYf &T rdom;pkwu Ykd a&TUajymif;aqmufvyk cf MhJ uaomaMumifh ,aeYwikd f MunfnKd
zG,&f m awGUjrifMu&avonf/
1/ omoemjyKc&D;pOf uGi;f qif;avhvmrSwo
f m;cJah om &ufpjJG zpfonf/
177
KTS 15-11-14-1
vufyw H ef;NrdKUrS OD;atmifoed ;f a':pdeEf k om;oruf OD;vS0if; orD;a':ñGeaYf &TwYkd

rdom;pk &[ef;cHyGJ? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGJ? y|mef;ylaZmfyGJBuD;u a'o&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk
tHMh o0rf;omjzpfapcJo h nf/ e,fausmf &yfausmf vlq;kd vlru kd f tpkvu
kd f 'kvb ’ &[ef;cH
Ny;D csed rf pS íat;csr;f vmcJo h nf/ aus;&Gmbke;f awmfBuD;ausmif; &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rav;rchjH zihf
ukvm;xdkifrSm bkef;BuD;rsm; xkdifBudwfaeygvm;
]]uk eygvm;}}[k rMum;wMum;ajymqdo k rH sm;
wdwq f w d o
f mG ;í uG,af eaom oHCm&wem ay:vGiv f mcJoh nf/ omrI emrI 'kr*Fvm
okr*Fvm r@yfwGif teEÅig;yg;? ig;yg;oDvtaMumif; ESD;aESmaqG;aEG;oHrsm; Mum;vm
&onf/ jrpfrcjrpf 0J,m&Sd wHigqufwo Ykd nf r[maygif;&Gm azmifawmfquf y|mef;quf
taMumif;cHvsuf ig;oH;k vDusipfh Ofukd vufcaH exdik cf iG &hf cJMh uonf/ wrmtif;ESifh r[maygif;
tif;aumufrsm; acsmif;½dk; ajrmif;½dk; wdrfaumNyD; v,f,mudkif;uRef;rsm;tjzpfa&muf&Sd
vmaomaMumifh or®mtmZD0tvkyjf zifh oufarG;0rf;aMumif;jyKcJMh uonf/ tyg,fav;yg;
ab;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&cJhMu&onf/ tb&aoh wrm r[maygif; <ua&mufvmjcif;rSm
tcgaumif;jzpfcJhavonf/ ,aeY usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf[k ausmfMum;jcif;r&SdrD
1330^31^32 tcsdeftcgu tb&aohç bdk;opömç em*0dZÆmbdk;opöm rdk;rc&aoh
trnfjzifh vlord sm;cJah Mumif; vufyw H ef;NrdKUe,ftwGi;f rS oufBuD;&G,t f w
kd Ykd EIwzf sm;yHjk yif
tvm;yif ajymqdkaeMuqJ jzpfonf/
ZD;jzLukef;ausmif; q&mawmf\ emwm&Snfa&m*g aysmufuif;

crHb k w
l mrS om&a0gblwmodo Yk mG ;aom rD;&xm;vrf;tMum;ü ZD;jzLuke;f &Gm&So d nf/
1
ZD;jzLuke;f ausmif;q&mawmfBuD; onf 1330-jynh0f ef;usifwiG f &[ef;&Siv f wl Ykd MunfnKd
av;pm;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD;jzpfonf/ y&d,wdåpmay wwfuRrf;NyD;
a[ma&; ajyma&; uRr;f usio f nf/ avmuD*P kd ;f q&mrsm;onf q&mawmfxH enf;cHoif,l
Muonf/ oufawmf &G,af wmf BuD;&ifv h m&m Z&m'kAv Á ESit
hf wl Asm"d'u
k y© g qufvm
aeonf/ q&mrsdK;pHk aq;0g;rsdK;pHkjzifh ukoaomfvnf; oufomaysmufuif;jcif;r&Sd?
toGm;tvm csdeJYvmonf/ ig'Da0emeJY vlb0ed*Hk;csKyf&awmhrnf/ ao&m anmifapmif;
vSaJ vsmif;ae&Ny[D k tm;avsmah ecJo
h nf/ pGu J yfaeaom a&m*ga0'emudk ewf odMum;awG
ulnDrS aysmufuif;awmhrnf[k pdwfusa&m*g jzpfaeavonf/
1/ yJc;l wdik ;f taemufjcrf;? om,m0wDc½dik ?f vufyw
H ef;NrdKUe,f? ZD;jzLuke;f wdu
k ef ,f? unifwt
kd yk pf k
v,fwaD tmifajr&Gm oD0g½Hak usmif;q&mawmf OD;£E´jzpfonf/
178
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 179
wrm r[maygif;rS wynh'f g,um aqGrsdK;rsm; ZD;jzLuke;f ausmif;xdik f q&mawmf

tm; vma&mufz;l ajrmf vSLzG,&f muyfvLS Mu? vlemar; a&mufvmMuonf/ &aohwpfyg;
\ tHMh ozG,&f m taMumif;t7mrsm;udk avQmufxm;Muonf/ txl;ojzihf vlru kd Bf uD;
zdk;pD orD; r0dkif; rsufpda0'emudk wr[kwfjcif;aysmufapjcif; vdr®matmifjyKjyifEdkifaom
taMumif;udk od&aomtcg awGUjrifvpkd w d jf zpfaecJo h nf/ ZD;jzLuke;f q&mawmf\wynhrf sm;
onf rd;k rc&aohtm; qGr;f uyfvkd awGUjrifvakd omqE´ wlnMD uum ZD;jzLuke;f odYk <ua&muf
yg&ef wrm&GmrS aqGrsdK;wdt Yk m; yifah vQmufaponf/ tem*wfta&; ajr§mjf rifvsuf tb
&aoh <ua&mufvmonf/ qGr;f qufuyfMuNy;D ZD;jzLuke;f ausmif; q&mawmfBuD;u awGUjrif
vdak om qE´&adS Mumif; avQmufxm;Mu&m MunfjzLpGmvufcí H vdu k yf gvmonf/ a&m*g
zdp;D í avsmif;puf&mrS vlu, kd w
f ikd af z;ulrS xdik xf Edik af om q&mawmfBuD;onf tb&aoh
rdrt d eD;a&mufvQif ½kww f &ufyif ikww f yk x
f xdik Nf y;D tb&aohtm; pdr;f pdr;f Munhaf eonf/
pum;rajym? wkPSDabmaeavh&Sd&mrS ]]a[h 'umawG ig[m ZD;jzLukef;ausmif;xdkif
q&mawmfyJ? a*gp&*grfrSm ig[m ax&fBuD; 0gBuD;yJ/ 'DtcsdefupNyD; ighq&m[m rdk;rc
&aohyJa[h? rif;wdkY ZD;jzLukef;bkef;BuD;udk rauseyfvQif rudk;uG,fyJaevdkuae? igq&m
uawmh rd;k rc&aohy[ J k BuHK;0g;pum;ajymMum;avonf/ xdt k csderf mS yif ydwek ;f aumifrsm;
tkyzf UJG um ausmif;twGi;f 0JysHaeonfrmS &Gmom;rsm; tHMh oMu&avonf/
tb&aohum; ZD;jzLuke;f q&mawmfBuD;rS awGUvdak Mumif; vlBuHKjzifh yihv f mcsderf S
pí q&mawmfBuD;tm; Mo'dó (yk*d¾Kvftxl;tm½HkjyK) arwåmydkYocJhonf/ ZD;jzLukef;&Gm
ydkifeufa&mufvQif bkr®&mZm ½ku©&mZm tmumo| a'0ga'0DwdkYtm; arwåmydkY trQa0
cJo
h vdk ausmif;tm&mrftwGi;f a&mufvQif ausmif;apmifh ½d;k &mapmifeh wfwt Ykd m; arwåmydYk
trQa0 q&mawmftm; Munfí h tvm;wl arwåmydNYk yD; ½dak o*g&0jyKonf/ q&mawmfBuD;
rdrtd vdvk kd xxdik o
f nfukd 0rf;omyDwjd zpfc&hJ avonf/ rdro d ufapmifah q;udk cGaJ 0vSL'gef;
NyD; opöma& arwåma&udk uyfvLS &m q&mawmfBuD; &wemoH;k yg;*kPf tm½Hjk yK bkO;f ay;NyD;
usefa&udk rsufEmS opf wpfu, kd v
f ;kH jzef;avonf/ cPtMum pMuFeaf vQmufví kd
&yfvsuf wjznf;jznf; vrf;avQmufavonf/ ZD;jzLukef;&Gm&Sd 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;
pk½Hk;a&muf&SdvmMuNyD; q&mawmfESihf rdk;rc&aohwdkYtm; tHhMo0rf;omrsufESm&TifjypGmjzifh
Munfah eMuonfrmS rsuaf wmifyifcwfrMd u[efrwl[k wynhrf sm;u ajymqdak eMuavonf/
&Gm&Sd emwm&Snfa0'em&Sifrsm; qD qm; a&ykvif;rsm;yg,lNyD; a&mufvmMu&m ausmif;
tay:xyfvljynhfoGm;cJhonf/
179
KTS 15-11-14-1
ZD;jzLuke;f q&mawmfonf yuwdtwdik ;f use;f rma&;aumif;vmonf/ rd;k rc&aoh\

"r®pnf;udkvnf; y&d,wdåusrf;*efESihfnDayonf[k xkwfazmfajymqdk av;av;pm;pm;
vduk ef mcJo h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af jc&if;0,f tb&aoh &[ef;jyKvsuf usdKuf
xD;aqmif; q&mawmf[k jzpfvmNyD; (2)0g&aomtcg Zkwo f w
k &f mG odYk a&mufvmonf/
tb&aohtjzpfrS &[ef;awmf b'ÉÅ ynm'Dy usdKufx;D aqmif;xH (2)ESpaf exdik v f suf
qHawmfapwDrsm;udk zl;ajrmfonf/ ig;oH;k vD"r®pnf;urf;udv k nf; ud, k af wmfwikd f vufcH
usio hf ;kH ovdk eD;pyf&mwynhw f t
kd m; a[majymqdq k ;kH rcJo kd Bf uD; OD;zdk;pD taMumif;
h nf/ vlru
jyKí ZD;jzLukef;&GmrS yg&rDy|mef;taMumif;quf&SdolwdkY usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\
Mo0g'cH jzpfvmcJhMuonf/
tb&aohESihf uGif;aumufq&mvIdif
*E¨m&D0dZÆmynm&yfudk pwifavhvmpOf "r®rdwfaqGrsm;ESihf q&mBuD; q&mcdkifxH

oGm;avh&SdMuonf/ OD;atmifNidrf;ESifhtwl wynhfcHynm,l OD;apmarmifvnf; &if;ESD;ol
wpfOD;jzpfvmonf/ armfawmfyDu,f&Jwm0ef xrf;aqmifaeol OD;apmarmifESihf um;
'½dik b
f m OD;atmifNidr;f wdYk vkyif ef;t& qufpyfcMhJ uzl;onf/ *E¨m&D0Zd mÆ ynm avhvmaom
tcg pdwf0ifpm;rIwlí tvm;tvmaumif;ol aemifxl;cRefrnhfol[k cefYrSef;xm;aom
aMumifh OD;apmarmifonf OD;atmifNidrf;tm; av;av;pm;pm; qufqHajymqdkcJhonf/
oCFe;f uRef;a&mufMuaomtcg &yfwl &Gmwl NrdKUwlom;awGjzpfí cifrifryI v kd mcJMh uonf/
oCFef;uRef;&Jpcef;ü OD;apmarmif pcef;rSL;jzpfvmonf/
OD;apmarmif &mxl;wufNy;D {&m0wDwikd ;f [oFmwc½dik t f wGi;f e,fajymif;cJ&h onf/
[oFmwe,fwiG f uGi;f aumuf yxrHq&mvIid ?f wvkyaf xmf OD;a,maz? vufypH ed f
yef;uke;f OD;vSoed ;f wd\
Yk 0dZmÆ vky&f yfrsm; vlBuKd ufrsm;vsu&f o
dS nf/ "rDpÇ cef;rSL; OD;apmarmifu
zdwfMum;í avhvm&ef c&D;xGufcJhonf/ xdktcsdef &aoh0wfjzifh *E¨m&Dynm qnf;yl;
vufawGUusifah eqJjzpfonf/ uGi;f aumuf q&mvIid &f &dS modYk OD;apmarmifEiS t fh wl a&muf
oGm;aomtcg OD;&aoh b,fuvmovJ[ak r;onf/ ok0ÖPblrad 'ouyg[kqv kd Qif
q&mvIdifrS wynhfrsm;udk zD;Murf;iSufaysmoD;aumif;aumif;,lcJhprf; apcdkif;NyD; OD;&aoh
bmvkyo f vJ[ak r;&m apwDa[mif;awG jyKjyifaeygonf[q k o
kd nf/ bk&m;wnf bk&m;jyif
180
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 181
wm tvum;tvky[ f k ajymcH&í bk&m;MunfnKd wm tvum;[kq&kd ma&mufaeí q&m

vIid of nf bk&m;&wemudk apmfum;vdu k o f nf[k pdwrf aumif;jzpf&onf/
q&mvIid o f nf {nfo h nfrsm;udk aumufni§ ;f aygif;jzifh {nhcf aH vh&o dS nf/ t"d|mef
0ifvmolwt Ykd m; oufowfvw G af uR;avh&o dS nf/ wpfcgwpf&H "mwfusonf[q k u kd m
aumufni§ ;f aygif;ESifh ig;&SOahf csmufzw k pf m;avh&adS Mumif; od&onf/ *ken f if;oD; 'd;k xd;k yGrJ mS
xif&Sm;onf/ 0wfaumif;pm;vS0wf tysdKacsmrsm; 'dk;xnhfxm;aom Aef;udkifapvsuf
q&mvIid u f ,
kd w f ikd f 'd;k xd;k onf/ 'd;k xd;k í 'd;k vH;k tyGuf (tvJ)rsm;vQif 'd;k uav; 'd;k uav;
wdik ;f vH;k ausmfwhJ 'd;k uav;[k wynhrf sm;u vufcyk w f ;D í NydKifwq
l Mkd uonf/ teD;uyf
vTaJ csmfvQif 'd;k uav;urlw,f? qHawmufuav;udrk S ,lr,f[k qdak Mumif; od&onf/
&aoh0wfjzihf awGUcJh&aom uGif;aumufq&mvIdif taMumif;yifjzpfonf/
bdk;bdk;atmifxH rysif;aq; awmif;cJh
rñGefYa&Tonf vlrIqufqHa&;ü oGufvufcsufcsmNyD; yGifhvif;½dk;om;pGmajymqdk
wwfoljzpfonf/ wrm&Gm r[maygif;&Gmü tvSLyGJ'g,dumrtjzpf cH,lNyD;aemuf tb
&aohxH t0iftxGurf sm;ovdk tb&aohuvnf; aetdro f Ykd ud, k wf ikd <f uvmNy;D ig;oH;k vD
usihpf Ofukd a[majymavh&o dS nf/ bd;k bd;k atmif bd;k rif;acgifwu Ykd kd t½dt k aojyKaomfvnf;
eHeuf tdy&f mrS apmapmxí qGr;f csufr?I ykw;D pdyrf ?I bk&m;&Scd ;kd qGr;f uyfru I kd ysif;aewwf
onf/ wdu k wf eG ;f aomfvnf; emcHjcif;r&Sb f nf/ [Jh-ñGefYa&T eifh[m jcaoFhqDudk
d aJ exdik o
ay;aewm? od*Ða&TcGufeJY rcHbJ csOfywftdk;eJYcHaew,f[k qH;k ronf/ wynhaf wmfr
ysif;wJha&m*g&Sdygw,f? rysif;aq; &S&d if ay;cJyh g tb&aoh[k avQmufonf/ [J-h
eift h rd rf mS &Sw
d hJ tbbd;k bd;k atmifxrH S awmif;vJ&wmyJ[k ajymqdck o hJ nf/ nwdik ;f OD;csí
bd;k bd;k xHawmif;awmhonf/ wpfnwGif ykq;kd tuGuf tay:tusÐtjzL acgif;aygif;ESifh
tba&mufvmNyD; [J-h olawmf ñGeaYf &Tukd 'Dawmifa0S;eJY rysif;aq;ay;vdu k [ f k ajymqdk
onf/ aemufryS gvmaom OD;olawmfonf tbudik x f m;aom awmifa0S;ESifh ae&mtESYH
½du
k í f rysi;f aq;,lxm; aemufukd rysi;f eJ?Y eHeufapmapm tdy&f mx? qGr;f csuf qGr;f awmf
uyf[k EIwrf S wwGww f w
G af jymqdak vonf/ ab;rSvnf; emem½du k u f [ G k tm;ay;oHrsm;
Mum;ae&onf/ eHeuf tdy&f mxcsdef tarvmac:onf/ nu½du k cf x H v d Ykd ud,k vf ufawG
emaew,f[kajym&m rdcifu r,Hkí ppfaq;Munhf&m t&SdK;&mrsm; ae&mtESHYjrif&onf/
tHMh o&ovdk ighorD;udk tbawGapmifah &Smufaeygvm;[k pdw0f ,fauseyfcahJ vonf/
xdt k csderSf pS í 0wfrysuf bk&m; qGr;f awmf? yef;? a&csrf;? qDr;D ? tarT;wdik f uyfvLS jcif;?
181
KTS 15-11-14-1
bk&m;&Scd ;kd jcif;? ykw;D pdyjf cif; jyKvkycf ahJ vonf/ bd;k bd;k atmif\ rysif;aq;ay;enf;rsm;udk
a':ñGefYa&T ,aeYwdkif ajymrqHk;&SdcJhavonf/
i0efa'o *E¨m&D c&D;

bkd;bdk;atmif\ b&aoh
{&m0wDwdkif;? ykodrfNrdKUonf &mrnwdkif;? rGefwdkif;(3)&yfwGif ukoder@vü
yg0ifcJhonf/ ykodrf (32)NrdKUtrnfjzifh rGefrif;wdkY tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf/ ZrÁL'DyOD;aqmif;
usrf;tvdk uloed Of yg,fckd rkwrå onf &mrnwdik ;f [kazmfjycJNh yD; ykord Nf rdKUe,fum; ta&SUudk
vm;aomf yef;r'D? ajrmufuv kd m;aomf yifv,ftek ;f uRe;f ? taemufuv kd m;aomf taemuf
yifv,f? ajrmufuv kd m;aomf cJaygif;acsmif;r [k e,fowfrw S jf ycJo
h nf/ {&m0wDjrpf\
taemufbufe,fajr jrpf0uRef;ay:&ma'otm;vH;k udk ,cktcg {&m0wDwikd ;f [k ac:qdk
Mujyefonf/ jynfNrKd Uatmuf rd;k ndKNrKd Ue,fEiS hf t*Fyt
l Mum;rS cGx
J uG v f maom jrpfvufwuf
onf {&m0wDwikd ;f a'oudk axmifw h ef;jzwfvsuf yifv,ftwGi;f pD;qif;oGm;cJo h nf/
i0efjrpf[k trnfwpfco k ;D jcm;jzpfvmcJo h nf/ OD;&aohonf [oFmwc½dik t f wGi;f ü
ae&mtESYH *E¨m&Dc&D;pcef;xGucf ohJ vdk ykord Nf rdKUe,ftwGi;f &Sd wefc;kd BuD;apwDyxk ;kd rsm;wGif
pcef;csí orxur®|mef;rsdK;pHk tm;xkwv f n
S v fh nfaexdik cf o
hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu 1330-ckEpS f
0ef;usifjzpfí touft&G,f (40)rjynhrf jD zpfonf/ a&aMumif;c&D;jzifh oGm;vmEdik o f nf/
um;vrf; azmufvkyfjcif; r&Sdao;ay/
ykord ef ,f a&Munf a&aemufpcef;wGif «qdik &f myk*K¾d vfw\ Ykd ñTeMf um;csuftwdik ;f »
*E¨m&Dusipfh Of aqmifaecsed jf zpfonf/ ud,
k 0f wfwpfpkH vufo;kH awmfawmifa0S;? use;f rma&;
twGuf aq;vG,t f wd w
f pfv;kH om aqmif,o l nf/ tydyk pön;f ryg? tm[m&twGuf
ygpu0rf;rD;csufavmufaom toD;tESu H kd tm;jyKaecJo h nf/ wpfaeY0,f touft&G,f
BuD; trsKd ;orD;ESpaf ,muf OD;&aohxH a&muf&v dS mMuNy;D &Scd ;kd uefawmhum b&aoh vdt k yf
&m trde&Yf ydS g&ef ypön;f av;yg; 'g,dum0wftaejzifh yefMum;vmonf/ OD;&aoh touf
rSm (40)yif rjynhaf o;? tzGm;t&G,f tart&G,rf sm;u ½dak oav;pm;pGmjzihf OD;&aoh[k
ac:a0: ajymqdo k nfukd pdw0f ifwpm;jzpfvm&onf/ 'g,dumrBuD;wdu Yk tart&G,f
jzpfygvsuf om;t&G,&f aohukd b&aohvYkd bmaMumifah c:MuygovJar;&m bd;k bd;k atmif
udk ,HMk unftm;xm;aeolawGyg? nu b&aohxt H a&mufomG ;MuvdYk tdyrf ufrmS vmajymwJh
182
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 183
twGuf vm&ygaMumif; ajymqdu k m ypön;f av;yg; 'g,dumrtjzpf cH,al Mumif; avQmuf

xm;NyD; a0,sm0pörsm; aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuonf/
&aoh r d k ; ysH
wpfaeY ykodrfNrdKU qefpufydkif&Sif 'g,umwpfa,mufa&muf&SdvmNyD; a&SUwl½lrS
xdik v
f sufMunfu h m ]]'D&aoh 'DykH aocsmygw,f}}[k EIwrf S wwGww f wG af jym rsufEmS
aocsmjyefMunho f nf/ 'kw, d tBudrf teD;uyfMunhí f 'D&aoh 'DykH aocsmygw,f[k
xyfraH jymqdv k monf/ 'g,umBuD; bmaocsmwmvJ[k ar;&onf/ xdt k cg vGecf ahJ om
vu wynhaf wmfavjzwfNyD; yufvuftaetxm;jzifh owd&ovdk r&ovdk jzpfaecsdeüf
OD;&aoh t&G,fi,fi,fwpfyg; ezl;rSajczsm; ajczsm;rS ezl; tacgufacgufvrf;avQmuf
aewm awGU&aMumif;? OD;&aohu, kd af y:rSqif;Ny;D jyLwif;wHcg;rS aumif;uif,yH sw H ufomG ;
onfukd awGUvdu k &f aMumif;? OD;&aoh ud, k af y:rSqif;vQif avjzwfa&m*gaysmufuif;oGm;yg
aMumif;? xd&k aohrmS t&Sib f &k m;yHk jzpfaeygaMumif;? 'gaMumifh t&Sib f &k m;xH a&mufvmNy;D
ypön;f av;yg; 'g,umtjzpf vufcaH y;&ef avQmufxm;tyfygaMumif; pum;qdck o hJ nf/
aemifaomtcg tqdyk g'g,umrS rdom;pktvdu k f ig;oH;k vDwynht
f jzpf cH,cl ahJ vonf/
zm;ysHESihf OD;*sdK;Zuf
wpfaeY ykodrfjynfolYaq;½HkrS wrDvftrsdK;tEG,fuGefaygif'g c&pf,efbmom0if
OD;*sdK;Zuf a&muf&v dS mNyD; xl;qef;aomtdyrf uftaMumif; avQmufxm;onfrmS usif;BuD;
twGi;f rS toHMum;vdYk oGm;Munhcf &hJ m zm;BuD;wpfaumifjzpfaeonf/ olu Y u
kd ,fryg[k
qdok nf/ b,fvu kd n
l &D rSmvJ ar;aomtcg vufeaYJ usmudx k ½d rkH Q xday;yg[kajymí
vufjzifh xdvu kd of nf/ zm;BuD;onf ysHwufomG ;NyD; wpfaeYus aus;Zl;jyefqyfygrnf?
ok0ÖPblrd usKd ufx;D aqmif;udk vdu k cf yhJ g[k toHay;vsuf ta&SUpl;pl;t&yf aumif;uifrS
ysHomG ;ygonf[k avQmufxm;NyD; OD;&aohxaH &mufvm&ygaMumif; &Si;f jycJo h nf/ &if;ES;D ol
jzpfvmNyD;aemuf c&pf,efbmomrS ig;oHk;vDwynhfwpfOD;tjzpf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH vrsm;pGmaexdik Nf yD; ykord o
f jYkd yef&ef pdwu
f ;l jzpfvm
onf/ qHawmf&iS af pwD we*FaEGaxmifw h iG f w&m;xdik af epOf tm½Hek rd w d xf ifvmonf/
vSn;f bD;cefBY uD;aom zm;BuD;urSmMum;vmonfrmS - rjyefygeJY *sdK;Zuf7,f ighuu kd ,fcv hJ Ykd
'Duakd &mufatmifac:vm&wm aus;Zl;wifjyefqyfwmyg? 'DrmS qufaeygOD; ajymqdrk mS Mum;
183
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf/ OD;*sdK;Zuf zm;pum;udk em;axmifNyD; t"d|mef&ufMumqufaexdkifoGm;cJhonf/

wrDvfrsdK;EG,f c&pf,efbmomrS Ak'¨bmomtjzpf ul;ajymif;um ig;oHk;vDusihfpOfjzifh
&moufyefaexdkifoGm;oljzpfonf/
&[EÅmqdkwm vlxGufygovm;
*E¨m&Dpcef;csaexdkifcsdef vltrsdK;rsdK;a&mufvmum tcsdKUrSm qdkif&mwdkY tdyfruf
edrwd f "mwferd w
d jf zifh ajymMum;í wynhf ypön;f av;yg;'g,umtjzpfc, H Ml uonf/ tcsdKU
um; rdrdod&Sdxm;aom A[kokwjzihf ynmprf;Muonf/ wpfaeY &J0efxrf;tqifhjrifh
t7m&SdwpfOD;a&mufvmonf/ orD;jzpfolrSm tndKa&mif0wfpHk0wfqifvsuf wnfNidrfpGm
&So
d nf/ Oy"d½yk rf mS vnf;jynhpf akH eonf/ om;orD;vdrm® qdw k m rdbESpyf g;udk bk&m;ESiw fh pfwef;
wnf;xm; ½dak opGm jyKvkyaf jymqdk auR;arG;jyKpk&efq;kH rpum;ajymMum;onf/ zcifjzpfou l rl
olYorD;[m tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅmrjzpfNyD[k &dyfomq&mawmfu qHk;jzwfxm;jcif;
cH&oljzpfí ajymqdzk , G &f mrvdak tmif vdrm® aeolyg[k qdv k monf/ 'Dvq kd vkd Qif vl0wfvl
taejzifh raeoifo h jl zpfonf/ ajymwJt h wdik ;f jzpfvQif 0rf;omp&mjzpfygonf[k vdu k af vsm
nDaxGpum;qdck &hJ onf/ owfrw S u
f mvNy;D vdYk tjcm;t&yfoYkd ajymif;a&TUvmcJo h nf/ aemuf
wpfacguf ykord o f aYkd &mufvQif tqdyk g &[EÅmrb,fa&mufaeNyDv[ J k ar;aomtcg
tdraf xmifusoGm;ygNyD[k zcifjzpfou l ajzMum;cJo h nf/ atmf-'Dvv kd J &So d vm; [k
pum;wkefYqdkvdkufrdonf/
0dZÆmESihfodyÜH (tm[m&od'd¨ NyD;aomqef)
wpfaeY ykord af q;½Hük a[mufqm*sif q&m0efvil ,fwpfO;D b&aohxH a&mufvm
cJhonf/ edAÁmefqdkif&mpum;udk odyHÜynmqdkif&mjzifh a0zefavhvmonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if
rdbrS zGm;jrifvmoljzpfí jrefrm"avh ,Ofaus;rIukd vdu k ef m&ef qH;k ronf/ jyefveS af 0zefí
odyt HÜ awG;tac:rsm;udk xyfumwvJvJ ajymqdck o hJ nf/ t&m&mwGif odyEÜH iS whf ikd ;f wmae
oltm; 0dZÆmynmjzifh owday;&ef pOf;pm;rdonf/ ]]armif&if 'Dqefaphudk El;eyfatmif
rD;jzifch sufjyyg}}[k qdv k Qif qefaphrsm;udk yGuyf u
G q
f al om a&wGif xnho f nf/ a&aEG;aiGU
yGufyGufqlaomfvnf; qefaphrsm;u aysmhroGm;bJ&Sdonf/ armif&if aemufwpfBudrf
jyefawGUcsderf mS qefawGaysmhaeatmif vkyx f m;yg[k rSmMum;cJo h nf/ aemufwpfEpS jf yefqkH
csdefwGif armif&if igay;cJhwJhqefudk aysmhatmif ausnufatmif BudKcsufEdkifNyDvm;[k
ar;vQif BudKcsufr&ao;aMumif; tajzay;avonf/ bkrd®odkuf0ifqefrSm t"d|mefjzifh
184
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 185
jyKvkyxf m;aomypön;f jzpfí xdv k il ,fwpfoufwm qefukd aysmhatmif usdKcsufr&Edik rf eS ;f

rod&mS ay/ vGecf ahJ om 1330-ckEpS u f auvmoawmifü *E¨m&Dc&D;xGucf sed u f blro d u
kd 0f if
ausmufjzpfqefaphrsm; awmMuuf *sDi,frsm; tpkvu kd f pm;aomufcMhJ uonf/ ,cktcg
vlaexlxyfNcaH jrwd;k csUJ vkyu
f ikd &f m acsmif;ajrmif;rsm; wdraf umaysmufu, G of mG ;NyjD zpfonf/
*E¨m&Dynm vdu k pf m;olwYkd vkv d m;&SmazGavh&adS om blro d ukd 0f ifypön;f rsm; aysmufu, G cf hJ
avonf/ tm[m&od'N¨d yD;aom ausmufqefjzpfonf/
rlv,uúef;pifawmif *E¨m&Dc&D;pOf
"rDüÇ azmifawmfO;D azmifawmfjyef azmifawmfyhJ apwDrsm; xD;wifNyD;aemuf a&Tw*d kH
apwDrSm t"d|mef (9)&ufjyef0if&onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D; (9)&ufxGuf&ef ñTefMum;ygonf/
c&D;pOfrSm [oFmw "rDÇ jrefatmif BuHcif; {&m0wDjrpful;NyD; jynfNrdKU a&TqHawmfapwD&Sd
bdk;bdk;atmif"mwfcef;rSm tvkyfvkyfonf/ rauG; jrovGef rEÅav; rwå&m pOfhul
a&eHo Y m xdrk S ,uúe;f pifawmifoYkd 0if&onf/ tjyef a&vrf;c&D;jzpfí rEÅav;rS oabFmpD;
yk*H anmifOD;&Sd a&Tpnf;cHk tmeE´m paom bk&m;rsm;wGif t"d|mef0ifí &efukef a&Twd*Hk
odYk ta&mufjyef&onf/ xdak cwf xdt k cg xGuaf om *E¨m&D toGm;tjyefc&D;pOftwGi;f
t[eft Y wm; txpftaighr&Sb d J tquftpyf 'vpyfomG ;vmEdik cf &hJ m ,aeYacwfEiS fh
MunfhvQif ,HkEdkifzG,fr&Sdjzpfaeonf/ c&D;pOfwpfqufESifh wpfqufoGmvm&ef ,mOf
tqifoifjh zpfco hJ nf/ pm;a&;aomufa&;twGuf tcsdeu f u kd f vSL'gef;rnfh tvSL&Siuf
tqifoifah pmifah ecJo h nf/ omrefusifph Ofjzifh atmifjrifciG rhf &Edik ?f *E¨m&Dc&D;[lonf cEDÅ
arwåm udk,fESihfruGm oGm;av&myg&onf/ oDvw&m;onf tajccHjzpfí cdkifrmaom
wnf&m rS&D mjzpfonf/ oDvjynhpf v kH NkH cHKrS orm"d (ur®|mef;bm0emrSe)f jzpfaumif;onf/
odrYk o
S m 0dZmÆ ynmtvG,&f Edik of nf/ þc&D;rSm ,uúe;f pifawmifEiS fh yg&rDy|mef; taMumif;
qufí psmepcef;tusihfvrf;ajzmifh a&mufcJh&onf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfjzpfvm
a&;twGuf vrf;pjyjcif;cHcJh&onf/ &[ef;abmifa&mufatmif ,uúef;pifawmifrS
taMumif;qufc&hJ yHu k kd q&mawmfred MYf um;cJo h nf/
orÁKa'¨t"d|mef&uf wrmcsOfqGrf;
rEÅav;NrdKU taemufjyifü csrf;omBuD;bk&m; csrf;om&bk&m;apwDESpfql&Sd7m
csrf;omBuD;0,f (9)&uft"d|mefjzifh t|*FoDvESifh orxur®|mef;pD;jzef;aepOf tm½Hk
edrw
d 0f ,f Edn
Yk m§ t&G,f om;armifausmfviG f toufxu G cf geD; cHpm;ae&yHu k kd yDyo
D o
jrif&onf/ &uftm;jzihf ESpv
f ausmNf yjD zpfí tdru
f jkd yefvpkd w
d çf om;udpk ;kd &drpf w
d jf zifh toufrD
185
KTS 15-11-14-1
atmif tjrefjyefrnf[k pdwu

f ;l jzpfvmonf/ 0wfjzLpifMu,fy*k K¾d vfa&mufvmNyD; ar;cGe;f
xkwo f nf/ vlavmurSm raornfo h &l o
dS vm; ñTejf yyg/ aocsdeaf &mufvQif tar
taz tbd;k tbGm; nDuakd rmifErS 0ef;&Hxm;aomfvnf; aornfo h u
l kd wm;qD;r7?
rdrdom rao&mrSef w&m;csrf;omudk &atmif&Sm[k qHk;rpum;ajymMum;vmonf/
eHeufvif;vQif jyefrnft h pDtpOfuzkd sufvsuf ppfuikd ;f awmif½;kd bufc&D;qufchJ
onf/ qGr;f OD;ykn&Siaf pwD reD;ra0; jrode;f wefapwDpcef;wGif aexdik í f t"d|meftvkyf
0ifonf/ ow¬Kwpfv;kH csKd ift h wGi;f rod;k rykyaf om tm[m&udx k nhx
f m;&m yJaMumf yJavSmf
b,mausmfwYkd tpdjk yefum &ufMumí tjrKyfxvmonf/ tvSL&Sirf ay:u 'gefow¬K
wpfv;kH csdKift
h wGi;f &Sd tm[m&udk rQw½Ho k ;kH aqmif? a&ud0k atmifaomufvsuf t"d|mef
&uf ukev f eG af pcJo
h nf/
ppfudkif;NrdKU t"d|mef&ufjynhfvQif rHk&GmNrdKUawmifbuf (7)rdkifuGm rdk;n§if; orÁKa'¨
apwDoYkd rD;&xm;jzihf c&D;qufco hJ nf/ orÁKa'äpwD rkcOf ;D t0if qifjzLnDaemifoYkd a&muf
vmcJhonf/ todtuRrf;r&Sd? vuf&SdcE¨m½kyfyHkrSm a&rcsdK; t0wfravsmfonfrSm &uf
(60)ausmNf yjD zpfí qHyif&n S v f m&m vnf*w k af y:qHyif0u J svsuf EIwcf rf;arT;? rkwqf w d af rT;
xlxEl iS hf &aohx;l vdjk zpfaeonf/ rkcOf ;D t0ifa&mufvQif oDv&Siw f pfO;D teD;a&mufvmNyD;
]]nu tbbd;k rif;acgif 'Dvmr,f BudKyg}}vdYk ajymoGm;ygw,f/ OD;&aoh Z&yfacwå<uyg
[k zdwMf um;onf/ Z&yfa&mufvQif qGr;f udpNö yD;cJyh gNyDvm;[kar;&m rbkO;f ay;&ao;yg[k
ajzrS qGr;f ESiwhf rmcsOfy&J w
dS ,f/ usef[if;awGu oufvw G rf [kwf [kqu kd m&Sw
d qhJ rG ;f ESifh
wrmcsOfyGJjyifay;onf/ odk;aeaom tm[m&udk pm;oHk;&NyD; AdkufatmifhAdkufemyg
aysmufuif;oGm;cJo h nf/ qGr;f ylyw l rmcsOfjzifh bkO;f ay;&m t&om&Sv d oS nf/ wpfoufwm
arhr&Edkifaom qGrf;[k "r®yv’if0,f rdefYMum;cJhavonf/ orÁKa'äpwDwGif t"d|mef
owfrw S &f ufjynhaf tmif tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/
ñTeMf um;aom c&D;pOfwpfcrk mS tvHNk rKd U a':pdeOf ,smOfxH (3)&uf[q k í
kd c&D;quf&m
a':pde&f &dS modYk a&mufc&hJ onf/ O,smOf[q k o
kd jzifh NcBH uD; 0if;BuD;ESifh a':pdet
f jzpfxifcohJ nf/
cifyGef;trnfaemufuxnhfvsuf OD;&ifjzpfjyefonf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;um; NyHK;p&mjzpfcJh&onf/
aetdrfrSm tnma'oxHk;pHtwdkif; xef;yifvHk;av;pdyfcGJ wdkifxkyfavsmuf 0g;vHk;tjcif
xef;vufrdk; jzpfaeonf/ aqmif;wGif;umvjzpfí at;vGef;onf/ rD;tNrJzdkxm;NyD;
xef;vufukd 0g;jcrf;xd;k azmufí jyKvkyx f m;aom xef;vufuyftcif; ajray:csumtdy&f
186
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 187
onf/ Murf;ydk;rSm rD;vIH&mteD;a&mufvmovdk tdrfrSm ,m,DwJjzpfí ajrESihftrdk;

vlwpf&yfvwG ½f kH trd;k rS vl&&dS mckecf svmonftxd aygvsuf &So
d nf/ &ufaphatmif
aexdkiftvkyfvkyfcJh&onf/
&ufaphvQif rHk&GmNrdKUrS a&vrf;c&D;quf&ef csif;wGif;jrpfESifh {&m0wDjrpfqHk&Sd&m
qH r d w f c H k (qD r D ; cH k ) &G m {&m0wD o abF m rsm; qd k u f u yf a om oabF m qd y f & S d & mod k Y
a&mufvmcJhonf/ rEÅav; &efukefc&D;pOfrSm rEÅav;NrdKU a*g0defqdyfrS tpkef tqef
{&m0wDoabFmxGufcGm&m ppfudkif;&GmopfBuD; ijrm&Gm qHrdwfcHk&Gm jrif;rl ponf
c&D;pOfjzpfonf/ a&pBudK jrif;NcH yckuúL anmifOD; acsmuf a&eHacsmif; rauG; rif;bl;
o&uf jynf [oFmw anmifwkef; rtlyifrS &efukefc&D;pOfjzpfonf/ tjyefc&D;rSm
a&vrf;oabFmc&D;jzpfí ntdyf &yfem;vQif qdyfrSwufí &yfem;NrdKU&Sd wefcdk;BuD;apwD
ykxdk;rsm;udk zl;ajrmfcGifh&cJhonf/ 1333-ckESpf rwdkifrD c&D;pOfrsm;jzpfonf/
aevHk;0ifcsdefawmifajcta&muf
"r®uE© m¨ (84000)ylaZmfaomtm;jzihf rdu k jf ynhaf pwDaygif; (84000)udk taomu
rif;wnfxm;apcJhonf/ yk*Hjynf tavmif;pnfolrif;onf xdkapwD&Sd&mt&yfodkY azmif
pMumjzihv f nS vfh nfí apwDwu Ykd kd jyKjyifcohJ nf/ azmifawmfy|mef;quf azmifawmfO;D apwDç
azmifawmfjyefapwDç azmifawmfyahJ pwDwu Ykd kd jyKjyifa&;twGuf bd;k bd;k atmif bd;k rif;acgif
wdYk ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f {&m0wDwikd ;f [oFmwç "rDÇç BuHcif;ç ykord af 'ota&muf
aexdkifjyKjyifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ yJcl;wdkif;? om,m0wDc½dkif? vufyHwef;NrdKUe,f wrm&Gmç
v,fw&D mG ç r[maygif;&Gm tygt0if jrpfrcjrpf 0J,mü *E¨m&Dc&D;Ny;D qH;k apcJo h nf/ rEÅav;
wdkif; r[mjrwfrked tygt0if wdkif;twGif; xif&Sm;aom apwDykxdk;rsm; rEÅav;awmifç
&efuif;awmifç ,uúe;f pifawmifç &rnf;oif;a&Trif;0Hawmifç ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f qGr;f OD;ykn&Sif
aumif;rIawmfç rdk;n§if; orÁKa'¨ zdkvf0if;awmif paom a&S;a[mif;apwDykxdk;rsm;&Sd&mü
*E¨m&Dpcef;csaexdkifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ jynfNrdKU a&TqHawmf zl;ajrmfNyD;csdeftbbdk;bdk;atmifrS
ñTefMum;cJhonfrSm &efukef a&Twd*HkapwD0,f t"d|mef0ifNyD;vQif arG;&yfZmwdodkY *E¨m&D
c&D;xGu&f rnf/ toHjzifh ñTeMf um;cJo h nf/ a&Tw*d akH pwDü t"d|mef&ufNy;D vQif ]]aevH;k 0ifcsed f
auvmoawmifajcta&mufvmyg vla&mif&iS af &mif tultnDay;rnf}}ñTeMf um;onfh
twdik ;f auvmoawmifajcodYk a&mufc&hJ onf/
tBudKaxmufou l kd ajrmfMunhrf o d nf/ ta0;wpfae&m awmtkypf yfrS t0ga&mif
owå0g rdrx d aH &SU½Itm;ukeaf jy;vmaeonf/ taemufrS t0ga&mift0wfjzifh rkq;kd jzpfou l
187
KTS 15-11-14-1
]]*sDa[h *sDa[h [k toHjyKumtajy;vdkufvmonf/ *sD[k ajymaom owå0grSm OD;&aoh

a&SUa&mufvQif tm;ukefoGm;onfhtvm; vQmwef;vef;jzifh 0wfcsvdkufonf/ aemufrS
xyfcsyfygvmaom rkqdk;tm; ]]'umu *sDvdkY atmfNyD; vdkufvmw,f? 'DrSm tdrfarG;acG;
r[kwv f m;}}[k ajym&m aomufvmaom t&uftrl;ajyum &Suaf ,mifjyKvsuf ]]OD;&aoh
b,f<urSmvJ wynhaf wmf vdu k yf aYkd y;ygrnf}}[k qdok nf/ auvmoawmifxyd f ta&muf
oGm;&rnfhvrf;jyay;yg[k awmif;yefvQif tm;em[efjzifh awmifckvyftxd ydkYay;ygrnf
[k qduk m vdu k yf aYkd vonf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG om;nDtpfu0kd rf;uGJ OD;[efpdk;onf qm;csu&f mrS
tjyef OD;&aohESihf awGUcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
awmifxuf0ufta&muf apwDikwfwdk&Sd anmifyifra&mufrDrSmyif t0ga&mif
qd w f B uD ; BuD ; t&G , f bk d Y a yguf p EG m ;nD a emif o nf td r f j yef & rnf h t csd e f j zpf y gvsuf
awmifatmufrqif;bJ awmifay:jyefwufaeonf/ bdkYaygufpEGm;nDaemif vma&muf
tBudKaxmufonf[k tm;wufum c&D;qufonf/ awmtwGi;f 0ifa&muf aysmufu, G f
oGm;onf/ vrf;jyol OD;[efp;kd um; xrif;qmvSNy?D jyefcf iG jfh yKyg[k qdjk yef&m [dt k yifatmuf
a&mufu tqmajyauR;ygrnf[k acsmharmhpum;ajymNyD; c&D;qufMu&m vrf;ab;
anmifyifatmuf ausmufw;kH ay:0,f &eHw Y oif;oif; ydEo éJ ;D rSnw
fh pfjcrf;awGU&onf/
tqmajypm;NyD;qufyaYkd vonf/ auvmoawmifxyd &f dS anmifyifBuD;udk txifom;
jrif&aomf ausmufavSum;twdik ;f OD;&aoh <uyg vrf;rSm;p&mr&Sad wmhyg[k ajymajymqdq k kd
OD;[efp;kd awmifatmufoYkd okwaf jcwifavonf/
wpfawmwGif wpfawmif? wpfawmifrSm wpfyifwnf;? wpfyifrSm wpfyGihfom&Sd
onf/ rysufruGuaf &SUqufyg[k trSmpum; em;rSmMum;vmonf/ aevH;k 0ifomG ;NyDjzpfí
tarSmifxo k rf;vmonf/ 0gacgifvjynhn f jzpfí rd;k wdru f if;pifNyD; ta&SUt&yfrS v0ef;rS
MunfMunfvifvifawmufyaeonf/ anmifyifBuD;rSm BuD;rm;NyD; tudik ;f tcuf t&Guf
wdrYk mS xlxyfvsuf&o dS nf/ ajrjyif0,f &Guaf jcmufwrYkd mS wpfru kd cf ef&Y odS nf/ tqdy&f adS om
owå0gwdYk cdak tmif;&mjzpf[ef&o dS nf/ vlow H w
d q
f w d v f suf nOfih u S w f t
Ykd oHomMum;ae
&onf/ awmawmiftwGi;f wpfO;D wnf; a&muf&v dS moljzpfí tm;i,fpw d jf zpfvmonf/
tm;ud;k p&m[lí omoemhzcif 2-OD;om&Sad wmhonf/ tbbd;k bd;k atmifEiS fh tbbd;k rif;
acgif vTwv f u
kd v
f aYkd &mufvm&wmyg[k awmawmifapmihef wfwt Ykd m; awmif;yefpum;
qdí k tultnDawmif;rdavonf/
188
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 189
auvmoapwD&&dS modYk awmifajc&S&d mG ol&mG om;ta&mufenf;vSonf rI&d mS jrpf&mS

om;aumif&mS rkq;kd rsm;om jzwfomG ;jzwfvma&mufavh&o dS nf/ wpfaeukeaf omfvnf;
bk&m;zl;wpfa,mufyif a&mufvmjcif;r&Sad y/ tapmift h a&Smuf wdwu d susr&S?d rnfol
rqdk ud, k &hf u
d m© ud,
k thf pDtpOfjzifh *E¨m&Dc&D;avQmufow l Ykd a&mufvmavh&MdS uonf/
taqmuftOD;rsm;rSm a':yJomZ&yftdk bk&m;0wftNydK (2)ck? awmifydkifq&mawmfrsm;
½kyx
f x k m;aom taqmuftOD rd;k rvHak vrvHk rSeaf usmif;a[mif;wd&Yk o dS nf/ OD;&aohonf
½kyfyGm; 4-ql bk&m;0wftwGif; ae&m,lNyD; apwD&ifjyifay:wufvsuf o&P*Hk
(30)ykwD;pdyf&m ykwD;wpfywf&&ef 4-em&DESihf 6-em&DcefYMum tcsdef,lcJh&onf/
pm;a&;twGuf rpOf;pm;bJ arwåmydkY trQa0 ykwD;pdyf tvkyfjzifhom owfrSwf&ufudk
ukefvGefaponf/ t"d|mefrSm opfoD;pm; t"d|mef a&aomuft"d|mef ponfjzifh
usef;rma&;udk Munhí f tvkyv f yk cf o
hJ nf/
tm[m&udpöNyD; rmvumoD;
aeYvnfydkif;tjcm;ae&modkY pcef;ajymif;&ef rdefYMum;vmonf/ eHeufrSpí aeY
(11)em&Dtxd ur®|mef;tvkyu f kd qufwu kd v
f yk of nf/ awmifqif;awmifwufc&D; xGuf
&rnfjzpfí £&d,mykwrf Qwap&ef tay:uke;f awmfwpfywf vSnv fh nfí tm[m&twGuf
&SmazGro d nf/ rGe;f rwdr;f rSD tm[m&r&vQif a&aomuft"d|mefaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/ &ifjyif
oH;k ywfjynhí f Mumoyaw;t&yf ur®|mef;tm½H, k &l mrS aeuxdik u f akd cguford ;f í rwfrwf
&yfvQif &m[kaxmifh&Sd rmvumyifü t0ga&mifoef;aom rmvumoD; 2-vHk;udk awGU
&onf/ &ifjyifukd vSnyfh wfcsdeu f rawGU&bJ r&SmbJaecsdef &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awGU&í cl;qGwf
,liifvu kd o
f nf/ teEÅig;yg;udk uyfvLS NyD; arwåmydYk pm;oH;k &m [maeaom ygpu0rf;rD;
Nidr;f apNyD; taMumwpfaxmifprd o hf vdk t&omxl;jcm;vSonf/ cE¨mud, k v
f nf; tm;tif
jynhfNzdK;í ayghyg;vef;qef;vmonf/ &eHYarT;BudKifvSonf/ aemuf&ufrsm;wGif tm[m&
pm;oHk;vdkjcif;r&SdbJ tm[m&udpöNyD;cJhavonf/ tm[m&od'd̈NyD; rmvumoD;yif jzpfae
onf/
awmvdkufrkqdk;zl;cJh&aom a&TapwD1
auvmoawmifajc&if; ajrmufbufwGif 0if;uaus;&Gmwnf&Sdonf/ OD;zdk;oif
onf auvmoawmifawmeuftwGi;f rS awmaumifrsm;udk &SmBuHzrf;qD;í 0rf;a&;twGuf
1/ OD;ode;f vGiaf &; qHawmf&iS rf sm;ordik ;f ESm (47^48^49)rSmMunh/f
189
KTS 15-11-14-1
vkyfudkifpm;aomufoljzpfonf/ auvmoESihfauvmozawmifESpfvHk;\ ta&SUbuf

vQdKajrmifacsmufMum;odkY a&muf&SdcJhNyD; awmaumifrsm;udk awmvdkufacG;tultnDjzifh
&SmazGae&m csHKEG,tf xyfxyf ydwq f ;D xm;aom acsmuftwGi;f ydik ;f odYk a&mufvmcJo h nf/
acsmuftwGi;f rS OD;acgif;armhí Munhaf omtcg BuD;rm;rwfapmufvsuf ausmufoabFm
o²Pmefausmufaqmif ausmufurf;yg;BuD;udk awGUvdu k &f onf/ tay:odw Yk uf&ef
cufcJaeí tarmajytyef;ajzvsuf&SdpOf xkdausmufaqmiftxufwGif ta&mifrsdK;pHk
jzmxGuaf eaom t&m0w¬Kudk awGUjrifvu kd &f aomtcg pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd Mf unhrf S a&TapwDBuD;
jzpfaeonfukd r,HMk unfEikd f awGUvdu k &f onf/
armyef;EGr;f e,faecsdef zl;awGUvdu k &f onft h jyif a&mifjcnfawmfueG jYf rL;aeonfukd
awGU&aomaMumifh OD;cdu k v
f suzf ;l ajrmf&if; apwemrsm;xufoefí MunfnKd pdwrf sm; jzpfymG ;
cJh&onf/ a&TapwDrSm wjznf;jznf;arS;rSdefaysmufuG,foGm;avonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí olY
toufowfí toufarG;&aom awmvdu k rf q
k ;kd b0udk tNyD;pGev Yf w
T &f ef todÓmPf
0ifvmavonf/ awmaumifvu kd af eus acG;wpfaumifonf ausmufzsmtMum;rS xGuf
vmNyD; tay:odw Yk ufaeaom jzLaumifwiG ;f 0odYk 0ifvQif ,ufxw k af vonf/ jzLaumif
xGurf vmbJ a&TapwD a&Tqif;wk aiGapwD aiGqif;wkwu Ykd kd awGU&onf/ ausmufzsm
ESpfcktMum;rS ,ufxkwfjyefvQif a'gif;'*Fg;rsm; wif;ESifhcsDí&&SdcJhonf/ EdkifiHawmf A[dk
oHCmh0efaqmif uif;&Gm a&wHceG af usmif;q&mawmf OD;a0ykv\ ’ tajymt& a&Tqif;wk
oHk;qljzpfNyD; usefqif;wkrsm;rSm aiGom;jzpfonf/ t&G,ftpm;rSm 3 vufrcGJcefY[k qdk
onf/ pkpkaygif; qla& (303)ql&Sdonf/1
OD;zd;k oif &vmaom ypön;f rsm;udk 0if;u&Gm q&mbke;f BuD;ausmif;wGif ay:awmfrl
ypön;f rsm;tjzpf r@yfx;kd í zl;ajrmfaponf/ vloal wmfb0jzifh aexdik v f suf tEkówd
(10)yg;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfavonf/ ,if;ausmif;udk ,cktcg ay:awmfrlausmif;[k
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/
0dwdk&d,bk&ifr tqHk;tjzwfay;
auvmoawmifyikd q
f &mawmf OD;rOÆLMum;aomtcg auvmoapwD omoemydik f
ypönf;[k ta&;qdkonf/ ESpfOD;tjiif;yGm;cJh&m rIcif;tjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/ NrdKUydkif
1/ a&wHceG af usmif;q&mawmf OD;a0ykva’ &; auvmoapwDordik ;f ESm(51)Munh/f
190
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 191
e,fyikd f c½dik t f qifrh S bk&ifc½H ;kH txd a&muf&v dS mNyD; NyD;jywfatmif tqH;k tjzwf ray;Edik f
aomaMumifh t*FvefEikd if H bdvyf 0dw&kd , d bk&ifrxH trIwJG a&muf&o dS mG ;onf/ tqH;k
tjzwfum; auvmoapwDajcawmf&if;rSpí wdik ;f wmvQif tvHwpf&mtwGi;f a&muf&dS
ygu auvmoawmif omoemydik q f &mawmf xde;f odr;f jcif;jyKap/ tjyifausmfveG af om
ae&mwGifawGU&Sdygu OD;zdk;oifxdef;odrf;jcif;jyKap/ bk&ifr trdefYtwdkif; c½dkif0ef e,fydkif
NrdKUydik pf aom tBuD;tuJwYkd pHn k pD mG wdik ;f wmMuonf/ tvHwpf&mjynhaf omae&mjzpfaeí
olydkif igydkif cGJjcm;r&bJ&Sdonf/ ay:awmfrlypönf;rsm; [dkvl,l 'Dvl,ljyefYESHYoGm;onf/
wpfO;D wnf;xde;f odr;f Edik jf cif;r&Sd vufvrS ;f rD&m cGaJ 0,lomG ;Muonf/ tcsdKUtvGo J ;kH pm;jyK
Muí wjznf;jznf;aysmufq;kH oGm;avonf/ a&wHceG af usmif;q&mawmf OD;a0ykv’ a&;om;
aom ordkif;tqdkt& awmifydkifq&mawmf OD;rOÆL\qE´twdkif; tyfESHcJhNyD; tcsdKUudk
Xmyemwdu k üf xnho f iG ;f cJo
h nf/ tjynft h pHk tyfEjHS cif;rjyKonfrmS trSejf zpfonf/ ypön;f rsm;
wpfvufrS wpfvuf ul;ajymif; oH;k pGrJ o d w l rYkd mS 'Pf&m temw&jzpfjcif;? rD;ab;oifjh cif;?
rGJjymusjcif;? Elem0JempGJuyfcH&jcif;? ab;qdk;'Pfqdk; tema&m*grsdK;rsm;pGm cHpm;oGm;Mu
&onf[k qdo k nf/ bk&m;ypönf; tqdyfoD; oHk;enf;tvGefcuf tqdu k m; rSeuf efvaS y
onf/ owdjyK&efjzpfonf/
rdk;rc&aoh zl;&aom a&TapwD
1995-ckESpf? pufwifbmv (9)&ufaeYwGif usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sif\ t*Fg
axmifhausmif;0,f pma&;olonf (9)&uf t"d|mefjyKí e0*FOykofapmifhcsdefumv
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS t hf wl auvmoawmif qHawmf&iS af pwDoYkd zl;ajrmf&ef a&muf
cJ&h onf/ apwDawmfatmufcrkH mS tkww f pf0uf ajrom;wpf0ufjzpfí csKH EG,rf sm;? MoZmyif?
rmvumyif? xef;yifrsm;jzifh 0dik ;f &HaeNy;D apwDawmfacgif;avmif; txufüom a&Taq;rsm;
&Sad eonf/ ypö,mtqifq h ifh pdeaf wmifrsm; wyfqifjcif;rjyK&ao;bJ rlv taetxm;
twdik ;f &Sad eonf/ rEkó[ D ½kyw f \
k awmifbuf ,ck(Zwdu k )f pmwdu
k f taqmufttHk
ae&mwGif &ifpcYkd efY tkww
f wH ikd ;f twGi;f wpfyg;ae opfom;ur®|mef;ausmif; wpfaqmif
&So d nf/ xdak usmif;teD;a&mufcsdef q&mawmf rdeMYf um;onfrmS --
&aoh0wfjzifh auvmoawmifü t"d|mefjzifh aexdik v f su&f o
dS nf/ nOfeh ufyikd ;f wGif
a&TapwDukd awmvdu k rf q
k ;kd OD;zd;k oifz;l cGi&hf aomae&mudjk yrnf? eHeufvif;vQif tqifoifh
apmifah eyg[k ajymqdv
k monf/ apmapmxNy;D t"d|mefupd rö sm;udjk yKvkyv f suf tBudKaxmuf
191
KTS 15-11-14-1
rnhof u l kd arQmfaecJo
h nf/ 10 em&Dct JG csdef touf (18)ESptf &G,f u&ifo0H 0J t J rsdK;orD;
wpfO;D onf awmvdu k af cG;ESpaf umifjzifh auvmoapwD ta&SUbufrw S ufvmNy;D ausmif;
a&SUodYk a&mufvmcJo h nf/ OD;&aohtm; xl;qef;aom ae&mudjk yrnf? vdu k cf yhJ g[k ac:vm
onf/ auvmoapwD ajrmufbufrS aumvozapwDoYkd oGm;onf/ xkrd S rkOÆawmf
*latmufoYkd qif;oGm;&onf/ xdpk Ofu c&D;vrf;rSm omom,m,mr&Sd vlou l if;rJah om
umvjzpfonf/ csHKrsm;udk wdk;a0SUoGm;&onf/ nae 5-em&DcefY a&mufrS acsmufMum;
twGi;f odYk a&muf&adS wmhonf/ csHKEG,rf sm;udk z,f&mS ;NyD; tay:odaYk rmhMunhaf omtcg
acsmufurf;yg;tpGe0f ,f jynfwiG ;f c&D;oGm; oabFmul;wdUk t&G,f ausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;udk
awGU&onf/ ausmufwHk;t&G,ftpm;rSm ay 50 cefY&Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;rdonf/ acgif;udk
armhNyD; rSe;f qMunf&h m awmvdu k ;kd oGm;aomvrf;c&D; a&TapwD1 zl;awGU&aomtcsdef
k rf q
zl;awGUcJh&aomtwdkif; tm½Hk0,f xyfwlxyfrQ zl;ajrmfcGihf 'óemEkwå&d, ukodkvf&&Sd
cJhonf/
tm½H,
k í l apwDukd zl;ajrmfNyD;aemuf rdrpd cef;cs&mur®|mef;ausmif;odjYk yef&ef owd
&vmonf/ tvmc&D;twdkif;jyefvQif (7)em&DcefY Mumrnfjzpf&m rdk;csKyfrS a&mufEkdifrnhf
c&D;[k pdwf0,fBuHpnfrdonf/ vrf;jyolurl tcsdefenf;aeNyD jzwfvrf;u jyefydkYrnf[k
qdk&m pdwfoufom&m &cJhonf/ acsmufMum;rScufcJpGmwufvm&m tay:odkYa&mufvQif
atmufodkY iHkYMunfhrdonf/ tolwpf&mrQjrifhonf[kxifrdNyD; ewfrsm; ñTefjyaom vrf;
rSwfom;&efrvG,f ae&mrSefodvQif aemif txdrf;trSwfjyKvkyf&eftwGuf 0ef;usifudk
avhvmrdonf/ ajray:wGif ausmufwHk;acsmacsmESpfvHk;ESifh teD;wGif r&rf;yif ESpfyifudk
owdxm; rSwo f m;cJo
h nf/ trsdK;orD; ñTejf yaomvrf;twdik ;f auvmoapwD&&dS modYk
jyefvmcJh&m tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; ur®|mef;ausmif;odkY jyefa&mufcJhonf[k rdefYMum;
cJhonf/
q&mBuD; OD;odef;vGif\ qHawmf&Sifrsm;orkdif; tcef; (4)? pmrsufESm (50)wGif
azmfjyxm;onfrmS - &[ef;rjyKrD awmusifh awmifusihf t"d|meftusifjh zihf þauvmo
awmifawmfodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xkdqHawmf&Sifawmifawmf0,f t"d|mefusifhpOf
tvkypf cef;0if&mwGirf S txufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd odciG &hf cJoh nf/ okv Yd ifu
h pm;
rnfot l m;rQ todray; rajymMum;bJ q,fEpS q f ,fr;dk ausmfvmaomtcgrS auvmo
1/ ewfwzYkd efqif;jyaom a&TapwDBuD;udk zl;awGU&onf[k qdo
k nf/
192
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 193
qHawmf&SifapwDukd yxrtBudrftjzpf 1346-ck? ESpfqef; (1)&uf (16-4-84)aeYwGif

xD;awmfwifvLS onf/ xkt d csdeaf emufyidk ;f twGi;f usus wynht
f rsm; odciG &hf Muonf/
xkdae&mokdY OD;pGm ac:aqmifjyocH&olrSm v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESihf opfawm0efBuD;XmerS
OD;atmif0if; (AkdvfrSL;BuD;? 'kwd,0efBuD; tNidrf;pm;)jzpfonf/
a&TapwDay:cJhNyD; zl;cGihf&&SdcJhaomae&mrSm awmcsHKydwfaygif; vQdKajrmifapmif;wGif
yke;f atmif;aeonft
h vm; tp&Smr&Ekid af tmif aysmufu, G af ecJo
h nf/ ,cktcg usdKufx;D
aqmif; q&mawmfonf ay 150-cefY&Snfvsm;aom ausmufxyfausmufwHk; 2-ckay:
wGif a&TapwD (2)qlukd wnfxm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ]]ukd;e0if;ausmufxyfa&TapwD}}}[k
bGUJ awmfwyfxm;onf/ 15-ayywfvnf tkwzf ed yfay:wGif 9-awmifjynhaf pwDjzpfonf/
auvmoawmif udk;e0if;ausmufxyf a&TapwDorkdif;

wdv&aohwnfxm;aom qHawmfapwD
auvmoawmifxdyf0,f a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu wnfxm;cJhaom apwDukd
auvmoqHawmfapwD[k a'ocH &[ef;&Siv f wl u
Ydk ac:qkcd MhJ uonf/ bk&m;&Sif (8)0g&
tcsed f ok0ÖPblrrd S e*g;OzGm; zcifv0l Zd mÆ wdrYk S aygufzmG ;aom vli,fonf uG,v f eG Nf y;D
rZÑdra'o 0da'[&| rdw¬DvmNrdKUae olaX;\ orD;0rf;0,f vl0ifpm;jzpfvmonf/
xkdvl0ifpm;onf i,f&G,fpOftcsdefrSm bk&m;&SifESihf zl;awGU&NyD; w&m;em&aomaMumihf
&[EÅmtjzpf a&mufvmonf/ uG,v f eG o
f mG ;aom olaX;orD;onf ok0ÖPblrd a'o0,f
vljyefjzpfavonf/ &Sif*0Hywd&[EÅm tbdnmOfjzihf qifjcifMunhfvQif awGUjrifí
rdcifa[mif;xH oGm;a&mufum w&m;a[mvQif rdcifa[mif; owdoaH 0*&ovkd arG;pm;
zcif&iS &f aoh OzGm;aemifawmfwx Ydk H oGm;a&mufí bk&m;a[mMum;a'oemawmfudk jyefvnf
a[mMum;onf/ arG;pm;zcif &Si&f aohEiS fh OzGm;aemifawmfwrYkd S bk&m;&Sit f m; ok0ÖPblro d Ydk
<ua&mufatmifyifah qmifay;&ef awmif;yefMuonf/ awmif;yefco hJ nht
f wkid ;f bk&m;&Sixf H
cGiyhf efavQmufxm;onf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf tem*wfumv0,f ok0ÖPblrad 'oü Ak'¨
omoemawmf t&Snw f nfwahH ernfudk jrifawmfro l jzihf <ua&mufvmavonf/
7-&ufMum oDwif;oH;k NyD;aemuf rZÑrd a'ookYd jyef<uumeD; bk&m;xH a&mufvm
Muaom &aohrsm;ESifh a'0uk@v? rPdu@ k vwdt Yk m; qHawmf"mwfudk toD;oD;
ay;oem;awmfrl&m0,f auvmoawmifxdyfrSmaeaom wdv&Sif&aohtm; qHawmf
ay;oem;cJo h nf/ rdrad exkid &f mawmifxyd 0f ,f apwDwnfxm;cJah vonf/
193
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdk;ewf (yZkEéa'0g)rif; wnfxm;aomapwD

&SiftEk½k'¨gtrSL;&Sdaom &[EÅm 6-yg;wdkYonf bk&m;&Sif (4)0gajrmuftcsdefu
&mZN*dK[fjynf a0VK0efausmif;ü w&m;a[mawmfrlaomtcg tem*wfumv0,f
yGiv fh if;awmfrrl nfh qHawmf"mwfrsm; uk;d uG,v f o
dk rl sm;twGuf tBudKxm;cJah om qHawmf
wkwYd iG f wpfqt l ygt0ifjzpfaom &Siaf ombdw &[EÅmESifh rd;k ewfom;wdo Yk nf auvmo
awmifxyd w f iG f qHawmfapwDwpfql wnfxm;cJah Mumif; qauo"mwk0if ygVd0,f
azmfjyxm;onf/ wdv&Sif&aoh&&Sdaom qHawmfESihftwl auvmoawmifxdyfü
qHawmf"mwfEpS q f l ude;f 0yfaMumif; ay:vGicf o
hJ nf/ ,ck omoemawmf (2500)ausmaf om
tcg yGifhvif;rnf[k bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwfawmf? &[EÅmwdkY rdefYrSmcJhaom pum;awmftwkdif;
omoemESpf (2557)ckESpfwGif qHawmfapwDjrwf udk;uG,fylaZmfMuolrsm; ra&wGufEkdif
atmif rsm;jym;aeavonf/
rkd;rc&Sif&aoh zl;awGU&aoma&TapwD
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfjzpfvmrnhf q&mNidrf;onf *E¨m&Dynm *E¨m&Dc&D;
pwifavQmufpOftcsdef (1331)ckESpfwGif þauvmoawmifxdyf0,f pcef;csum
usihBf uHtm;xkwcf sdef aeYwpfaeY\ n(10)em&Dtcsde0f ,f orxtvkyrf S &yfem;&efjyKvkyf
aepOf auvmoapwDta&SUbuf ausmufavSum;rS (18)ESpt f &G,f u&iftrsdK;orD;
wpfa,muf acG;(2)aumifEiS fh teD;odaYk &mufvmonf/ 0dobm*tm½Hjk zpfí pl;prf;aom
trlt&mjzihf bmudpövJ[k ykpämjyKaomtcg eHeufrdk;aomuf xef;wpfzsm;tcsdef
xl;qef;aomae&mjyrnf? toihfapmifhaeyg[kajymum jyefoGm;avonf/ &aoh
OD;atmifNird ;f onf eHeuftcsed uf pí *E¨m&Dusiphf Ofudk tm;xkwNf y;D wpfaeYwm qGr;f udpu
ö ydk g
Ny;D pD;atmifjyKvkyx f m;avonf/ owfrw S cf sed af &mufvQif u&iftrsKd ;orD;i,f ac:aqmif&m
aemufoYdk vku d yf gcJo
h nf/ qHawmfapwDrS ajrmufbufawmifuek ;f &Sd auvmozapwD?
xkrd q S ufí rkepf awmf*l ta&SUbuf vQdKBuD;twkid ;f qif;um c&D;quf&onf/ eHeuf
(10)em&DrS nae (3)em&Dtxd awmwkd; csHKwkd; ukef;wufukef;qif; ausmufwHk;rsm;pGm
a&SmifuiG ;f um oGm;aecJ&h onf/ teufq;kH vQdKBuD;twGi;f rS txufoYkd armfMunh&f ef
nTejf yavonf/ rd;k xdaeonfyh rm a&Tom;a&Ta&mif ajymifajymif0if;vsu&f adS om apwDawmf
BuD;ukd zl;awGU&avonf/ 0rf;omtm;&pGmjzihf MunfñdkOD;ckdufNyD; Ak'¨gEkówd bm0emukd
tm½HkjyK&m rnfrQtcsdefMumoGm;onfrod? owd&vmaomtcg aevHk;udk rjrif&awmh/
194
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 195
a&TapwDae&m rSwfom;cJhonfrSm
a&TapwD&&dS modYk vm&m0,f eHeuf (10)em&Dtcsderf S nae(3)em&Dtxd cefrY eS ;f rd&m
(5)em&DrQ tcsdefMumonf/ tjyefü tcsdeftwdkif;qkdygu noef;acgifrS ae&mXme
a&mufawmhrnf[k pdwt f wGi;f 0,f pOf;pm;rdavonf/ u&iftrsdK;orD;url tvmc&D;u
a0;w,f? jzwfvrf;uaejyefr,f-[kqu dk m vQdKBuD;twGi;f rS ausmufw;kH ausmufzsm
ausmufvmT txyfxyf csKH EG,af wmwk;d um jyefvmMu&m em&D0uftcsed t f wGi;f auvmo
qHawmfapwD ta&SUbuf ajrnDjyifudk a&mufvmcJo h nf/ vrf;jy u&iftrsdK;orD;ysdKonf
ta&SUbufvQdKtwGi;f qif;oGm;csdef &aohO;D atmifNidr;f onf auvmo qHawmfapwD
ajc&if; pcef;cs&mt&yf0,f jyefa&mufvmonf/ wpfaeYwmumv tawGUtBuHKukd
jyefvnfowd&um Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; wnfNidrfpGmtm;xkwfEkdifaom pGrf;tm;rsm;
&&SdcJhavonf/
a&S;acwfu wku d uf v
k m;awmifwef;[k ac:qkt d yfaom awmawmiftwGi;f 0,f
awmvdu k rf q
k ;dk wdo
Yk nf aeYcif;rSmyif a&TapwDBuD;ukd zl;awGUMu&onf/ rdrzd ;l awGU&aom
apwDukd jyefoGm;zl;&ef &nf&G,fvrf;&Sif; opfyif"m;xpfjcif; paom trSwftom;
oauFwrsm;jyKxm;um &Gma&mufvQif q&mawmfBuD;rsm; &yfrd&yfzrsm;tm; ajymjyum
a&TapwDzl;&efvmcJhMuaomfvnf; a&TapwDudkrawGUMu&awmhbJ ae&mXmeukdom
tm½HkjyKum qGrf; yef; a&csrf;rsm; uyfvSLxm;&aMumif; yHkjyifyrm om;pOfajr;quf
ajymqkdMu&avonf/ xkdjzpfpOfrsm;ukd owd&um aemif rdrdomoemjyKcGihf&vQif
þae&m0,f txdrf;trSwfapwDwnfxm;&ef t"d|mefwifavonf/ ajrjyifay:&Sd
trSwt f om;rsm;ukd ausmufw;kH taetxm;t&G,yf rmP cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGif vSr;f jrif&aom
opfyifBuD;rsm;ukd pdwrf eS ;f xm; rSwo f m;cJoh nf/ ausmufw;kH ausmufvmT 9-xyf 9-
vTm&Sad om ae&mjzpfaeaomaMumihf 9-e0if;ausmufxyf[k trnfay;rSwcf ahJ vonf/
a&S;OD;a&TapwDtxdrf;trSwfae&m
vGefcJhaom 1346-ckESpf? ESpfqef; (3)&ufaeYu q&mawmf zl;awGUcJh&aom 9-
e0if;ausmufxyfae&m ausmufwHk;ay:0,f apwDi,foHk;qlukd wnfxm;NyD; ylaZmf
apcJoh nf/ auvmoy|mef;yGJ usi;f yaepOfumv ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm; vma&mufz;l ajrmfum
ykw;D pdyf w&m;xkid jf cif;jyKvkyMf uaomfvnf; useftcsdeüf vlot
l a&muftaygufr&S[ d k
qk&d atmif jzpfaecJoh nf/ ausmufw;kH ay:okYd wufa&muf&onfrmS xGmqkid o
f mom&Sad om
ausmufw;kH ay:0,f vlwpfO;D ajccsavQmufEidk af om opfw;kH wpfw;kH ukd wHwm;ozG,f
195
KTS 15-11-14-1
aygif;ull;xm;aomae&mrS cufcJpGmul;vsuf ausmufwHk;ay:&SdapwDrsm;ukd zl;Mu&onf/

xkt d csdeu
f a&TapwDrmS ÓmPftjrifh (9)ay? atmifapwDrmS (5)ay? "mwfapwDrmS (3)ay
&S d o nf / ysd K &G , f o ef r maom trsd K ;om;rsm;om zl ; Mu&onf / aygif ; ul ; wH k ; rS
jyKwfusEkdifaomaMumihf wufa&mufzl;ajrmfol enf;vSonf/ auvmo qHawmf&Sif
apwDy|mef;yGu J dk aumZmESpf 1344-ckEpS ?f wydw
Yk v
JG qef; (11)&ufaeYrS wydw
Yk v
JG jynhaf eYtxd
(5)&ufMum toHrpJy|mef;ylaZmfyGJ pwifusif;yvmcJo h nf/ 1374-ckEpS ?f 0gqkv d qef;wGif
tNird ;f pm;ygarmu© OD;pde0f if;onf auvmoqHawmfapwD0,f &[ef; tjzpfaexkid cf o hJ nf/
ppfukdif; csif;wGif;jrpftaemufbuf rkdif(20)cefYuGm ,if;rmyif NrdKUe,f? uykdif&Gmausmif;
q&mawmfrS auvmoawmifqHawmf&SifapwDü t"d|mef0if&ef nTefMum;aomaMumihf
,ck v k d 'k v ’ b &[ef ; 0wf t"d | mef x m; ur® | mef ; tm;xk w f j cif ; jzpf o nf /
a&S;a[mif;apwDae&mteD; w&m;yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJh&m o'¨gw&m;jzpfyGm;zG,f&m
todtjrifrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhavonf/
a&TapwDrsm; xD;awmfwifyGJ
jynf w G i f ; wuú o d k v f a umvd y f r sm; ynma&;0ef B uD ; Xmevuf a tmuf ü
ygarmu©wm0efjzihf aqmif&u G cf sdeu
f yif Ak'o
¨ moemukd avhvmvku d pf m;í 0dZÆmynm&yf
rsm;ukdyg pl;prf;oljzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf rav;&Sm;EkdifiHom; rpöwmvif;tzGJUESifh
wpfpdwfwnf;vdk wlnDaeaomaMumihf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; &dyfomaygif;rsm;pGmukd
pcef ; 0if t m;xk w f 0d Z Æ m ynm&yf u k d twG i f ; ususavh v mcsd e f w G i f auvmoES i f h
usdKufx;D aqmif; tm½Hek rd w d &f cJah omaMumihf t"d|mef0ifco hJ nf/ auvmoqHawmf&iS \ f
ta&SUajrmuf (3)zmvHkc&D;tuGm rdepf (20)cefY twuftqif;jyK&aom csdKifh0Srf;
awmifMum;rS xk;d xGuu f m ausmufw;kH ausmuftqihq f ih&f adS om ud;k e0if;ausmufay:0,f
wnfxm;aom udk;e0if;ausmufxyfa&TapwDteD; t"d|mefjyKum ur®|mef;tm;xkwf
aexkid af vonf/ 1374-ckEpS Of ;D ydik ;f rSpí a&TapwDay:xGu&f mokYd oGm;vmrIv, G uf al p&ef
(3)zmvHk awmifqif;awmifwufvrf;ukd ausmuftkwfrsm; xkqpfum avSum;
jyKvkyMf uonf/ rlv&Sad eaom apwD 3-qludk topfjyKjyif? ausmufw;kH ay:0,f &[ef;
awmfrsm; wufa&mufw&m;tm;xkwEf idk &f ef uGeu f &pfpvpfjym;cif;? ausmufw;kH ay:okYd
vlwidk ;f w&m;tm;xkwEf idk &f ef acsmufMum;ukd ausmufvmT txyfxyfqihu f m &ifjyifawmfEiS fh
twuftqif; ausmufwcH g; jyKvkyo f vdk urf;yg;,H0,f vl 50-cefaY eEkid af om &ifjyif
tvsm;(15)ay? teH(9)ay&Sd tmpDuGefu&pf? wpfyg;ae ur®|mef;ausmif;? a&csdK;uef?
196
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 197
uk#rD sm;ukd aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJMh uonf/ 1374-ckEpS ?f wydw Yk v JG qef;(9)&uf? auvmo

y|mef;tBudKaeY 24-em&D y|mef;usrf; ylaZmfyjGJ yKvkyu f m uk;d e0if; ausmufxyf a&TapwD
xD;wifyu JG dk pnfum;oku d Nf rdKufpmG usif;yjyKvkycf MhJ uonf/ wykw Yd v
JG qef; (11)&uf?
9-em&D atmifyJGusif;yNyD;aemuf (30)Budrfajrmuf auvmoqHawmf&Sif toHrpJy|mef;
ylaZmfyu JG dk usi;f yjcif;jzpfonf/ a&TapwD 9-e0if; ausmufxyfrS tvsm;? teH (24_15)ay
cef;&S&d mwGif tv,fA[dük ÓmPfawmf (9)ay tjrih&f adS om a&TapwDwpfq/l ta&SUxdy0f ,f
(5)aytjrifh&Sd atmifapwD? taemuftpGef;0,f tjrifh(3)ay&Sd "mwfapwDwpfql?
apwDoHk;qlvHk;ukd "mwfaygif; ewfaygif; y|mef;vrf;aMumif;apwDrsm;[k urÁnf;xkd;NyD;
(9)aytjrifh&Sd wHcGefwkdifxlum [oFmESihfa'gif; tv,fapwDyg&Sdaom xD;arQmf ewfarQmf
wHcGefwkdifukd vSL'gef;xm;avonf/ tNidrf;pm;ygarmu© OD;pdef0if;onf vcsDMumatmif
'kv’b&[ef;0wfum ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwfcsdef bGJUawmfrSm OD;Z#dv jzpfonf/
y|mef;qufenf;
ukd;e0if; ausmufxyfa&TapwD (3)ql xD;awmfwifyGJusif;yaecsdef OD;pdef0if;ESihf
rpöwmvif; OD;aqmifaom rav;&Sm;Ekid if o H m; tvSL&Sirf sm;onf xD;awmfyifah qmifcsderf S
apwDtxGwüf xD;awmfwifNyD;í atmifoaH y;onftxd tzGUJ 0iftm;vH;k tqufrjywf
&Gwq
f Mdk uonfrmS xl;jcm;aom aqmif&u G rf I jzpfonf/ avSum;tqif; 0Jbufü vl
50-cefYqefYaom urf;yg;,H&ifjyifrS a&TapwD (3)ql&Sd&mokdY rsufESmrl vuftkyfcsD
&GwfqdkMuonf/
a&TapwDae&mjrwfESihfwuG auvmoqHawmf&SifapwDawmfjrwf r@dKifjyKaom
ok0ÖPblrd omoemawmfEiS fh y|mef;quf&MdS uukeaf om yg&rD&iS t f aygif;wd-Yk
rdrd\yg&rDESihfwuG rdrdusihf&rnhf tusihfjrwftrSefukd ukd,fpDukd,fi
tyfcsrwfcs odMuygap? rdrd yg&rDt[kefukd tvGefw&mjrihfrm;apEkdifonfh
"mwfaMumihf usihBf uHtm;xkwí f vG,u f Ml uygap/
y|mef;quf&MdS uukeaf om vlq&mjrwf &aoht&Sijf rwf &[ef;t&Sijf rwfw\ Ydk
arwåmukd oydw0f if tdw0f if tjynht f 0&&Síd csr;f omvG,u f l vsijf refpmG jzihf
w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfukd usifhEkdif &EkdifMuygap/
nDtpfukdquf? nDtpfrquf? armifESrquf? aoG;quf? om;quf?
y|mef;quf? yg&rDquf? qkawmif;quf? aqGquf? rsdK;quf? ukov kd jf yK
qufrsm;jzpfMuaom vuf0Jukd;odef;? vuf,mukd;odef; omoemjyK
"mwfewftaygif;wdEYk iS w
fh uG aqGawmf&pS o f ed ;f rsdK;awmftaygif;wkYd tm;vH;k
197
KTS 15-11-14-1
tjynht
f 0 trQ&í csr;f omjcif;taygif;ESifh jynhpf MkH uygap/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
om"k tEkarm'em ac:,lawmfrlEkdifMuygap? w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfrsm;
&Muygap/
trQ trQ trQ
om"k om"k om"k (9)Budrf ac:
xD;awmfwifyoJG Ydk usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf <ua&mufcs;D ajrm§ ufovdk ok0ÖPblrd
qHawmf&Sif omoemtzGJU tusdK;awmfaqmif OD;em*dE´? ig;oHk;vDwynhf &[ef;omraP
oDv&Sirf sm; wufa&mufMuavonf/
vkrÁeDtifMuif;yif
1331-ckESpfujzpfonf/ &aoh0wfjzihf *E¨m&Dc&D;pcef;vSnhfvnfí EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd
wefc;kd BuD;bk&m;ykx;dk awmawmifrsm;wGif usiBfh uHaexkid cf sed f omoemawmfukd apmihaf &Smuf
aomolwu Ykd toHjzihn f eT Mf um;jcif;? tm½Hek rd w
d jf yí nTeMf um;jcif;rsm;ukd vdu
k ef mvsuf
aqmif&u G v f yk u
f ikd &f onf/ auvmoawmifajcodYk aeñkcd sdet f a&mufomG ;? vla,mif
&Siaf ,mif tBudKaxmufow l aYkd emufovYkd u
kd o
f mG ;&ef nTeMf um;vmonf/ ajcusifc&D;vm&
aomaMumihf aeñdck sdef auvmoawmifteD;odaYk &mufvmcJo h nf/
auvmoawmifxyd w f iG &f adS omapwDrmS oHx;D rnf;rnf; odMum;rif; 0&Zdev f uf
euf (avmifr;D rd;k BudKpuf'Pf&m)aMumifh tufaMumif;xaom iSuaf ysmzl;jzihf ñI;d rSed v
f suf
&Sdonf/ vlolta&mufenf;í csHKEG,frsm;&pfywfaeaom tm½HkcHtaqmuftOD;ysufrsm;?
ukef;awmfywfvnfwGif ESpfaygif;Mumjrifhvsuf&Sdaom xef;yifrsm;0ef;&Hxm;onf/ xef;
orm;rsm;onf xef;&nfcg;vS;D í awmifajc&GmodYk a&mif;csaeonf/ ESpaf ygif;Mumanmif;
vSaom anmifyifBuD;um; abmvH;k uGi;f tus,ft0ef;rQ t&dyjf zihf jzefrY ;dk xm;NyD; anmif
&GufajcmufwdkYrSm xk wpfaycefYwufaeonf/ &Sif&aohwpfOD;wnf; apwD&ifjyifodkY
wufa&mufNyD; vuf,m&pfvn S v fh nfz;l ajrmfonf/ wpfnwmtwGuf em;ae&ef&mS azG&m
rvHkYwvHk rSefausmif;ysufudkawGU&onf/ &Sif&aohonf wpfnwmem;cdk&efae&mudk
owfrSwfaexkdifNyD; nvHk;ayguf Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;ESihf arwåmur®|mef;yGm;rsm;jcif;?
wpf a usmh j yef o moem 2500-csd e f c ga&muf N yD ; jzpf í auvmoqH a wmf & S i f a pwD
wefcdk;awmfyGifhvif;aea&;twGuf qkyw¬emrsm;jzihf wpfnwmukefvGefapcJhonf/
198
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 199
narSmifarSmif oef;acgif,cH sed wf iG f awm½kid ;f wd&pämefw\ Ydk [de;f a[mufo?H niSuf

wk\
Yd atmfjrnfoo H nf vlou l if;rJah om auvmo awmifxyd w f iG f vTr;f rd;k vsuf&odS nf/
vlom;wpfO;D jzpfaom &Si&f aohum; &wemoH;k yg; rdbq&morm;*kPf tm;jyKjcif;rSwpfyg;
tjcm;enf;r&Sod nfh tajctaea&mufvsuf&o dS nf/ aMumufpw d f pd;k &GUH pdwjf zpfvmcsdew
f iG f
teD;tem;rS omoemhrdcifzcifwdkYu toHjzifhtm;ay;íom aMumuf&GHUpdwfaysmufys,f
oGm;&onf/ qdik &f mtapmiht f a&Smufwu Ykd tm;ay;vsuf&o dS nf/
wpfnwmvGeaf jrmufvQif uke;f awmfywfvnfuakd vhvmonf/ tyfpyfaom toD;
wdu
Yk kd tm[m&tjzpfqw G ,f o
l nf/ apwD\ ta&SUajrmuf ajrnD&ifjyifawmifapmif;teD;
aygufaeaom vkrÁeDtifMuif;yifrSm nd§K;ajcmufvsuf&SdNyD; rMumrDtcsdefwGif xif;tjzpf
jzwfawmufrnfyh u kH kd awGUvduk &f onf/ þauvmoqHawmf&SifapwDudk igudk,fwdkif
apmifha&SmufzGifhazmfEdkifrnfholrSefygu aemifwpfBudrfa&mufvmaomtcg tcuf
tvuf t&Guf tyGifh toD; wdkYjzifh a0qmí pdrf;vef;pdkajyjcif;yHk[efudk awGU&ygap
ownf ; [k 0pDopömjyKvsuf a&pifoGef;avmif;avonf/ aemufwpfBudrfa&mufvm
aomtcg tqdkyg vkrÁeDtifMuif;yifrSm a0a0qmqm pdrf;vef;pdkajypGm awGUjrif&onf/
199
KTS 15-11-14-1
yOörydkif;
Zmwd & G m t0if
Zmwdcsufa<u arG;&yfajrrS cGJcGmcJhonfrSm tESpf (20)umvMumcJhNyD? i,fpOfu
jrifuiG ;f ESihf vuf&jdS rifuiG ;f uGmjcm;vsuf&o dS nf/ rD;&xm;blwm&Sad om awmifpeG ;f NrdKUi,f
onf a&S;u vlpnfum;cJah omfvnf; olyek o f ul eftEÅ&m,faMumifh "etm;&So d l ynm
wwf vlwef;pm;rsm; &efuek f yJc;l armfvNrdKifNrdKUrsm;odYk ajymif;a&GUoGm;cJí h ajcmufuyfovdk
jzpfaeonf/ blwmrS txGuf Zmwd&mG Zkwo f w k of Ykd jrif;vSn;f jzifh c&D;quf&rnfjzpfí
pHkprf;aecsdef uav;b0u twlae twlpm; upm;azmf upm;zuf1ESiq fh &kH onf/
teDa&mif0wfpjkH zpfí &Siaf ,mif vla,mify[ kH efaygufvsuf&o dS nf/ t&ufqikd t f wGi;f
0ifvsuf wpfcGufwpfzvm;aomufOD;rnf[kqdkum jrif;vSnf;udk&yfcdkif;jyefonf/
t&uferYH jy,f pum;ryDwyD Muuf,ufovdk OD;&aoh\ rdbrsdK;½d;k udk xdyg;ykwcf wf
ajymqdkjyefonf/ jyefvSefpum;wkHYrqdkbJ vdkufygcJh&m nae 5-em&Dausmftcsdef
aumhu'Gw&f mG xdyu f ek ;f tqif;a&mufvmcJo h nf/ &Gmt0if vuf,m0Jbufü okomef&&dS m
vltcsKd U tvky½f yI af e MuonfrmS tokbtwGuf o&P*Hw k ifae[efwo l nf/ xdak cwfu
ae0ifvQif vloH wdwq f w d f ae0ifr;D Nidr;f vsuf yke;f vQdK;tdyMf u&onf/ wpf&mG wnf;
twlaejzpfvsuf rajymyavmufaomaiGjrifvQif vltoufuykd gowf pum;rsm;vQif
ntcsdef vlowf aom tavhtx&Sad eMuonf/ aomuyGm;aecsdejf zpfí OD;&aohtm;
rSwrf yd rkH &ay/ rkwq f w
d uf sifp, G f qHyif7nS f t0ga&mifacgif;aygif; tndKa&mif&aoh0wfpkH
vufuwH;k awmifa0S; aq;vG,t f yd w
f pfv;kH ykw;D wpfu;kH omygí ½kyo f iG u
f kd rSwrf Md u
[efrwlay/
&GmtwGif; 0ifrdvQif tdrfwdkif;vdkvdk NcH0if;wHcg;ydwfí tdrft0ifwHcg;&Guf
xuf0ufomzGix hf m;MuNy;D acgif;&if;wHcg;ydwvf suf jcifaxmifaxmifxm;Mu&m tdrw f ikd ;f rSm
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200
KTS 15-11-14-1
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201
KTS 15-11-14-1
qdwf wd\ Yk tnpftaMu; vlw\

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202
KTS 15-11-14-1
qGr;f cHí jyKvky&f rnfjzpfonf/ bk&m;0if;twGi;f 0ifa&muf&rnfv h rf;rSm e*g;wpfaumif

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203
KTS 15-11-14-1
OD;&aohtm; vSn;f BuHKwifay;cJMh uonf/ narSmifarSmif vlomG ;vlvmr&S?d Zkwo f w k rf S

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204
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdom;pkrsm; usef;rmcsrf;omMurnf/ ysufuGufvQif wef&mwef&m qdk;usdK;cHMu&rnf[k

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205
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf orD;ESit hf wl oDv&Si0f wfjzifh tvm;wlb0ed*;kH csKyfomG ;Muonf/ zcifjzpfol OD;pHaz

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aeaomw&m;? ud;k uG,t f m;xm;aom q&m ponfuakd r;jref;vQif teEÅig;yg;udk OD;xdyf
xm;aexdik o f nf/ t|*Fov D tNrJapmifx h ed ;f í tom;vGwt f m[m&udo k m oH;k aqmif
onf/ ausmwpfae&mpm&vQifvakH vmufonf/ t0wfwpfxnfu, kd ½f w
kH pfc?k awmifa0S;
wpfacsmif; usef;rma&;twGuf aq;vHk; aq;rIefYyg aq;tdyfwpfvHk;rQygonf[k
ajzMum;aomaMumifh ypön;f av;yg;'g,utjzpf avQmufxm;onf/ wpfxyfqrG ;f twGuf
ryifryrf;atmif vSL'gef;qufuyfonf/ tjcm;olwu Ykd vnf; tvm;wl vSL'gef;Muav
onf/ tndKa&mif ykqdk;tusÐ? t0ga&mif&aohacgif;aygif;p? awmifa0S;udkif&aohrQom
jzpfonf/ a'gufcsmaqmif;aom &aohrsdK;r[kwfay/
OD;ñGefYarmifESihf OD;&aoh qufqHa&;
1330-jynhfESpfrSpí wpfESpfwpfacguf ta&mufvmNyD; NydKysufaeaom qHawmf
apwDajcawmf&if; 9-&ufpD t"d|mefwifvsuf ud;k 3-vDrS ud;k 12-vDtxd e0*Fov D
apmifhxdef; NcHKEG,frsm;&Sif;vif; y&dwfawmf"r®puf &GwfyGm;? a&m*gb,uyfa&mufaeol
wdkYtm; opöm arwåm t"d|mefpGrf;tm;jzihf a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK;aysmufuif;apcJhonf/ yxr
OD;pGma&muf&adS omtcsdeu f jzpfonf/ Zkwo f w k &f mG ü jrefrmwdik ;f &if;orm;awmf aq;q&m
ESpaf ,mufrmS OD;rSwBf uD;ESifh OD;ñGeaYf rmifwjYkd zpfonf/ vlemrsm;tm; rdrw d Ykd wwfuRrf;aom
206
KTS 15-11-14-1
AdaE¨maq;ynmjzifh ukoay;&m aysmufuif;olrsm;vSonf/ OD;ñGeaYf rmifrmS q&mawmfEiS fh

&ufBuD; &ufi,fjzpfonf/ ausmif;pwifaecsdefu Zkwfokwf&Gmav; anmifom,m
ausmif;q&mawmf OD;a'gif;ac: OD;*E¨rmxH ynmtwl oifMum;cJMh uonf/ i,foil ,fcsif;
qd;k twl aumif;twl wdik yf ifazmf wdik yf ifzufjzpfcMhJ uonf/ i,fpOfu twlae twlomG ;?
twlpm; upm;zufjzpfí cifrifaeMuonft h wdik ;f &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aqG;aEG;ar;jref;vmonf/
q&mawmf\ &aohb0a&mufcyhJ kH tjzpfoepftpHu raemr, q&mcdkif
k kd od&cdS &hJ onfrmS ]]raemr,
ESiafh wGUNyD;aemuf ol\ynmrsm;udk &,lEikd cf yhJ ?kH yxroH;k ESpf vloal wmfb0? 'kw, d oH;k ESpf
t½l;yrm t&m&mudk Oayu©mjyKaexdkifjcif; b0? wwd,oHk;ESpf psmevmbD wyoDyrm
aexdik v f suf &Syd u kH kd tus,fw0ifah jymjyavonf/ aqmifcahJ om usihpf Ofrsm;udk jyefvnf
rdeMYf um;av&m OD;ñGeaYf rmifrmS oli,fcsif;jzpfoEl iS fh BuHKqH&k onft h vm;? txifrBuD;t&m
ra&mufov l kd igvdrk sdK; tjrifrh S av;pm;tm;xm;&rnfh uvsmPrdwå q&maumif;tjzpf
owfrSwfcJh&avonf/
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OD;ñGeaYf rmifonf pmayy&d,wdyå nm yxrvwfwef;tqift h xd oif,cl NhJ yD;
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif "r®uxduwpfyg;tjzpf a[majymEdkifoljzpfonf/ vlb00,f oufarG;
0rf;aMumif;ynmtjzpf jrefrmhwdkif;&if;aq;ynm1udk oifMum;wwfajrmufxm;oljzpfí
vlem rsm;tm; aq;ukovQif ajc<uc tojym 5d uefawmhc&H &Sad eoljzpfonf/ tm;vyfcsed f
&wdik ;f OD;&aohxH a&muf&v dS mNyD; tusifph cef;rsm;qdik &f m tawGUtBuHK A[kow k udk
qnf;yl;aeonf/ vlemtm; aq;ukcsdeaf &mufvQif &GmtwGi;f jyefí ukoay;avonf/
wpfaeYwiG f OD;odef;armif a':yk wdkY\om; armifausmfoef;rSm EGm;a&csKd ;&if; tyliyk &f mrS
ua,mifuwrf; pkef;yl; ewfyl;ovdkjzpfaeavonf/ aq;q&mpum; em;raxmif?
wdkufaomaq; raomuf? vlaoyrm jzpfvmonf/ AdaE¨maq;ynmjzifh ukor&aom
tajcodkY a&mufvmcJhonf/ ,cifu tpGrf;xufaom q&mOD;ñGefYarmifrSm vufavsmh
vdkuf&rvdkjzpfvmonf/ wjznf;jznf; toufaysmufawmhrnfhtajc qdkufaeonf/
OD;&aohxH oGm;a&muf tultnDawmif;rS tqifajyEdik rf nf[k qH;k jzwfNyD; OD;&aohtm;
yifoh mG ;avonf/ vlemtdraf &mufaomtcg aq;q&mrS vlem&Sirf b d ESpyf g;tm; jyeftyfEHS
1/ um,uH&iS f OD;ñGeaYf rmifajymjyaom jzpfpOfomjzpfonf/ wdik ;f &if;aq;ynmbmomudk *kPx

f ;l jzihf
atmifjrifxm;oljzpfonf/
207
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf/ vlem&Sifrsm;uvnf; OD;&aohtm; a&m*gaysmufatmif ukoapmifha&Smufay;&ef

tyfEo SH nf/ ]]at;-ighutkd yfwt hJ wGuf igydik of nf? igqdik o f nf? ukx;kH igEdik o
f nf? vlemudk
igudik Nf yD}}[k tmPmoHjzifh ajymqdNk yD; ighpum;emcH? tck csufcsif;xxdik [ f k trdeaYf y;&m
arhajrmaeaomvlemxxdkifavonf/ y&dwfbm0em arwåmyGm;í a&ref;wdkufNyD; uJ-
xNy;D vrf;avQmuf[k trdeaYf y;&m yuwdvv l jkd zpfvmonf/ OD;&aoh\pGr;f tm;udk vlem&Sif
rdb aqGrsKd ;rsm; aq;q&m OD;ñGeaYf rmifwYkd wtHw h MojzpfMu&Ny;D 0rf;om&Tivf ef;yDwv d rT ;f Mu
avonf/
OD;ñGeaYf rmifonf rdr\ d vufpaJG wmfaq;vG,t f w d Ef iS hf taqmifta,mifrsm;udk
OD;&aohxH tyfEv HS u
kd Nf y;D wynhaf wmftm; t&Sib f &k m; wwfxm;aomynmudk ay;oem;yg
wynhaf wmf orm;toH;k taqmifrsm;udk vSL'gef;ygonf[k ajymqdak vonf/ þynmrSm
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vQif wwfaumif;aomynmjzpfonf/ owå0gtusdK;onfy;kd rnho f jl zpfí oifMum;ay;rnf
jzpfaMumif; rdeMYf um;onf/ tyfEaHS om aq;vG,t f wd Ef iS fh orm;taqmifta,mifrsm;udk
0pDopömqdk qkyw¬emjyKí ydik &f iS Of ;D ñGeaYf rmiftm; ay;tyfvu kd af vonf/ toufarG;0rf;
aMumif; aq;q&mb0ü q&mawmfxHrS oifMum;cGihf&&Sdaom ynm&yfudk odom½HkrQ
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OwkZ½kyw f Ykd temjzpfvmavh&o dS nf/ ½kyef mjcif;udyk if a&m*g[kowfrw S cf MhJ uonf/ uH
pdwf Owk tm[m&aMumifjh zpfaom temudk taMumif;cHav;yg;jzifh ukpm;Edik o f ol nf
aq;q&mjzpfvmonf/ Owk tm[m& temudk ukpm;olrmS uHem pdwef mudv k nf;
ukpm;Mu&onf/ aumif;uH aumif;pdwfjzpfatmif &wemoHk;yg; rdbq&mrsm;udk OD;xdyf
xm;? uHig;yg; vHNk cHKatmifxed ;f ? owå0gtrsm;aumif;pm;a&; omoemawmftusdK; rdb
q&mwd\ Yk tusdK; þtusdK;oH;k rsdK;aqmif&u G af eolonf aumif;aomuH aumif;aompdwf
jzpfvmonf/ xdkuHpdwfaumif;atmif jyKEdkifolonf cufrig;jzm vlYcE¨musa&mufpGJuyf
vmaom temudk aysmufatmif ukoEdik rf nfjzpfonf/ þolukd ]]orm;awmf orm;awmf}}[k
ac:&rnfjzpfonf/ orm;awmfwpfa,mufü &So d ifah om t&nftcsi;f jynhpf akH p&eftwGuf
vufawGUusifMh uHvv kd Qif teEÅig;yg; ½dak o? ig;yg;oDv vHak tmifxed ;f ? tusdK;oH;k vD
208
KTS 15-11-14-1
onfy;kd vdpk wd f &So

d t
l jzpftm;xkwjf cif;onfyif usihpf Ofjzpfonf/ avmuü ud;k uG,f
tm;xm;xdu k af om olawmfaumif;rsm;udk ½dak o&efvt kd yfonf/
ñTeMf um;qH;k r Mo0g'twdik ;f &moufyefaexdik yf grnf[k uwdopömjyKNy;D aomtcg
,ck usdKufx;D aqmif;apwD ta&SUbufrck Of ;D teD; awmifbufjcrf;0,f ,cifu w&m;
tm;xkwf&ef tkwf*lwpfvHk;twGif; rsufESmcsif;qdkif 'l;csif;xdxdkif? ynmcH,lvdkol
OD;ñGeaYf rmifrS vufEpS b f uf Muufajccwf jzefx Y m;aom vuf0g;jyif0,f aee0if; ve0if;
oauFwudk a&;xm;um OD;&aoh\ arSmufxm;aom vuf0g;jzifh ½dkufESdyfNyD; orm?
ynmudk tyfEjHS cif;jzpfonf/ ig;yg;oDvudk 1-uHxed ;f tqif?h 2-uHxed ;f tqif?h 3-uH
xdef;tqifh ponfjzifh rdrdaqmufwnfEdkifaom twdkif;twmt& apmifhxdef;&jcif;jzpf
onf/ avmuD0dZÆmynmtac:ta0:jzifh udk,fvHkynm? udk,fcHynm? aee0if; ve0if;?
e0if;pufynm? 0ifpr? xGufpr? pydkifynm? Mwif;ynm[k trnfonmjyKMuonf/
uHig;yg;vHak tmifxed ;f í oufowfvw G t
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f Qif ]]a&ay;
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D
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tqifhtwef;rDvmonf/ ]]txG u f p cef ; }}}}[k oHk;EIef;cJhMuonf/ BudK;ydkif? Budrfydkif?
apwpfvHk;ydkif q&mjzpfEdkifayonf/
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om;arG;b00,f aevdpk w d rf &Sjd zpfvmonf/ Ak'o ¨ moemawmftusKd ;? rdzq&morm;tusKd ;?
owå0gtusdK;udo k m OD;wnfvmonf/ xdo k Ykd oDv0do'k t ¨d qifah &mufvmvQif aq;q&m
tjzpf orm;awmftjzpf trnfrcHbJ owå0gtusdK; a&S;½Iaqmif&u G Ef ikd of jl zpfí avmu
tac: ya,m*0ifvQif jrifjh rwfou l ykd ifah c:Edik of nf/ edru hf solukd ac:,lEikd o f nf/ a&m*g
aysmufa&; owdarhapjcif;? taoaumifyrmjzpfapjcif;? yifu, kd ½f yk yf u
kH kd ajymif;vGaJ pjcif;?
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qdkif&m ewfwdkYu emrf0dnmOfEIwfxm;onfudk rlv½kyftwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufapjcif;
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avonf/ OD;&aohxrH S *E¨m&Dynmudk vufvcJT , H Nl y;D csed rf pS í orm;avmu0,f OD;ñGeaYf rmif
xifay:vmcJhonf/ wpf&GmvHk; wpfe,fvHk;\ orm;awmftjzpf a&mufcJhavonf/
209
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdwaf umif; aqGaumif; q&maumif;tjzpf &moufyef owfrw S u f ;kd uG,cf &hJ m ,ck
1370-jynhEf pS af &mufcsed f touf (80)ausmcf ahJ vonf/ þonfrmS OD;&aohEiS fh OD;ñGeaYf rmif
wd\
Yk avmuqufqaH &;jzpfonf/
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yGifhawmfrrlrDu wnf&SdcJhaom NrdKUawmftrnfjzpfonf/ rGefbmomjzifh jyKpkxm;aom
apwd,0Ho? &mZ0Ho usr;f rsm;ü u&ÖPuwdik ;f okbEd Né rKd Utrnfukd awGUMu&onf/
&mrnwdik ;f rGew f ikd ;f oH;k &yf[al om toH;k tEIe;f udak wGUMu&onf/ ok"r®0wD ok0ÖPblrd
oxHt k rnfuv kd nf; zwf½MI u&onf/ okbEd t é rnfukd a*gwrAk'¨ yGiafh wmfrrlru D &Sad e
aom rif;aejynftjzpf azmfjyavh&Sdonf/ rnfonfhNrdKU&Gmü &Sdonf[k apwd,0Ho
&mZ0Ho usrf;wdüYk ae&mowfrw S x f m;onfukd rawGUMu&ay/ vuf&dS vlwaYkd exdik &f m
a'o trnfr[kwí f ae&ma'o ñTejf yxm;aom rSww f rf;rsm;udk rawGUMu&bJ a&S;acwf
a0g[m& ayg&mPtrnftjzpfom vufcHcJhMuonf/ oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&HapwD0if;twGif;
ausmufpmwdu k t f eD; atmifajrae&mukd pwifazmfxw k cf o
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k kd od&&dS aomtcg rSww f rf;jyKpkxm;&ef vdtk yfvmonf/
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blwm½Ho k Ykd oGm;&m vlra&mufrD rD;&xm;xGuo f mG ;NyDjzpfí oHvrf;twkid ;f ZvDzm;wH;k ay:
zdeyfryg ajcAvmc7D;qufMuonf/ aemufyg7aohrsm;rSm &aohOD;atmifNzdK;? [oFmwe,frS
&JrSL; OD;apmarmif? ,aeYtxd &JrSL;jzpfol OD;atmifoef;OD;1wdYk vku d yf gcJMh uonf/
usdKauúmaf &mufvQif a&Tbo kH mbk&m;twGi;f pcef;cs&yfem;Muonf/ taqmuftODtwGi;f
oef&Y iS ;f rI r&S?d acG;rsm;rpifpeG x
Yf m;&m ae&mtESjYH zpfonf/ oef&Y iS ;f a&;jyKvkyMf uNy;D wpfnwm
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a&Tpm&H apwDukd zl;ajrmfMunfñdkMuNyD; ausmufpmwkdufteD; pcef;cs&yfem;Muonf/
oxHkNrdKUae vltrsm;um; olykefrsm; ntcg vufeufBuD;i,fjzifh ypfcwfavh
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1/ 1376-ckEpS f c&pf 2014-ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f u tNidr;f pm;,lco
hJ nf/
210
KTS 15-11-14-1
ausmufpm1 rsm;tMum; usifBuD;usifi,fpeG aYf eMuí tpdt k ajcmuf tpktyHjk zpfaeonf/

usifhpOft& OD;&aohrsm; oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief; pMuonf/ teD;rSvlrsm;raeEkdifí 0kdif;0ef;
oefY&Sif;a&; ulnDvkyfukdifMuonf/ txkduftavsmuf oefY&Sif;oGm;cJhonf/ a*gyu
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Yf Ykd
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tajccHxm;aqmif&GufcJh&m olykefwdkY\ vufeufBuD;i,f ypfcwfcH&jcif;rS oufomcGihf
&cJoh nf/ vkyif ef;atmifjrif&ef t"d|mefvyk cf ahJ omae&mudv k nf; ]]okbdEée*&atmifajr}}
tjzpf twdtus ae&ma&G;cs,fowfrw S Ef idk cf o
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c&D;jzpfí ,aeYntdyfcsdefrD ZGJuyifokdYta&mufoGm;Mu&efjzpfonf/ t"d|mefxm;onhf
twkdif; cufcJyifyef;pGm ZGJuyifawmifxdyfokdY wufa&mufcJhMuNyD; pcef;csMuonf/
rGefjynfe,f? u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; at;csrf;om,mapa&;1 OD;wnfco hJ nf/ a&S;tac:
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1/ rEÅav;awmif&aohBuD; OD;cEDÅonf rif;wke;f rif;BuD;\ yOöroH*g,emwifausmufpmrltwdik ;f
pusifausmufjym;ü edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk xkxGif;um oxHkNrdKUa&Tpm&HapwDodkY
aumZmESp(f 1283)ckEpS rf pS í ydaYk qmifvLS 'gef;&m 'kw, d urÇmppfr;D awmufavmifí &yfqikd ;f cJ&h NyD;
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pdkufxlylaZmfxm;cJhavNyD/
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J si;f ycsed rf pS í aoewfrsm; twdik ;f
twmwpfct k xd &yfpaJ eayNyD/
211
KTS 15-11-14-1
rsm; jzpfyGm;NyD; NrdKUBuD;&GmBuD;rsm;tm; rD;½IdUcH&í aomuyGm;&ovdk &Snfvsm;aom a'ge

awmifwef;BuD;rSmvnf; olv Y u
l , hf uf tm;vH;k ylaqG;Asmyg'jzpfymG ;&m aomuawmif
kd b
wef;BuD;yrm jzpfaeavonf/ e,fajrtwGif;&Sd owå0grsm;twGuf arwåmur®|mef;
tm;xkwcf MhJ uonf/ þZGu J yifomG ; *E¨m&Dc&D;aMumihf &&Sad omtusdK;w&m;rsm;rSm BuD;rm;
vSonf/
omoemawmftwGuf &&SdaomtusdK;rsm;
1343-ckwGif ZGJuyifqHawmf&SifapwDukd xD; pdefzl;iSufjrwfem; wifvSLcJhonf/
1344-ckESpfwGif 'la0ewfxD;ukd jyKjyifxD;wifvSLMuonf/ 1347-ck? bm;tHNrdKU Zdermef
atmifapwD? 1348-ck? a&T*Gef;NrdKU a&TrsufESmawmfbk&m;? qifuRef;pdefa&mifjcnfapwD?
NrdKifBuD;ilrS &[EÅmodrfawmfBuD;udk jyKjyifEkdifcJhonf/ 1349-ckESpfwGif bm;tHNrdKU tdE´K
aus;&Gmtkypf k q'é*f w l iG f xD;apwDjyKjyifwnfaqmufNyD; 1353-ckEpS w f iG f q'é*f t l wGi;f
tjyif ½kyfwk½kyfvHk;rsm;xm;&Sdí vQyfppfrD; oG,fwef;ylaZmfcJhonf/ 1350-jynfhESpfwGif
wyfrawmfrS Akv d cf sKyfBuD;1rsm;ESitfh wl a'geawmifxyd &f dS ZdeokcatmifajrapwDudk xD;wif
cJMh u&m tajrmufot H Mum;rSmyif atmifjrifpmG vSL'gef;Ekid cf o hJ nf/ 1353-ckwiG f bm;tHNrdKU
yOö*kPatmifapwD? *sdKif;wHwm;teD; plVrked r[mrked a&S;a[mif;apwD 2-ql jyKjyif
xde;f odr;f í bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;ukyd g wnfaxmifcMhJ uonf/ u7ifjynfe,fajrmufpeG ;f
zmyGefNrdKUteD;ü a&TqHawmf a&TtHawmfapwDESpfqlukd 1359-ckESpfwGif &efolawGtMum;
rSyif xD;awmfudk acsmarmpGmwifvSLEkdifcJhonf/
oxHNk rdKU? a&Tpm&Hb&k m;0if;twGi;f *E¨m&Dpcef;csí jA[®0[ d m&bm0emyGm;rsm;cJ&h m
u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd t"du&jzpfaeaom apwDykxdk; odrfausmif;wdkYukd jyKjyifcGifh&&SdcJh
onf/ jynfe,ftwGi;f a0ae,sowå0gwdt Yk m; jyKjyKorQ omoemjyKukov kd w
f uYkd dk trQ
ay;a0cJo h nf/ xkt d usKd ;qufaMumifh a'geawmifwef;üjzpfymG ;aeaom a'gorD;rsm; Nird ;f ap
hJ nf/ 1352-ckESpf oxHka&Tpm&Hbk&m;0if;twGif;ü okbdEée*&atmifajr
Ekid cf o jrae&mudk
azmfxw k f rSww f idk pf u
kd x f vl suf 1355-ckEpS w f iG f *0HywdpEú;l ausmif;awmfü &Sirf [mAk'¨
aCmo? &Sift&[Ht&SifjrwfwdkY\ *0H½kyfwkwkdYukd xm;&SdylaZmfEkdifcJhonf/ 1372-ckESpf
aqmif;wGif;umv0,f NrdKUoxHk? a&Tpm&Hbk&m;0if;twGif; ]]rEÅav;awmif &aohBuD;
OD;cEÅDonf yOöroH*g,emwifrl "r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmfrsm;ukd 1283-ckESpfü xGif;xk
ylazmfc&hJ m 0denf;yd#uwf? okweå fy#d uwf? tbd"r®myd#uwftcsKd Uudk xm;&Scd o hJ nf/ ,rku d ?f
1/ 'kw, d Akv
d cf sKyfBuD;armifv?S 'kAv kd cf sKyfBuD;wifO;D wdYk OD;aqmifcMhJ uonf/
212
KTS 15-11-14-1
y|mef;? 0dbif;? yk*¾vynwfusrf;wdkYukd ydkYaqmifEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ rEÅav;NrdKU? ausmufawmf

BuD;bk&m; r[m&HwHwkdif;twGif; ,aeYwkdifusef&SdaecJhonf/ ESpfaygif; (70)cefY Mumjrifh
ae&m usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS useaf usmufpmawmfrsm;tm; ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD
rlvomoemtp oxHak 'ojzpfaom usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDü ylaZmfxm;&S&d ef
qE´jzpfay:vmaomaMumihf a&Tpm&HapwD b@mawmfxdef;a*gyutzGJU? Mo0g'gp&d,
*kP
d ;f aygif;pHq k &mawmfBuD;rsm;? Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ Ouú| tbd"Zr[m&|*k½?k
tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu rEÅav;Aef;armfq&mawmf b'ÉaÅ 'gufwmukrm&mbd0o H ?
'kw, d Ouú| oxHNk rKd U? v,f0efausmif;wku d f t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z
b'ÉÅo&D Ed ´mbd0o H wdu Yk oabmwlciG jhf yKcJMh uí rEÅav;NrdKUrS ausmufpmokawoD Armh
vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0ifyxrqif?h Ekid if *hH P k &f nf'w
k ,
d qifh OD;atmifol (c) oHrPdO;D armif
OD;aqmifxdef;odrf;a&;tzGJUu 1372-ck? jymokdvjynhfausmf (*)&uf? (27-1-2011)
aomMumaeYwGif &aohBuD;OD;cEÅD "r®uË¨mausmufpmawmfrsm;ukd usdKufxD;aqmif;q&m
awmfxH vTt J yfvLS 'gef;pm qufuyfco hJ nf/ 2-3-2010 &ufaeYwiG f rEÅav;NrdKUrS pwif
o,faqmifMuNy;D 3-3-2011 aeYwiG f usKd ufx;D aqmif;ta&muf tcrf;tem;jzihf yifah qmif
cJhMuNyD; aeYv,f (12)em&DwGif pwifpdkufxlum oHk;nESifhtNyD;aeYwGif ausmufpmawmf
pduk xf yl BJG uD;ukd aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf rdeMYf um;onfrmS oxHNk rKd U? a&Tpm&Hbk&m;0if;twGif;&Sd
ausmufpmawmfrsm;tMum; vlwkdYrpifpGefYaerIukd ukd,fwkdifoefY&Sif;cJhvdkY ,cktcg
&aohBuD; OD;cEÅDvSL'gef;aom "r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmfrsm; qufcHxdef;odrf;cGifh
&cJ h w mm-[k rMumrMum rdeMYf um;cJah vonf/
av;uRef;pMum bkd;opöm
&aohb0jzihf usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDü pcef;0ifaepOf av;uRef;pMum bdk;opöm
trnfcH yk*K¾d vfwpfa,mufonf olawmfpifwpfO;D \yHk [dw[ f efygyg aigufief;í pifNydKif
q&mBuD;vkyf aexdik v f suf&odS nf/ wpfaeYwiG f tusihpf cef;NyD;ajrmufaeol[efjzifh <um;0g
aompum;rsm;udk toHus,u f s,af jymqdu
k m 0dZmÆ pcef;Ny;D ajrmufo[ l q k okd nf/ Ny;D ajrmuf
yHu
k kd ñTeMf um;yg&efajymqdak omtcg wdwu d sus ajymMum;Edik jf cif;r&Sad y/ ig;yg;oDvvHNk cHK
atmif xde;f odr;f ygovm;[kar;&m wpfcgwpf&x H ed ;f ygonf[k ajzqdo k nf/ oufowf
213
KTS 15-11-14-1
vGwpf m;í arwåmbm0emyGm;ygovm;[kar;&m wpfcgwpf&aH wmh oufowfvw G pf m;yg

onf[k ajzMum;onf/ OD;&aohusifph Ofukd ajzMum;&efawmif;yefaomtcg arwåmbm0em
yGm;rsm;yHk usihfpOftaejzifh 0dwuf0dpm&ç yDwdç okc {u*¾wmjzpfyGm;yHkudk&Sif;jyí 'Dvdk
tusihfudk usifhzl;ygovm;[kar;&m rusihfbl;aMumif;ajzMum;onf/ ]]ig;yg;oDvudk
usiafh e½Hrk Qu ydrk vkd NkH cKH atmif tvdv k akd oaom tom;udyk ifrpm;bJa&SmifMuOfy?kH olwpfyg;
ypönf;cdk;,ljcif;r&Sdovdk? cdk;oludkvnf; tm;ray;? tvm;wl olYom;r,m;jypfrSm;ol?
rrSepf um;ajymqdo k ?l ao&nfao&ufaomufpm;olrsm;udk a&SmifMuOfrjI yK&ef}}ñTeMf um;&m
vduk ef m&efqE´r&Syd u kH jkd yKrlNyD; EIwqf uftoday;jcif;rjyKbJ usdKufx;D aqmif;rSxu G o f mG ;&m
,aeYtxd jyefvmjcif;r&Sdawmhay/
[dw[ f efygyg tusihpf &Ptjzmjzmjzifh *E¨m&Dpcef;xGuv f mcJo
h nf[k qdak om
olwo Ykd nf &Si&f aohaexdik &f m usdKufx;D aqmif;odaYk &mufvmavh&o dS nf/ tm0goduwd\ Yk
wm0eft& tm*EÅKtjzpf a&mufvmolwt Ykd m; {nf0h wfausyGepf mG auR;arG;ae&mxdik cf if;
ay;cJah omfvnf; tusirfh rSepf w d xf m;jzLpifrrI &So
d wl oYkd nf usKd ufx;D aqmif;ü &ufMumMum
raeEdik Mf ubJ olt Y vdv k kd a&SmifcmG oGm;Muonfum; atmifajray: aecGirhf &S[ d k qdik &f mwdu Yk
z,f&mS ;apjcif;jzpfonf/ pdw"f mwfwrl o S mqdik &f mewfwYkd ulno D nf/ pdw"f mwfrwlvQif
um; ta0;odYk ESix f w k cf &H rnfrmS "r®wmyifjzpfayonf/
vlowform; zm;vawm
&aohb0jzifh ukodem½HkqHawmf&SifodkY *E¨m&Dc&D;xGufcsdefujzpfonf/ usdKufxD;
aqmif;wGif pcef;BuD;csvsuf wpfaeYwiG f eHeuf 5-em&D c&D;xGucf &hJ m ukoed m½Hak wmifajc
odYk nae 5-em&Da&mufco hJ nf/ awmifajctwuf wyfrawmfr&S aJ bmfrsm; aoewfxrf;um
apmifhaeNyD; awmifay:rwuf&ef vlowform; u&ifzm;vawm a&mufaeaMumif;?
olUudak wGUvQif aoewfjzifh ypfowf&ef trdeaYf y;xm;aMumif;? awmifay:rwufoifah Mumif;
wm;jrpfavQmufxm;Muonf/ wynht f jzpf &aohBuD; OD;atmifNzdK;ESifh bm;tHh OD;atmifp;kd
wdYk a&Al; rkeaYf jcmuf iSuaf ysmoD; rsucf w k f opfcw k "f m;rsm; txrf;jyKvky,
f cl NhJ y;D awmifa0S;
ud,
k pf yD g&S&d m *E¨m&Dc&D;xGuv f mjcif;jzpfí zm;vawmtwGuf tEÅ&m,frjzpfEikd yf g[k &Si;f jyNy;D
awmifay:wufcMhJ uonf/ qHawmf*Eü#k w D u
kd rf mS aomhcwfyw d x
f m;í twGi;f 0ifciG rhf &?
tjyifrmS om pcef;cs bk&m;&Scd ;kd y&dw&f w G f ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwMf u&onf/ tarSmifxk
twGi;f tm;i,fajcmufjcm;zG,&f mjzpfonf/ eufarSmifaom aMumifwpfaumifonf rdwzf UJG
214
KTS 15-11-14-1
onft h aejzifh OD;&aoh &ifciG 0f ifí xdik v f monf/ qdik &f mwdu Yk rdwzf UJG jcif;ayyJ[k qifjcifum
tm;wufMu&onf/
vlowform; zm;vawmum; uke;f txuford Bf uD;twGi;f wHcg;tvHyk w d af evsuf
&So
d nf/ ygvmaom oMum;vH;k udk oGm;a&mufay;&m vufcpH m;aeonf/ eHeufr;kd vif;vQif
zm;vawmonf a&tdk;xrf;vmum vSL'gef;avonf/ twdwfuHnHhí zm;vawm
owfvQif uHta<u;qyfNyD;jzpfrnf[k ESvHk;oGif;um owfrSwf&ufukefonftxd
awmifay:0,f tvkyv f yk cf MhJ uonf/ wpfnwmtEÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f ur®|mef;xdik jf cif;jyKEdik f
cJMh uonf/ eHeuft½kPq f rG ;f uyf&ef ygvmaom pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;udk jyifqifaecsdef
vlowform; vma&muftuJcwfNyD; aomufa&td;k r&Sb d u J ;kd [kqu kd m a&td;k vmay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ zm;vawmonf vufwiG f qifO;D pD; "m;rcsaomif;useaf eol[k ajymqdMk uaomf
vnf; ,cktcg vlMurf; ½kyMf urf;ayr,fh pdwx f m;El;nHv h suf&o dS nf/
owfrw S cf sed af phvQif awmifatmufoYkd jyefqif;&efjyifqifaecsed f zm;vawm a&muf
vmonf/ &aoh OD;atmifNzdK;onf zm;vawmtm; awmifatmuftwl jyefqif;rnf[k
acsmharmhum ighvl rifh"m;u odyfaumif;wm? 'dkYudkcPay;xm;yg? awmif;,lNyD; 0efpnf
pv,f y&du©&mwdkYudk xrf;cJh&ef ajymqdkvQif 0rf;omtm;&xrf;NyD; awmifatmufodkY
twl qif;cJMh uonf/ taoypfowf&ef trde&Yf xm;ol &Jabmfrsm;onf zm;vawmudk
jrifaomtcg tHt h m;oifah eMuum wpfpw kH pf&m taESmuft,Surf jyKbJ Munhaf eMuonf/
ewfBuD;&GmodYk c&D;qufrnfajymvQif zm;vawmud, k w f ikd f um;udw k m;NyD; twlvu kd yf g
vmonf/
rJvaH wmifqaH wmf&iS af pwD0,f oef&Y iS ;f a&;awmcsHK&Si;f qGr;f yef;a&csrf; uyfvLS
&mü zm;vawm ulnv D yk u f ikd af y;í a0,sm0pöuo k vkd &f cJo h nf/ bk&m;&Scd ;kd í ukov kd &f cJh
onf/ oifw h ifah om ukov kd v f yk cf iG &hf oGm;cJo
h nf/ tjyefc&D;0,f zm;vawmtm; xdu k w f ef
aom tqdt k qH;k trjyKay;í &wemoH;k yg;udk ½dak o&rSe;f odco hJ nf/ uHig;yg;vGeu f sL;rdvQif
tyg,fi&J usa&mufwwfonfudk odoGm;cJhonf/ olUtouftEÅ&m,fuif;ap&ef
tvl;av;txd ydkYay;cJhonf/ aoewfjzifh aordefYcsNyD;aomfvnf; olawmfaumif;ESihf
twlaecGi&hf cJí h ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;cGi&hf cJah omfvnf; twdwu f EH iS hf ypöKyÜeu
f yH g nHv
h maom
tcg &uf y d k i f ; twG i f ; rS m yif zm;vawmwpf a ,muf towf c H v d k u f & avonf /
apmapmydkif;u vltoufudkowfcJhaom zm;vawm ,ckvlaumif;jzpfygNyD[k ajymMu
aomfvnf; ,HMk unfrrI &SMd u? tjywf&iS ;f rS olt Y EÅ&m,fru S if;a0;rnf[k trsm;vufcH
xm;onfhtwdkif; owfjzwfjcif;cH&avonf/ &ufydkif;twGif; touf&SifcGifh&NyD;
ukov kd v
f yk cf iG &hf jcif;u tqd;k xJu taumif;[k ajzodrMhf u&ayonf/
215
KTS 15-11-14-1
ausmif;xkdifausmif;ykdif
Zkwo f w k &f mG om; OD;bat;ESifh a':ukv,fwo Ydk nf xD;apmif;bk&m;\ a0,sm0pöudk
vkyu f ikd af ecJMh uonf/ OD;bat; touft&G,Bf uD;vmaomtcg bk&m;a*gyuvlBuD;
jzpfvmonf/ bk&m;\awmifbufwiG f OykoZf &yfa[mif;ukd jyKjyifNyD; Oykoaf eYwiG f Oykof
apmihfcJhonf/ om;orD;rsm;vnf; rdbajc&meif;EkdifNyDjzpfí bk&m;tvkyfESifh w&m;xkdif
tvkyf tcsdefjynhfvkyfEkdifcJhonf/ xD;apmif;bk&m;ukd teD;uyfapmifha7SmufvkdpdwfaMumihf
'kvb ’ &[ef;cHum bk&m;t&dyrf mS yif aexdik cf o hJ nf/ 1310-jynhEf pS w f iG f 'kvb’ 0wf&mrS
wpf0gNyD;wpf0g &[ef;0wfjzifah ysmfvmonf/ &Gm0ef;usif&dS bke;f awmfBuD;rsm;uyg tmrdo
oarÇm* "r®oarÇm*jyKvmí xD;apmif;bk&m;ausmif;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKvmcJMh uonf/
xkdtcsdef0,f xD;apmif;bk&m;teD;ü awmifay:ausmif;ç omoemh&dyfomausmif;ç aemif
awmfBuD;ausmif;ç xD;apmif;bk&m;ausmif;[k bke;f awmfBuD; (4)ausmif; &Sad eonf/ OD;bat;
rSm 1310-jynhfESpfu &[ef;0wfvmcJhNyD; 1330-jynhfESpfwGif 0gawmf (20) &aeayNyD/
bGUJ awmfrmS OD;y@0jzpfonf/ OD;y@0\ om;BuD;rsm;rSm OD;eDwm? OD;aomif;wkjYd zpfonf/
zcifbkef;BuD;\ a0,sm0pö? xD;apmif;a0,sm0pöukd aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&SdMuonf/
1330-jynhEf pS f rd;k rusrt D csed f touft&G,f (40)cefY tñdka&mif0wf&aohwpfOD;
a&mufvmNyD; xD;apmif;bk&m;wGif pcef;csaexkid v f suf 0wfwuf 0wfuyfjyK y&dwaf wmf
rEÅefawmfrsm;ukd &GwfzwfylaZmfaeonf/ OD;eDwmESihf OD;aomif;wkdYtrnfukd pHkprf;ar;jref;
aeonf[o k &d vQif nDtpfuEdk pS Of ;D vH;k zcifbek ;f BuD;xHa&mufvmNyD; pHpk rf;Muonf/ Zkwf
okwf&GmrS OD;pHazESihf a':apmusifwkdY\om;jzpfol ukdatmifNidrf; &aoh0wfjzifha&mufae
onf[k od&onf/ zatwlom;tjzpfawGU&rnf[k ajymqkv d suf nDtpfuEdk pS Of ;D OD;&aohxH
oGm;a&mufawGUqHMk uonf/ jrifvQifjrifcsif;yif 0rf;omtm;&jzihf i,fpOfutac:tajym
twkdif; EIwfqufMuonf/ uGJuGmaecsdef tajctaeukd wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ar;jref;ajymqkd
Muonf/ ukad tmifNidr;f &efuek o f mG ;Ekid af &;tygt0if vkt d yf&mrSeo f rQ t&m&maqmif&u G f
ay;cJo h rl sm;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf ulncD o hJ rl sm;jzpfí rdrEd iS hf qk;d wlaumif;buf i,faygif;
BuD;azmfawGtjzpf jyefvnfqHkawGU&jcif;udk 0rf;omrqHk; &SdaeMuonf/ bk&m;ü&SdaepOf
aea&;xkid af &;tqifajyatmif tultnDay;cJMh uonf/
OD;eDwmESihf OD;aomif;wdt Yk m; vma&mufawGUqHck sdeu f yif ig;oH;k vDusihpf Ofudk pwif
ajymMum;NyD; o&P*HkoHk;yg;ukd &GwfqkdykwD;pdyfMu&ef nTefMum;cJh&m vdkufemcJhMuonf/
wpfaeYnae rdcifjzpfol a':ukv,f cRJqkdYNyD; tonf;toefa&m*gazmufí rsufjzLvef
216
KTS 15-11-14-1
aeonf/ xkpd Ofu Zkwo f w k &f mG ü AdaE´mq&mrSm OD;rJjzpfonf/ tñdak &mif0wfí aq;uko
onf/ pdwjf refu, dk jf ref jyKvkyo f mG ;vmwwfojl zpfí ujymu&m&aohrJ [k trnfjyK
ac:qdck MhJ uonf/ a':ukv,ftm; aq;wdu k yf gaomfvnf; a&m*goufomvmjcif;r&Sí d
rdrw d \Ykd oli,fcsif;xH oGm;a&mufajymqk&d m OD;&aohvu kd v f mNyD; tuJcwfvsuf ujym
u&m&aohrt J m; ar;jref;onfrmS - OD;rJ cRJqaYdk ewJv h el mukd oMum;a&wku d &f if bmjzpfEidk f
ovJ[k ar;onf/ csucf si;f aoEkid w f ,f[k ajzonf/ 'gqkd oMum;ykvif;,lc?hJ iguk, d wf idk f
wku d rf nf[q k udk m vufacsmif;oH;k acsmif;jzifh oMum;ukd oH;k Budr, f u l m a&aEG;Murf;
yef;uefwiG f a&tenf;i,fxnfah rTNyD; oMum;a&ukd EIwcf rf;rS ZGe;f jzifx h nhaf ponf/
rsufpt d rnf;&pf jyefjzpfvmNyD; cHwiG ;f rS oMum;a&ukpd yk v f monf/ ysdKUtefrnft h rlt&m
jzpfvmí teD;&SdaxG;cHukdxkd;ay;&m wa0ga0gtefvmonf/ jrifraumif;atmif cRJrsm;
xGuv f monf/ oufomvmonf/ 'gu rdrq d &mawGtay: jypfrmS ;cJv h Ykd 'Da&m*gjzpfwm?
'kjYd yKr,fo h moemrSm cifyeG ;f jzpfwhJ OD;Zif;bat;? om;jzpfoEl pS af ,mufyg0ifaew,f? aemifrmS
twl omoemjyK&r,fv h al wGjzpfvYkd 'gNyD;ajrmufcw hJ m? 'Dpum;trSeaf yyJ/ vlrrm yuwd
twdik ;f &Sad pvdYk rSmMum;avonf/ owd&aomfvnf; vufa&majcyg vIyrf &? avjzwfovkd
awGU&onf/ eHeufapmapm a':ukv,ftm; ycH;k jzifx h rf;? v,fuiG ;f jyifrmS xbDajcrsufpd
txd0wf wGNJ yD;avQmuf? pyg;awmrS ESi;f a&tpdck NH yD; t0wfrvJbJ jyefac:? tdraf &muf&if
a&ywfwu dk ?f 'Denf;twkid ;f &ufjcm;vkyaf y;[k rSmMum;onf/ v,f&w d Nf yD;csdef a':ukv,f
rSm yuwduse;f rmvmcJo h nf/ rdcifBuD;\toufukd u,fco hJ jl zpfí &aohO;D atmifNird ;f tm;
½kdaoav;pm;cJhMuonf/
uked w
D mwpfa,muf OD;&aohEiS jfh yefawGUNy;D csed rf pS í o&P*Ho k ;kH yg;ukd aeYpOfyw k ;D pdyf
cJhonf/ NcHtwGif;pdkufysdK;xm;aom iSufaysmyifrsm;rSm (3)ESpfMumNyDjzpfí pnfum;vsuf
&So d nf/ iSuaf ysmyif½rkH sm;u yifu, dk tf at;"mwf ykrd akd vh&MdS uonf/ aEG&moDwaygif;vrSm
tyl&Sdefjrifhí tat;"mwf&Ekdifaom iSufaysmyiftMum; zsmcif;NyD; ykwD;pdyfjzpfvmonf/
OD;&aohneT Mf um;aomenf;twkid ;f tm;xkw&f m orm"dtm;ykad umif;vmonf/ rpGv J rf;bJ
tm½Hkedrdwfay:vmonfrSm rif;ykwD;rpdyfrD ighukdzdwfyg/ t&Sifbk&m; bGJUawmfb,fvkdac:
ygovJ? &SifrxD;vdkYac:w,f/ rif; em*0dZÆmukdjrifzl;&JUvm;/ rawGUzl;ygbk&m;/ rSwfxm;/
t&yfu igYvdkjrihfw,f/ ydefydefyg;yg; tom;jzL ar;rSm rkwfqdwfarG;eDusifusif&Sdw,f/
e*g;rkwfqdwfusifpG,fvnf; ac:w,f/ teD t0g tjzLta&mifvnf;ygw,f/ tJ'g
rif;&JUynmtvif;jyr,fh ynm'Dyjzpfvmrnho f -l [k tar;tajzpum;ajymNy;D aysmufomG ;rS
tm½Hek rd w d x f ifaeaMumif; owd&vmonf/ t"dymÜ ,furdk odí trSww f rJah ecJoh nf/
217
KTS 15-11-14-1
oBuFeu f mvvGecf sdef OD;&aoha&mufvmNyD[o k wif;Mum;í xD;apmif;bk&m;okYd

a&mufvmcJo h nf/ OD;&aohteD;rSmyif 0Jbufajcwifyv’iaf cGykH ,mbufajcusKHUusKHUjzihf
xkid v
f udk o f nf/ OD;eDwmxkid yf u kH kd OD;&aohaphaphMunhNf yD; rif;udk 'Dvx kd idk &f r,fvYkd b,fol
oifay;cJv h [ J ak r;&m trSww f rJx h idk vf u
dk w
f m? t"dymÜ ,frod[k ajzvdu k vf Qif tJ'g 0dZÆm
xkdifenf;uG[k ajymonf/ OD;&aohESihf rsufESmcsif;qkdif teD;uyfMunhfcGifh&cJhonf/
rkwq f w d ef MD uifMuif ta&mifrmS tjzLç teDç t0g tarT;oH;k yifudk jrifvu kd &f onf/
igYukd waygif;vwkef;u &SifrxD;ajymcJhwm 'D[myJ[kowd&vmNyD; OD;&aohtay:
av;pm;rIw;dk vmcJo h nf/ xkt d csderf pS í ighb0 'D[m q&m q&mtjzpfowfrw S rf ad vonf/
aemif (3)ESpMf umvQif OD;&aoh &[ef;abmifo0Ydk ifa&mufco hJ nf/ &[ef;bJUG awmfrmS OD;ynm'Dy
jzpfvmí OD;eDwm ykrd , dk MkH unfomG ;cJo h nf/
OD;eDwmESifh OD;aomif;wdo Yk nf rdrw d \
Ykd crnf;awmfBuD; OD;bat;? &[ef;bGUJ
OD;y@0 oufawmfBuD;&ifhvmí xD;apmif;bk&m;ausmif;ukd 1336-ckESpfrSmyif usdKufxD;
aqmif;q&mawmftm; pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzihf vSL'gef;cJhMuonf/ OD;y@0um; 26-0gt&
1336-ckESpfrSmyif ysHvGefoGm;cJhonf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf ykdifqkdif
aom ausmif;jzpfvmcJo h nf/ OD;atmifa&T (c) OD;eDwmrSm OD;t*¾oD&d? OD;aomif;a7TrSm
OD;ol&d, bGJUtrnfjzifh1 usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ wynh&f if;tjzpf omoemjyK
vkyif ef;[lorQ aqmif&u G af eMuavonf/ yxrtBudrf *kP d ;f aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;BuD;
ay:aygufvmcsdef usdKufx;D aqmif;bk&m;BuD;ausmif;wku d [f k 0gqkpd m&if;aygufvmcJo h nf/
rlvausmif;tjzpf 0gqkdpm&if;ü yg&SdcJhonf/
aoNyD;opfyif jyefvdkY&Sif
opömEIwo f ;D rEÅmefBuD;u aoNy;D aomfrS &Sijf yef&\-[laom vuFmrSm trSew f &m;
ukd EIwjf zifah jymqk&d m aoae&mrS jyefvnftouf&iS o f nf[k t"dymÜ ,fuo kd &d EdS idk o
f nf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf &[ef;tjzpfra&mufrD &aohb0jzihf jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f
a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm;tm;vH;k vdv k kd zl;ajrmfco
hJ nf/ rdrOd ;D aqmifjyKjyif&rnfh apwDtNyKd tysuf
rsm;ukd jyefvnfjyKjyifEidk af &;twGuf EIw>f rufí opömpum;qku d m oufaoxm;yHu k dk
jyefvnfrdefYMum;avh&Sdonf/
1/ OD;t*¾o&D o
d nf aygifNrKd Ue,f? rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;awmif? OD;ol&,
d onf bD;vif;NrKd Ue,f? Zkwo
f w
k &f mG
ausmufuek ;f ac: o&P*kPatmifapwDpcef;xdik rf sm; jzpfaeonf/ (1376)ckEpS f
218
KTS 15-11-14-1
usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS \f &m[kaxmifwh iG f awmifyEd wJé pfyifonf ñI;d ajcmuf

aeNyD; xif;tjzpftoHk;jyK&eftajctaeodkY a&muf&Sdaeonf/ a*gyuvlBuD;wdkYonf
ajcmufaeaomtyifudk xif;tjzpftoH;k jyK&ef aiG (25)usyfjzihf OD;a&Tatmiftm; a&mif;cs
vduk &f m atmufajcrS vTjzifwh u
dk Mf uonf/ vTwukd of w l Ykd Muufo;D arG;nif;xvmaom
aMumihf vT&mjzihfxm;NyD; jyefoGm;cJhMuonf/1
ouú&mZf 1330-jynhEf pS wf iG f tqkyd g awmifyEd yJé ifatmufoUdk q&mawmfa&muf&dS
vmcJo h nf/ þajrmufvyI yf ifac: awmifyEd yJé ifonf apwDawmfuadk pmihaf &Smufay;vsuf
&Sad om a'0uk@v? rPdu@ k v ewfbv D ;l nDaemifwEYkd iS fh qufpyfvsuf&o dS nf/ apwD
awmftm; ylaZmfzl;ajrmfvdkolwdkY o'¨gw&m;tiftm;enf;yg;aomaMumihf tNydKtysufyrm
ajcmufcef;aeyHuk dk jyoaejcif;jzpfrnf[k ,HMk unfaeonf/ þa&S;a[mif;qHawmfapwDudk
jyefvnfjyKjyifEidk Nf yD; ]]qauo"mwka,m yOöowm"du'dGo[ó 0ómed 'kud©wm
b0d ó EÅ d wawmy&H r[myl Z mouú m a&m b0d ó wd } }}[laom bk&m;&SifwdkY\
Asm'dwaf wmftwkid ;f apwDawmfukd OD;aqmifyal ZmfEidk rf nfoh rl eS cf ahJ omf ajcufaoGUvsu&f adS om
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a0a0qmqm awGUjrif&apownf;/ opömtwkid ;f jzpfvmonf&adS omf toufuykd "me
rxm;bJ apwDawmfukd yGifhvif;pnfum;atmif aqmif&Gufygrnf[k opömjyKcJhonf/
opöma&rsm;oGef;avmif;NyD; tjcm;ae&modkY t"d|mefc&D;qufcJhonf/
aemufwpfBudrf usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk tzl;tajrmfa&mufaomtcsed wf iG f ajrmufvyI f
yifBuD;rS toD; tnGeYf tcuftvuf t&Guf a0qmaeonfuadk wGU&onf/ £pämyl&P
0pDopömtwkdif;jzpfvmaomaMumihf usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwDukd A[dkr@dKifjyKí
bk&m;&Sifonf &aohwkdYtm; ay;oem;cJhaom qHawmfapwDawmfrsm;ukd yGifhvif;atmif
jyKjyifawmfro
l nf/ ewfbv D ;l nDaemifwoYkd nf 0rf;omtm;&jzpfaeMuyHu
k kd jyaomtaejzihf
ajrmufvIyfyifac: awmifydEéJyifBuD;rSm ,cktcg yifpnfyifyGm;rsm; NcH&Hvsuf pdrf;vef;
pdjk ynfaeonfudk awGUjrifMu&avonf/
awmapmifhawmifapmihfewfwdkY [DoHay;íom"kac:
aumZmouú&mZf 1331-ckESpf aqmif;wGif;umv jzpfonf/ OD;&aohESihf
om,m0wDc½kid ?f vufyw
H ef;NrdKUe,f ZD;jzLuke;f q&mawmf? vloal wmf OD;atmifNzdK;wdo
Yk nf
1/ rd;k BudK;ypfc&H aomaMumifh ndK§ ;ajcmufomG ;jcif;jzpfonf/
219
KTS 15-11-14-1
xD;apmif;apwDtm; pnfum;pGmjzpfvmap&eftwGuf ]],aeYn Zkwo f w

k &f mG ü aoewfoH
rMum;&vQif reufjzefrSpí apwDawmfukd jyKjyifrnf}}[k qkyw¬em (t"d|mef)jyKMuNyD;
n 7-em&Dtcsed rf pS í Am;rJo h &P*Hk (30)? r[mor,okw&f w G q f Mdk uonf/ za,mif;wkid u f dk
tkyaf qmif;twGi;f xGe;f n§Nd yD; toHcsJUpufuzdk iG u hf m ylaZmfMuonf/ n 9-em&Dtcsdef
a&mufaomtcg tokbtdrfrS zGihfaeaom pufoHrSm ½kwfw&ufwdwfqdwfoGm;NyD;
aoewfou H dk Mum;vdu k &f onf/
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vdu k o
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pufziG afh eolO;D ausmfvS ,cktcg usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ um;pufjyifq&mjzpfol
tm; jyefziG [ hf tk rdeaYf y;&m aMumufvefpY w d jf zihf jyefziG v
hf udk &f onf[k aemifwiG o f &d onf/
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csí Am;rJo h &P*Hk (30)? r[mor,okwpf aom y&dwaf wmfwu Ydk dk &Gwzf wfMuNy;D qkawmif;
yw¬emjyKum trQay;a0Muonf/ awmif[DoHay;í aumif;csD;jyKcJhavonf/ xkdrS
aqmif&GufzG,frsm; aqmif&GufNyD;aemuf Zkwfokwf&Gm usdKufxD;apmif;okdY pcef;jyef0ifMu
onf/
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awmifpGef;blwmrS rD;&xm;c&D;jzihf Zif;usdKufblwmodkY oHk;OD;om;a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
blwmrSxGufvQif ZeD;armifESHESpfa,mufonf vmBudKonhf[efjzihf apmihfaeMuonf/
teD;odaYk &mufaomtcg 'Do;kH OD;yJjzpfr,f? tdyrf ufxu J twkid ;f wlaew,fqNdk y;D vma&muf
ar;jref;Muonf/ Zif;usdKufapwDzl;ajrmf&efvmaMumif; ajzMum;aomtcg 0rf;omtm;&
jzihf ]]tdyfruft& tbbdk;rif;acgifu t&Sifbk&m;wdkYoHk;OD;ukd BudKqkd&rnf? ouf
owfvGwfqGrf; uyf&rnf}} [k qkad omaMumihf vma&mufBudKqdjk cif;jzpfaMumif; avQmuf
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a&mufvmMuonf/
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vQif ZD;jzLuke;f q&mawmfrmS vGepf mG armyef;vmonf/ qufvufwufEidk rf nft h ajctae
220
KTS 15-11-14-1
r&S/d qHawmfapwDudk tm½Hjk yK zl;ajrmfvuftyk cf sDvsuf ]]'DaeYqHawmfapwDodkY ta&muf

wuf&efrSm bkef;BuD;tdktwGuf rjzpfEkdif/ qkdif&mwkdY ulnDapmihfa&SmufMu&ef}}
t"d|mefjyKavonf/ rMumrDtcsed t f wGi;f &aohi,fEpS af ,mufw1Ykd a&muf&v
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qHawmf&SifapwDodkYa&mufaomtcg bkef;BuD;tkd? OD;&aoh? vlolawmfwdkYonf Am;rJh
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avonf /
1/ awmifapmihef wfrsm;jzpfaMumif; q&mawmfred MYf um;onf/
221
KTS 15-11-14-1
&[ef;0wfjcif;taMumif;&if;
&Si&f aoh0wfjzifh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f &Sd a&S;a[mif;wefc;kd BuD;apwD ½kyyf mG ;rsm; awm
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tm[m&jzihf rQwaomtusifu h akd qmifco hJ nf/ &aoh0wfjzihf (&[ef;rsm;apmihx f ed ;f &rnf)h
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jynhpf vkH ek ;D eD;usifBh uHcahJ omaMumifh teD;uyfu;kd uG,Mf uaom 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;
tm;vH;k onf q&mawmf[o k m oH;k EIe;f ac:qkad ecJMh uonf/ a&S;a[mif;bk&m;ikww f rkd sm;udk
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atmif usihfjcif;jzifh 0D&d,yg&rDESihf t"d|mefyg&rDwdkYudk jznhfusihfcJhonf/
vloal wmfb0jzifh tusipfh cef;(3)ESpNf y;D csed f &aoh0wfjzifh tqifjh ri§ v hf suf usiBfh uHchJ
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usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDtaemufbuf&dS awmifyEd aéJ c: arsmufvyI yf if? auvmoawmif
qHawmf&iS af jrmufbuf&dS vkreÁd t D ifMuif;yifrsm;onf aoGUajcmufae7mrS jyefvnfa0qm
vmcJoh nftxd opömyg&rDEiS fh t"d|mefyg&rDjrifw h ufvmcJo h nf/ ud, k wf iG ;f usipfh Ofjrifwh uf
vmjcif;udk tjyifrjS rif&olwu Ykd cefrY eS ;f vsuf &aoh0wfjzifh 0wf½akH exdik af omfvnf; OD;&aoh
[k ac:qdrk I rjyKrlí q&mawmf[í l om oH;k EIe;f ac:qdo k rl sm;vmvsuf&o dS nf/ usihpf Ofjzifh
222
KTS 15-11-14-1
vydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f owfrwS rf rI sm;jzifh jynhpf v kH m&m vl0wfaMumiftjzpf edrfh&mudk oGm;rnf
avm
avm¿ tqifw h ufaomtaejzifh ouFef;0wfí &[ef;b0ü aexkdifrnfavm vm¿[k
ar;cGe;f xkwcf &hJ aomtcsdeo f Ydk a&muf&v dS mcJoh nf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;omoemtp
wynht f rsm;u q&mawmf[k av;pm;ac:a0:aeMuNy;D jzpf&m ynwfomG ;&m "mwf
oufyg jrefrmwdt Yk qkt
d wkid ;f &[ef;abmif0ifa&mufvsuf &moufyefomoemjyKvkyif ef;
rsm; aqmif&u G rf nf[k qH;k jzwfcsufcsrSwcf ohJ nf/ 'DEpS f 'D0gtwGi;f jrihrf m;aomyk*Kd¾ vfxrH S
cGijhf yKcsufwpfcck &k vQif ouFe;f 0wfjzihaf exkid rf nf[k t"d|mefxm;onht f wkid ;f teEÅ &
b0rS awmfpyfcJhaom trdtz q&mrsm;xHrS Oyedó, ypö,o owwå d jzih
jzihf &[ef;
toHk;taqmif y&du©&m 8-yg; &&SdcJhonf/1 xD;apmif;aeaom qHawmf&SifapwDukd
wnhfrwfatmifaqmif&Guf&ef? wpfausmhjyefomoem (2500)ausmfaomtcg bk&m;&Sif
ay;a0cJah om qHawmf"mwfrsm;yGiv hf if;&rnf[k Asm'dwaf wmftwkid ;f jzpfapa&; aqmif&u G f
&efwm0efrmS &[ef;b0jzifh aexkid af qmif&u G rf S atmifjrifEidk rf nf/ apwDteD; tNro J w
D if;
oHk;aekxdkifrSom usef&Sdaeaom apwDawmfrsm;ukd jyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI atmifjrifrnf[k
qifjcifro d nf/ aumZmouú&mZf 1333-ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynhaf eY n 9-em&DwiG f aomhwiG ;f
ac: qHawmfatmifajrwGif jrihjf rwfaomyk*Kd¾ vfwt Ydk m; oufaoxm;vsuf qHtcsdKU cscJh
onf/ bk&m;&Si\ f qHawmf"mwfudk ylaZmfaomtaejzihf qHyiftcsKd Uukd apwDawmfteD;wGif
csxm;ylaZmfonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmausmif;BuD;q&mawmf OD;y@dpöu qHtm;vHk;csay;
awmfrlonf/
OD;&aoh ykodrfi0ef;a'o a&Munfa&aemufpcef;csvsuf *E¨m&Dc&D;usihfcsdefu
trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufonf tbbk;d bk;d atmifu y&du&© m&Spyf g;vSL&rnf[k vmajymí
qufuyfygonf[kavQmufxm;&m aemiftcsdefusvQif today;ygrnf[k uwd
xm;cJoh nfth wkid ;f 1333-ckEpS ?f uqkev
f qef;ydik ;f rSm y&du&© mrsm; vma&mufvLS 'gef;cJo
h nf/
1/ ykord Nf rKd UrS w½kwt

f rsKd ;orD;wpfa,muftm; tbbd;k rif;acgifu 'Dy&du&© m&Spyf g;udk OD;&aohxH
oGm;vSLyg[k tdyrf ufay;í &efuek Nf rdKUwGiq
f ckH sdef vSLvdu
k o
f nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;jyefa&muf
vQif y&du©&m&Spfyg;jzihf &[ef;abmif 0ifa&mufcJhonf/
223
KTS 15-11-14-1
uqkev f qef; 14-&ufaeYwiG f edó&nf;q&m (edó,mp&d,)jzpfaom Zkwo f w k &f mG

ausmif;BuD; q&mawmf OD;a&Tazac: OD;y@dpöxH cGifhyef avQmufxm;vsuf &SifomraP
tjzpf &,lcJhonf/ &Sifynm'Dy[k bJGUrnfay;cJhonf/ uqkefvjynhf we*FaEGaeY
eHeufyidk ;f wGif Zkwo
f w
k &f mG &Sd oHCmawmfrsm;tm; yifzh w f rG ;f qufuyfí aemifawmfBuD;
d q
awm&ausmif;q&mawmf OD;£E´mp&d,ukd OyZÑm,fjyKvsuf um&uoHCmjynfph pkH mG jzihf
&[ef;abmifokdY0ifa&mufcJhonf/ odrfrSm usdKufxD;aqmif;apwD r[m&HwHwkdif;
taemufbufapmif;wef;BuD;\ ajrmufbuf&dS c@odrüf OyorÜuu H dk aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uNyD;
awmifay:ausmif;ü odrfOD;w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ odrfOD;w&m;rSm vmvmav
vdkufcJhawmh rudk#fu,f eef;EG,fwkdYa&--pHy,fwJhav;½Hk? tyGifh&,fukef? wpfiHkusefyg
ao;w,f? yefcsifol&SifñkdaxG;wdkY&,f acgif;NzD;cJhav; v;-tpcsDvsuf ig;oH;k vDusifph Ofudk
tus,fcsJUa[mMum;cJhonf/ &[ef;cHtNyD; odrfOD;w&m;vma&mufemMuoltm;vHk;
idyk q
JG ifMu&avonf/ uG,v f eG o
f mG ;NyD;jzpfaom rdbaqGrsdK;wktYd m; owd&vGr;f qGwí f
0rf;omyDwdjzihf rsuf&nfuscJh&aom w&m;OD;yGJ[k qkdMuonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwDtaemufbuf ypö,aH tmufajcwGif ,m,Daqmufvyk x f m;
aom "r®m½Ht k wGi;f ü n"r®yv’i0f wfziG v fh pS í f w&m;a[mjcif;? ar;jref;avQmufxm;vm
aom ykpmä rsm;ukd ajzMum;ay;jcif;rsm; npOf0wfrysuf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/ &yf7mG twGi;f rS
vma&mufavhvmMuonf/ odvadk omtaMumif;t&mrsKd ;ukd ar;avQmufMu&m tcsuf
tvufjynhpf akH tmif &Si;f vif;ajzMum;ay;onf/ auseyfvufcEH idk af tmif ajzMum;Ekid af om
aMumihf A[kow k &vdo k l tusifph cef;ukd oabmusvufco H l vufawGUusihaf qmif&mü
&yfwefYaeonhfolwdkY wpfqifhwuf&ef enf;vrf;nTefjyaomaMumifh 0rf;omtm;&
uk;d uG,&f mtjzpf owfrw S Mf unfñkd Muolwo Ykd nf "r®yv’io f Ydk npOfa&muf&v dS mMuonf/
tcsdKUolwo Ykd nf e0*Fov D jzihf &uf&nS Of ykoaf pmihv f suf usihpf Oftwkid ;f aexkid cf MhJ uonf/
a&m*gpG J u yf o l w d k Y o nf t"d | mef & uf & S n f O yk o f a pmih f M u&m a&m*grsm;,l y pf o vd k
aysmufuif;oGm;Muonf/ "r®yv’if0wfonf usdKufxD;aqmif;omoemjyKvkyfief;ü
toufaoG;aMumtjzpf owfrSwfcJh&onf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;omoemjyKvkyif ef;tp
"r®yv’iu f [kqv dk Qif vufcMH u&rnfjzpfonf/
1/ q&mawmf &[ef;0wfcsdef rd;k BudK;wHcg;teD; &[EÅmodraf wmfrmS ajratmufrS ay:xGuv
f mjcif;
r&Sdao;yg/
224
KTS 15-11-14-1
trsm;wumwdYk ntarSmifumvwGif ukovur®yxw&m; (10)yg;udk arharh

avsmhavsmhjzihf &yfo&l mG olwYkd tavhtxtusihjf zihf aysmfjrL;aeMucsdef usdKufx;D aqmif;
"r®m½HktwGif;0,f npOfnwkdif; w&m;a[mjcif;? w&m;em,ljcif;? w&m;xkdifjcif;jzihf
ntarSmifrmS "r®tvif; ynmtvif;a&mif 0if;ajymifvsu&f o dS nf/ þodaYk om "r®obif
rsdK;udk awGUjrifEidk cf o
J nf/ ,cktcg tESp(f 45)&ufrysuf Mum&Snaf eí pd&umv"r®obm
[k qdEk ikd af yonf/
omoema&;tajctae
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf 1333-ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynhaf eYwiG f &[ef;tjzpf
odkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ wpfoD;wpfjcm;ausmif;xkdif&ef &[ef;jyKcJhjcif;r[kwf? omoemhrdcif
zcif q&mt&SifwdkYu qHawmfapwDrsm; jyefvnfzGihfazmf&ef apcdkif;aomaMumifh &[ef;
jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdfpOfu apwD\t*FgaxmifhwGif wJausmif;jzif1h omaexkdifcJhonf/
ausmrcif;t"d|mef? wdp0D &dwt f "d|mefjzihf aexkid v
f su&f &dS m xnf0gcHn
h m;aom taqmuf
tOD;vnf;r&S/d y&dabm*rsm;vnf;r&S?d oydww f pfv;kH ouFe;f oH;k xnf aq;ypön;f xnhf
xm;aom vG,t f w
d w
f pfv;kH omykid q
f idk o
f nf/ avmutjrifjzihf txifBuD;p&mr&Sad y/
Zkwo f w
k &f mG \ omoema&;tajctaerSm usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDawmifbuf r[m&H
wHwkdif;teD;wGif-
(1) bk7m;ausmif;ü OD;bat;ac: OD;y@0/
(2) apwDpaeaxmifh r[m&Hab;wGif awmifay: y:ausmif;ü OD;rIid af c: OD;auo&/
(3) &m[kaxmifhr[m&HwHwkdif;ab;wGif &d y f o mmausmif;ü OD;a&T0ac: OD;0dok'¨/
(4) we*FaEGaxmifh vlwpfac:cefYt&yfwGif aemif a wmf B uD ;bk&m;ausmif;ü
OD;£E´mp&d,/
(5) awmifbufwpfzmvHkcefYwGif anmifom,m m,mausmif;ü OD;pÈ´/
(6) reD;ra0;wGif iSufwGif;owdy|mefausmif;ü OD;cspfMunfac: OD;aum@n/
1/ vlwpfa,muftyd o
f mom ESpaf ,muftyd v
f rYkd &aom uGyyf spf (tdypf iftao;)udk 0g;jcrf;jzihcf ;kH
(tauG;)vkyf t0wfr;kd aomtdypf if? wJausmif;jzihf we*FaEGaxmifh "r®pMum"r®m½Ht k eD;wd0Yk ,f
oifah vsmfovdk oDwif;oH;k avh&o dS nf/ xdt
k &Sit
f m; Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rS t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu
bG J U ? xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H r[mcsLvmavmif u G e f w uú o d k v f r S "r® y g&*l ( Ph-D)*k P f x l ; aqmif b G J U
qufuyfco hJ nf/ tHzh , G &f mjzpf\/
225
KTS 15-11-14-1
(7) bk&m;apmif;wef;xdyw f iG f qifEpS af umifac: ausmif;uav;

uav;ü OD;atmif&if
ac: OD;y@dw/
(*) &Gmv,fwGif ausmif;BuD;ü OD;a&Tazac: OD;y@dpö/
(9) awm&a&Ta&T u sifausmif;ü OD;armifxGef;ac: OD;0g,r/
(10) &Gmajrmufbuf r,f½yk q f ;dk bk&m;ac: jrbkef;vQHb&k m;teD;ausmif;ü OD;xGe;f
Munf/
(11) wpfrkdifcefYt&yfwGif BuHcif;ausmif;ac: ,cktcg &efuif;awmif"r®okc
ausmif;bke;f BuD; OD;ÓmPwdo Yk nf uk,d 'hf g,umrsm;ESifh wufnv D ufnD
wpfo;D wpfjcm; uk, d pf D omoemhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaecsdejf zpfonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfum; oufawmf (43)ESpt f &G,af &mufrS &[ef;abmif
0ifvmoljzpfí 0gti,fqHk;jzpfaeonf/ ig;oHk;vDomoemhpnf;ukd tajccHí wynhf
'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;wdt Yk m; qH;k raeonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;apwD y&d0P k tf wGi;f ü
oufowfvw G t
f pm;tpmuko d m csufjyKwfpm;aomufaponf/ &efuek ?f yJc;l ? bm;tH
paomNrdKUrsm;rS wynhfrsm; ukd;uG,fvSL'gef;vsuf tjcm;aom ausmif;xkdifbkef;BuD;rsm;
xuf y7dowft0iftxGurf sm;vsuf&o dS nf/ q,f0grjynhb f J q&mawmf[al omtac:ukd
vltrsm; wav;wpm;ac:a0:vsu&f adS eonfudk aus;&Gm&Sd ausmif;xkid b f ek ;f BuD;rsm; oabm
rus jzpfaeMuonf/ q,f0grjynhb f J ausmif;xkid b
f ek ;f BuD;vdrk sdK;jzihf aexkid af jymqkjd cif;udk
Munfhr&bJjzpfaeMuonf/ ydkírausreyfjzpfMuonfrSm oufowfvGwfpm;oHk;jcif;
jzpfonf/ tjcm;ausmif;rS bke;f BuD;rsm;ukd apmfum;aejcif;[k cHpm;aeMuonf/ bk&m;&Sif
ukd,fwkdif 0ufysdKom;qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD; 0rf;oGm;jcif;udk trsm;odMuonf/ ,ck qif jrif;
uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;a&SmifMuOf&ef qH;k raejcif;rSm bk&m;ra[mbJvsuf tqef;xGiaf [m
ajymonf[k ,lqxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumihf xdt k csdeu f ausmif;xkid b f ek ;f BuD;trsm;pk
usKdufxD;aqmif;bkef;BuD;tm; þ&Gmüae&efroifh[k oabmxm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
226
KTS 15-11-14-1
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwDwnfaqmufyHk
ae&ma&G;cs,frI
qHawmfapwDwnfaqmufyHkrSm pnf;pepfusvSonf/ wnfxm;aomae&mrSm
uke;f rdrYk jYkd zpfNyD; tvsm;teH ay(700)cefjY yifnD ta&SUtaemufawmifajrmuf wjznf; jznf;
edrqhf if;oGm;NyD; *0Hww H ikd ;f tqifq h ifh ajrusHK;twefwef0ikd ;f &Hxm;aomaMumifh vSyaom
uke;f tjzpfawGU&onf/ atmufcaH jrrSm uke;f awmftjynhf *0Hausmufzsmyrm trmcHtjzpf
&Sdaeonf/ ajryG ajraysmh ajrom;r[kwf ouf&ifh*0HausmufcHxm;ovdk jzpfaeonfrSm
xkxnfBuD;rm;aom ausmufwHk;rsm;pGmzdtm;udk cHEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ omrmefajr0,f *0H
ausmufw;kH tqifq h ifph x
D m;ygu wefaygif;rsm;pGmav;aom *0Hausmufw;kH zdtm;aMumifh
ajruRHedrfhqif;Edkifayonf/ ajratmufeuf½Idif;pGm *0HausmufzsmcHxm;aomae&mjzpfí
ajruRHrnft h EÅ&m,fp;kd &drzf , G rf &S&d awmhay/ apwDwnfxm;aomae&m a&G;cs,fco hJ nfrmS
tqifhjrifhvsuf&Sdonf/
apwDpwifwnfxm;jcif;
a*gwrAk'b ¨ &k m;jzpfawmfrNl y;D aemuf (8)ESpt f Mum r[mouú&mZf (111)ckEpS f bDp-D
591 wGif apwDawmfupkd wifwnfxm;&m (2)ESpaf usmftMum r[mouú&mZf (113)ckwiG f
NyD;pD;onf[k orkdif;rsm; azmfjycJhMuonf/ atmufcHausmufwHk;BuD;rsm;rSm vl(70-80)
yihcf s,
D al qmif&onfh tav;csed rf sm;jzpf&m puf,EÅ,m; ray:ao;aomumvjzpfí tHMh o
p&m jzpfaecJhonf/ atmufajc*0Hyv’ifrSm tvsm; teH (135)ywfvnf tjrihf(12)
ay&SNd yD; bdeyfc\ kH tav;csdef cefrY eS ;f MunhEf ikd af yonf/ *0Hausmufw;kH rsm; tqifq h ihx
f yfpD
xm;onfrmS ausmufoyf? ausmufEw I cf rf;cswd ?f ausmufpa&G; toH;k jyKwnfaqmufxm;Ny;D
xH;k oJ rqvm toH;k rjyK yuwdausmuftqifq h ifh pDxyfxm;jcif;jzpfí xdak cwfAo d u k m
ynm&Siw f \
Ykd pdwuf ;l pdwo f ef;jrifrh m;yHu
k kd awGUjrifMu&onf/ ausmuftBuD;rsm; atmufcH
xm;NyD; tvwfpm; tao;pm; *0Htw k rf sm;udk toH;k jyKcJo
h nfrmS odyeHÜ nf;ustoH;k jyK
wnfaqmufovdkjzpfaeayonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif awGUjrif&ef tjcm;apwDr&Sd[k qdk&ay
rnf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH a*smh*smumuRef;wGif aAma&mAk'k rSm tvm;wlapwDrsdK;jzpfaomf
vnf; aESmif;umva&mufrS wnfaqmufxm;aomapwDjzpfonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
qHawmf&iS af pwDwnf&mXmaeajr toH;k jyKxm;aom ausmuftw k wf u
Ykd Mkd unhyf gu omoem
awmfEpS f (5000)txdwnf&rdS nhf apwD[k qdEk ikd af yonf/
227
KTS 15-11-14-1
a'0uk@v rPduk@v nDaemif apwDwnfxm;yHk

OD;a&Taemfpkaqmif;a&;pDtyfaom rGef&mZ0ifESihf apwDordkif;aygif;csKyf (1899-ck
½du
k )f wGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;onfrmS Zkwo f wG 1f t&yfonf bk&m;ryGirfh u D mv
t&Snt f Mumuyif ewfbv D ;l rsm;aeaom aumhuvGww f aum ewfbv D ;l uRef;jzpf\/
r[mouú&mZf(111)ck jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif&pS 0f gajrmuf ok0ÖPblrd oxHjk ynfukd a'opm&D
<ua&mufawmfrlaomtcg ¤if;uRef;ae ewfbDvl;tBuD;trSL;nDaemifESpfyg; oGm;a&muf
zl;ajrmfMu\/ jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifu aemifxekd wfbv D ;l wdaYk eaomuRe;f t&yfonf omoem
t&Snw f nfxeG ;f rnft h aMumif; jrifawmfro l jzihf w&m;"r®a[mjywdu k af uR;Ny;D vQif qHawmf
wpfqt l yfEaHS y;oem;awmfr\ l / odt Yk yfEaHS y;oem;&m&í rdrad e&modYk jyefvma&mufaomf
rdrw d Ykd i,fom; a,musfm; rde;f r ewfbv D ;l taygif;wdu Yk kd qHawmfXmyemapwDwnfvyk f
ud;k uG,&f eftaMumif;wdik yf ifonfwiG f oabmwlnMD uuke\ f / onfumv r[mouú&mZf
(113)ckEpS u f pí *0Hausmuftw k wf jYkd zihf yGvJ rf;obiftBuD;tus,fEiS fh bk&m;apwDwnf
vkyMf u\/ Xmyemwdu k rf mS qHawmfukd a&TMuKwfxnho f iG ;f Xmyem\/ jrwfpmG bk&m;ud, k yf mG ;
½kyw f ak wmfvnf; Xmyem\/ ewfbv D ;l nDaemifEpS af ,mufwYkd t½kyv f nf; a&Tyef;cuf
aiGyef;cufuikd pf JG ylaZmfuefawmhvsuf Xmyem\/ ewfbv D ;l nDaemif 2-a,mufw\ Ykd
orD;awmf ewforD;rsm;u bk&m;ocif OD;acgif;xufüaygufaom qHyif tvGew f &m
twkr&Sjd rwfayonf/ igwdOYk ;D acgif;u qHyifukd vS;D jzwfyal ZmfXmyem&aomf aumif;\[k
oabm&í rdrw d OYkd ;D acgif;rS qHyiftawmftoifjh zwfv;DS ylaZmf XmyemMu\/ qHyifXmyemyHrk mS
BudK;uJhodkY uspfNyD; taotcsmacGvsuf Xmyem\/
xdkacwfapwDudk yHkazmfMunhf
þapwD atmufzed yfawmftawmif(90F)? ¤if;zdeyfct kH jrif(h 23)awmif? xdck akH y:rS
wpfzef 'kw, d zdeyfawmftawmif(36)&S F paf jr§mihf wpfajr§mifvQif(18F)? ÓmPfawmftawmif
(60F)wnfvyk Mf uuke\ f / þapwDywfvnfausmufx;D &GwAf suEf pS af wmifwpfru kd ?f ausmuf
xD;½d;k ESpaf wmifxmG (12)pif; vSL'gef;ylaZmf\/ xdb k &k m;apwDwnfvyk af om *0Htw k w f o Ykd nf
zdeyfawmfu wwd,ypö,t H xd ¤if;twGi;f ti,fq;kH vlwpfa,mufvQifEpS jf ym;,laqmif
Edik o
f nf/ tvwfpm;tkwrf mS vl 20-25 a,mufyifch s, D al qmifEikd o
f nf/ tBuD;qH;k tkwrf mS
vl 70-80 rS ,laqmifEikd o f nf/ bk&m;apwDbUJG awmfum; ]]usd usdKufuvGwf'uf}}ac:\/
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KTS 15-11-14-1
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ausmufpmwpfcsyaf wGU&aomfvnf; w&d&wema*gyutzGUJ rS 1311-ckEpS f xD;wifaMumif;rQ
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ESpMf umí aqG;ajrv h m&m Munfñzkd , G &f mr&Sb d J jzpfaeonfukd 1294-ckEpS w f iG f Zkwo f w k &f mG
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aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
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229
KTS 15-11-14-1
auvmoawmifajc&Sd uif;&Gmom; OD;oef;armifonf yef;wif;vkyif ef;uRrf;usifojl zpfí

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230
KTS 15-11-14-1
ypö,Hay:rS t&yfav;rsufESmudk ajr§mfMunhf&m ajr§mfpifozG,f toHk;jyKMuonf/ zdeyfpD;?

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231
KTS 15-11-14-1
c&D; rSe;f qMunhu f m 0rf;enf;zG,&f mjzpfayonf/ xD;apmif;bk&m;r[m&rftwGi;f rS awmcsKH

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zG,f&myifjzpfonf/
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232
KTS 15-11-14-1
aeYcsif;ncsif; trnfajymif;EdkifcJhonfr[kwf? tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk um,AvÓmPAv

toHk;jyKí jyKjyifcJh&onfudk tjynhftpHkazmfjy&aomf-
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233
KTS 15-11-14-1
pdefzl;awmfjyKjyifa&; nd§EdIif;tpnf;ta0;
apwDawmfteD;awmifbuf r[m&Hww H ikd ;f teD; OD;bat;(c)OD;y@0onf bk&m;
ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;um apwDawmfudk awmifydkif;ü xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufaeonf/
apwD\ paeaxmifh awmifay:ausmif;ü OD;auo&(c)OD;rIid ?f &m[kaxmihf r[m&Hww H ikd ;f
ab; &dyo f mausmif;ü OD;0do'k ¨ ac: OD;a&T0wdYk oDwif;oH;k vsuf&o dS nf/ a&TouFe;f uyfvLS
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tNydKif&Sdaeonf/ w&d&wemtzGJUrS tif*sifpufjzihf apwDawmfudk rD;ylaZmfonf/
OD;&aohrSm a'ocH&Sd ausmif;xdkifrsm;ESihfqufqH&mrSm tqifajyacsmarGUajrhrI
r&ao;aomaMumifh tcsdeu f akd pmihaf jr§mif v
hH if&h m 1333-ckEpS af &mufvmNyD; uqkev f jynhf
aeYrmS &[ef;abmifo0Ykd ifa&mufco hJ nf/ &[ef;jzpfNy;D (3)0gajrmuf 1335-ckEpS af &mufaom
tcg apmif;aeaomxD;udk wnfrh wf&ef pOf;pm;&m 1311-ckEpS u f wifvLS cJah omxD;rSmvnf;
a&Ta&mifarS;rSdefvsuf&Sdonf/ aMu;jzihfjyKvkyfaom pdefzl;rSm *a[quf[aejyefonf/
apwDuapmif; xD;ua[mif; pdezf ;l tjrifraumif; jzpfaeonfujkd yKjyif&ef tiftm;vnf;
rjynhf a'ocHrsm;uvnf; jyKjyif&efvufrcH? yxrOD;pm;ay;taejzihf pdezf ;l udak tmufoYkd
yihaf qmifum *a[qufa&Tcsrnf[k qH;k jzwfum &[ef;tcsdKU 'g,umtcsdKU oabm
wlnrD , I ul m 0g;jirf;jzihf pdezf ;l udk atmufoyYkd ifah qmifco hJ nf/ jyKjyifru
I rkd vdv
k m; qefu Y sirf I
jyKzdkYom qE´&SdolwdkY [efYwm;rIaMumifh yifhaqmifxm;aom pdefzl;udktkwf*ltwGif;ü
aomhcwfxed ;f odr;f Muonf/ q&mawmfrsm; xdak cwfu &yf&mG NrKd Ue,fjynfoaYl umifpD vrf;pOf
ygwDrsm; tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyu f m tqH;k tjzwfc, H cl MhJ u&onf/ tmPmydik t f zGUJ a'ocH
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;a&SUwGif ax&fBuD;0gBuD;jzpfvsu&f adS om awmifpeG ;f tkypf k usKH urdp&k mG
awmifuek ;f ausmif;ü oDwif;oH;k awmfral om q&mawmf OD;ok0ÖPac: OD;omZHonf
atmufygtwdik ;f tqH;k tjzwfjyKay;cJo h nf/
bk&m;xD;awmfped zf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd ,ciftvSL&Sirf sm;u vSL'gef;xm;Muaomfvnf;
,cktcg ESpaf ygif;(25)ESpu f mvMumvmvdYk a[mif;EGr;f NyD; rwihrf w,fMunfñzkd , G &f m
raqmif&Sdaewm rlvtvSL&Sifrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifEdkifjcif;r&Sdjzpfaew,f/ Oyrmtm;jzihf
tvSL&Siu f bk&m;udMk unfñv kd Ykd yef;td;k eJyY ef;udyk gvSLcJah omfvnf; yef;rsm;ndK§ ;ajcmufae&if
yef;vmvSLolu 'Dyef;td;k rSm&Sw d yhJ ef;ajcmufawGuzkd ,f&mS ;NyD; yef;topfvLS &if 'g[mtjypf
r&So
d vdk xD;a[mif; pdezf ;l a[mif;udk topfvLS wJu h pd [
ö m cGijfh yKMu&r,f/ cGijfh yKvdu
k Mf u[k
tqHk;tjzwfay;awmfrlavonf/
234
KTS 15-11-14-1
ud,k af wmfwuYkd kd BudKwifrmS vdu

k yf gw,f? bke;f BuD;&[ef;jzpfaeygvsuf aiGw;kd pyg;wd;k
ay;aeNyD; 'Dtwddkif;oGm;vQif usdKufxD;aqmif;bkef;BuD; OD;ynm'Dy 9-ESpf 9-0gjynhfygu
qHawmf&iS rf sm; ude;f 0yf&m awmifwef;omoemtukex f ed ;f odr;f oGm;vdrrhf nf[k rdeMYf um;
jyefavonf/ pdezf ;l jyifqifwifvLS cGi&fh Ny;D aemuf pdezf ;l twGi;f 0,f 1311-ckEpS u f Zkwo f w k f
&Gmae a':oufcsdef&wema'gif;½kyf a':cifjrihfvSL'gef;aom em;uyfwpf&efyg&Sdonf[k
ajymqdkae Mu&m pdefzl;twGif;yg&Sdaom &wempm&if;udk trsm;a&SU0,f pdppfMunfh&m
wefz;kd BuD;aom a&TaiG&wemryg csuaf usmufa&mifprkH QomawGUMu&onf/ NrKd Ue,f aus;&Gm
ygwDaumifpD q&mawmfrsm; tpnf;ta0;ü rSwfwrf;wifpm&if;jyKpk&efrvdkaomaMumifh
rSwfwrf;vGwf azmifwdefvGwf (xdkacwf abmhyifpma&;ud&d,mrsm;ray:ao;ay/)
tpnf;ta0;[kyif usDp,f pum;ajymqdMk u&onf/
pdefzl;a&TcszdkY usyf(42d)&&Sd&efyifrvG,fcJh
pdefzl;jyKjyifNyD; aMu;jym;ay:wGif a&TtppfuyfvSLvdkaomaMumifh Zkwfokwf&GmBuD;
&Gmav; awmifpGef; aumhu'Gwf ZGJuvm rkoif&Gmrsm;odkY tylaZmfcHonf/ tvSLaiG
pkpkaygif;(40d)usyf&&Sdxm;onf/ xdkacwfa&Twpfqdkif;wefzdk;rSm (42d)jzpfí (2d)rQvdktyfae
onf/ wpfaeYwmtcsdeu f ek v
f Nk yDjzpfí rkoifEiS Zfh u JG vm&GmrStjyef apmif;wef;BuD;twdik ;f
jyef<uvmonf/ t"d|meftwdik ;f tvSLaiGr&bJ pdezf ;l wifvLS &ef tcuftcJjzpfvsuf
&So
d nf/ xdt k csderf mS yif tbd;k tdw k pfO;D ESiahf wGU&m vdt k yfaeaomaiG(2d)udk xkwu f mvSL'gef;
av&m odMum;ewfwo Ykd íd vma&mufun l rD ponf[k 0rf;om&Tiyf sjzpf&avonf/
tqdkyg a&S;a[mif;pdefzl;udk oifhwifhaomjyKjyifrGrf;rHum aMu;jym;udka&Tcsonf/
pdefzl;wifyGJjyKvkyfcJhaomf qdkif;ryg y&dowfrpnfum; 0g;jirf;xdk;um Am;rJho&P*Hkudk
&Gwyf mG ; ok0ÖPblru d xm txyfxyf&w G q f akd tmifoaH y;Muum om"koNH rKd ifNrKd if atmf[pf
trQa0vsuf pdezf ;l udw k ifvLS cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ ,aeYusif;yaeaom xD;wifyEJG iS fh EIid ;f pm
Munfh&efom/ 1335-ckESpfwGif pdefzl;iSufjrwfem;wifvSLcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
apwDawmftcsdK;wusjzpfatmifaqmif&GufcJh&
apwDawmfwnfxm;aom acwfrmS ESpaf ygif;&mcsDco hJ nfrmS tjiif;yGm;zG,rf &Sad omf
vnf; *0Hausmufxyftxufypö,t H qifq h ihf acgif;avmif;azmif;&pfMumarSmufMumvSef
iSufaysmzl;txd wnfaqmufcJhMu&m pepfwusr&Sd? *0Hausmuftkwfygovdk rD;zkwf
tkwcf syfpx
D m;onfvnf;&So
d nf/ a&S;acwft*Faw aESmif;acwfbv d yfajrtoH;k jyKcJMh u
onfuakd wGUMu&onf/ Mum&Sncf ikd cf ahH &; &ifav;&onht f ajctaeudjk rifawGUae&onf/
235
KTS 15-11-14-1
tiftm;tjynht f 0r&Sad omfvnf; t&Snw f nfa&;aqmif&u G x f m;rSjzpfrnf[k qH;k jzwfum

yxriSuaf ysmzl;axmifch sKd ;pau;rudu k jf zpfaeonfukd jyifqifaponf/ r@dKifupkd wD;(oHrPd)
ydkuftpm;xdk;NyD; axmifhnDatmif cufcufcJcJwdkif;wmaqmif&Guf&onf/ txufydkif;
iSuaf ysmzl;axmifn h aD eovdk atmufyikd ;f &Spaf jr§mif&h pS af xmift h csdK;nDatmif tyifyef;cHum
ckwv f ;DS &onf/ atmufajcrSm*0Hausmufw;kH cHjzpfí pd;k &drzf , G &f mr&S?d tay:ydik ;f iSuaf ysmzl;rS
acgif;avmif;em;txd cdkifcHha&;twGuf oHz&defacGum aMu;jym;rsm;ywfxm;onf/ yef;&H
q&mrSm OD;aomif;aztzGJUjzpfonf/ pepfwusjzpfap&eftwGuf MopawvsEdkifiHqdkif&m
jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;a'gufwmatmifoef; oGm;aumvdyaf usmif;tkyBf uD;\ ypö,mEk*[ ¾
&efukefqdyfurf;tif*sifeD,m a&Twd*HkapwDa*gyutzGJUrS wnfaqmufa&;wm0efcH
OD;0if;armifwdkY teD;uyfBuD;MuyfrIjzihf ynm&Sifrsm;vma&mufaqmif&GufcJh&m apwDawmf
ESpMf umwnfwahH &;udpö pdwcf s&aomtajcodaYk &mufvmcJo h nf/ apmif;aeaomapwDukd
jyKjyifMu&mü odyyHÜ nm&Sijf zihf jynhpf akH tmifraqmif&u G Ef ikd af o;? 0dZmÆ ynm&Siyf gyl;aygif;vsuf
apwDawmf tcsKd ;tpm;pau;udu k íf apmif;aeaomxD;udk wnhrf wfatmifaqmif&u G cf MhJ u
&onf[k rSww f rf;wifxm;cJo h nf/ tiftm;tjynht f 0r&Sad o;csdejf zpfí xD;a[mif;udk
atmufrcsbJ tcsdK;tpm;tjrifvSatmif ta0;teD;jrifuGif;yeHoifhatmifjyKjyifBuHhcdkifrI
jzpfatmifprD aH qmif&u G &f onf/ xD;t0ESiifh u S af ysmzl;vH;k ywftcsdK;tpm;rnDaomaMumifh
tjrifrvSonhif u S af ysmzl;vH;k ywfjyifqifjcif;? iSujf rwfem;pdezf ;l ao;i,faeonfukd xD;ESifh
vdu k zf ufatmifjyifqif xD;awmftjrifu kd xufjri§ &fh onf/ iSujf rwfem;ESipfh ed zf ;l wifvLS yGrJ mS 1
h t
tm;weftifrQyrmP&SNd y;D ig;oH;k vDy&dowftiftm; ypö,mEk*[ ¾ tiftm;rSm ,ckEpS f 1344-
umv xD;iSujf rwfem; pdezf ;l wifvLS yGEJ iS fh EIid ;f pmvQif pnfum;odu k Nf rKd ufí odu
k o
f u
kd 0f ef;0ef;
[k ac:qdrk rI jyKEdik af o;ay/ oH;k ESpw f mumvrQjzpfí &Gm&Sv d t l rsm; ig;oH;k vDpnf;0ifrjzpfMu
ao;[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/ 1336-ckESpfrSpwif jyifqifum ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; oifhwifhaom
jyKjyifrIjyKcJh&m 1340-jynhfESpftxd jzpfonf/
A[dkr@dKifwnfhrwfatmifxl
qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;pGm wdrjf rK§ yfum aysmufu,
G af eonfukd jyefvnfziG afh zmfEikd af &;
twGuf atmifajrudk a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfí qifjcifMunhaf omtcg Zkwo f w k &f mG OD;&Gmxdy&f dS
xD;apmif;udk a&G;cs,fc&hJ onf/ a&S;tpOftvmt& twdww f abmif&o dS nfrmS þapwD
BuD;aemiftcsed af umif;a&mufaomtcg þ&Gmom;yif yGiv fh if;atmifaqmif&u G v f rd rhf nf[k
1/ pdefzl;wifyGJ 1335-ckESpf? waygif;vjynhfaeYjzpfonf/
236
KTS 15-11-14-1
pum;pOf&cdS o hJ nf/ Ak'A¨ sm'dwaf wmfuvnf; {uo®ð apwda, r[mowå AEd, ¨ b

H 0dówd
[k ajymqdak vh&o dS nf/ apmif;aeaomxD;(avmuxD;)udk wnhrf wfa&; OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G f
&rnfjzpfí apwDteD;aexdik Mf uaom a'ocHwYkd oEÅmef0,f teEÅig;yg;tay: ,HMk unfrI
uif;a0;aejcif; vlusiho f v
D ig;yg;udk usL;vGeaf ejcif; uRJ EGm; 0ufwu Ykd kd rdrad etdrt f wGi;f
&GmtwGif;rSmyif owfjzwfjcif;csufjyKwfpm;aomufjcif;jyKaeMuonfudk npOfnwdkif;
t"d|mefxm;um a[majymqdq k ;kH ronf/ yg&rDy|mef;quf&o dS l bk&m;&Si\ f tEdÅrÓmwdwYkd
a&mufvmMuonf/ ig;oH;k vDuv kd ufcuH sio
fh ;kH Muonf/ vli,fv&l , G of m;ysKd orD;ysKd wdo Yk nf
t"d|mefjzihf e0*FoDvudk&uf&Snfapmihfxdef;Mu&m vcsD ESpfcsDMumaevmonf/ tdrfjyefzdkY
pOf;pm;vQif usef;rma&;csdKU,Gi;f vmonf/ wpfcsdKUtdro f Ykd tm;cJumjyefomG ;Mu&m a&m*gwd;k
vmí bk&m;ay:odkYjyefvmrS vlaumif;yuwdjzpfvmonf/ trsdK;om;rsm;&[ef;abmif
0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ oDv&Sifq&mBuD; a':jrihfMunf a':rl a':uif;wdkYu 1336-
ckESpfrS 1342-ckESpftxd (8)ESpfcefYMum tñdka&mif0wf(aou©rD0wf)jzihf t"d|mefjyKum
aexdik Nf y;D rS oDv&Si0f wfcMhJ uonf/ oDv&Siq f &mBuD; q&mav;rsm;pGm qHawmf&iS o f moem
yGiv
fh if;a&;twGuf tiftm;wpfcjk zpfvmcJo h nf/
vl&,G vf il ,fwo Ykd nf 9-&uf 15-&uf 18-&uf t"d|mef0ifMuonf/ tcsdKU
vkyt f m;ay;&ufMumvkyu f ikd Mf uonf/ tcsdKU rdrw
d wfuRrf;aomtwD; tqdt k a&; 0goem
BuD;olwYkd qHawmf&iS yf iG vfh if;a&;twGuf wD;rIwf oDqkd oDu;kH Mu&m omoemESiu fh if;uGm
aevQif usef;rma&;qdk;&Gmvmonf/ owd&oHa0*jzihf qHawmf&SifodkYjyefvmum &[ef;
abmif0ifa&mufomG ;Muonf/ bke;f BuD; OD;okE´&? qHawmf&iS o f moemjyKtzGUJ taxGaxG
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´wdkY a&mufvmaomaMumifh BuD;rm;aom tiftm;BuD;
jzpfay:vmMuonf/ tvm;wl&[ef;tyg;(50)cefw Y pYkd cef;toD;oD;0,f OD;aqmifrjI yKaeMu
onf/ a,m*D0wfvsuf omoemht&dyrf S rcGmbJ tNrJaeol? rdrw d wfuRrf;&m vufrI
ynmjzihf vkyfudkifMuolrsm; &m*Pef;ausmfavonf/ tvkyform;acgif;aqmifOD;jrifh&D
tygt0if vuform;? yef;&Horm; pufjyif pufarmif; yef;xdrf? yef;csD? yef;warmh?
yef;awmh? yef;wOf;? yef;yk? yef;yJ? yef;yGwyf nm&Sirf sdK;pHk qHawmf&iS o f moemht&dyaf tmuf
ESp&f nS v
f sm;pGm aexdik v f suf&MdS uonf/
usKd ufa';,sKH awmifajc&Sd awmifpeG ;f NrKd UrS r[mar'if(tpövmrf)bmom0if OD;umpif
ESifh rdom;pktm;vH;k aqGrsdK;rsm;yg Ak'b
¨ mom0iftjzpfc, H Ml uNyD; om;tm;&[ef;abmifoYkd
0ifa&mufapcJo h nftxd qGaJ qmifEikd cf ahJ yonf/ ig;oH;k vDusihpf Oftwdik ;f vdu
k ef maexdik f
237
KTS 15-11-14-1
aom trsdK;om; trsdK;orD;rsm; &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif a,m*Drsm;pGm\vkyftm;jzihf

apwDawmfjyKjyifa&;vkyt
f m;ay;cJMh uonf/ ig;oH;k vDusihpf Ofukd &moufyefvu
kd ef molwYkd
tZÑwåtiftm;pGrf;yum;cdkifrmcJhayNyD/ um,AvA[dkr@dKifjzpfonf/
"r®a0ae,smESihf"r®r@dKifxl&onf
qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm; yGiv fh if;atmifaqmif&u G Mf urnf/ Ak'\ ¨ tEdÅrÓmwd(bk&m;\
aemufq;kH uRwfwrf;0ifrnhf aqGrsdK;wdYk pkaygif;BuHKqHv k mMuovdk xdo k w l Ykd tZÑw0å ,f
ukov kd pf w d rf sm;yGm;rsm;vmonf/ qauo"mwk0ifusrf;0,f omoemawmf(5000)umv
Mumwnfrnf/ qHawmf"mwf 6-qlwdkY a&SUydkif;ESpf 2500 twGif; ylaZmfjcif;enf;rnf/
aemufyikd ;f 2500 twGi;f BuD;pGmylaZmfMurnf/ qHawmfapwDwpfqül tzGUJ BuD;jyKí apmihf
a&SmufMuvdrrhf nf/ Asm'dwaf wmfpum;rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/ bk&m;Asm'dwt f wdik ;f qHawmfapwD
rsm; yGiv fh if;rnf[k ,HMk unfonft h wdik ;f aqmif&u G af wmfrcl ohJ nfrmS tpaumif;jzpfvm
cJ h o nf / rH k & G m Nrd K Uv,f w D q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \ *rD Ç & uAsmusrf ; tqd k r S m vuf & S d
aqmif&u G af eaomvkyif ef;ESix fh yfwu l svsuf&o dS nf/ xd*k rDÇ&uAsmusrf;udzk wfz;l jcif; r&Sd
aomfvnf; omoemjyKenf;rSmwpfxyfwnf;udu k nf aD eonf/ r[m*E¨m&Dusihpf Oftcsdef
tcg teEå&wåbm0 omoemhrdcifzcifwdkY ñTefMum;onfhtwdkif; xm;&mrSmae? ap&m
oGm;? cdkif;wmvkyf? auR;wmudkpm; twdtusvdkufemcJhonf/ {&m0wDwdkif; i0efjrpf
0J,m omoemjyKvkyif ef;[kxif&aomfvnf; aemufq;kH ñTeMf um;onfrmS ok0ÖPblrd
qHawmfrsm;yGiv fh if;atmifaqmif&u G af pjcif;jzpfonf/ tvkyu f t kd &ifNyD;atmifvyk u f ikd af p
NyD;aemufrS 'g[mbm[k tajzay;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ wpfqifch sif; ñTeMf um;onfukd twd
tusvu kd ef maqmif&u G cf ahJ omaMumifh ,aeYt&m&matmifjrifvmcJo h nf/ "r®r@dKifx&l mü
&[ef;jzpfaomaeY nrSpí npOf0wfrysuf w&m;a[mjcif;? ar;vmaomykpäm[lorQ
tajzay;&onf/ usihpf Ofç t*d&¾ wfç aA'if ar;vd&k mar;vmonfukd ausnufonftxd
ajz&onf/ wpfcgw&H nvH;k ayguf rd;k vif;oGm;wwfonf/ 1334-ckEpS rf pS í jymodv k wGif
tajcjyKum y|mef;ylaZmfyu JG si;f ycJoh nfrmS ysuu f u G af omESprf &Scd ahJ y/ 1334-ckEpS rf S 1336-
ckESpftxd y|mef;usrf;tkyfa& 5-tkyfudk ylaZmfonf/ 1337-ckESpfESihf 1338-ckESpfrSm
tbd"r®mckepfusrf;tkyaf &(12)tky?f 1339-ckEpS f "r®uE© m¨ &Gwzf wfyal Zmfyt JG jzpf ygVdawmf
tkyfa&(40)ylaZmfaom (36)&ufjzpfí 1340-ckESpfü (27)&uf? 1341-ckESpfü (18)&uf?
1342-ckEpS w f iG f oif½;kd yd#uwfo;kH yHt k yk af &(20) &Gwzf wfyal Zmfonf/ 1337-ckEpS f y|mef;
ylaZmfcsde(f 7)&ufMumrd;k &GmcJah vonf/ "r®uE© m¨ udk ylaZmfjcif;um; y|mef;taMumif;quf&dS
238
KTS 15-11-14-1
aom vla&mewfygwdkYtm; "r®jzihf y|mef;qufí "r®a0ae,smwdkYtm; vma&mufMu&ef

yihzf w
d jf cif;yifjzpfonf/
v,fwDq7mawmfESihf"r®a0ae,sm1
r[mtwkv? orÁK'¨[?k avmurSeu f ?l o,rÇLtppf? w&m;rif;jzpfawmfral om?
oH;k avmuxGwx f m; oAÁñjk rwfpmG bk&m;onf-
(1) udk,fawmfwdkifcRwfrSom uRwftHhaom Ak'ä0ae,smvnf;wpfrsdK;?
(2) om0uwdcYk RwfvQifyif uRwftahH om om0ua0ae,smwpfrsdK;?
(3) yg&rDrjynhfMuí þb0uRwfyGJwGif wpfcgwnf; rygrIaMumifh "mwkapwDç
"r®apwDç O'd´óapwDç y&dabm*apwD þapwDav;yg;udk wnfxm;rI
ud;k uG,rf I yg&rDaygif;pkí vlbY 0 ewfb0 twefavmufarsm&rS uRwMf urnfh
"mwka0ae,svnf;wpfrsdK;?
a0ae,sowå0g þoHk;jzmtpkwGif "mwka0ae,smwdkYtusdK;iSm-
(u) 0denf;okweå t f bd"r®mwnf;[laom "r®apwDawmf?
(c) oGm;awmfç pG,fawmfç tHawmfç qHawmfç n§yf½dk;awmfç oif;uspf
awmfwEYkd iS w
fh uG &Sppf &Gwrf Qavmufaom "mwkapwDawmf?
(*) ½kyfyGm;qif;wkwnf;[laom O'd´óapwDawmf?
(C) ud, k af wmfjrwfo;kH aqmifawmfro l nhf a&TanmifaAm"dEiS w fh uG oydwaf wmf
ouFef;awmf paomy&dabm*apwDawmf?
þapwDawmfav;yg;udk udk,fawmfpm; udk,fawmfyGm; udk,fawmfESihfrjcm;bJ
ESp(f 5000)twGi;f 0,f xif;vif;pGmwnfapí a0ae,stm;ao; owå0gtEkuav;awGukd
wjznf;jznf;&ifrh mwtdtyd gvmí igud, k af wmfpjH ref;onhf edALÁ eef;qdu
k af &mufatmif pcef;
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239
KTS 15-11-14-1
(2500)umvtwGi;f uRww f rf;0if&rnho f rl sm; tvG,w f uluRww f rf;0ifEikd af &;ESifh aemif

yGiafh wmfrrl nfh t&darawå,sb&k m;&Siv f ufxufawmfü yg&rDorÇm&jynh0f pGm tvG,w f ul
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wdo Yk nf omoemESp(f 5000)twGi;f uRwfwrf;0if&rnhaf 0ae,smwdt Yk m; ,ck&&Sad eaom
b0 tyg,frusvQif jyKvkyx f m;aom yknorÇm&aMumifh ewfjynfüjzpfí wm0wðom
ok"r®m0,f w&m;emMum;cGi&fh Murnf/ xdrk &S oihaf omr*ftqihq f ifb h 0jrifh (bHpk Ofpb H 0
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f ufaomur®|mef;(40)udk tm;xkwf
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tvSLyGJawGyg0if ukodkvf,lEdkifMu&ef y|mef;yGJrsm; em,l? npOf "r®yv’if0,fw&m;em,l
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armfawmf,mOf 9-pD;jzihf &[ef;(70)yg;ausmf &Sio f mraP oDv&Sirf sm;yg0ifonhf &[ef;cH
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240
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(27)&uf? 1341-ckESpfwGif (18)oif½dk;yd#uwftkyfa&(20)wdkYudk &GwfzwfylaZmfcJhonf/

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241
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242
KTS 15-11-14-1
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243
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0ÖPausmx f if a'gufwmcifa&T(aZurÇm)OD;aqmifaom xdik ;f Edik if H t,k', ¨ r[mcsLvm
244
KTS 15-11-14-1
avmifuGef&mZ0d'vs ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf(Dhallna Kosiam )ESihf ygarmu©uxdu

q&mawmf (16)yg;? oDv&Si(f 1)yg;? trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;(27)a,muf? tm;vH;k (44)a,muf
vdkufygvmMuonf/
jymodv k jynhaf eY eHeufyikd ;f wGif ZGe;f bH?k iSujf rwfem;? pdezf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd y|mef;atmifyJG
tNyD; wifvLS Mu&m rGejf ynfe,f oHCem,utzGUJ Ouú|tusdK;awmfaqmiftwl oHC
em,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; bD;vif;NrdKUe,f oHCem,uq&mawmfrsm;? rGejf ynfe,ftpd;k &
tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyf OD;tkef;jrifhOD;aqmifaom tzGJU0ifrsm;? jynfe,f? c½dkif? NrdKUe,frS Xme
qdkif&mrsm;? xdkif;EdkifiHcsLvmavmifuGefwuúodkvfrS ygarmu©csKyf ygarmu© uxduESihf
xdik ;f {nhof nfawmfrsm; tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu xdyw f ef;omoemjyKq&mawmf
bk&m; qHawmf&iS f y0g&Pmtkypf k taxGaxGtusKd ;awmfaqmifcsKyf t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu
"Z b'ÉÅem*dE´ ESihf ig;oHk;vDwynhf'g,um 'g,dumrrsm; wufa&mufMuaomaMumifh
tqifjh rifah om pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS yGBJ uD;yifjzpfonf/ csLvmavmifueG w f uúov kd rf S usKd ufx;D
aqmif;q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;tm; *kPx f ;l aqmifbUJG awmfqufuyf&ef txl;avhvmpHpk rf;a&;
tzGUJ tjzpf vma&mufMujcif;jzpfonf/ qHawmf&iS t f 0if *0Hrck Of ;D ? *0Hr;kd BudK;rkcOf ;D ? ,uúe;f
pifawmifausmif;awmft0if *0Hrck Of ;D wdu Yk ykd g zGiv
fh pS yf jJG yKvkycf MhJ uonf/ A[drk @dKif cdik rf m
aeovdk c½dik o f zG,jf zefu Y sufaeaom auvmoç jroydwçf usdKufa';,sHKç ukoed m½Hçk
Zif;usdKufqaH wmf[al om r[mauo"mwk0if ouú rPdarcvm yZÆEé 0½kP owå
em0du t'd̈uem0du[laom xly0ifqaH wmf *E ¦0if &mZ0ifvm qHawmfpaom apwD
awmft&yf&yfwYkd BuD;rm;us,fjyefpY nfum;cJah vNyD/ xD;r@dKifcikd rf mí tiftm;&Sad tmif
aqmif&u G cf yhJ ukH kd odciG &fh olwo Ykd nf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ um,Av ÓmPAv
abm*AvESifh "r®ç ,oç y,wå*P k u f kd cefrY eS ;f Edik rf nfjzpfonf/
ajrr[DrS a&TapwDay:xGufa&;udef;cef;tp
c&pfEpS f 2002-ckEpS ?f ZGevf twGi;f q&mawmfrS wynhrf sm;tm; rdeMYf um;onfrmS -
]]ok0ÖPXmeD ajrr[DrD a&TapwDrsm; xGufvdrfhrnf}}}][k &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwYdk rdeMYf um;
cJzh ;l onf/ 'kjYd yKaewJh qauor[m"mwk0if qauoxly0ifapwDrsm;ukd a&Tpifa&Tom;eJY
yHw k o l eG ;f NyD; "mwk0ifjywku
d rf mS ylaZmfxm;&Srd nf/ apwDwpfqv
l Qif a&Twpfusyfom; owf
rSwx f m;aMumif; wynhrf sm;udk today;onf}}[kjzpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwD ajrmuf
buf r[m&HwHwkdif;teD;wGif ausmufpmwkdufESihf a&TpHawmfrsm; udef;0yf&m NrdKU&Gmawm
awmifrsm; ajryHkxkvkyf jywdkuftjzpf aqmufvkyfcJhonf/
245
KTS 15-11-14-1
tBudKumvtjzpf a&TapwDyHkrsm;ukd oGef;vkyfxm;cJh&m t"dyÜm,f&Sd&Sd udef;cef;eJY

n§ad eNyD[k wynht f rsm; em;vnfMuonf/ wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;aemuf oD&"d r®m
aomurif;BuD;onf &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;wk\ Yd pDrn H eT Mf um;rIudk OD;xdyyf efqifvsuf rdu k jf ynhf
a&TapwDrsm;ukd a&Tyef;awmif;0,fxnhNf yD; tem*wfumv0,f bk&m;&Si\ f <uif;usef&pf
aom aqGawmf&pS af omif; rsdK;awmftaygif;wkYd omoemawmftwGif uRwfwrf;0ifEidk Mf u
ap&eftwGuf omoemyGihfvif;rnhft&yf bk&m;&Sif aqGEG,frsdK;EG,fwkdY wpfausmhjyef
omoem 2500-ausmaf omtcg ylaZmfMua&; ajrmfjrifawG;Ny;D jzefaY 0xm;cJo h nf/ ok0ÖP
blrd omoemjyK &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwo Ykd nf rkud jf ynhyf ef;awmif; a&TapwDrsm;ukd wnfxm;
cJhMuonf/
,ckomoemawmfrmS 2545-ckEpS jf zpfí wpfausmjh yefomoem 45-ESpcf efY ausmcf hJ
avNyD/ &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;rsm;\ Asm'dwpf um; rSm;,Gi;f zG,&f mr&S?d qkid &f momoemawmf
apmihf ewfwu Ydk vnf; uln&D efapmihaf eonf/ vuf&t dS csdexf uf aumif;aomtcsderf sDK;
r&SEd idk ?f BudKwifjyifqifxm;&ef vkt d yfvsuf&adS omaMumihf a&TapwDued ;f ukd azmfaqmifae
onf[k ,HMk unfMuonht f wkid ;f wynht f rsm;u rdrw d o Ykd '¨g apwemtajccHum a&Tpif
a&Tom;rsm;ukd vSL'gef;cJMh uonf/ q&mawmfonf opfwpfyifpu kd jf cif; taqmuftOD
aqmufjcif; ½kyw f jk yKvkyjf cif; ponfjzihf aqmif&u G vf Qif ude;f cef;t&jyKvkyaf vh&o dS nfudk
wynht f rsm;u BudKwifoad eMuonf/ c&pfEpS f 2003-ckEpS ?f rwfvwGif ok0ÖPXmeD
ajrr[DrS a&TapwDrsm; xGufvm&ef jzpfpOfwpfck &SdcJhavonf/
a&Tom;xD;wif&ef tajccHtaMumif;&if;
Zkwo f w
k &f mG om; OD;axG;ode;f wGif armifrsKd ;axG; trnf&dS om;wpfa,muf arG;zGm;
cJo
h nf/ pdwåZa&m*gjzpfvmNy;D usKd ufx;D aqmif;bk&m;twGi;f t0iftxGurf sm;vmonfukd
trSwrf xm;bJ omrefvo l m;wpfa,mufvkd qufqaH jymqkcd MhJ uonf/ (22-3-2003)
&ufaeY eHeuf 3-em&DcefYwGif tqkdygvl&G,frSm usdKufxD;aqmif;txuf&ifjyifay:okdY
twuftqif;jyKvkyaf eonfudk bk&m;apmiho f w
l u Ydk wm;jrpfcMhJ uonf/ 4-em&Dausmf
tcsdefwGif ouFef;udkNcHKí apwDay:okdYwufa&mufaeaMumif; bk&m;apmihfvHkNcHKa&;rsm;
od&vdS Qif wm;jrpfaeonhMf um;u pdezf ;l awmftxd a&mufomG ;cJo h nf/
Nirf;qifxm;jcif;r&Sd tvG,w f ulwufEifdk af om taetxm;vnf;r&Sd xD;awmf
ra&mufrD iSufaysmfzl;ae&mwGif oHvSefuGef,ufukd ausmfvTm;wufa&mufoGm;onf/
xl;qef;onfrmS twG,t f wmr&Sb d J pdezf ;l ay:txd a&muf&adS ejcif;jzpfonf/ omref
246
KTS 15-11-14-1
vlrsm;rSm apwD\azmif;&pf yef;qGJ MumarSmuf MumvSefukdyif ausmfjzwfwufa&muf&ef

rjzpfEidk af y/ ,ck oHveS rf sm;ukyd if ausmjf zwfwufa&mufaeNyjD zpfonf/ pdezf ;l awmfxyd w f iG f
pHk&yfí xGef;nd§xm;aom rmusL&DrD;oD;ukd ukdifjyaeayNyD/ yg;pyfrSvnf; ]]jrifMuNyDvm;
odMuNyDvm; auseyfMuNyDvm;}}[k atmf[pfvsuf&o dS nf/
rsdK;axG;tm; qif;vm&ef atmf[pfajymMuaomfvnf; em;axmifjcif;r&Sday/
atmufraS eí av;cGrsm;jzifyh pfMu&m rSeaf omfvnf; emusif[efrawGU&/ rD;&SL;rD;yef;rsm;
ypfvw T í f ajcmufveS MYf uonfudk owdjyK[efr&S?d &GmwGi;f rS jynfopYl pfrsm;a&muf&v dS mNyD;
aoewfjzihfypfMuonf/ usnfqHrxGufcJh/ ab;ukdausmfypfrS usnfxGufoGm;onf/
EIwrf v S nf; bk&m;pm&Gwo f v dk dk Mum;ae&onf/ tbdk;q&mawmf qif;ckdif;rS qif;r,f
H v
tbkd; ac:yihfay;Mu y;Mu[k atmf[pfajymqkv d suf&o
dS nf/
q&mawmfa&mufvmvQif rsKd ;axG; qif;vmcJ[ h k ajymqko
d nf vltrsm;u qvdu k f
rD; um;rD; vufESdyfrD;rsm;jzihfxdk;jyaomfvnf; arSmif&dyfusaombufrS wG,fzufqif;
vm&m jrefqefvsuf&Sdonf/ "mwfvkdufjcif;r&Sd? yGef;yJh&Sdem txdktcdkufr&SdbJ q&mawmf
xH a&muf&v dS monf/ apwDawmftm; OD;oH;k Budrcf sapNyD;aemuf armifrsdK;axG; apwDay:ukd
b,fvw dk ufco hJ vJ[k ar;onf/ wynhaf wmfudk rif; bk&m;*kPaf wmf rjywftoHxu G f
&GwNf yD; pdezf ;l txdwufomG ;[k ajymaevkYd vkycf yhJ gonfb&k m;[k avQmufavonf/
rsdK;axGonf omreftaejzihf wufa&mufjcif;r[kwf? qkdif&m 0dZÆmewfwdkYu
ckid ;f aomaMumihjf zpfonf/ pdwrf ESo YH w
l pfO;D onf txGwt f jrwfjzpfaom pdezf ;l awmftxd
wufxkdifjcif; rwfwwf&yfjyjcif;jzihf wifvSLxm;aom xD; iSufjrwfem; pdefzl;rsm;onf
wefz;kd enf;vsu&f o dS nf/ a&Tpifa&Tom; tzk;d wefausmufrsu&f wemrsm;ukd wifvLS Muyg[k
trsm;tm; today;ajymMum;jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ rMumrDyif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS
wynht f rsm;wkt Yd m; a&Tpifa&Tom;xD;awmfudk wifvLS rnf[k today;pum; rdeMYf um;
awmfrlcJhavonf/
txGwt f jrwfq;kH pdezf ;l ay: ajccsjcif;um; apmfum;armfum;jyKovdk tjyKtrlyif
jzpfonf/ qkdif&myk*¾dKvfpD;jzihf 'DxufrGefjrwfwJh xD; iSufjrwfem; pdefzl;rsdK; wifvSLMu[k
qkdvkd&ma&mufayonf/ rsdK;axG;ukd pl;prf;vkdaomaMumihf &SifOy*kwå&[EÅmjymom'f0,f
csdwfqGJxm;aom tkef;ckdifrS tkef;wpfvHk;jzKwfvmapNyD; ]]armifrsdK;axG; rif;&JUtpGrf;ukd
igMunhv f w dk ,f? tke;f oD;ukd rif;&JUoGm;eJY tcGcH mG jyyg? *kPaf wmfu;dk yg;ukd &Gwq f ydk g}}[k
rdev Yf Qif vG,u f pl mG tcGcH mG jyavonf/ toihyf gvmaom oMum;vH;k rsm;ukd pm;ckid ;f av
onf/
247
KTS 15-11-14-1
ESpf 2500-Mumatmif t"d|mefaqmif

&ufykdif;twGif;rSmyif xD;ESihfpdefzl;awmfukd atmufokdYyihfaqmifNyD; ESpfusdyf&Spfql
wefaqmif;twGif;&Sd *0H u&0dufazmifawmfay:0,f ylaZmfxm;onf/ xD; pdefzl;topf
jyKvkyfEkdif&ef enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; &SmBuHn§dEIdif;í trmcH pwD;z&def bHktqihfqihfwGif
pwD;jym; aMu;jym; a&Tjym;rsm; txyfxyfjyKvky&f ef rd;k OD;rusrD xD;awmfwifyu JG sif;yEkid &f ef
bufpakH qmif&u G Mf u&ef qH;k jzwfí vkt d yfrnfh a&Tpifa&Tom; ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;ukd
pkaqmif;Muonf/ a&T 9-ydóm[k owfrw S x
f m;aomfvnf; xyfrv H LS 'gef;MuaomaMumihf
18-ydómtxd &&Sv d monf/ a&Tx;D awmfudk yxrbHrk S iSujf rwfem; pdezf ;l awmftxd
toH;k jyKcJah om pwD; aMu; a&Ttav;csderf mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf-
yxrbH k q if h tus,f 5-ay 5-vufr? tjrihf 14-vufr rEkóD[yHkrsm; yg&SdNyD;
pwD; 27 ydóm 62-usyf 50-om;? aMu; 6-ydóm 60-usyfom;?
a&T 195-usyf 8-yJ? wuJtwGuf aMu; 1-ydóm 71-usyf? a&T 39=
usyfom;/
'k w d , bH k q if h tus,f 4-ay? tjrihf 12-vufr/ odMum;rif;yHkyg&SdNyD; pwD; 9-ydóm
25-usyfom;? aMu; 3-ydóm 12-usyfom;? a&T 98-usyf 1-yJom;?
wuJa&T 33-usyf 1-yJom;? aMu; 1-ydóm 27-usyfom;/
wwd , bH k q ih f tus,f 2-ay 9-vufr? tjrihf 10-vufr? jA[®mrif;yHkyg&SdNyD; pwD;
5-ydóm 95-usyfom;? aMu; 1-ydóm 67-usyfom;? a&T 58-usyf
7-yJ? wuJ 30-usyfom;? a&T 11-usyf 10-yJom;/
pwk w ¬ b k H q if h tus,f 2-ay 9-vufr? tjrihf 10-vufr &SiOf y*kwå&[EÅmyHak wmf
yg&SdNyD; pwD; 3-ydóm 35-usyfom;? aMu; 1-ydóm 74-usyfom;?
wuJtwGuf aMu; 26-usyo f m;? a&G 36-usyo
f m; 14-yJ? wuJtwGuf
aMu; 26-usyfom;? a&T 10-usyf 5-yJom;/
yOö r bH k q ih f tus,f 1-ay 3-vufr? tjrihf 7-vufr a'opm&D<ucsDyHkrsm;yg&SdNyD;
pwD; 2-ydóm? aMu; 1-ydóm 16-usyfom;? wuJtwGuf 19-usyf
om;? a&T 24-usyf 5-yJ? wuJtwGuf 9-usyf 5-yJom;/
q|rbH k q ih f tus,f 1-ay 3-vufr? tjrihf 7-vufr a'opm&D<ucsdDyHkrsm;yg&SdNyD;
pwD; 2-ydóm? aMu; 1-ydóm 16-usyfom;? a&T 19-usyf 10-
yJom;? wuJtwGuf aMu; 15-usyfom;? a&T 10-usyf 5-yJom;/
248
KTS 15-11-14-1
owå rbH k q ih f tus,f 1-ay 1-vufr? tjrihf 9-vufr aAm"dxkdifyHkrsm;yg&SdNyD; pwD;

1-ydóm 65-usyfom;? aMu; 88-usyfom;? a&T 12-usyfom; 3-yJ
om;? wuJtwGuf aMu; 11-usyfom;? a&T 4-usyf 1-yJom;
qyfoGm;zl; ZGef;bHk tjrihf 4-ay? pwd; 5-ydóm 83-usyfom;? yef;tkyf 2-ydóm?
iSufrif; 6-ydóm? vSHysH 6-ydóm 25-usyfom;? iSufjrwfem; xkdif
1-ydóm 55-usyfom;? iSufjrwfem; trmcH 60-usyfom;? xkdif 1-
ydóm 55-usyfom;? pdefzl;vHkNcHKa&;oHuGefcsm 99-usyfom;? t&efxD;
8-pif;twGuf 2-ydóm 75-usyfom;? pkpkaygif; pwD;tav;csdef 79-
ydóm 99-usyfom; jzpfonf/ aMu;csdefrSm iSufjrwfem; 95-usyfom;?
a'gif;rif; [oFmrif; 1-ydóm 65-usyfom;? azmif;vHk; 7-ydóm
37-usyfom;? iSurf if; 1-ydóm 49-usyfom;? rSeu f if; 52-usyfom;?
pkpkaygif;aMu;csdef 36-ydóm 7-usyfom;jzpfonf/
& wempdefzl; iSufjrwfem; pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;rSm apwDawmftxufwiG f txGwt f jrwf
ae&m0,f xm;&Srd nfjzpfaomaMumihf a&Ttav;csed rf mS ykí
d rsm;rnfjzpfonf/
pdezf ;l twGuf 50-usyfom;? iSujf rwfem; 52-usyf 12-yJom;? iSujf rwf
em;wGif 0dw(f tav;)csdef nDrQap&eftwGuf a'gif;rif; [oFmrif;twGuf
58-usyf 15-yJom;? t&efx;D awmf 8-pif;twGuf 76-usyf 5-yJom;?
yef;rif; 22-usyf 6-yJom;? rSefuif; 44-usyf 11-yJom;? y|mef;yef;
19-usyf 5-yJ? y|mef;pmwrf; 57-usyf 6-yJom;? azmif;vHk; 113-
usyf 13-yJom;? iSurf if; 62-usyf 11-yJom; qyfomG ;zl;yef;tkyf 92-
usyfom;? a'gif;rif; 9-usyf 6-yJom;? iSujf rwfem;abmwkid f 6-yJom;?
pkpkaygif;tav;csdef (1220)usyfom; jzpfonf/
uRr;f usiaf om ynmç qHawmfapwd,omoemukd ,HMk unfaomo'¨gç aus;Zl;&Sif
q&mawmfb&k m;\ u½kPm arwå m wpfxyfwnf;wlno D wl jYkd zpfí aeYa&mnyg a&Tjym;
jzpfatmif Budwpf ufjzifh cwfMuonf/ aMu;jym;wGif a&Tjym; yef;uyfMuonf/ uRrf;usif
aom ynm&Sit f zGUJ rS a&Tom;rsm;ukd usyf? rl;? yJrS rusef&atmif csdew f ,
G jf yKvkyMf uonf/
rSww f rf;tzGUJ u uGeyf sLwmwGif pepfwus rSww f rf;wifMuonf/
249
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdk;ESihfajrMuD; &uGif;wD;MuolwkdY
xD;awmf pdefzl;iSufjrwfwGif ausmufrsuf&wemrsdK;pHk pDjc,fvsuf trGefjrwfqHk;
jzpfatmif jyKvkycf MhJuonf/ bk&m;&Sif 8-0g&csed u
f ok0ÖPblro d <Ydu
k vmaomtcg omoem
2500-ausmfaomumv0,f yg&rDjznhzf uf bk&m;\ aqGE, G rf sdK;EG,f aemufq;kH y&dowf
wdoYk nf oHo&mbH"k avh jyefvnfqakH wGUMuNy;D qHawmfapwDrsm;ukd a&Tpifa&Tom; ausmuf
rsuf&wemrsm;jzihf ylaZmfrjI yKvsuf ]]a&TapwD}}}wnfMuvdrrh f nf/ ok0ÖPblrd ajrr[D0,f
a&TapwDrsm; ay:aygufvrd rhf nf[k Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf[k a'oaeolwYkd bd;k bGm;
tqufquf trSmpum;qufco hJ nf/ acwfq;kd p½du k q
f ;kd tusihyf sufow l Ykd vTr;f rd;k í
qHawmfapwD xD;tNrJapmif;csdefu aygufzGm;olwdkYonf ]]rdk;ESihfajrBuD; &uGif;wD;}}
pum;vdk tvSr;f uGmaompum;[k ajymqkcd MhJ uonf/ rjzpfEidk [ f k qkcd MhJ uzl;onf/ ,cktcg
a&Tpifa&Tom; qHawmfapwDrsm;ukd zl;awGUcJMh u&NyDjzpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\
qH;k rMo0g'twkid ;f aexkid v f suf&MdS uaom &[ef;&Siv f l ig;oH;k vDpnf;0ifwynhw f Ydk iSuf
aysmzl;txd a&Tpifa&Tom; a&Tjym; a&Yt T av;csdef wpfq,h&f pS yf ód m (18)ydóm vSL'gef;
aMumif; rSww f rf;t& od&ayonf/
a&Tom;xD;rSnTefjyaom omoemawmforkdif;
a&Tx;D awmfBuD;\ bHt k qihq
f ihEf iS fh ½kyyf kH uEkwyf ef; ponfwrYdk mS usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf\ pdwftm½Hk0,f ay:aygufvmonfhtwkdif; OD;cspfat;tm; yHkxkwfaponf/.
yHkygtwkdif;jzpfap&ef wkduftkyfq&mawmf b'ÉÅem*dE´ (r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z)teD;uyf
BuD;Muyfawmfrlonf/ OD;at;Ekdif? OD;aX;jrihf? OD;zkd;aZmf? OD;atmifxGef;? OD;ausmfEkdifwkdY
aeYa&mnyg tm;pdu k Nf yD; a&Tjym;Budwjf cif;? aMu;jym;wGif ½kyyf ?kH uEkwyf ef;rsm;ukd azmfjcif;?
a&Tjym;uyfjcif;? ausmufrsuf&wemrsdK;pHk wyfqifMuonf/ 19-5-2005 aeYr pwif
jyKvkyfMu&m 8-6-2005 aeYwGif tNyD;vkyfaqmifcsdefrSm (21)&ufom Mumavonf/
tqifjh rihv
f uf&mrsm; omoemtwGuf av;eufaomt"dymÜ ,f azmfaqmifaom a&Tpif
a&Tom; ausmufrsuf&wemrsdK;pHkyg a&TxD; pdefzl; iSufjrwfem;yHkwkdYukd Munhf½I*kPf,lEkdif
Muayonf/
yxrbHkqifhwGif rEkóD[yHkukd xm;&Sdjcif;rSm &SifaomP? &SifOwå & t&Sifjrwf
2-yg; ok0ÖPblr<d uvmcsed f a&apmifb h v D ;l ab;&efudk rEkó[ D yHk zefqif;Ny;D umuG,f
cJMh uonfudk owd&Muap&ef? 'kwd,bHkqihf odMum;rif;yHkukd xm;&Sdjcif;rSm usdKufxD;½kd;
250
KTS 15-11-14-1
paom qHawmfapwDawmf wnfxm;&mwGif odMum;rif;onf y"meusaom tcef;rS

yg0ifcohJ vkd wpfausmjh yefomoemudk odMum;omoem[k ac:qk&d onftxd ta&;ygvsuf
&SdaomaMumihf odMum;rif;yHkukd xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wwd,bHkqifh qGif jA[®mrif;ukd
xm;&Sjd cif;rSm qHawmf&iS f "mwkapwDç "r®apwDç y&dabm*apwDç O'´ó d apwDrsm; 5000
twkdif;twm wnf&Sdapa&; tem*grf&[EÅm r[mjA[®mBuD;wkdY apmihfa&Smufvsuf&SdyHkudk
azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ pwkw¬bHkqihfwGif &SiOf y*kwåyHak wmf xm;&S&d jcif;rSm qHawmf&iS f
apwD pwifziG afh zmfcsde0f ,f taESmift h ,Suf twm;tqD;rsm;ukd &SiOf y*kwå&[EÅmyHak wmf
xkvyk u f ;kd uG,Nf y;D aysmufuif;cJo h nf/ xd&k [EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;\ tapmiht f a&Smuf&&Scd yhJ u kH dk
azmfneT ;f xm;onf/ yOörbHkqihf wGif &Sio f 0D vdyu
kH dk xm;&Sjd cif;rSm awmawmiftxyfxyf
tjrihrf m;qH;k awmifxyd f qHawmfapwDrsm; ajc&if;txd um;vrf;rsm;azmufEidk cf jhJ cif; a&TaiG
ausmufrsuf&wemxD;awmfrsm;ukd wifvSLEkdifjcif; &[ef;&Sifvl y&dowfwdkYtm; pm;0wf
aea&; jynhfpHkjcif;rSm xkd&[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;\ wefckd;t&Sdef0g*kPfukd ckdvIHNyD; aqmif&Guf
aeonf[k azmfneT ;f xm;aMumif;jzpfonf/ q|rbHkwiG f bk&m;&Sif rwf&yfyu kH x
dk m;&Sjd cif;
rSm ok0ÖPblro d Ydk a'opm&D<ucsaD wmfrcl o hJ nfudk azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ owå rbH k
wGif xkid v f suyf akH wmf xm;&Sjd cif;rSm bk&m;&Sio f nf ok0ÖPblrad 'o0,f 7-&ufMum
oDwif;oH;k vsuf 13-ckaomae&mwdw Yk iG f zvormywf 0ifpm;cJjh cif;ukd azmfneT ;f xm;onf/
jrom;oydwzf ;kH ay:0,f qHawmfapwD 9-ql xm;&Sjd cif;rSmvnf; ok0ÖPblrad 'o\
omoemhrdcif jroydwfawmifapmmihfewforD;\ OD;acgif;wGif qHawmfrsm;udk ylaZmfxm;
jcif;[k azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ok0ÖPblrd omoemhorkid ;f ukd ½kyyf w kH jYkdzihf jyqkx d m;jcif;
jzpfonf/
iSufrif;av;rsdK;
21-&ufjzihf tNyD;jyKvkyaf om a&Tom;xD;BuD;\ ½kyyf jkH yorkid ;f ukd aESmifvw l oYdk &d ef
nTef;jyvkdayonf/ iSufrif;av;yg;[k ac:qkdcJhMuaom a'gif;rif;? [oFmrif;? u&0duf
iSufrif;? ZmrPDiSufrif;wdkY\yHkukd xm;&Sdjcif;rSm-
(1) a'gif;iSuo f nf a&mifjcnfwpfaxmif tvif;a&mifay;pGr;f Ekid af om ol&, d aerif;\
uk,d pf m;jyK½kyyf kH jzpfonf/ ok0ÖPblrd qHawmf&iS o f moemonf vltaygif;wkt Yd m;
ynmtvif;ukad y;rnhf oauFwtjzpf nTe;f qkx d m;jcif;jzpfonf/
(2) [oFmonf rGefvlrsdK;wdkYav;pm;aom trSwftom;jzpfonf/ narSmifonf
vltaygif;wkt Yd m; tvif;a&mifuakd y;pGr;f Ekid af om vrif;\ uk, d pf m;jyK½kyyf jkH zpfonf/
251
KTS 15-11-14-1
apwD,omoemonf vltaygif;wkt Yd m; ynmtvif;ukad y;rnfh oauFwtjzpf

nTe;f qkjd cif; jzpfonf/ qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;onf aea&mifva&mifyrm xGe;f vif;
ap&ef nTef;qkdjcif;jzpfonf/
(3) u&0dufiSufonf om,memaysmfzG,f toHykdif&Sifjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;
tyfaom "r®a'oemrsm;onf vltaygif;wd\ Yk em;0,f om,mzG,t f jzpf vufcí H
usiho f ;kH vkud ef map&ef nTe;f qkx d m;jcif;[k oauFwjzpfonf/
(4) ZmrPDiu S o f nf rdr\
d vSyaom tNr;D tarG;ukd tuRwrf cHbJ toufupdk eG v Yf suf
umuG,af pmihaf &Smufovdk apwD,omoem\ tqH;k trjzpfaom teEÅ 5-yg;
ukd OD;xdyfaexkdif&jcif;? ig;yg;oDvukd vHkNcHKpGmxdef;í aexkdif&jcif; uRJ EGm; qif
jrif; 0ufwdkY\ tom;ukd &moufyef; rpm;roHk;aexkdif&jcif; [laom 5-oHk;vD
usifhpOfukd tNrJapmifha&SmufMuolwdkY\ ukd,fpm;jyKoauFwtjzpf nTef;qkdjcif;
jzpfonf/
yef;rif; 5-rsdK;
ESi;f qDyef;? py,fyef;? aeMumyef; uHah umfyef;? opömyef;wko Yd nf awmf0ifyef;rif;
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yef;rif; 5-rsdK;yHkukd a&Tom;xD;wGif xm;&Sdjcif;rSm-
(1) ESi;f qDyef;onf tvSudk zsuq f ;D olwu Ykd dk ql;rsm;jzihf umuG,x f m;onf/ ig;oH;k vD
y&dowfwo Ydk nf qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;ukd zsufq;D rnfo h wl u
Ydk dk aeYa&mnyg apmihf
a&SmufumuG,v f suf&ad eonf[k oawudk azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(2) py,fyef;onf ta&miftaoG; jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f Ny;D &eHv Y idI of vkd ig;oH;k vDy&dowfw\ Ykd
uk, d u f sifo h v D onf oef&Y iS ;f jzLpifvsuf aumif;owif;rsm; xGuaf y:aprnf[k
oauFwukd azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(3) aeMumyef;onf aerif;&S&d muko d m rsuEf mS rlovdk ig;oH;k vDy&dowfwo Ydk nf qHawmf
ykid &f iS f jrwfA'k \ ¨ tqH;k trtwkid ;f usiBfh uHaexkid Mf uonf[k oauFwukd azmfneT ;f
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(4) uHah umfyifonf yGiafh wmfrrl nfh t&darwå ,sbk&m;&Si\ f aAm"dyifEiS fh rmefig;yg;ukd
atmifjrifonfah e&mjzpfovdk ig;oH;k vDy&dowfwo Ykd nf t&darawå ,sbk&m;&Siu f dk
arQmfvifhzl;ajrmfMurnfholrsm;[k oauFwukd azmfnTef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(5) opömyef;onf t&if;rSpyGiNhf y;D tqihq f ihw f ufomG ;ovdk ig;oH;k vDy&dowfwo Ydk nf
rdbq&morm;wkdYtay: tNrJopöm&SdpGmjzihf wpfqifhrSwpfqihf omoem*kPf
jrihw f ufa&; aqmif&u G Mf uonf[k oauFwukd azmfneT ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
252
KTS 15-11-14-1
txufwiG jf yqkcd ahJ om av;eufaom trSwt f om;½kyw

f yk rkH sm;jzihf &ufyidk ;f twGi;f
NyD;pD;aom a&Tom;xD;BuD;ukd 0rf;om;tm;& ylaZmfcJhMuonf/
BudKwifjyifqif t&m&mwGif
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\wynhf &[ef;omraP oDv&Siçf ig;oH;k vDpnf;0if
tvkyo f rm;ç 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;wdo Yk nf a&Tom;xD;awmfBuD; wifvLS yGjJ yKvkyEf idk &f ef
tav;xm;aqmif&u G v f suf&MdS uonf/ qkid &f mtvkyo f rm;rsm;onf em;aetdypf ufcsdeu f dk
tav;rxm; xD;awmfwifvLS yGq J idk &f m tvkyrf sm;ukd aeYnrjcm; aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
oDv&Siq f &mBuD; q&mav;rsm;onf a&muf&v dS mrnfh {nfyh &dowfwYkd pm;a&; aomufa&;
aea&;twGuf &du©mpkaqmif;jcif;? ae&mxkdifcif;jyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/
teD;0ef;usifwGifaexkdifMuaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;uvnf; {nfhcHBudKqkda&;? vHkNcHKa&;?
tpk;d &tzGUJ 0if wkid ;f rSL; wyfrrSL; jynfe,f c½kid f NrdKUe,frS Xmeqkid &f mrsm; vlraI &;toif;
tzGUJ twGuf vdt k yfrnfu h pd rö sm;ukd BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muonf/ &yfa0;NrdKU&GmwGiaf exkid f
Muaom wynhrf sm;uvnf; wpfb0wpfBudrf qH&k rnhyf aJG wmfrsKd ;owfrw S í
f oGm;a&muf&ef
jyifqifMuonf/
a&Tpifa&Tom; a&TxD;BuD;ukdwifvSL
ig;oHk;vDwynhftrsm; arQmfvifhapmihfpm;cJhMuaom usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sif
a&Tom;xD;ESifh &wemrsKd ;pHpk jD c,fxm;aom iSujf rwfem; pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS yGBJ uD;ukd 1365-
ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynhaf usmf (1)&uf? (15-6-2003))we*FaEGaeYwiG f wifvLS rnfjzpfaMumif;
zdwfpmrsm;a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ 14-6-2003 paeaeYonf tBudKaeYjzpfí &yfa0;rS
wynhrf sm; pHpk n kH n
D pka0;a&muf&adS eNyD;jzpf&m nae 6-em&Dtcsdew f iG f q&mawmf<uvm
Ny;D 0efus,í f tav;csed rf sm;aom yxrbH?k 'kw, d bH?k wwd,bHw k Ydk t&if;tcsmwynhrf sm;
pHknDckdufwGif wifvSLrnf tqifoihfjyifqifMu&ef rdefYMum;NyD; ESpfusdyf&Spfql"r®m½HkwGif
wynht f m;vH;k zl;ajrmfyal Zmfru I kd jyKvkyaf ponf/ tpDtpOftwkid ;f xD;awmfBuD;\ bHt k qihf
qihrf S pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;ukyd g yifah qmifvsuf apwDawmfy&d0P k tf wGi;f oH;k Burd f vuf,m&pf
vSnv fh nfMuonf/ aemufaeYwiG f wifvLS rnhf pwkwb ¬ ?kH yOörbH?k owå rbHw k Ykd csex
f m;Ny;D
'kw, d bH?k wwd,bHw k u Ydk dk we*FaEGaxmifw h iG f jyifqifxm;aom yef;&xm;wifc0kH ,f
,laqmifxm;&Sdonf/
253
KTS 15-11-14-1
&efukefNrdKU&Sd wynhf'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;pka0;vsuf 'ge oDv bm0em

ukodkvfrIrsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf a&Twd*HkqHawmf&SifapwD taemufapmif;wef; awmif
bufwiG f aqmufvyk x f m;aom usKd ufx;D aqmif; xD;'Dy"H r®m½Hu k dk '*Ho k xHk qHawmf&iS rf sm;
omoem 5000 a&mifawmfziG t fh oif;tm; tyfEx HS m;cJo h nf/ toif;tvkyt f rIaqmif
tzGUJ udv k nf; zGUJ pnf;ay;xm;cJo h nf/ ,ck a&Tom;xD;wifvLS yGo J Ydk toif;0iftm;vH;k eD;yg;
pHn
k pD mG a&muf&v dS mNy;D em&Dyidk ;f twGi;f rSmyif tBudKwifvLS &ef pDpOfvu dk af omaMumihf 0rf;om
tm;&jzpfvsuf &So d nf/ o'¨gapwemxufoefpmG vSL'gef;cJah om 0w¬KaiGrsm;jzihf a&Tom;
xD;awmfBuD;ukd tvSL&Sirf sm; uk, d x
f vd ufa&muf wifvLS cGi&fh jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfb0
wpfBudro f m wifvLS cGi&fh Mujcif;jzpfonf/
aemufaeYwiG w f ifvLS &mü Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizfh UHG NzKd ;a&;aumifpD twGi;f
a&;rSL;(1)ESihf tpdk;&tzGJU0efBuD;rsm;? wkdif;rSL;? wyfrrSL;? jynfe,f c½kdif NrdKUe,frsm;rS
yk*¾dKvfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmrnfjzpfojzihf vHkNcHKa&;twGuf teD;uyfMunfñdkcGihf&EkdifMurnf
r[kwfaomaMumihf tBudKaeYwGif t&if;usus ig;oHk;vDwynhfrsm;tm; yxr? 'kwd,?
wwd,bHk a&Tom;xD;acGrsm;ukd 0rf;omtm;& wufwuf<u<u vSL'gef;cGihfjyKcJhjciff;jzpf
onf/ «t[efYtwm;r&Sd vGwfvyfpGm aysmf&TifcGihf&cJhMuonf/»
15-6-2003 &uf? we*FaEGaeY? eHeuf (8)em&DtcsdefwGif qHawmf&SifapwD\
paeaxmihf ESpu f syd &f pS qf "l r®m½Ht
k wGi;f a&pufcsvLS 'gef;yGjJ yKvkyMf u&m Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[m
em,utzGUJ 'kw, d Ouú| rauG;wkid ;f ? o&ufNrdKU atmifr*Fvmy&d,wå d pmoifwu dk f
y"meem,u t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z? t*¾r[my@dw b'ÉaÅ uo&? wGzJ uftusdK;
awmfaqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom &efukefNrdKU? uav;0awm&pmoifwkduf? y"meem,u
t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z? t*¾r[mur®|memp&d,? 'Gdyd#u"&
b'ÉZÅ m*&mbd0o H ? jrif;NcNH rKd U? aZ,smvuFm&pmoifwu kd f y"meem,u t*¾r[my@dw?
t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z b'ÉÅudwåd? wyfukef;NrdKU? &GmOD;"r®m½Hkausmif; y"meem,u
t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z b'ÉpÅ E´moD&Ed iS fh tzGUJ 0ifjzpfaom ppfuidk ;f
wkdif;? rHk&GmNrdKU? aZmwdum&mrausmif;wkdufBuD;\ y"meem,u t*¾r[my@dw?
t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z b'É Å*g&0? usdKufxD;qHawmf&Sifbk&m;BuD;ausmif;wdkduf
qHawmf&Sifrsm; omoemjyKOaoQmif tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu b'ÉÅynm'Dy?
wkud t f yk qf &mawmf b'ÉeÅ m*dE?´ bD;vif; OD;paE´mbmo? NrdKUe,foC H em,utzGUJ Ouú|
ESifh tusdK;awmfaqmif ppfuidk ;f ausmif; OD;okr*Fv paom q&mawmfrsm; <ua&mufawm
rlMuNyD; Ekid if aH wmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGUH NzdK;a&;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)Akv d cf sKyfBuD;
254
KTS 15-11-14-1
cifnGefY? 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfBuD;armifbdk? tpdk;&tzGJU0efBuD;rsm;? wkdif;rSL; wyfrrSL; jynfe,f

c½kid f NrKd Ue,frsm;rS Xmeqkid &f mrsm;? vlraI &;toif;tzGUJ rsm;? usu d xf ;D aqmif;yifr pwkypö,
'g,um aZurÇmrdom;pk? '*HkoxHkqHawmf&Sifrsm; omoemawmf 2500 a&mifawmfzGihf
toif;0ifrsm; ig;oH;k vDwynh'f g,um 'g,dumrrdom;pkrsm;? teD;0ef;usifrS &Gmol&mG om;
rsm; wufa&mufMunfñMkd uonf/
EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| b'ÉÅauo&rS Mo0g'uxm
rdeMYf um;onfrmS usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh wynhrf sm;onf bk&m;&Si\ f qHawmf"mwf
Xmyemxm;aom apwDyx k ;kd rsm;udk ½dak opGmqnf;uyfMuolrsm;jzpfí Ak'ó ¨ ylZH r[mawZ
0aEÅm a'oemESit fh nD &wemoH;k yg;*kPu f ,dk MkH unfvsuf av;av;pm;pm; ½kad oaexkid f
Muolrsm;jzpfí ypönf;av;yg; aygrsm;vsuf&SdMuonf/ tem*wftcsdefrSmvnf; bk&m;
w&m; oHCm &wemoH;k jzmukd ½kad oav;pm;vsuf aexkid Mf u&ef wku d wf eG ;f pum; Mo0g'
oH;k yg;ukd rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/ rSwo f m;zG,&f mtjzpf-
(1) bk&m;uk;d uG,f wefc;kd <u,f tyg,fvw G Ef idk o
f nf/
(2) w&m;uk;d uG,f ynm<u,f tyg,fvw G Ef idk o
f nf/
(3) oHCmuk;d uG,f pnf;pdr<f u,f tyg,fvw G Ef idk o
f nf [laom ynm&Siw f \
Ydk
Mo0g'vuFmESit fh nD aumif;usdK;w&m;rsm; cHpm;&rnfrmS {uefjzpfaMumif; rdeMYf um;cJah v
onf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf tEkarm'emrdefYMum;&mwGif-
(1) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfaeaom EkdifiHawmf0,f ukd,fykdifqkdifaom 'ge0w¬Kudk
t&if;cHjyKNyD; qHawmf&SifapwDrsm;wGif a&Tpifa&Tom; &wemrsm;jzihf
jyKvkyfxm;aom xD;awmf BuD;ukd wifvSLMu&aomaMumihf 'DxD; 'Deef;
'D&[ef;awGeJYtwl
(2) &moDOwkobm0rSefuef wnfNidrfat;csrf;aomtcsdef 'Dig;oHk;vD0if
rdom;pkawGeJY ukokdvfw&m; tm;xkwfcGihf&aomaMumihf 'Drdk; 'Da& 'Dvl
awGeJYtwl
(3) ukd,fykdifukd,fpkd;jyKvkyfcJhMuaom a&TxD;awmfwifvSLvkdY&r,fh tusdK;awG
&EkdifaomaMumihf 'Drif; 'Drdk; 'DtusdK;awG&EkdifrSmjzpfvkdY 0rf;omtm;&
wufwuf<u<u aqmif&u G Mf uyg? aqmif&u G Ef ikd Mf uygapvkYd qkyw¬em
jyKcJhavonf/
255
KTS 15-11-14-1
qHawmf&SifxD;&dyf0,fckdvIH
a&Tx;D awmfwifvLS NyD;csdewf iG f csdK;iSuf cdik u
S f omvdumtygt0if ta&miftaoG;
rsdK;pHk iSufaygif; (108)aumifukd ZD0dw'ge tb,'ge ab;rJhtvSLtjzpf waysmfwyg;
tm;yg;w& vGwcf MhJ u&m apwDawmfBuD;ukd vuf0&J pf vuf&m&pf ysHoef;NyD; vd&k mt&yfoYdk
ysHomG ;Muonf/ a&Tr;kd aiGr;kd &moGe;f &mwGif &wemrsdK;pHk vuf0wf&wemrsm; 10d-wef 20-
wef 50d-wef 100d-wef 200d-wef 1000d-wef aiGpuúLrsm; iSufvm;[k cGJr&atmif
jzpfaeavonf/ Ekid if aH wmfat;csrf;om,ma&; qkyw¬emjyKí twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)ESifh ZeD;wkYd
ab;rJv h wT w
f ifcahJ om csdK;jzLiSuf 2-aumifwiG f txD;ukd a&Tx;D awmfxufrS vTwcf NhJ yD;
csdK;jzLtrukd apwDawmf taemufajrmufaxmifh ajrjyifrS vTwfcJhonf/ apwDawmf\
taemufbuf "r®yv’if xD;jzL&dy0f ,f csKd ;jzLtxD;em;ckcd NhJ y;D csKd ;jzLiSurf rSm xD;jzLatmufajc
cHkteD;0,f em;aecJhonf/ ta0;okdYysHoef;jcif;rjyKbJ "r®yv’iftwGif;rSm wpfaeukefae
avonf/ naeydik ;f zrf;,lNyD; q&mawmfausmif;twGi;f arG;jrLxm;cJo h nf/ xl;jcm;aom
{nho f nfrsm;vmrnhaf eYwiG f zdo k rH oH qlnpH mG toHjyKavh&o dS nf/
q'éfqifrif;Zmwfawmfü qifrsdK; &Ha&Gaygif; &Sifaomif;av;axmiftygt0if
ZmwfBuD;q,fbUJG rS <uif;usefcahJ om tEÅrd y&dowf aqGE, G rf sdK;EG,rf sm; aemufq;kH tae
jzihf oHo&mbHk"avhrSm wpfb0 wpfBudrf wpfcg BuHKqHkNyD; ok0ÖPbkr®dXmeD
ajrr[D0,f a&TapwDpkaygif;wnfxm;ukd;uG,fMuaom usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf
xD;awmfwifvSLyGJum; to'd'ge yrm wpfausmhjyef omoemcsdeftcgwGif awmf0if
tvSLawmfBuD;tjzpf rSwfwrf;wifEkdifcJhMuavonf/
256
KTS 15-11-14-1
q|rydkif;
pnfawmfordkif;
pnfawmfoH wD;cwfjcif;jyKvky&f yHt k aMumif;rSm usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf
vGefcJhaom 1333-ckESpfukefydkif;tcsdef 15-awmifywfvnf&Sd taqmuftOD;i,fwGif
qGr;f pm;aqmiftjzpf toH;k jyKovdk ntcg wynhf y&dowftm; w&m;a[m&mae&mjzpfí
"mwfcef;ç bk&m;cef;ç "r®yv’if[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/ wynhfy&dowfvnf;enf;yg; bk&m;
ukef;awmfwHwdkif;twGif; awmcsHKjrufrQudkom &Sif;vif;Edkifao;onf/ bk&m;0if;twGif;
0ifaygufrmS apmif;wef;rSom 0ifxu G Mf u&onf/ ta&SUbufç awmifbufç ajrmufbuf
0ifxGufaygufr&Sdao;? a>r uif; tqdyf&Sdowå0gaygrsm;aeonf/ olykefrsm; ntcg
&GmwGif;0ifxGufavh&Sdonf/ 10-em&D twGif; "r®yv’ifü w&m;a[m w&m;emjyKMu&
onf/ wpfn q&mawmfç ukvm; OD;Zif;BuD;wpfyg;ESifh vl'g,um (4)a,muf pkpak ygif;
(6)a,mufom&So d nf/ w&m;a[m y&dw&f w G f qkyw¬emjyKí om"k (9)Budraf c:Muonf/
xdtk csed f pnfw;D oHvv
kd kd wdik u
f x
D ak eoHvv kd kd Mum;Mu&onf/ tcsi;f csi;f pnfw;D oH Mum;
rMum; ar;&m tm;vHk;uyif Mum;&onf[k ajymqdkMuonf/ ukvm;OD;Zif;BuD;rS q&m
awmftm; avQmufxm;onfrmS wynhaf wmf w&m;xdik yf w k ;D pdwf tcsdeMf umMumxdik Ef ikd cf hJ
ygonf/ ,ck w&m;em,ljcif; qkyw¬emjyKjcif; aqmif&Gufaecsdef rsufpdrSdwftm½Hk,lcJhyg
onf/ vlwpfa,muf BuD;rm;aom pnfBuD;udk tm;yg;w&xkaeyHk wD;cwfaeyHk txif;om;
awGUae&ygonf/ tusdK;taMumif;odvdkygonf[k avQmufxm;onf/ q&mawmfrS
OD;Zif;BuD;&JU orxpGr;f tm;aMumifh ,ckpnfw;D yHk tjriftMum; jzpfay:vm&wmjzpfw,f/
aemiftcg 'D"r®yv’ifrSm pnfarmif;xm;&ef edrdwfjzpfw,f[k tajzay;avonf/
vGecf ahJ om ESpf 40-cefu Y anmifom,mbke;f BuD;aeYqrG ;f uyfcgeD;wdik ;f pnfawmf
BuD; wD;avh&o dS nf/ ESpMf umí pnfawmfBuD; ysufp;D oGm;um pnfv;kH opfrmS toH;k rjyKbJ
ypfxm;Muonf/ vlwpfa,mufu pnfawmfopfukd xufjcrf;cGJ EGm;pmcGuv f yk &f ef ajymqd&k m
ausmif;'g,um OD;azaomif;rS pnfawmfopfv;kH udk jyifqifNy;D pnfMupf&ef ,laqmifomG ;cJh
onf/
OD;azaomif;rS 0ufom; trJom;udk aeYpm npm tNrJcsufjyKwfpm;aomufol
jzpfonf/ tdraf y:rSmyif 0ufuo kd wfjzwfojl zpfonf/ om;owform;udk orD;ay;om;ruf
awmfNyD; tom;pm;aeol[k vltrsm;ajym&oljzpfí tdrfwGif EGm;om;a&tvG,f&oljzpf
onf/ pnfawmfBuD;udk pdww f ikd ;f usjyifqifNyD; usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH vma&muf
257
KTS 15-11-14-1
vSL'gef;cJo
h nf/ pnfawmfBuD;&NyD;csderf pS NyD; pnfarmif;aMu;pnf 9-Budrx
f ;kd 9-Budrf om"k
ac:apcJhonf/
yk*Hacwf usefppfrif;BuD;onf aumZmESpf 460-ckESpf uqkefvqef; (13)&uf
aomMumaeYwiG f rGejf ynfe,f bD;vif;NrKd Ue,f? usKd ufwaJ pwD uke;f awmfxufü rGeb f mom
jzifh a&;xd;k cJah om ausmufpmrSm BudKwif tem*wfukd a[mude;f xkwcf ahJ vovm;[k
owd&apcJo h nf/ ausmufpmaumufEw k cf surf mS azmfjyygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ t&Sio f &D w
d &dbk
0em'dws "r®&mZm [laom trnfuckd v H wHå U/ tvH;k pHak om yd#uwfawmfjrwfukd oef&Y iS ;f
pifMu,fwnfrh eS af p&ef pDraH &;om; csD;jr§iv hf wHå U/ "r®pnfBuD;oHukd tESt YH jym; jrnf[nf;
apvwHå U/ arhavsmh tdyaf ysmaf eaom vltaygif;wdu Yk kd x<uEd;k Mum;apvwHå U/ tcgcyford ;f
Oykoo f v D ü aqmufwnfapvwHå U/ awmufajymifaoma&Tjzifh NyD;í &wemckepfyg;wdjYk zifh
jc,fv, S rf rG ;f rHxm;aom ewfjynfwcH g;\ uefv Y efu Y sifurkd í zGiahf y;NyD;aemuf vltaygif;
wdtYk m; ewfjynfoYkd ydo Yk iG ;f vwHå U/ tyg,fav;yg;ü qdwNf idraf pvwHå U/ vltaygif;wd\ Yk
OD;xdyx f ufü "r®yef;udk yefqifapvwHå U/ "r®&mZm w&m;a[maomtcgüum; vltaygif;
wdkY\ om"kac:aomtoHonf rdk;aESmif;wGif&Gmonfh rdk;ES,fjzpfvwHå U/ "r®&mZm jzpfay:
vmrnft h aMumif;udk bk&m;&Sio f nf &Sit f meE´mtm; Asm'dwaf y;cJo h nft h wdik ;f yif tm;vH;k pHk
jzpfc\hJ / usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh ig;oH;k vDwynht f aygif;wd\ Yk om"kac:oH txuf
b0*ftxdvQHwufcahJ vonf/ "r®pnfBuD; wD;cwfyrkH mS trsm;ESirhf wl vGepf mG xl;jcm;ae
ayonf/
jrusdKif;awmifpwifzGifhazmf
jrusKd if;awmifapwDrmS usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwD\ ta&SUajrmufrikd 0f ufcefY Zkwo f w k f
bDvif;oGm; um;vrf;\ ,mbufab;&Sd uke;f jrifo h m0,fwnf&odS nf/ bke;f BuD; OD;a&Taz
h OD;a&Tazuke;f a&S;tac: atmifuvifuRe;f ac:onf/ Zkwo
oDwif;oH;k cJí f w k &f mG ausmif;BuD;
q&mawmf OD;a&Tazac: OD;y@dpaö wm&aqmufwnfcahJ omae&mjzpfonf/ OD;a&Tazonf
ta[mtajymaumif; Oy"d½kyfaumif;oljzpfí ypönf;av;yg;aygrsm;cJhonf/ aus;&GmrS
'g,dumrwdu Yk £wdr¬ m,m tjzmjzmudk toH;k jyKvsuf 0w¬KaiGrsm; toH;k taqmifrsm;udk
&atmif,lMu&m tcsif;csif; roifhrwifhjzpfyGm;NyD; OD;a&Taz\ *kPfodu©mudkyg xdyg;
ajymqdv
k mMuonf/ olu t&if;tES;D qH;k jzpfonf/ iguom t&if;tES;D qH;k jzpfonf[k
258
KTS 15-11-14-1
NydKifqdkifMu&m OD;a&Taztaejzifh ausmif;BuD;rS vlrodolrodapbJ awmxGufum

wpfae&m0,f ajymif;a&GUcJh&onf/ yxr aemifawmfBuD;apwDteD; awmtkyftwGif;
wJausmif;jzifh oDwif;oHk;cJhonf/ 'kwd, jrusdKif;awmifukef;0,f wJausmif;jzifh 4-ESpf
oDwif;oHk;cJhzl;onf/ ausmif;'g,um 'g,dumrsm;u jyefvnfyifhaqmifí ausmif;BuD;
rSmyif oDwif;oHk;apcJhonf/ aeu©r"mwfvrf;p&&SdvmaomaMumifh &Gmausmif;ü aexdkif
&jcif;udk raysmfarGU awm&ausmif;udkom owd&vsuf&Sdonf/
1330-ckESpfwGif Zkwfokwf&Gm rdz 2-yg;rS arG;zGm;vmol OD;&aohwpfyg; *E¨m&D
c&D; pcef;zGifhí xD;aqmif;bk&m;0if;twGif; vma&mufaexdkifcJhonf/ pdwf0ifpm;pGm
qufo, G af wGUqHvk suf usifph Ofuakd r;jref; *E¨m&Dynm&yfrsm;avhvmonf/ ausmif;BuD;
q&mawmf OD;a&TazESihf OD;&aohwdkY olawmftcsif;csif; oDwif;avGUavGU aygif;zufawGU
tqdt k wdik ;f q&mwynhyf rm om;ESizhf ciftvm; aexdik cf MhJ uonf/ OD;&aoh &[ef;abmif
0ifa&mufvmcsdef yAÁZÆmp&d, (o&P*Hkay;q&m) edó,mp&d,q&mtjzpf a&mufvm
cJNh yD;aemuf rdrdydkifausmif;udk vTt J yfco
hJ nf/ touft&G,Bf uD;ç usef;rma&;csdKUwJvh mí
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfuyif pm;0wfaea&; tppwm0ef,x l m;cJo
h nf/ aumhu&dwf
ausmif;ae&m0,f taqmufttHak qmufvyk af y; oDwif;oH;k aponf/ *E¨m&Dusihpf Oft&
jrusKd if;awmifonf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f &rnhaf jrae&mjzpfí qufvufxed ;f odr;f Ny;D apwDa[mif;
ESpfqludk jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef xyfum xyfum rSmMum;cJhonf/ OD;a&Tazonf 1336-ckESpf
waygif;vtwGi;f ysHveG o f mG ;cJah vonf/ qGr;f cH<uvQif toD;t&Guaf vmif;vSLMuonf/
rD;vGwb f Ok ;f ay;onf[k ac:a0:Muonf/ &ufMumaomfvnf; rykyrf od;k oufawmf&cdS sed u f
tom;ta& pdkajy0g0if;ovdk &Sdonf[k ajymprSwfjyKcJhMuonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf oH;k ESpo f ;kH 0g&csdef wynh'f g,um tcsdKUwdo Yk nf csrSwf
xm;onfh usipfh Oftwdik ;f twdtusvu kd ef mrI tm;enf;vmjcif;ç vlpY ½du k rf sKd ;awG vTr;f rd;k p
jyKvmjcif;aMumifh ]]uJ igr&Sv d J jzpfw,fq&kd if eifwBYkd udKuf&m vkyaf yawmh}}[k "r®yv’if
0,f rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf/ wynht f rsm; yifu, kd pf wd af ysmufvsuf usdKufx;D aqmif;omoemjyK
XmerSm qufvufow D if;oH;k yg&ef awmif;yefcMhJ uonf/ y&dowfrsm;tm; ydrk Nkd yD; pdwx f m;
aysmah jymif;vmap&eftwGuf vlrodatmif usKd ufx;D aqmif;bk&m;y&d0P k rf xS u G cf mG awmcsKH
xlxyfaom jrusdKif;awmifoYkd &ufyikd ;f oDwif;oH;k aexdik cf o hJ nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDukd
apmifah &Smufvsu&f adS om omoemapmihef wfwu Ykd vlwu Ykd kd yl;0ifí q&mawmftm; jyefvnf
yifah qmifay;&ef awmif;qdMk u&m wm0ef&o dS rl sm; tkypf zk UJG awmeif;&SmMurS jrusdKif;awmif
259
KTS 15-11-14-1
awmtwGif; ql;csHKtMum;rSm awGUMu&onf/ enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh awmif;yefavQmufxm;í

jyefvnfvu kd yf gcJo
h nf/ awGU&Scd ahJ om apwDiw
k w
f Ekd pS q
f u
l v
kd nf; 1336-ckEpS f wydw
Yk v
JG
wGif qkawmif;jynfhapwD? 1337-ckESpf wefcl;vqef; (9)&ufrSpwifí usefapwDudk
jyefvnfjyKjyifcJh&m wpfqlrSm aumif;rIawmfykxdk;yHkjzpfí usefwpfql ypö,moHk;qifh rkcf
av;rkcfapwDtjzpf wnfxm;NyD; 1336-ckESpfrSpí &[ef;omraPrsm; teD;uyfaexdkif
apcJhonf/ 1372-ckESpf 0gqdkOD;tcsdef apwDawmfudk ÓmPfawmfwdk;jr§ifhí xD;awmftopf
wifvLS cJo
h nf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;oH;k &ef wdu k af usmif;aqmufvyk af exdik af ponf/
oxHkomoemwpfausmh jyefvmrnf
a&S;tcg wdkuúvm;awmifwef;trnfjzifh xif&Sm;cJhonf/ awmifta&SUzsm;
awmifpeG ;f NrdKUESihf teD;awmifxw G uf kd 'd;k ,Ge;f awmif[ak c:Muonf/ bk&m;&Six f rH S qHawmf
wpfqludk 'dk;,Gef;&aoh&&Sd&m rdrdaexdkif&m awmifxdyf0,f qHawmfudk Xmyemí apwD
wnfxm;cJ&h m usdKufa';,sHKapwD[k ac:qdck MhJ uonf/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumatmif apwDrmS
NyKd ysuaf pwDiw k w f kd ql;csKH rsm;jzifh zH;k tkyaf ecJo
h nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf &aoh
b0jzifh *E¨m&Dtusihu f akd qmifc&hJ m usdKufa';,sHKapwD pcef;wpfcyk g0ifco hJ nf/ awmifpeG ;f
NrdKUrS OD;atmifEdkif a':ñGefY? a':jrcifESihf orD; rMunf0if; udkzdk;rSD udkBuD;rif;wdkYonf
&aohb0jzifh *E¨m&Dc&D;xGucf sed u f yif ypön;f av;yg;'g,umrsm;jzpfcMhJ uonf/ xdt k csed u
f
awmifuek ;f ausmif;q&mawmfrmS e,fajrtwGi;f ax&fBuD; 0gBuD; oHCu k |ú tjzpf tkycf sKyf
aecJo h nf/ bGUJ awmfrmS OD;ok0Ö P t&yftac: OD;omZH onf usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
tm; avhvm&m auseyfz, G &f m usipfh Ofjzifh aexdik af Mumif;odí tm;ay;pum; rdeMYf um;avh
&Sdonf/ aqmif&GufzG,f&mrsm;udk aemufrwGefYap&ef vrf;ñTefrIjyKcJhonf/ awmifukef;
q&mawmfonf rdro d w D if;oH;k &mausmif;rS tNrJz;l awGU&aom usdKufa';,sHKapwD ESpx f yf
bk&m;apwDwYkd yGiv hf if;ap&ef usdKufx;D aqmif;bke;f BuD;xH tyfEx HS m;NyD;jzpfonf/ a'ocH
oHCmtcsdKU vltcsdKU\ [efw Y m;aerIaMumifh usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfuvnf; tvsif
pvdkjyKjyifjcif; r&SdcJhay/ 1337-ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif usdKufa';,sHKapwDudk pwifjyKjyifonf/
tm½HkcH0wfBuD;rSm csHKrsm;zHk;vTrf;í ½kyfyGm;awmfoHk;qlrSm &mEIef;&Spfq,ftxd ysufpD;aecJh
onf/ 0wfBuD;udk awmifxef;rd;k í ½kyyf mG ;awmfukd wifw h ,fMunfñzkd , G &f mjzpfatmif
jyKjyifonf/ apwDawmfü xD;awmfukd a&Tcsí pdezf ;l awmfukd topfjyKvkyyf al Zmf&efprD aH v
onf/ twuftqifjh rifí h ypön;f rsm;o,f,&l ef vG,u f rl rI &Sad omfvnf; ZGo J efoefjzifh
wynhrf sm; aqmif&u G Mf uaomaMumifh 0g;vH;k opfpaom aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f rsm; pHv k ifchJ
260
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 261
onf/ 1337-ckEpS f uqkev f jynhf paeaeY (24-5-75) wGif xD;awmfwifyu JG kd NcdrNhf cdro
hf J
usif;ycJhMuonf/ rsm;rMumrD pdefzl;awmfudk rormolu ckd;,loGm;&m csufcsif;jyKvkyf
wifvLS cJoh nf/ wdu k u
f v k m;awmifO;D pGe;f usdKufa';,sHKapwDukd xD;wifvLS NyD;csderf pS í
oxHo k moem wpfausmjh yefyiG v hf if;rnfukd arQmrf eS ;f cJMh uonf/ oxHjk ynfrS omoemawmf
onf t&dr'´ (yk*)H jynfoYkd a&mufomG ;csed rf pS í ndK§ ;rSed af e&m ,cktcg tm;topfpwif,El ikd cf hJ
ayNyD/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf wdu k u
f v k m;OD;pGe;f &Sd usKd ufa';,sKH qHawmfapwDukd
xD;awmfwifvSLEdkifNyDjzpfaomaMumifh vufyef;aygufaygufcwf&rnftxd 0rf;omtm;&
jzpfaecJo h nf/ atmifyBJG uD;wpfyq JG ifENJT y;D í a&Tw*d akH pwDoYkd zl;ajrmf&ef uqkev f ukecf geD;wGif
&efukefodkY <uvmcJhonf/ oCFef;uRef;NrdKUe,f? Z0e&yfuGufü OD;ñGefYpdk;tdrfa&mufaecsdef
xl;jcm;aom owif;Mum;cJh&onf/ ,aeY 1337-ck? uqkefvuG,faeY (1975-ck?
ZGefv (8)&uf? we*FaEGaeY nae 6;30 em&D tcsdef yk*NH rdKUwpf0u kd üf ajrivsifvyI cf &hJ m
yk*aH pwDyx k ;kd tukevf ;kH eD;yg; NyKd usco hJ nf/ oxHrk S yifah qmifomG ;aom "mwfawmfarGawmf
rsm;udk omoemawmfapmifeh wfwu Ykd yifah qmifí oxHo k Ykd jyefyrYkd nfh edrw d f twdwrf sdK;yif
jzpfavonf/ yk*o H l yk*o H m;wdYk idak <u;aecsdef oxHo k m;wdu Yk rl wdu k uf vk m;awmifxyd f
OD;pGe;f usKd ufa';,sKH apwDukd xD;awmf pdezf ;l awmf txGww f ifEikd cf í hJ wpfausmjh yefomoem
yGiv hf if;awmhrnf[k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfaeMuavonf/
xD; pdezf ;l wifvLS NyD; (8)vtMum vrdu k n
f wGif pdezf ;l tcd;k cH&avonf/ pdezf ;l
wifvLS &ef &yf&mG rsm;odYk vSnv hf nf tylaZmfc&H mwGif vltrsm;Munfño kd '¨gyGm;rsm;Edik &f ef
pdwaf pwemaumif;jzifh pdezf ;l awmfü yg&Sad om e0&wfausmufrsufwefz;kd rsm;udk zwfMum;
jyocJh&m wefzdk;BuD;rm;aom ypönf;tjzpf owfrSwfNyD;cdk;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pdefzl;tpm;
&ufrMumapbJ jyefvnfwifvLS cJMh uonf/ 3-ESpcf eft Y Mum auvmoapwDrS pdezf ;l udk
narSmifru kd w f iG f wufc;kd ,lorl mS apwD\ wevFmt&yf ausmufavSum;teD;0,f jyKwfus
aoqH;k aeonfukd awGU&SMd u&mrS usdKufa';,sHKpdezf ;l cd;k olrmS opfcw k f opfqJG vTqo JG l
OD;a&T jzpfaeonf/ OD;a&TrSm udsKufa';,sHKpcef;wGif; bkef;BuD;okE´&\ a0,sm0pöulnD
ay;aecJo h jl zpfí twGi;f vl twGi;f olc;kd vdk jzpfomG ;cJo h nf/
1341-ckEpS w f iG f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jyKjyifwifvLS xm;aom xD;awmf
avrkew f ikd ;f wdu k cf wfjcif;aMumifh csdKU,Gi;f oGm;cJo
h nf/ Ak'b¨ momtrsm;pk nDñw G af p&ef
261
KTS 15-11-14-1
&nfoefí &Sr;f xD;? rGex f ;D ? jrefrmxD; oH;k qifu h kd wnfxiG jf yKvkyu

f m 'kw,d tBudrf
wifvSLyGJudk aumZmESpf 1342-ckESpf? uqkefvjynhf wevFmaeY? c&pf 1980-jynhfESpf?
{Nyv
D 28-&ufaeYwiG f Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf uJ si;f ycJ&h m MuufysrH usatmif pnfum;cJoh nf/ taqmuf
tOD;taejzifh t*Fgaxmifh0,f ESpfxyfausmif;aqmif? ta&SUajrmuf0,f 2-xyfausmif;?
Am;rJah usmif; (3)ausmif;ESifh ½kyv f ;kH rsm; jyKvkyuf m ausmufw;kH rsm;ay:wGif xm;&Scd o
hJ nf/
1353-ck? uqkefvqkef 5-&ufrSmyif oHcsnfoHauG; uGefu&pfxD;awmfudk
bm;tH N rd K U tif * sif e D , m OD ; ud k B uD ; rS q&mawmf ñT e f c suf j zif h pwif j yKvk y f N yD ;
*sdKif;r[mrkedapwDü wifvSLcJhonf/ 1356-ckESpf wefcl;vwGif jroydwfapwDawmfudk
oHcsnfoaH uG; uGeu f &pfx;D jyKvkyw f ifvLS xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdt k csdeu
f uGeu
f &pfx;D rSm
toift h avsmq f ;kH jzpfvsu&f odS nf/ rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f qHawmf&iS af pwDtm;vH;k jrifrh m;aom
awmifxyd 0f ,f wnfxm;cJ&h m yifv,fjyifrS wdu k cf wfaomavESit fh wl qm;ief"mwfyg
aom a&cdk;a&aiGUjzifh pdkpGwfaeonf/ qm;"mwfaMumifh oHxD; aMu;xD;rsm; oHacs;wuf
aqG;ajrhomG ;wwfonf/ uGeu f &pfx;D u toifah wmfq;kH jzpfí usdKufa';,sHKapwDx;D udk
uGeu f &pfx;D wifvLS &ef pDpOfco hJ nf/ 1358-ckEpS f uqkev f twGi;f ü uGeu f &pfx;D wifvLS
cJMh uonf/ xdpk Ofu rdwv ¬D mq&mawmfO;D aqmifaom oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
<ua&mufawmfrcl MhJ uonf/ 1360-jynhEf pS ?f uqkev f jynhaf usmf 3-&uf (1998-ck? arv
13-&ufaeY)wGif pdefzl;awmfwifvSLyGJjyKvkyfjyef&m rGefjynfe,f? EdkifiHawmfA[dkoHCmh
0efaqmif ewfarSmfausmif;q&mawmf OD;okre? jynfe,foHCem,u Ouú|? 0dok'¨g&mr
q&mawmf OD;0do'k ?¨ r[m&if*P kd ;f jynfe,foC H em,utzGUJ Ouú| OD;aumov’wYkd
<ua&mufawmfrlcJhMuonf/
1369-ckEpS ?f uqkev f qkwf (3)&uf 2007-ckEpS ?f arv 3-&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY
eHeuf 9-em&Dtcsdef usdKufa';,sHKapwD pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS yGu
J kd usif;y&m Edik if aH wmfoC
H
r[mem,utzGJU OD;a0ykv’mbd0Ho (tif;av;)? OD;OwårÓmPmbd0Ho (a&OD;)? OD;okre
(armfvNrdKifewfarmf)? OD;edrv (uom)? OD;pEd´rm (&Srf;jynfe,f)wdkY <ua&mufcJhMuonf/
usdKufa';,sHKapwD0,f wifvSLxm;aom uGefu&pfxD;rSm ESpfaygif; (15)cefY
MumvmvQif z&deo f aH cGrsm; aqG;ajrhvmonf/ ,cktcg qm;ief"mwfaMumifh aqG;ajrhjcif;
rjzpfaom pwDvu kd pf wD; a&Ta&mifpwD;jym; pwD;ydu
k rf sm;jzifh jyKvkyaf om xD;rSm aqG;ajrjh cif;
enf;í yifv,fa&aiGUaMumifh ta&mifrJaomfvnf; qyfjym&nfESifh aq;aMumvQif
topfyrm a&Ta&mifawmufvmaom pwD;jym;rsm; ay:aygufaeNyDjzpfonf/ q&mawmf
262
KTS 15-11-14-1
xdik ;f Edik if H t,k',

¨ NrdKUa&mufcsdef apwDwpfqal pmif;aeonfukd wnhrf wfatmif jyifqif
xD;awmfwif&ef t"d|mefjyKí &Sr;f xD;jyKvkycf o hJ nf/ tcGirhf omí rvSLjzpfb&J adS ecJo h nf/
tqdyk g&Sr;f xD;udk usKd ufa';,sKH apwDü wifvLS ygu ydrk Mkd unfñzkd ,
G &f mjzpfvmrnfukd qifjcif
vsuf ydak eaom &Sr;f xD;udk ,cif rlvxD;twdik ;f rGex f ;D jrefrmxD; (3)qihjf yKvkyw
f ifvLS &ef
pDpOfcJhonf/ 1373-ckESpf? uqkefvqkwf (3)&uf? c&pfESpf 2011-ckESpf arv 20-&uf
aomMumaeY eHeuftcsdef xD;awmfwifvLS yGJ usif;ycJMh uonf/
xD;awmfwifvLS yGo J Ykd tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmw qHawmf&iS f omoemhOaoQmif
aus;Zl;awmf&Sif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf? r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z qHawmf&Sif
omoemjyK taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmif OD;em*dE´? bDvif;NrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGUJ
Ouú|? avomausmif; q&mawmf OD;paE´mbmo trSL;&Sad om oHCmawmfrsm; rGejf ynfe,f
a'oBuD; tpdk;&tzGJUrS 0efBuD;csKyf OD;tkef;jrifhOD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm;?
aZurÇmukrP Ü D Ouú| 0P Öausmx f if a'gufwmcifa&Trod m;pk q&mawmf\wynhf ig;oH;k vD
tvSL&Sirf sm;ESifh &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif a,m*Drsm; wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/ awmifñw T f
onfyh rm MuufysrH uspnfum;cJNh y;D y|mef;zGiyfh ?JG xD;wifyJG atmifyu
JG si;f ycsed f rd;k &GmoGe;f jcif;
r&Sb
d J useftcsdef rd;k NydKonft h vm; &GmoGe;f cJah vonf/
usdKufa';,sHKapwD &ifjyifü we*FaEGaxmifüh ESpx
f yfausmif;? tm½Hck t
H w k w f u kd ?f
y|mef;yGJusif;y&m ausmif;aqmif? Am;rJhausmif;aqmifawmf? a&S;a[mif;odrftkwfwdkuf?
qGr;f pm;ausmif;aqmif? oDv&Sirf sm;aexdik &f m 2-xyfaqmif? a& rD;tpHk jynhpf pkH mG &Sad om
pcef;wpfcjk zpfonf/
teef;zdkyif jyefvnf&Sifoefvm
wdkufukvm;awmifwef;[k a&S;ordkif;usrf;rsm;ü oHk;EIef;xm;aomfvnf; ,ck
21-&mpkacwfwiG f auvmoawmifwef;[k ac:a0:aeMuonf/ auvmo[laom trnf
udk yk*aH cwf usefppfrif;vufxuf a&;xd;k cJah om usdKufwb J &k m;ausmufpm "r®apwDrif;
w&m; a&;xdk;xm;aom rGefausmufpmwdkYü auvmoawmiftrnfjzifh azmfjycJhonf/
ok0Öbl
P rad ejynfawmfonf auvmoawmif\ taemufbuf taemufajrmufbuf wGif
a&S;u &SdcJhzl;aMumif; omoemhordkif;usrf;wdkYü jyqdkcJhonf/ oD[dkuRef; tEk&m"NrdKU
awmifbuf&dS r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdu k üf oDwif;oH;k aom &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwpfyg; a&;om;
cJo
h nfh qauoxly0ifusrf;rSm omoemESpf (600)ausmfuyif &Sad ecJah omusrf;jzpfonf/
tqdyk g xly0ifusrf;wGif &Sit
f Ek½'k g¨ trSL;jyKaom &[EÅm 6-yg;wdo Yk nf jrwfpmG bk&m;xHrS
263
KTS 15-11-14-1
qHawmf 6-qlukd awmif;cHí aemif omoemawmfEpS f 2500-ausmfaomtcg vlb Y 0udk

wpfBudrw f pfcg tpkta0;jzifh jyefqMkH urnfh Ak'\ ¨ yg&rDjznhb f ufjzpfaomfvnf; uH ÓmPf
EHck smaom tEdÅraqGrsdK;wdt Yk wGuf ud;k uG,&f ef &nf&, G v f suf apwD 6-ql wnfxm;cJh
aMumif; jyqdck o hJ nf/ qHawmf 6-qlrmS auvmoawmifxyd üf wpfq?l awmif\ta&SU
xdyüf wpfql wnfxm;cJo h nf/ ,if;qHawmfrmS 0½kP em*&mZmxlyjzpfonf/ auvmo
awmif ta&SUbufpGef; ,cktac: usdKufa';,sHKawmifjzpfonf/ usdKufa';,sHKawmif
qHawmfapwDrS 2-zmvHck eft Y uGm ta&SUawmifwiG f awmifuek ;f wpfc&k o dS nf/ xdak wmifuek ;f ü
0½kP e*g;rif;'g,umjyK wnfxm;aomapwDawmfrSm ESpfxyfbk&m;[k a'ocHwdkYu
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf 1350-ckvGefESpfrsm;wGif jyefvnf
jyKjyifcohJ nf/ tm½Hck t
H w k wf u kd af qmufvyk cf &hJ m tkwef &H t H eD;wGif uyfvsu&f adS om teef;zdk
yifrmS tESprf sm;aqG;ajrhaeNyD; ikww f t kd jzpf&adS eonf/ q&mawmfonf &SiÓf mPy@dwESifh
0½kPe*g;rif;wdkY wnfxm;cJhaom qHawmfapwD {uefrSefygvQif þaoavNyD;aom
teef;yifonf jyefvnf&iS o f efygapownf;[k 0pDopöm>rufcg a&pifoeG ;f avmif;cJo h nf/
yef;&Hq&mrsm;onf tqdyk g teef;zdyk ifacsmufuu kd yfí taqmuftOD;aqmufvyk af eMu&m
wpfvtwGif;rSm teef;zdkyifrS tumrsm;xGufvmNyD; pdrf;vef;pdkajycJhavonf/ 1362-
ckEpS wf iG f pma&;olu, kd wf ikd f awGUBuHKcJ&h onfh rsufjriftjzpftysufyifjzpfonf/ ,cktcg
teef;zdyk ifrmS r&Sad wmhNyD/ tm½Hck w H ukd af qmufvyk x f m;NyD; taqmufttHt k wGi;f ü 0½kP
e*g;rif;ESihf &SifÓmPy@dwyHkawmfrsm; e*g;½Hk½kyfyGm;awmfudk xkvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ t"d|mef
jzifh pdu
k x f m;aom oajyyifrmS ausmufw;kH Mum;rSmyif a0qmvef;qef;vsuf anmifa&td;k
0,f oajyyef;xd;k xm;onft h vm; awGUjrifMu&onf/
ouúxlyapwD pwifzGifhazmf
aumZmESpf 1336-ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rkoifaus;&Gmtkypf k 0dik ;f ywf&mG teD;&Sd NcBH uD;wpfck
twGi;f &Sd tkwyf BkH uD;tv,f0,f ebJyifBuD;u xD;aqmif;xm;ovdjk rifawGUMu&onf/
tkwfyHkudk ql;csHKtxyfxyf &pfywfxm;aomaMumifh rnfonfht&m0w¬K&Sdonf[k
ajymqdkEdkifjcif;r&Sd? ajrjyif0,f xdu½Hk;yifrsm;txyfxyf ajrom;rjrif&atmifaygufaeí
xufjrufaom ql;rsm; &mcsDp;l 0ifvmwwfí teD;odYk oGm;a&mufrMunfv h Mkd u/ usdKufx;D
aqmif;q&mawmfonf xdkukef;rdkYrdkYtxl;tm½Hkxm;vsuf ZGJuvmESifh rkoifrS aqGrsdK;
awmfpyfí &aoh0wfcJholwdkYtm; &Sif;vif;aponf/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m apwDjzpfaMumif;
264
KTS 15-11-14-1
od&cdS &hJ onf/ 1337-ckEpS Of ;D ydik ;f wGif tqdyk gapwDukd topfwnf&eftwGuf pcef;csvsuf
taqmuf tOD;aqmufum NcHckwfcsHK&Sif;jcif;rStp oD;jcm;ausmif;tjzpf aqmufvkyfap
onf/ ordkif;tqdk odMum;rif;ESihf t&SiftEk½k'¨g&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfwnfxm;aomapwD
jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ &[ef;&Sifvl vkyftm; aeYa&mnyg rem;rae apwDa[mif;udk
jyefvnfjyKjyifMu&m (18)&uftwGif; NyD;pD;cJhonf/ rlvvuf&mtwdkif;jzpfap&ef
ydkYaeaomajrom;udk z,fxkwf? [maeaomae&mü *0Htkwfjzifh tpm;xdk;onf/ zdeyfcHk
tus,f (45)ay? ypö,m (3)qihf? ÓmPfawmftjrifh (36)ay &Sdonf/ a&SUacwf
*0Htkwfcsyfrsm;rSm ESpfumvMumjcif;? &moD Owk'PfcH&jcif;aMumifh xuf0ufausmf
ysuf p D ; aeonf / apwD c H k a v;rsuf E S m ü qif ½ k y f ? jrif ; ½k y f r sm; xk v k y f x m;aom
*0Hausmuftkwfrsm;udk ,aeYwdkifawGUjrifMu&onf/ acwfNydKifrSm qifwyf jrif;wyf
urÇmausmf *0Hcw H yf&dS ½kyv
f ;kH ½ky<f uESifh wlnv D su&f o
dS nf/ apwDawmf\ ordik ;f tusO;f rSm-
cefYrSef;ajc bk&m;&Sif (4)0g&csdef &SiftEk½k'¨gtrSL;jyKaom &[EÅm 6-yg;wdkYonf
bk&m;&SifxHrS qHawmf 6-ql awmif;cHyifhaqmifvmNyD; þa'o0,f apwDwnfxm;cJh
onf/ bk&m;&SifAsm'dwfpum; av;cGef;rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
(1) tmeE´m igy&deAd mÁ efpNH yD;aemuf omoemawmfEpS af ygif;ig;axmifMumwnfrnf/
(2) a&SUydkif;omoemESpf 2500 twGif; qif;&JcH ('kuú&p&d,musihfonfhyrm)
ylaZmfcH&jcif; enf;yg;rnf/
(3) wpfausmh 2500 a&mufcsdef BuD;pGmaom ylaZmfjcif;cH&rnf/
(4) qHawmf&iS af pwDwpfq\ l ajc&if;0,f vltaygif;rsm;pGm pka0;BuHKqHak exdik rf I
jyKMuukefí tzGJUtpnf;jzifh ylaZmfMuvdrfhrnf/
t&Sit f Ek½'k g¨ onf rdryd ifah qmifcahJ om qHawmf"mwfukd odMum;rif;tultnDjzifh
apwDwnfxm;cJo h nf/ «tjynht f pHu k kd ]]wpfausmh jyef omoemacwf yGivhf if;vmrnfh
qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;}} wGif Munh½f &I ef jzpfonf/»
o&ufyifajcmuf jyefvnf&Sifoefvm
qHawmfapwD\awmifbuf (5)udu k t
f uGmwGif vlo;kH zufcef&Y dS o&ufyifBuD;rSm
nd§K;ajcmufaeayonf/ qdkif&myk*d¾KvfwdkY\ ñTefMum;rIaMumifh NydKysufí NcHKEG,frsm;zHk;vTrf;
&pfywfaeaom ouúxyl apwDukd jyefvnfjyKjyifco hJ nf/ tm,o®mtEk½ka'¨g wH "mwHk
265
KTS 15-11-14-1
twå a em tmeD w bm0yÜ u moewH ¬ twå a em y&d r mP½l y H Owå & 'd o mbd r k c H
uma&wGmxayod=[laom qauo"mwk0o H usrf; ouúx0l o H ü jyqdck ahJ om tqdk
trdeEYf iS t
hf nD apwDawmf\ taemuft&yf ig;udu k t f uGmwGif *0Hausmufjzifh xkvyk f
xm;aom t&Sirf [mtEk½'k g¨ rax&f\yHw k l rwf&yfyukH kd ta&SUbuft&yfapwDawmf&&dS modYk
rsufEmS rlvsuf xdik af eaomyHt
k jzpf jyKjyifxm;um rlvyHu k kd twGi;f ü XmyemjyKxm;onf/
xD;awmfwifyu JG kd NcdrNhf cdro
hf u
J sif;yonf/ igonf bk&m;&Si\ f qHawmfapwDrsm;udk
jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f &eftwGuf Ak'A¨ sm'dwpf um;twdik ;f aqmif&u G Ef idk rf nfo h rl eS af omf bd;k awmf
odMum;rif;onf tNrJrjywf ulnaD pmihaf &Smufygapownf;/ bkr, ®d a'0&mZm ½ku|© a'0
&mZm? tmoo|a'o&mZm? tm&u©a'0gESihf omoemrdcif zcift&mü wnf&adS eaom
vl0Zd mÆ ewf0Zd mÆ wdo Yk nf apmifah &SmufMuygapownf;/ xif&mS ;atmif edrw d xf ;l rsm; jyo
ygapownf;/ þodYk 0pDopömpum;udq k í
kd qkyw¬emjyKcJah vonf/
xdkESpfrSmyif apwDawmfy&d0kPftwGif;&Sd ydEJéyif? o&ufyifwdkYrS toD;rsm;onf
BuD;rm;aomt&G,jf zifh tcdik v f u kd o
f ;D Muonf/ aooGm;Ny[ D k owfrw S xf m;aom o&ufyif
ajcmufonf t&Gut f cufrsm; aygufa&mufvsuf BuD;xGm;aom o&ufo;D rsm;jzifh xif&mS ;
atmif oufaojyKcJah vonf/ 1360-jynhEf pS rf wdik rf D vlo;kH bufcef&Y adS om o&ufyif
tdBk uD;rSm &GuEf k toD;tyGihf a0a0qmqmjzifh &Sio f efvsuf&o dS nf/ &aohb0jzifh £pä m
yl&P 0pDopömjyKcJah om o&ufyifjzpfonf/ 1361-ckEpS w f iG f Z&moabmt& NyKd vJomG ;cJh
avonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf rdefYMum;cJhaom Mo0g'rSm ajrapmifhewfwdkYonf
aumif;csD;jyKvQif ajrwkefvIyfonf/ jcawmifydkYaygufí oauFwjyKonf? awmawmif
apmifh ewfwu Ykd rl tcsed t
f cgrJh toD;tyGijhf yíjzpfap? opfyifajcmufrsm; jyefvnf&iS o f efí
jzpfap oauFwjyKonf? tmumopd;k ewfwu Ykd rl ysm;tHík jzpfap iSuo f @mefjyKíjzpfap
oauFwjyKonf/ 'do Yk moemjyKvkyif ef;rSm 'Dvrkd sdK;awGukd awGUjrifEikd w f ,f [k rdeMYf um;cJh
onf/
ZGJuyifapwD xD;wifvSL
qHawmfapwDordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;aom oD[&aohonf AE¨0*d&ad wmifü apwD
wpfqw l nfxm;cJ&h m ,if;apwDrS ,cktcg jrefrmEdik if H u&ifjynfe,fNrdKUawmf bm;tHNh rdKU
teD; ZGu J yifawmifxyd &f dS qHawmfapwDtjzpf vlord sm;vsuf&o dS nf/ e,fajrtwGi;f
vHkNcHKa&;tajctaet& ZGJuyifawmifxdyf&Sd qHawmfapwDrSm yGihfvif;rIr&Sdjzpfae½Hkru
266
KTS 15-11-14-1
apwDtxGwf pdezf ;l awmfuykd if cd;k ,lomG ;cJMh uonf/ u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f ae&mtESUH

ordkif;0if xif&Sm;aom apwDykxdk;rsm;rSm ryGihfrvif;&SdaecJhonf/ rGefjynfe,ftwGif;ü
ZGu
J yifapwDEiS fh tqifw h ef;wl&adS om usdKufx;D ½d;k usdKufx;D aqmif; tygt0if apwDyx
k ;kd
rsm;rSm toiht f wifh wd;k wufyiG v hf if;&ef tm;,laeqJjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh usdKufx;D
aqmif;qHawmfapwDrmS jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufrt I m;enf;í txGw0f ,fwifvLS aom
xD;yif wnhrf wfrrI &Sd apmif;aecJo h nf/ awmcsHKtxyfxyfz;kH NyD; olaoaumif rD;oN*ØK[f
&m okóefukef;jzpfaecJhonf/ 1333-ckESpf uqkefvrSpí usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf
vufcx H ed ;f odr;f jyKjyifc&hJ m 9-ESpf 9-0g &csde0f ,f apwDawmfBuD; xnf0gcHn h m; vltrsm;
pka0;ylaZmf&mXmetjzpf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
bm;tHNrdKU? ZGu
J yifapwDawmf b@mxde;f tzGUJ onf usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmf
owif;aumif;udk Mum;od&vQif ZGJuyifpnfyifjyefYyGm;a&; aqmif&Guf&ef pdwf0ifwpm;
&SdvmMuonf/ avhvmpHkprf;cJhMuonf/ bm;tHNrdKUae usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\
wynhrf sm;ESifh awGUqHMk u&m tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk Mum;Mu&onf/ tif*sife, D mOD;udBk uD;ESihf
OD;atmifp;kd wdo
Yk nf q&mawmfEiS fh &if;ES;D uRr;f 0iforl sm;[k od&vQif csO;f uyfí avhvmMu&m
vrf;p wpfcak y:aygufvmcJo h nf/ rMumrD7ufyikd ;f u cd;k ,lomG ;aom pdezf ;l jyef&vmcJo h nf/
pdefzl;awmf[k trnfcHaeaomfvnf; wefzdk;&Sdaomypönf;ryg? tcGefrQomjzpfaeonf/
xdkpdefzl;udk b@mxdef;vlBuD;rS usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfxH tyfESHjyovdkaMumif;
ajymMum;vQif tif*sife, D m OD;udBk uD;ESifh OD;atmifp;kd wdu
Yk usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm;
awmif;yefavQmufxm;onf/ q&mawmfonf oD[&aohwnfxm; qHawmfjzpfí
½dak oav;pm;pGmjzifh wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f ef vufcaH vonf/ waygif;onf tat;'Pf
vnf;avsmh tyl'Pfvnf; t&Sed rf jrifh &moDOwk rQwcsed jf zpfí wynfrh sm;ESit fh wl 1343-
ckESpf? waygif;vjynhfausmfrSpí jirf;xdk;NyD; xD;a[mif;udkyif oHacs;cRwf opfap;okwf
a&Tcsaponf/ pdezf ;l iSujf rwfwu Ykd kd topfjyKjyifNyD; &wemypön;f rsm; pDjc,fum wifw h ,f
vSyatmif jyifqifaponf/ xD;awmfwifyu JG v
kd nf; pnfum;odu k Nf rdKufpmG usif;ycJo h nf/
rSwfwrf;wGif 1343-ckESpf waygif;v [k awGU&onf/
'la0ewfxD;apwDESpfql
u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f ü aexkid Mf uaom wdik ;f &if;om;wdo
Yk nf rsdK;½d;k pOfquf rd½;kd
zvm tpOftvmaumif;wpfck&SdaecJhonf/ 'la0ewfudk ylaZmfyoí xD;apwDudk &Sdcdk;
0wfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;r*FvmjyK&m tcsdeftcg0,f ewfxD;&Sd&modkY
267
KTS 15-11-14-1
oGm;a&mufNyD; bk&m;ud&k cdS ;kd uefawmhjcif; ewfuykd al ZmfrjI yKjcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SU'la0ewfx;D

apwD taemuf'al 0ewfx;D apwD[k (2)ae&mowfrw S x f m;&m bm;tHNrdKUESifh aumhu&dwf
oGm; um;vrf;ab; cavmufEdkY&GmwGif&Sdaom apwDrSm ta&SU'la0ewfxD;apwD[kac:Mu
onf/ ta&SU'la0apwD NydKysufaeaomaMumifh u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
'kur© sdK;pHBk uHKawGUae&onf[k usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfu owfrw S ,f ql xm;onf/
ewfxD;aumif;rS jynfe,f&Sd vltrsm; aumif;pm;rnfjzpf? 1344-ckESpfwGif bkef;BuD;
OD;okE&´ &aohO;D axG; bm;tHrS OD;atmifp;kd wdt Yk m; apwDukd tcdik t f rmjyKjyifwnfxm;ap
onf/ bdvyfajrtdwt f vH;k (25)ESifh tkycf syfa& (7000)ukeMf uavonf/ xd'k al 0apwD
NyD;pD;aomtcg bm;tHe,ftwGi;f AH;k qef aoewfoH csKyfNidr;f oGm;cJah vonf/
taemuf'al 0apwDrmS bm;tHNrdKU ZGu
J yifawmifajc xH;k tdik &f mG teD; ,ck tifMuif;
aAm"dwpfaxmif e,ferd w d t
f wGi;f wnfxm;aomapwDjzpfonf/ u&ifjynfe,f taemuf
jcrf;rS wdkif;&if;om;rsm; tvG,fwul vma&mufylaZmf uefawmhEdkif7ef ewfxD;apwDudk
wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm; ½dk;&mrysuf aexdkifMuygvQif jynfe,ftwGif;
at;csrf;om,mEdik af yonf/ tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh a&S;rdzbd;k bGm;rsm; xm;&Sad om tpOf
tvm ½d;k &mrsm; rwdraf um raysmufrysufatmif owdxm;xde;f odr;f xm;Mu&efjzpfonf?
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f ewfx;D apwDu, G af ysmuf wdraf umjcif;
r&Sdatmif 1344-ckESpfu jyefvnfjyKjyifwnfaqmufcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;twdkif; azmfjy
&ayonf/
a&S;ydkif;umvvlwdkYonf 'la0ewfxD;apwD NydKysufrIudk rjyKjyifcJhMu? t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJU BuD;pd;k aom tcsderf pS í u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f c&pf,mefbmom0ifwYkd tm;aumif;
vm&m Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tm;avsmhcJh&onf/ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr*FvmjyKolwdkYonf
c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;odkY tm½Hka&mufcJhMuí ½dk;&mewfxD;apwD ylaZmfrI jyKjyifrIuif;rJh
vmonf/ rlvewfxD;apwDrSm anmifyifaygufa&muf&mrS apwDygNydKysufí csHKzHk;vmcJh
onf/ jyKjyif&ef tm;xkwfolrsm; a&m*g& taotaysmufjzpfí aemufxyfjyKjyif0Hhol
r&SdjzpfoGm;cJhonf/ e,fajrrSmvnf; Mumavqdk;av 'ku©rsdK;pHk aomursdK;pHk BuHKawGUMu
&onf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;wdYk qif;&J
rsKd ;pHk uyfBuD;oH;k yg;uif;a0;ap&ef &nfoefvsuf 'la0ewfx;D apwDukd OD;pm;ay;jyKjyifcjhJ cif;
jzpfonf/
268
KTS 15-11-14-1
q&mawmfNrdKifBuD;iloGm;c&D;
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf aemufygwynhf &aohrsm;ESihftwl *E¨m&Dc&D;
<ucJ&h m bm;tHO;D atmifp;kd tdrf aeYqrG ;f bkO;f ay;onf/ qGr;f pm;rNyD;rD tm*EÅK&[ef;wpfyg;
a&muf&v dS monf/ cE¨mud, k rf S acR;eHrY mS nDp§ pYkd jYkd zpfonf/ xd&k [ef;tm; toifyh gvmaom
ouFe;f 'Gpd u kH kd vSL'gef;aponf/ &[ef;uvnf; csufcsif;ouFe;f topfukd 0wf½o kH nf/
qGrf;yk*Hjyifuyf? 'DrSmxm;[k rSmMum;onf/ q&mawmfESifh qGrf;twl bkOf;ay;cGifh&aom
&[ef;udk wynhrf sm;u tHMh opGmtuJcwfMuonf/ omrmef&[ef;[kw[ f efrwl[k owfrw S f
vdu
k o f nf/ u&ifjynfe,f NrKd ifBuD;ilrS OD;okZe[k od&onf/ q&mawmfEiS fh tv’myov’my
ajymqdMk uNyD; tMum;wGif usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; NrdKifBuD;ilo<Ykd u&ef awGUBuHK&
aom tcuftcJrsm;udk avQmufxm;aeonf/ q&mawmfrS pufavSwpfpif;jyifxm;[k
om rSmavonf/ aeYvnf (1)em&D bm;tHpufavSjzihf xGufcJhNyD; aumh*Gef;*l? &ohjyef*l
acwå0ifí urarmif;a&mufvQif acwåpufavS&yfapNyD; ajcwpfzufuo kd m ajrcsxdapNyD;
pufavSjyefxGufonf/ ajcpHkrcsbJ jyKvkyfonfrSm rnfodkY[k a0cGJr&Muay/ NrdKifBuD;il
ta&muf c&D;qufcJh&m ntdyf&yfem;Muonf/ q&mawmfrS NrdKifBuD;iltm; pHkawmNrdKif
bke;f BuD; [k ac:qdq k ufqaH vh&o dS nf/ NrKd ifBuD;ilrmS a&S;a[mif;omoeme,fajrjzpfco hJ nf/
apwD ykx;kd tNydKtysuf apwDiw k w
f kd ajrwGi;f ikwv f QdK; ae&mtrsdK;rsdK; jrifuiG ;f pHvk o S nf/
av;bufav;wef tkwftumt&H tNydKtysuf taqmufttHkudkjyvsuf ]]'D[m
a&S;a[mif;odrçf taqmuftOD aqmufvyk Nf y;D &[ef;wdYk uHBuD; uHi,faqmif&m jyKvkad omf
vnf; jyKjyif&efBuHwdkif; aoG;tefç aemufjyefvSnhf&ef BuHwdkif; qifESif;*la&m*gaMumifh
tnDe§ u YH , kd u f xGuf odryf sufrmS jyKaqmiforQ uHtm;vH;k atmifjrifrq I Mkd uNyD; a'ocH
q&mawmfrsm; uefu Y u G v
f Ykd jyóemrsm; ajyvnfvakd Mumif; avQmufxm;onf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS opömjyKonfrSm ,ck'Dajray:rSm ajrrIefYudkudkifí
rSeaf ompum;qdo k nf/ 'Dvuf 'DajcawGeYJ ok0Ö Pblrad jray:&So
d rQ qHawmfapwD awmzH;k ae
wmudk yGiv
hf if;atmif rem;rae vkyaf qmifcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ud,k jf yKorQuo k vdk t
f bkYd xyfwl
&apay;a0onf/ pHak wmNrKd ifonf olqikd &f me,fajrrSm omoemyGiv hf if;a&; jyKaqmifaejcif;
jzpfonf/ pHak wmNrdKiftay: rauseyfr[I o l rQ udsKufx;D aqmif;wm0ef,o l nf/ rauseyf
ol&Sdu BudKufovdkvkyf tjypf&Sdu igcHrnf/ aumif;usdK;[lorQ omoemyGifhvif;a&;
269
KTS 15-11-14-1
jzpfygap? ckcsed u
f pNy;D 'Dae&m odrjf zpfatmifvyk /f þokYd rdeMYf um;&m tm;vH;k om"koaH wG
nhHoGm;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí NrdKifBuD;ilü a&S;a[mif;odrfjyefvnfay:vmcJhonf/ q&m
awmfrw S wf rf;rSm 1348-ck [k azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/
pHkawmNrdKifq&mawmfESihf usdKufxD;aqmif;&aohrsm;
q&mawmfonf NrdKifBuD;ilq&mawmf\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
aom pGr;f tm;&So d [ l k ,HMk unfonf/ rdrcd w JG rf; rdrw d m0ef,al qmif&u G &f rnf[k
pHak wmNrdKifbek ;f BuD;tm; wdu k w
f eG ;f tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;cJo h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;
odYk <ua&mufyg&ef qHawmfapwDrsm; zl;ajrmfNy;D vdv k m;awmihw f aomqkrsm; awmif;cH
vQif jynhfpHkrnf[k rSmMum;cJhonf/ wpfcsdefwGif q&mawmf OD;okZe oydwfwpfvHk;
ouFef;oHk;xnfjzifh <ua&mufvmcJhonf/ pHkawmNrdKiftm; bdk;bdk;atmifESihf y|mef;
taMumif;quf&o dS [l k ,HMk unfaomaMumifh jynfNrdKU a&TqaH wmfb&k m;zl;&if; bd;k bd;k
atmif½yk yf &kH &dS m 0ifa&mufc&hJ ef rSmMum;Ny;D aemufygausmif;om;tjzpf usKd ufx;D aqmif;
&aoh OD;tke;f jrif?h &aoh OD;jroGi?f OD;atmifMunf(usdKufaumf)wdu Yk kd xnfah y;vdu k Nf yD;
oydwftwGif; opfoD;rsdK;pHkxnfhay;um jynfa&TqHawmfbk&m;tm; uyfvSL&ef
,laqmifapí 0g;awmifa0S;wpfacsmif;udk tEÅ&m,fuif;apa&; taqmiftjzpf
vufaqmif ay;vdu k af vonf/
pHak wmNrdKifq&mawmf[k usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfu tjrwfwEd;k cspfpEd;k
ac:aom NrdKifBuD;ilq&mawmfEiS fh ausmif;om; 3-a,mufwYkd usdKufa';,sHKawmifrS
pí awmifwef;ajcvsicf &D; bk&m;zl;pwifMu&m atmufqaH wmfapwD a&Tpnf;cHak pwD
azmifawmfO;D apwDç auvmoawmifqaH wmfapwDç jroydwaf pwDtxd ajcvsicf &D;
xdrk S usdKufxNkd rdKUodYk um;qufp;D um &efuek af &Tw*d akH pwD zl;ajrmfMuonf/ usdKufx;D
aqmif; q&mawmf\ 'g,umt&if; OD;boif a':MuLMuLar aetdro f Ykd acwå
0ifcMhJ uonf/ 0if&jcif;\taMumif;udk ,Ge;f pvif;tjrKawtrnfjzifh NrKd ifeef;aqGjyKpk
wifjyaom NrdKifBuD;ilq&mawmf\ tw¬KyÜwüåd jyqdx k m;onft h wdik ;f azmfjy&aomf-
odraf wmfwiG x f m;&ef bk&m;&SmyHak wmfziG &hf OD;rnf/ a&S;a[mif;odraf wmfBuD;
jzpfonfrYkd a&S;a[mif;½kyyf mG ;awmfuo kd m xm;&Syd al Zmfvokd nf/ a&S;a[mif;½kyyf mG ;awmf
udk rnfoYkd &Sm&rnfrod/ tBuHtu kd af epOf (10)v t"d|mef0ifpOfu j'yfrJhtoH&Si1f
1/ bdk;bdk;atmif¿
270
KTS 15-11-14-1
wpfOD;\ avQmufxm;csufwpfckudk jyefawG;rdonf/ rSwfrSwf&& 1346-ckESpf?

wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (9)&uf t*FgaeY noef;acgifausmfrmS t&Sib f &k m; t"d|mefrS
xGuNf yD;aemuf tqifah omwpfaeYrmS &efuek Nf rdKU a&Tawmifvrf;xdyf tdrt f rSwf
(25) OD;boif a':MuLMuLwdYk tdrt
f ay:xyfb&k m;cef;odYk <ua&mufygbk&m;/ qif;wk
awmftm; 0yfwGm;ylaZmfNyD;rSom t&Sifbk&m; tvdk&Sd&mpcef;odkY qufoGm;ygbk&m;}}
[k avQmufxm;zl;onf/ NrdKifBuD;q&mawmf\ ax½kyw Ü üåd azmfjycJo
h nfukd awGU&
onf/
jynfawmf0ifc&D;
&efukefrS jynfodkY um;jzifh c&D;qufMu&m acsmacsmarmarm a&TqHawmfapwD
&ifjyifay:a&mufcJhMuonf/ bk&m;zl;NyD; bdk;bdk;atmif½kyfyHkawmf&Sd&m wkdufü nvHk;ayguf
tvkyv f yk Mf uNyD; eHeuftm½Hw
k ufcsdef ygvmaom opfo;D rsm;udk bk&m;tm;uyfvLS Muum
qkawmif;trQa0Muonf/ ,aeYn usdKufx;D ½d;k awmifta&muf jyef&rnfjzpfí vdik ;f um;
acgif;cef; oD;oefaY e&mudk (2)a,mufpmtcay;NyD; um;ay:vdu k yf gcJMh uonf/ a&Tawmif
NrdKUtxGuw f iG f ,mOfarmif;u avmbwufum bke;f BuD;twGuf yd, k x
l m;aomae&mü
c&D;onfwpfa,mufwifvu kd o
f nf/ um;orm;ESifh pum;rsm;NyD; um;&yfapum twif;
qif;ae&pf&m ausmif;om;rsm;u ,aeYudsKufxD;½dk;nta&muf <u&rnfjzpfí um;ay:
jyefyifhaomfvnf; bkef;BuD;u ajcvsifoGm;aeí twif;wm;&onf/ jyóemjzpfNyD;
bke;f BuD;a&m ausmif;om;rsm;yg &Jpcef;ü tcsKyfc&H onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;aqmif awmifa0S;um;
acgif;cef;ü usef&pfcJhonf/ naeydkif;tcsdefa7mufrS c&D;qufcGifh&í ajcvsifyif
armfawmfum;vrf; twdkif; 4-OD;om;avQmufvm&m arSmifpysdK;csdef um;wpfpD;vmí
wm;Ny;D pD;Muonf/ tydck &D;onf rnforl Q rygbJ c&D;qufMu&m tqdyk gum;rS a&TawmifNrKd U?
yJcl;NrdKU? usdKufxdkNrdKUtxda&mufvmcJhonf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;rSm owfrSwfxm;aomtcsdef
owfrw S af e&ma&mufrS t"d|mef atmifjrifonf/ ra&mufvQif *E¨m&Dc&D; usdK;ayguf
onf[ak c:onf/ tusdK;[lorQwGif *E¨m&Dc&D;usdK;olum; vlpOfrrDatmifepfem
&onf/ ,aeYc&D;rSm qdik &f mwdu Yk ulncD o hJ nfukd 4-OD;vH;k owdxm;rdyrkH ay:ay/
n 1-em&D usKd ufx;D ½d;k qHawmfoYkd a&mufMu&m tvkyv f yk Mf u&onf/ Ny;D vQif
jrpdrf;awmifodkY ta&mufoGm;NyD; wpfcsdeftvkyf0ifum tm[m&pm;oHk;NyD; ajcvsif
yif uifrGef;pcef;jyefcJhMuonf/ xdkacwfum;&Sm;vSonf/ awmifwufawmifqif;
um;vrf;r&S?d ajcvsicf &D;omjzpfonf/ c&D;pwifxu G cf sed rf S uifreG ;f pcef;txd tdycf sed f
271
KTS 15-11-14-1
r&bJ ajcvsicf &D;ESiMf u&m vlyifyef;pdwyf ifyef;&Sv d oS nf/ yk*v

¾ oyÜg,rjzpfí tqif
rajy? NrdKifBuD;ilbkef;BuD;um; u&if? OD;atmifMunfum; ukvm;? OD;tkef;jrifhum;
jrefrm? OD;jroGifum; rGef? vlrsdK; uGJjym;aeMuonf/ pdwfwdkol pdwfqwfolawG
jzpfí onf;cHrrI &S?d ndE§ iId ;f wdik yf ifr&? c&D;oGm;&mü tqifacsmarmjcif;r&Scd [ hJ k owdjyK
rdonf/ owfrw S x f m;onft h wdik ;f uifreG ;f pcef;rS usdKufxkd bDvif;awmifpeG ;f rS
usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk jyefa&mufvmcJMh uonf/ t"du 0g;awmifa0S; usef&pfonfrmS
tem*wftwGuftajzyifjzpfEdkifayonf/
&efukefNrdKU OD;boif a':MuLMuL aetdrf bk&m;cef;0if&jcif;rSm aboZÆ
rked ½kyyf mG ;awmf jzpfí ¤if;yHt k wdik ;f NrKd ifBu;D ilü ÓmPfawmf (29)ay tjrif&h u
d S k d yHw
k l
xkvyk x f m;&Scd &hJ onf/ jynfa&TqaH wmfapwD a*gyutzGUJ u (17)vufr&Sd a&S;a[mif;
rwf&yfyHkawmf vSL'gef;í odrfawmfBuD;twGif; xm;&SdylaZmfEdkifcJhonf/ ESpfaygif;
1200 ausmfu ½kyfyGm;awmfwpfqludk usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS vSL'gef;cJh&m
NrdKifBuD;ilodrfawmfBuD;ü ylaZmfxm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfrSwfwrf;tvdk xdk
½kyfxkawmf ylaZmf&ef vSL'gef;aomESpfrSm 1348-ck [k yg&Sdonf/ q&mawmf
NrdKifBuD;ila&mufpOf 0g;½Hkawm&Sd 0g;tm;vHk; 0g;aumufrsm;jzpfaeonfudk rdrdb0
wpfoufwm jyKjyKorQ omoemjyKukokdvfudk opömzGJUvsuf tNidK;taw;xm;
used pf mrsm; yaysmufum 0g;ajzmifah wmtjzpf &Syd gap[k £pämyl&P0pDopömjyKcJo h nf/
,ck 1370-ckESpfwGif tqdkyg 0g;aumufrsm; yHkrSefajzmifhcJhNyD[k q&mawmf rdefYMum;
avh&o dS nf/
a&TrsufESmawmfbk&m;
u&ifjynfe,f? NrdKifBuD;ila'owGif a&S;ESpfrsm;pGmu yOöavm[mac: a&Tç aiGç
aMu;ç ow¬Kç oHjzifh a&mpyfoGef;avmif;xm;aom yOöavm[m aMu;½kyfyGm;awmf
xdik af wmfryl kH wpfq&l cdS o
hJ nf/ vlot
l a&mufenf;í rxifr&Sm; apmifah &Smuforl ahJ eonf/
atmufwef;usaom vltcsdKUonf qif;wkawmfBuD;udk cd;k ,lvsuf awmvrf;rS xdik ;f Edik if H
bufoYkd yd&Yk ef BuHpnfcMhJ uonf/ tEÅ&m,ftrsKd ;rsKd ;ESifh &ifqikd cf MhJ u&Ny;D vltm;vH;k uHMur®m
qd;k jzifh toufaysmufomG ;Mu&onf/ ½kyyf mG ;awmfBuD;rSm awmcsHKtMum; 0Sux f m;ovdk
csHKawmtwGi;f 'ku&ú p&d,usifah wmfr&l mS onf/ owif;tp&olvt l csdKUonf ½kyyf mG ;awmf
BuD;udk &Smvsuf a&Tom;tppfvkd ta&mifawmufyaeaom rsufEmS awmfujkd zwfvsuf
272
KTS 15-11-14-1
wpfbufEikd if o
H Ykd ,laqmifMu&m vrf;rSm rd;k BudK;ypfí taoqd;k jzifh aoMujyefonf/
OD;acgif;awmfrmS ajrwGif ydaYk e&m vTwu
kd o
f l vlEpS af ,mufwYkd opfc&JG ef ajrwGif vTusi;f wl;
&m bk&m;OD;acgif;awmfudk awGUMu&onf/ ewf½kyf ewfrsufESm[k trSwf&Sdum a'ocH
(axmf&GJ)&Gmom;rsm;xH tyfESHxm;&mrS &ufMumaomfvnf; 0,f,lolr&Sdí tdrf&Siftm;
0ufwpfaumifESihf vSJvS,fxm;cJhonf/ 0ufudk ay:í csufpm;MuvQif 0rf;a&m*gjzpfí
aoqH;k Mujyefonf/ iSuaf ysmawm bke;f awmfBuD;xH vSL'gef;Mujyef&m cdu k af om ½kyx
f [k k
vufrcH? ausmif;twGif; pifxdk;í xm;aponf/
a&T*Gef;NrdKU txufausmif;bkef;BuD;onf iSufaysmawmbkef;BuD;ausmif;odkY
a&mufvQif ½kyx f t
k aMumif;udk pHpk rf;&m tvSLcHomG ;avonf/ ½kyyf mG ;ordik ;f t& taMumif;pHk
od&vQif NrdKifBuD;ilrS wynfhwdkYtm; udk,fvHk;awmf &SmazGap&m pHkprf;r&jzpfaeonf/
NrdKifBuD;il OD;okZe\ wynhrf sm;onf ud, k v
f ;kH awmfupd u ö kd rod[efjyKvsuf rsufEmS awmf
tm;vSL&ef (3)Budrf awmif;cHMuonf/ txufausmif;q&mawmfuvnf; ray;bJaeonf/
xdktcsdef usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf a&T*Gef;txufausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufum
a&TrsufESmawmfudk zl;jrifNyD; nwGif;csif; ½kyfyGm;tjzpf xkvkyfaponf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmfEiS t fh wl vdu
k yf gvmMuaom tif*sife, D m OD;udBk uD;? bm;tHNh rdKU w½kyt
f rsdK;om;
OD;tefqikd (f ZGu
J yif qHawmfapwD a*gyutzGUJ Ouú|) bm;tH OD;atmifp;kd Zkwo f w k &f mG
Zmwdom; yef;&Hq&m OD;aomif;azwdkYyg&Sd&m nwGif;csif;yHkawmfudkxkvkyfMu&onf/
a&TrsufEmS awmfrmS ydomcsdef (30) qef&pS jf ynftxd qHo h nf/ þbk&m; a&TrsufEmS awmf
rjyKjyifbJ cE¨mudk,fwpfjcm; rsufESmwpfjcm;xm;aomaMumifh a&T*Gef;NrdKU rD;½dIUcHaeonf/
½kyxf tk Ny;D owfrS rD;ab;uif;a0;cJ&h onf/ rSww f rf;ü 1348-ckESpf [k azmfjyxm;onfukd
awGU&onf/
qEéftdkifom xD;apwD
bm;tHhNrdKU? ZGJuyifawmifESifh qufpyfaeaom awmifpG,fwef;rsm;pGmwGif wpfck
tygt0if qEé*f Bl uD;&Sad eonf/ *lt0if0wGif obm0ausmuf*Bl uD;rSm &efuek Nf rKd U? urÇmat;
apwDteD; r[mygomPvdP k *f Bl uD;tvm; jrif&onf/ twGi;f ydik ;f *lavQmufvrf;rSm
(3)zmvHck efY &Snv
f sm;onf/ qEéq f ifrif;ESifh aomEkwKåd &frq
k ;kd Zmwfvrf;twdik ;f jrm§ ;ypfayguf
tlacG qifrif;tdy&f m ausmufjcifaxmif tpG,jf zwfNy;D csex f m;cJah om ausmufjzpf½yk <f uif;
vufx;kd vTrsm;udk awGUMu&onf/ *laemufbuf txGuaf ygufa&mufvek ;D wGif tvif;a&mif
273
KTS 15-11-14-1
&&SNd yD; *layguf0rS vSr;f arQmfBunhv

f Qif aus;iSuo f o
H m a&Munfomtdik yf rm qEét f ikd o
f m
udk awGUjrifEikd o
f nf/ xdak e&mü ,cifu ausmufw;kH wpfv;kH om &Scd NhJ y;D ,aeY xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
apwDwpfqlwnf&ef q&mawmfrS ñTefMum;cJhonf/ urarmif;NrdKUESifh a&T*Gef;NrdKU rD;½dIUcH&
aMumif; Mum;vQiyf if usa&mufrnht f EÅ&m,frsm; BudKwifumuG,&f rnf trde&Yf NdS y;D q'é*f l
teD; arG;zGm;aom OD;pEdr´ m? OD;okE&´ ? usKd ufx;D aqmif;&aohBuD; OD;pd;k 0if;? bm;tHOh ;D atmifp;kd
OD;aqmifí bk&m;wnfMu&onf/ eHeufrdk;vif; xD;wifí trQtwef;ay;a0apum
*E¨m&Dc&D;pwifxGufaponf/
xdtk csed u
f tpd;k &rS jzwfav;jzwfpepf usio fh ;kH tkycf sKyfaecsed jf zpf&m ae&mwumrSm
rdik ;f axmifxm;onf/ wpf&mG ESiw fh pf&mG tul;toef;rjyK&? pm;eyf&u d m© o,f,cl iG rfh jyK&?
um;&xm;,mOfrsm; oGm;vmcGirhf jyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;cJo h nf/ xm;&mae ap&moGm; auR;wm
pm; cdkif;wmvkyf *E¨m&Dpnf;twdkif; OD;pEd´rm OD;okE´&wdkY OD;aqmifaom (7)a,muftzGJU
toGm;tjyef (7)&uf (7)n owfrSwf&mXmeta&mufoGm;NyD; usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY
c&D;&yfem;&ef trdecYf srSwaf y;cJoh nf/ qEé*f wl pfntdyaf &T*eG cf &D;qufcNhJ yD; 0Jjyef*n l tdyçf
aeY c&D;quf rD;qdik ;f awmif qHawmfapwDukd wpfntdyMf u&onf/ AH;k aoewf rdik ;f awG
tMum; aMumufpdwfrxm;? jzwfoef;vm&m rD;qdkif;awmifay:0,f at;at;aq;aq;
tem;,l&efjzpfaomfvnf; ,refaeYu trsdK;orD;wpfO;D BudK;qGcJ suG,v f eG í
f pdwrf od;k
roefY jzpfMu&onf/
uGi;f ox&GmrS bke;f awmfBuD;onf oufowfvw G tf m[m&bkO;f ay;vsuf ur®|mef;
tvkyjf zifah exdik u f m usdKufx;D aqmif;tvmudk (ur®|mef;tvkyf tjriftMum;jzif)h apmifh
qdkif;aecJhonf/ a&mufvQif pcef;udk tyfESHpm;zG,f aomufzG,f rIdyifrsm;ESihf qefqDqm;
rsm;udk vSL'gef;onf/ usdKufx;D aqmifq&mawmftwGuf a'gif;wHqyd f aq;ayghvyd w f pf
xkyu f kd vufaqmifay;tyfNyD; awmifatmufoYkd jyefqif;oGm;avonf/ ntcsdef tvkyf
vkyMf uNy;D rd;k vif;vQif NrKd ifBuD;ilü wpfntdyt
f vkyv
f yk Mf uonf/ OD;okZeESifh OD;&aohwt Ykd m;
awGUqHkcJhMuonf/ urarmif;udk r0ifbJ 0dkufcJh&rnfqdkí ywfNyD;0Jjyef*lrSm wpfntdyf
tvkyv f yk Mf u&onf/ eHeufr;kd vif;vQif bD;vif;usdKufwb J &k m;ç usdKufa';,sHKwGif tvkyf
vkyfNyD; jyefqif;um usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY n (11)em&D "r®yv’ifta&mufvmcJhMu&m
q&mawmfw&m;yGt J rD jyefa&mufMu&onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;pOfwpfcjk zpfonf/ rSww f rf;ü 1349-
ck E S p f [k azmfjyxm;onf/
274
KTS 15-11-14-1
jrpdrf;awmiftp
jrpdr;f awmifum; usdKufxNkd rdKUe,f usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwDrS taemufajrmuf
t&yfoYkd arQmMf unhaf om &aohawmifç jrpdr;f awmifwu Ykd kd twdik ;f om;jrifEikd o
f nf/ ,cifu
oGm;vm&efcufcJaomfvnf; ,cktcg &aohawmif*dwfrS um;jzihf oGm;a&mufEdkifaom
um;c&D; rdepf (20)rQom&Sdonf/ usdKufxD;½dk;&ifjyifrS vSrf;arQmfMunhfvQif jrifhrm;aom
wm0gwdik u f akd wGU&onf/ atmufajc0,f a&Ta&mif0if;0g cHn h m;xnf0gaom wdu k rf sm;udk
awGU&onf/ jrpdrf;awmif jrpdrf;apwDudk tvG,fyif½IjrifEdkifonf/ aumZmESpf 1340-
ckESpfrwdkifrDuyif jrpdrf;awmifü &aohOD;wifxGef;pcef;csaexdkifcJhonf/ pcef;twGif;&Sd
apwDiw k w f u kd jkd yKjyif&efBudK;pm;cJah omfvnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&Sjd zpfaecsdef tdrrf ufjzifh ykw;D
pdwfcsdef tm½HkedrdwfwGif usdKufxD;aqmif;ta&mufoGm;yg[k ñTefMum;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
usKd ufx;D aqmif;trnfukd rMum;bl;aomaMumifh trSww f rJyh ifaevmcJo h nf/ bk&m;ikww f kd
rSm jyKjyif&efpw d u f ;l NyD; aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f pkaqmif;vQif rd;k BudK;ypfcsavh&o dS nf/ apwD
jyKjyif&ef vufavsmhxm;&onf/
1339-ckEpS u f jzpfonf/ OD;wifxeG ;f onf jrpdr;f awmifrS usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS o f Ykd
bk&m;0wfjyKt"d|mefyw k ;D pdwaf vh&o dS nf/ bk&m;zl;rsm;udk oBuFe&f uftNyD; c&D;pOfyw d af vh
&S&d m bk&m;zl; toGm;tvmuscJ sed jf zpfí orm"dvyk cf iG afh umif;aeonf/ xdpk Of toHwpforH mS
xl;jcm;pGm yDyDooMum;ae&onf/ &aohOD;wifxGef;pdwf0ifpm;vGef;í orm"dtvkyfudk
tNyD;owfum xdktoH&Sifudk reD;ra0;rS apmihfMunfhaecJhonf/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;tpDtpOfç
y&dwfawmftrsdK;rsdK; qkyw¬emjyKyHk xl;jcm;trQa0yHkrSm jynhfpHkNyD; tcsdef(2)em&DcefYMumrS
toHww d o f mG ;onf/ toH&iS rf mS &[ef;wpfyg;jzpfí oufawmf 40-cef[ Y k rSe;f qrdonf/
OD;wifxeG ;f onf &[ef;awmftm; ½dak opGmOD;csNyD; odvakd om taMumif;t&mrsm; ar;jref;
avonf/ bD;vif; NrdKUe,f awmifbuf Zkwo f wk &f mG usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDrS
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ wynhw f pfyg;jzpfaMumif;od&vQif rdrt d m; qdik &f mwdu Yk
awGU&ef ñTeMf um;xm;aom q&mawmf[k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfrad vonf/ Muufo;D arT;n§i;f
xum cE¨mud, k Bf uD; ajrmufomG ;ovm;xifrw S &f onf/ arT;n§i;f rsm; wjzef;jzef;xaeNyD;
bmajym&rSe;f rSio f ufro d vdjk zpfomG ;&onf/ rarQmv f ifb h J rdrad wGU&rnhf q&mawmfae&mudk
twdtusodciG &fh vdu k v f Qif vm&rnfch &D;pOfukd aocsmpGmar;jref;NyD; wynhaf wmf rMumrD
usdKufxD;aqmif;vmcJhygrnf[k 0efcHpum;avQmufxm;cJhavonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrSm
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ axBuD;0gBuD; 'kwd,wynhfBuD;jzpfí ydkí tm;wufcJh
avonf/
275
KTS 15-11-14-1
&aoh OD;wifxeG ;f onf usdKufx;D ½d;k rS &aohawmifoYkd a&S;acwfawmvrf;twdik ;f

qif;cJo h nf/ jrpdr;f awmifta&muf 4-rdik cf efcY &D;jzpfonf/ xdpk Ofu &aohawmifukd yifyif
yef;yef;wuf&onf/ &aohawmifa&mufvQif vky½f ;kd vkypf Of ykw;D pdwf qkyw¬emjyK trQa0
OD;cEÅDatmifajrukef;awmfrS qHawmf&SifusdKufxD;½dk;udk tm½HkjyKvsuf rdrdusdKufxD;aqmif;
oGm;vQif tppt&m&m vG,fulacsmarGUapa&; qkawmif;cJhonf/ bdk;awmfodMum;rif;ç
0dZmÆ OaoQmif tbbd;k rif;acgifç em*0dZmÆ ç r[myxrHtbbd;k bd;k atmifwu Ykd kd t½dt
k ao
jyKNyD; jrpdr;f awmifomG ;vrf;cGt
J eD;&Sd a&uef0,f ud, k v
f ufoef&Y iS ;f atmif a&csdK;NyD; jrpdr;f
awmifocYkd &D;ESicf o
hJ nf/ ajrom;vrf; ajyajytwdik ;f c&D;quf&m bmbmBuD;tdraf qmufç
uGeu f &pfapwDi,fç £pämo,qkawmif;jynhf ½kyyf mG ;awmfç ywåjrm;rsu&f iS af pwDç omoem
a&mifjcnfatmifapwDç oD&&d wematmifapwDç a0ykv*’ l xdpk Ofu tNyD;rowfao;aom
tkw*f al pwD (3)qlrw S ufvQif tjyifjrpdr;f apwDoYkd a&mufcohJ nf/ uke;f qif;twdik ;f awm
vrf;jzifh (10)rdepfcefY ajcvsifavQmufcJh&m twGif;jrpdrf;awmifodkY a&mufvmcJhonf/
&aohOD;wifxGef;onf jrpdrf;awmifü apwDikwfwdkudk jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef BudK;pm;
cJhonfrSm MumNyDjzpfaomfvnf; tvkyfrjzpfbJ&Sdaeonf/ ae0ifvQif jrpdrf;pcef;wpf0dkuf
awm0ufrsm; tkyv f u kd u
f sufpm;Muovdk usm;udjk rif& [de;f oHMum;ae&onf/ rd;k tcg
ajrjrifrS arQmh uRwrf sm; ajc&mrvyf&o dS vdk opfyifay:rSaeí vlay:odcYk ek cf sNy;D vltaoG;udk
pkwfwwfMuonf/ narSmifarSmif oGm;vm&efrvG,f? a>rrsm; tjcm;&efrlaom wd&pämef
rsm;ESifh &ifqikd &f avh&o dS nf/ vlot l a&mufaygufenf;í 'g,umay:&efrvG,/f *E¨m&Dc&D;
xGuv f molwYkd a&mufvmaomfvnf; ud, k u
f om Munh½f aI pmifrcJ&h onf/ oBuFe&f uf
twGi;f tkypf v k u kd f Oyko0f ifow l v Ykd mvQif obm0rwlojl zpfí t&m&mrqifrajycJah y/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;oGm;&ef uwday;cJah omfvnf; vkyaf qmifz, G &f mudprö sm;ay:vmí csucf si;f
roGm;jzpfb&J odS nf/ wpfntdrrf ufjrifrufonfrmS acgif;ESpv f ;kH &Sad oma>ru &aohO;D wifxeG ;f
ajczrdk;udkufcH&onf/ xdka>rupum;ajymyHkrSm usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m;udk oGm;jzpfatmif
oGm;yg? vefEY ;kd vQif ajczrd;k rSemaeonf/ aocsmMunhv f Qif tpG,&f m 2-aygufawGU&onf/
roGm;vQifrjzpf[k owd&um rdk;vif;vQifvif;jcif; jrpdrf;rSxGufvmcJhonf/
&aohOD;wifxGef;onf jrpdrf;awmifrSxGufcJhNyD; &aohawmifü acwåtvkyfvkyf
usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmfudk OD;wdkuf*kPfawmftm½HkjyK ykwD;pdwfqkyw¬emjyK trQa0um jrpdrf;
awmifoYkd arQmfMunfu
h m qdik &f mwdt
Yk m; wdik w
f nfwrf;í vlvrf;twdik ;f (xdpk Ofum;vrf;
razmuf&ao;) qif;cJ&h m uif;rGe;f pcef;odaYk &mufonf/ rdrEd iS q
fh ufo,
G rf &I adS om qdik w
f iG f
276
KTS 15-11-14-1
0ifí usdKufx;D aqmif;c&D;oGm;NyD; t"d|mef0if&efomG ;aMumif; rSmMum;um BuHK&mum;jzifh

usKd ufxb kd w
l mrS rD;&xm;pD;um awmifpeG ;f odaYk &mufvmonf/ awmifpeG ;f &Sd usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf\ wynhrf sm;xH acwå0ifvsuf c&D;pOfar;jref;&m jrif;vSn;f jzifh usKd ufx;D aqmif;
ta&muf ydv Yk u
kd Mf uonf/ rdrt
d m;ud;k &rnfh OD;okE´&xH oGm;a&mufawGUqH&k m q&mawmf
ESifh awGUcGi&hf avonf/ q&mawmfu n"r®yv’it f wGi;f awGUqH&k mG 0,f oifavsmfaom
w&m;udk a[mMum;NyD;aemuf aw0dZÆmacwf oHk;axmifESpfwGif &Sifcspfbk&m; a[mMum;
Asm'dwf ,if;twdwfjzifh rzdwfrapmifh usifhaumif;0dZÆm jrwfq&mwdkY-- tpcsD {uykd'f
vuFmudk toHaetoHxm;jzifh &Gwq f v kd suf wpfy'kd pf &D iS ;f vif;a[mMum;onf/ vuFmudk
&Gwq f akd om q&mawmftm; pl;pl;pdu k Mf unf&h m rlve*d&k yf u kH kd (vuFmygtwdik ;f ) txifom;
jrifae&onf/ q&mawmfukd tav;teufMunfñakd v;pm;pdwjf zpfay:vmNy;D jrpdr;f awmifukd
vufcHomoemjyK&ef tyfESHavonf/ &aoh OD;wifxGef;tm; 9-&uf t"d|mefaecGihfjyKcJh
avonf/
&aohOD;wifxGef;onf jrpdrf;awmif jrpdrf;apwDtaMumif;udk usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmfESihf zl;awGU&rS ordkif;aMumif; jrifhrm;aeonfudk odcGihf&cJhonf/
(u) ÓmPfawmfi,fi,f owå0gawG u,fr,hb f &k m;/
(c) a&TapwDt"du&rSm 0dZÆmawGcanmif;vdkY tpOf0yfwGm;/
(*) twdwfaqmifum atmife0if; 0dZÆmawGatmifajreif;/
(C) 0dZÆmr[muefawmfx;l rSm MumjzLMumeDukd uHx;l olwYkd jrifMu&onf/
(i) a&TavSESihfa&Tavmif;? aiGavSESihfaiGavmif;? aiGudkvdk avSavmif;eJYBudK?
a&Tudkvdkavmif;avSeJYBudK? pnfawmfoHwpfcsufydwf? rif;acgif0ifrJhqdyf/
0dZÆmppfonfwHwm;cif;? rif;acgifatmifajreif;/
(p) jrefrmwdYk aemiftpOf? atmifyifv,frmS a&udak ESmufc?hJ a&pD;wpfcg a&pkef
wpfvn S ?fh yg&rD&iS w
f t
Ykd m;ravsmah veJt
Y wnf? ude;f &,f cef;&,f tifrwef
qef;Mu,fygvdrrhf nf/ odu k w
f abmifpmqdjk yefonf/ (pMuwabmifpmqdk
jyefonf) tif;udk[oFmqif;rnf? r@uvmyf jrpufysHrSm? a&ckepfvTm
MunfO;D rnfw-hJ -av;/ npOf"r®yv’iw f iG f w&m;vnf;em ordik ;f udyk g
odcGifh&cJhavonf/
&aohO;D wifxeG ;f t"d|mef&ufjynhí
f q&mawmfausmif;0ifNy;D zl;ajrmfuefawmhonf/
usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmfESihf teD;uyfawmifjzpfí omoemawmft"GefY&Snfa&; tusdK;&Sdr&Sd
277
KTS 15-11-14-1
apmihMf unfrh nf/ OD;&aohEiS t

fh wl &aohatmifausmu f kd jrpdr;f ac:oGm;yg[k cGijfh yKvdu
k o
f nf/
txl ; rS m Mum; aom Mo0g'um; ]]&aoh &aoh e J Y w l a tmif a eyg? avmurqef Y e J Y /
udk,fhtwGif;a&; olrsm; todray;eJY? touf&Snf&Snfaevdk&if pum;em;axmif}}
jrpdrf;awmifum; 1340-jynhfESpf? uqkefvqef; 4-&uf (10-5-1978) Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif
&aohESihfolawmf 2-OD;jzifh pwif zGihfvSpfcJhonf/
"r®yv’iw f iG f q&mawmf jyefvnfred MYf um;aom jrpdr;f awmifpcef;ordik ;f rSm þodYk
jzpfonf/ uqkev f qef; 4-&ufaeYwiG f apwDae&mudk awmcsKH &Si;f ajroefrY *Fvm jyKvkyNf y;D
aemuf yEéuaf wmfwifMuonf/ apwDawmfrS 15-awmifrQomjrifí h vltm;vkyt f m;
vHak vmufaomaMumifh 9-&ufEiS fh NyD;pD;onf/ apwDbUJG awmfrmS ]]xD;'DyrH @uvmyf
jrpufysH jrpdrf;a&mifapwDawmf}} apwDawmfrlvyHkrSm tkwfcHrQom&Sdí rMumcP rdk;BudK;
ypfc&H onf/ apwDawmfNyD;pD;NyDjzpfí xD;awmfwifvLS &efomvdak wmhonf/ rd;k OD;usptcsdef
jzpfí qdkifrsm; zGihfvSpfjcif;r&Sd? aea&; pm;a&; tcuftcJ&Sdonf/ a&onf teD;0,fr&Sd?
acsmufMum;qif;í 0g;ydk;0g;qpfydkif; aomufa&cwfMu&onf/ vlpnfum;csdefudka&SmifNyD;
xD;awmfwifyjJG yKvky&f ef wdik yf ifMu&m 1340-jynfEh pS f uqkev f jynhaf usmf 9-&uf (30-
5-1978) t*FgaeY eHeuf 9-em&Dtcsdefjzpfonf/ wynhft&if;tcsm (15)a,mufom
vdkuf&rnf/ nOD;ydkif; um;jzihfxGufrnf/ owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; vl(20)cefYjzifh
c&D;xGufcJh&m uifrGef;pcef;rS ajcvsifwufMuonf/ xD;awmfudk OD;rSeftm; yifhapí
usefvlrsm; qefqDqm; usefypönf;rsm; o,fMu&efjzpfonf/ xD;awmfyifholrSm a&SUqHk;rS
oGm;&aomaMumifh aemufvlrsm; renf;rDatmifvdkufae&onf/ uRefawmfwdkYudkvnf;
ukov kd ,
f cl iG jfh yKyg[k awmif;yefNy;D xD;yifah qmif&m OD;rSerf mS aemufuse&f pfNy;D apmifah c:Mu
&onf/ OD;rSefem;vnfvmonfrSm igxD;udk acgif;eJY&Gufyifhcdsefu tm;tiftjynhf/
cktm;jyKwufae&w,f/ xD;yif&h ef ighwm0ef igjyef,rl nf[k qH;k jzwfum xD;udk ud, k w f ikd f
acgif;ay:wifyihNf yD; c&D;quf&m tvGwv f u
kd v
f mol vlrsm;xufjrefaeonf/
jrpdrf;awmifpcef;rSm &aohawmifESihf 2-rdkifcefYc&D;vSrf;vsuf &Sdonf/ owfrSwf
xm;onfv h l (20)OD;qdak omfvnf; t&eftjzpf vl (50)pm qefqq D m; a&wdik u f D 2-
vH;k ? toD;t&Guf csOzf wf tiefa& BudKwifppD Ofxm;onf/ wpfqifph um; wpfqifMh um;jzifh
[d k r S ' D r S v k d u f v mMuol r sm;jym;aeonf / &aoh a eausmif ; rS m 0g;wd k i f t if z uf r d k ;
x&HumtaqmuftODusOf;vSonf/ ae&mxdik cf if;ay;Edik jf cif;r&S?d opfyifatmuf csHKEG,f
twGi;f &Si;f vif;ae&m,l&ef a&tcuftcJaMumifh xrif;csuv f Qif qefraq;&? jynf0ift;kd
278
KTS 15-11-14-1
usuv f Qif awmif;twGi;f cl;xnfh jyefcsu?f yvkyuf si;f ½Hrk Qom rsuEf mS ropf&? vufraq;&?
yk*HcGufa,muftcuftcJaMumifh vifAef;twGif; ywåydkife,f ZGef;wpfacsmif;xm;
wpfa,muf 5-ZGe;f pD tvSnu fh spm;? usevf Qif tvSnu fh sa0yHu
k spm;? twdt
Yk jrK§ yf tiefa&
xrif;pm;NrdefMuonf[kqdkonf/
jroydwftp r@uvmyf wnf&Sd&m jrpdrf;awmifu}}[k a&S;tqdpk um;t&
]]jroyd
uqkev f jynhaf usmf (9)&ufaeY eHeufwiG f xD;awmf iSujf rwfem;awmf pdezf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd
Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf J wifvLS cJMh uonf/ jroydwaf wmifapwD jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f cGi&fh &Sad &;rSm jrpdr;f awmif&dS
r@uvmyfyifjzpfonf/ oydwaf wmf Mum&Snw f nfEikd af tmif oydwaf jc (jruvmyf)onf
tajccHusaMumif; 0dZmÆ ÓmPf&o dS wl Ykd odxm;Ny;D jzpf&m/ ,ck jrpdr;f awmif xD;'DyH r@uvmyf
jrpufysH jrpdr;f awmifapwDukd atmifjrifpmG xD;wifvLS cJMh uí 0rf;omtm;&jzpfcMhJ uonf/
aemufaeY uqkev f jynhaf usmf (10)&uf tm½Hw k ufcsd ef taeuZmwifrnfjzpfí wpfnwm
&yfem;Murnfjzpf&m usOf;ajrmif;vSaom apwD&ifjyif av;bufav;wefü ykwD;pdwf
w&m;xdkifrnfholrsm; tvkt,ufae&m,lMuonf/ rdk;vHkavvHk taqmuftODr&Sdí
&ifjyifay:rSmyifxikd v f suf tcsed u f ek Mf u&m nOfeh ufyikd ;f a&mufvQif ta&SUav tqufrjywf
wdu k cf wf jrLESi;f rsm;u xyfvmí cdu k cf u
kd w
f ek af eMuonf/ 10-&ufaeY tm½Hrk wufrD
vlrsm; idu k jf rnf;rIjyKvmcsed f pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mjrifuiG ;f udsKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwD aemufcH
aumif;uif,Ht&yfü jrifawGUMu&onf/ 9-&ufaeYn vrif;xGufjyLvmonfudk
Munhf½IvQif y tu©&myHk jrif&onf/ vrif;\ reD;ra0; 0ef;usif0,f wdrfyef;csDrSm
yef;½Hkyef;cuf,Sufoef;vsuf vrif;um; ykcufyrm trsdK;orD;i,fwpfOD; ajcpHkcsvsuf
'ef;ykcufpD;aeonfhtvm; yDyDjyifjyif awGUMu&onf/ jrpdrf;awmif&Sdvltm;vHk; pk½Hk;um
jrif u G i f ; ud k Munh f a ecJ h M uonf / y&d o wf t eD ; q&mawmf a &muf v mNyD ; ]]'d 'd k Y & J U
usdKufxD;aqm aqmif if; qHawmf omoem rMumrDtcsdefrSm yGifhvif;vmrnfh twdwfxl;
edrdwfxl;ayyJ? bkr®&mZm a'0g? bkrd®a'0DwdkY 0rf;omtm;&&SdaeaMumif; wHkYjyefwJhtae
r@uvmyf jrpufysH jrpdrf; a&mifapwD ajcawmf&if; 9-*kPfcwJh 9-oxHk
trsdK;awG jyefvnfqHkMuwJhtae *kPfawmf udk ,ckvdk tm½HkjyK ykwD;pdwfMu u}}[k
q&mawmf Mo0g'pum; rdeMYf um;awmfro l nf/ tdyif u kd o f rl sm; ud,
k pf w
d v
f ef;qef;Muum
*kPaf wmfukd rd;kd vif;csdet f xd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf cJMh uonf/
eHeuftm½Hw k ufcsdef qGr;f yef; a&csrf; opfo;D pHu k yfvLS í Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZm
wifyJG jyKvkyMf uNyD;aemuf jrpdr;f awmif omoemtkwjf rpfcscJMh uonf/ jrpdr;f awmif a&ajr
279
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf omrefvw l rYkd ae0H?h xl;jcm;vsuf&o

dS nf? um;vrf;raygufí toGm;tvmcuf?
awmcsKH zH;k vsuf a>rrsm; awm0ufrsm; tkyzf UJG oGm;vmaeMuonf/ usm;udyk if awGUMu&onf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihfusm;
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jrpdr;f awmifpcef;vufccH sed üf &aohawmif jrpdr;f awmif
tMum; tqdyf&Sdaom owå0g? usm;? usm;opf? awm0uftkyf? a>rtBuD;tao;? arsmh
uRwf owå0gwdYk aygaecsed jf zpfonf/ opfyif csKH ay:rS uRwrf sm; vloMH um;vQif ckecf sonf/
q&mawmf &aohb0jzifh *E¨m&Dc&D;usifhpOf udk,fawGUtjzpftysuf rdefYMum;cJhonfrSm
jrpdr;f awmif toGm; vrf;aMumif;ay:&Sd oHxnfoyG rf ;kd oHwikd u f m taqmuftOD;twGi;f
ntcsdef t"d|mefur®|mef; tm;xkwfaecsdefrSm oHwdkifMum;rSaeí usm;u ESmrIwfjcif;
vufjzifhvSrf;wdkYjcif; cHcJh&zl;onf[k trdefY&Sdonf/ ,if;taqmuftODrSm ajrjyif0,f
(10)ayywfvnf oHwikd u f m oHabmif? oHacsmif;um oGyrf ;kd taqmuftODtwGi;f
wifyv’ifacG £pämo,qkawmif;jynhf ½kyfyGm;awmf&Sdonf/ &efukefNrdKU bkef;BuD;vrf;
OD;vHk a':cspfpk om; pDaumif;vifEiS hf rdom;pkaumif;rIjzpfí 1293-ckEpS ?f waygif;vjynhf
1932-ckEpS f rwfv (21)&ufaeYu aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJah om taqmuftOD;jzpfonf/
1341-ckESpf? wefcl;vjynhfausmf (10)&uf 21-4-1979 paeaeY eHeuf (7)em&D
tcsdef usdKufx;D ½d;k ewfawmifxyd f atmifo'd w ¨d cH eG w
f ikd f xD; 9-em&Dtcsde?f &aohawmif
wHceG w f ikd x
f ;D 10-em&D 30-rdepftcsed ?f jrpdr;f awmifapwDteD; wHceG w f ikd x f ;D wdu
Yk kd qufwukd f
wifvLS cJ&h m usdKufx;D ½d;k rS jrpdr;f txd tcsdet f m;jzifh 3-em&D 30-rdepftwGi;f wHceG w f ikd f
oH;k ckukd xD;wifvLS cJMh uonf/ um;r&Sd ajcvsijf yKvkycf MhJ ujcif;jzpf&m vHv Yk 0D&, d udk ay:vGif
apcJhonf/ jrpdrf;awmifü &aoh udkausmfatmif OD;olawmf udkwifxGef;wdkY 2-OD;tm;
aexdkifapcJhonf/ 1342-ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhfausmf (12)&uf (3-1-1981)ckESpfwGif
ausmif;a[mif;udk &aohoal wmf a,m*Dç &[ef;omraPrsm; 0dik ;f 0ef;jyKjyifcMhJ uNy;D 1343-
ckEpS f uqkev f qef; 4-&uf (7-5-1981)aeYwiG f oGyrf ;kd ysOu f m bk&m;aqmifuykd g oyf&yfpmG
aqmufvkyfMuonf/
rSefulnDaemifrS Am;rJhykxdk;apwD
aygifNrKd Ue,f? uwGe&f mG teD;awmifuek ;f ay:wGif OD;aomif;az? OD;aomif;a&T? OD;armif
oef;wdYk rdzbd;k bGm; tarGajrESifh bk&m;ikww f akd usmif;tdwk &Ykd adS eonf/ ausmif;ESifh qufpyf
vsuf taemufbufwGif okomefteD; ausmif;vdkvdk okomefZ&yfvdkvdk cGJr&aom
280
KTS 15-11-14-1
taqmuftOD;onf/ okomefrS ysOfcsyfrsm;ud, k í l tcif;jyKvkyx f m;onf/ atmifod'd¨

ukef; atmifod'däpwD [lí ac:qdak omfvnf; okomefZ7yftjzpfom rSwx f ifaeMu
onf/
ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f BuD; Mum&Sno f w D if;oH;k jcif;r&S?d tajymif;tvGrJ sm;cJo h nf/ apwD
a[mif;udk jyKjyifMu&m OD;qmrdEiS fh OD;rlw;l wdYk olt Y rnfu t&if ightrnfut&if xm;&rnf
[k tjiif;yGm; nd§EIdif;r& wpfydkif;wpfpjzifh vspfvSL½IoGm;Mu&ef apwDikwfwdktjzpf &Sdae
onf/ xdak pwDiw k wf rkd S rMumcP rD;yef;rsm; xGuaf vh&o dS nf[k a'ocHwYkd ajymqdMk u
onf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf ok0P Öblrd qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm; wpfausmjh yef
omoem 2500 tcsdefwGif jyefvnfyGifhvif;vdrfhrnf[laom bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwfawmfESifh
tnD jzpfvmap&ef qE´jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/ t"duae&mjzpfaom Zif;usdKufapwDudk
jyKjyif&ef jyifqifavonf/ aumZmouú&mZf 1341-ckESpfwGif q&mawmfrS &if;ESD;aom
wynhw f t bdvyfajr ESpftdwf oHk;tdwf &aeNyD? Zif;usdKufawmifudk omoemjyK
Ykd m; ]]bd
Mupd k Y}}[k rdeMYf um;onf/ *kP d ;f aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;BuD; ay:aygufvmcsdejf zpf&m
q&mawmfpum;twdik ;f tvG,w f ul aqmif&u G Ef ikd zf ,
G f r&S[
d k xifjrifMuonf/
y|mef;quf&SdvQif c&D;rnfrQa0;aeapumrl teD;uav;yif[k rdefYMum;cJhonf/
1341-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vjynhaf usmf 1-&uf (4-11-79)&uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f OD;rSwEf iS fh
OD;umpDwdkY q&mawmfxH atmifod'd̈ausmif;tyfESHvdkaMumif; avQmufxm;Mu&m pOf;pm;
Muwmaygh[k jyefMum;cJo h nf/ vqkwf 13-&uf (16-11-79)&uf aomMumaeYwiG f
OD;rSwof nf 'kw,d tBudrf avQmufxm;jyef&m ajrydik &f iS w f uYkd , kd w
f ikd f oabmwlvQif
tvSLcHrnf[k rdefYMum;vdkufaomaMumifh waygif;vqef; 7-&uf (21-2-80)7uf
Mumoyaw;aeYwGif OD;aomif;a&T? OD;aomif;azwdkY tygt0if ausmif;'umrsm; auseyf
aMumif; avQmufxm;MuNyD; ajrESiw hf uG ausmif;? bk&m; omoedutaqmufttHrk sm;udk
vSL'gef;Muonf/ atmifo'd u ¨d ek ;f trnfrS ]]rSrSefulukef;jrihfomm}}trnfoYkd ajymif;vTaJ c:a0:
cJMh uonf/ ,cktcg rSeu f n l aD emifpcef;[k trnfwiG v f suf&o dS nf/
rSeu
f n
l aD emifpcef;onf Zif;usdKufomoemjyK&eftwGuf atmifajrtjzpf wnf&dS
onf/ Aswf0d AswånDaemifESpfOD;wdkYonf Am;rJhq&mawmf\ tpDtrHjzifh od'd̈0ifaq;udk
BudKcsuf&mae&mjzpfonf/ Am;rJq h &mawmfwnfxm;aom Am;rJyh x k ;kd ac: a&S;a[mif;apwD
&So
d nfth jyif Zif;usdKufqaH wmf&iS af pwDukd yDyjD yifjyif zl;ajr§mEf ikd af omae&mjzpfonf/ tpOf
281
KTS 15-11-14-1
tvmt& ae&mxl; ae&mrSef[kqdkoifhonf/ þrSefulpcef;udk tajccHxm;í Am;rJh

atmifajrü&Sad om Asw0f d Aswb
å &k m;ac: 0dZmÆ nDaemifapwDukd jyefvnfjyKjyif&rnf/ xdrk pS í
txufawmifxyd w f iG w
f nfxm;aom a&TZif;udsKufqaH wmf&iS af pwDukd jyKjyif&ef jzpfonf/
rSefulpcef;ac: atmifod'd̈ukef;ü rSefulyifESpfyifrSm yifpnf tcuf tvuf a0qmpGm
&So
d nf/ y|mef;quf? taMumif;qufreS o f wl Ykd omoemjyK&mü ulnrD nhf ae&mjzpfaMumif;
½ku©|a'0&mZmu
]]½k a'0&mZmu}} jyqkad eayonf/
oxHNk rKd U aps;BuD;taemufbuf qifjzLnDaemifa&Tqikd yf ikd &f iS f OD;vIid jf rif+h a':&ifvrG ;f
(a':&ifvef;)usdKufaumfrS OD;atmifrif;wdo Yk nf q&mawmf omoemjyK&eftwGuf ypön;f
av;yg; vSL'gef;vsuf&MdS uonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg q&mawmfonf OD;vIid jf rift h m; ac:NyD;
rSefulpcef;ü wpfnwmt"d|mefjzifhae&ef rdefYrSmcJhonf/ Zif;usdKufapwDrSm awmifcdk;
awmifaiGU jrLESif; jrLwdrfrsm; zHk;vTrf;avh&Sd&m y|mef;qufyg&rDquf&SdolrSefvQif apwD
awmftm; jrLrIefuif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; xifvif;pGm zl;&ygvdk\ qkyw¬emjyK&ef e0*FoDvjzifh
aexdkif&ef rSmMum;onfhtwdkif; aecJh&onf/ aMumufpdwfjzifh ntdyfr&? bk&m;ikwfwdkrS
rD;yef;xGufovdk a&mifjcnfawmfrsm; jzmxGufonfudk zl;awGU&onf/
0dZÆmnDaemifapwDESpfqludk apwem&Sifrsm;u xD;wifvSLvdkMuí q&mawmfxH
avQmufcJhMuonf/ bdk;awmf trnfcHvdkolwdkYu OD;aqmifwifvSLay;Mu&m rdk;OD;uscsdef
a&mufvQif xD;awmfrsm; rd;k BudK;cNyD; ysufp;D oGm;avh&o dS nf/ rd;k BudK; tBudrBf udryf pfcsjcif;
aMumifh apwDukd jyKjyifvo kd l xD;wifvLS olwYkd aMumuf&UHG oGm;um ikww f t kd jzpfa&mufchJ
&onf/ 1342-ckEpS ?f wydw Yk v
JG qkwf (11)&uf? (2-3-81)wevFmaeYwiG f &aohO;D axG;
rSeuf n l aD emifapwDjyKjyif&ef waygif;vqef; 1-&uf OD;vGe;f armifEiS t fh zGUJ taqmuftOD;
aqmuf&ef xyfraH pvTwo f nf/ waygif;vqkwf 9-&uf (29-3-81) we*FaEGaeY eHeuf
9-em&DtcsdefwGif rSefulnDaemifapwDawmfudk xD;awmfwifvSLí ausmif;a&pufcsyGJ
NcdrNhf cdro
hf J usif;ycJo
h nf/ a'ocH 'g,umwdo Yk nf usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmftm;
omoemjyKpGr;f tm;BuD;oltjzpf ,HMk unfomG ;Muonf/
awmifajcpcef;ü &du©mrsm; pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;rsm;udk
pkaqmif;xm;&So d nf/ awmifay:rS tajctaeudk pHpk rf;&efXmejzpfovdk usdKufx;D aqmif;rS
ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk vufcHay;ydkY&m tajcpdkufpcef;jzpfonf/ rSefulnDaemifrS Zif;usdKuf
qHawmfapwDoYkd tvGr;f ajyzl;ajrm§ &f ef taumif;qH;k ae&mjzpfonf/ acwåem;Ny;D awmifay:odYk
wufa&mufEidk jf cif;aMumifh þpcef;wGif q&mawmfow D if;oH;k &ef pHausmif;i,f aqmufvyk f
282
KTS 15-11-14-1
xm;cJo
h nf/ qHawmfapwDukd zl;ajrm§ v
f Qif yDyjD yifjyif awGUjrifMu&onf/ ,cktcg um;vrf;
azmufvkyfxm;NyD;jzpfí tcsdefra&G; wufa&mufzl;ajr§mfEdkifNyDjzpfonf/
rSeu
f pl cef;0,f tvsm; teH ay (20)ywfvnftjrifh 18-aycef&Y dS Am;rJyh x k ;kd ac:
a&S;a[mif;apwDwpfq&l o dS nf/ &ifjyifatmufajc0,f 0dZmÆ xdik af usmufw;kH rsm;rSm tpDt&D
tndKa&mifjzpfí tyef;ajzem;ae&ef cHo k zG,af jrrSay:vsuf&o dS nf/ reD;ra0;wGif 0do*Hk gr
odru f kd tkwf tmpDueG u f &pfwu kd af qmufvyk xf m;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;oH;k &ef
ausmif;aqmif 2-aqmifuykd g aqmufxm;NyD; toHrpJy|mef;ylaZmfyu JG kd Zif;usdKufqaH wmf
Ak'y¨ Zl ed,yGtJ NyD; wefc;l vqkw(f 1)&ufaeYwiG f usif;yavh&o dS nf/
usdKuf*0Hywd apwDawmf
(Zkuúvdaus;&Gm? jrodef;wefapwD)
&Sif*0Hywdrax&fonf rdcifa[mif;tm; awGUjrifvdkaomaMumifh þa'oodkY
<ua&mufcyhJ ?kH rdcifEiS fh awGUMuyHrk sm;udk "r®yv’iüf a[majymavh&o dS nf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh
a&;om;aom &mZ0ifusrf;? bk&m;ordik ;f usrf;rsm;ü rawGU&aomfvnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m
taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ zk;d jynf[ed ;f 'Dtx¬KyÜwu åd awmh trSejf zpfw,f/ trsm;vufcH
Edik af tmif rSww f rf;wif&ef vdt k yfvrd rhf nf[k rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf/
&Sif*0Hywdtavmif;tvsm EdkYpdkYt&G,fa&mufvQif rdcifuG,fvGefNyD; ok0P Öbrld
oxHkjynf0,f wHig&Gmü vljzpfvmonf/ tzdk;jzpfol a*g0dEólaX;BuD;onf trdrJhjzpfae
aomajr; (7)ESpt
f &G,af &mufvQif jrwfpmG bk&m;xHtyfE&HS m &[ef;jyKcGiafh y;onf/ rMumrD
tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅmjzpfonf/ rdcif\aus;Zl;*kPfudk owd&qifjcifaomtcg
uG,fvGefoGm;aom trdonf ypöEÅ&mZft&yf wHig&GmwGifvljzpfaeonf/ rdz½dk;&m tpOf
tvm wHigtvkyfjzifh toufarG;cJhaomf tyg,fav;yg;odkY usa&mufrnf igoGm;í
w7m;a[mrS tyg,f0#frS vGwEf ikd &f monf[k odjrifawmfro l nf/
bk&m;&SifxHcGifhyefNyD; tbdÓmPfwefcdk;jzifh trdvltjzpf&&Sd&m ok0PÖblrd oxHk
NynfoYkd <uvmonf/ aumif;uifrS <ua&mufvmonft h jyif &[ef;oHCmudk rjrifawGUzl;
MuaomaMumifh 'kw?f 'g; paom vufeufrsm; udik af qmifaom vlrsm; 0ef;&Hxm;Muonf/
t&Sifjrwfonf rdrdvm&jcif;taMumif; &[ef;rsm;\usihf0wfrsm;taMumif; a[majym
&Si;f jyvQif olawmfaumif; olawmfjrwf[k tod0ifum ½dak ojcif;trIukd jyKMuavonf/
283
KTS 15-11-14-1
oxHb k &k ifonf &Si*f 0Hywdtm; tb,ft&yfrS <uvmygoenf;/ avQmufxm;vQif rZdrÑ

a'o rdwv ¬D mjynfrS <uvmygonf[k ajymMum;onf/ tb,foaYkd omudpjö zifh <uvm
ygoenf;[k avQmufaomtcg uREkfyfrdcifpkawNyD; rif;BuD;EdkifiHtwGif; vljzpfaeí trd
udk awGUvdak omaMumifh vmcJyh gonf[k ajymMum;onf/ oxHjk ynfonf us,0f ef;vSonf?
tb,fo&Ykd mS azGygrnfenf;? rif;BuD; aejynfawmfrS ra0;vSaom wHig&Gmü vl0ifpm;jzpf
aeonf/ xdk&Gmü tdrfajc (15)tdrf&Sd&m tv,fwnhfwnhftdrfjzpfonf/ arG;csif; (7)OD;
&Sd&m pwkwåajrmuforD;onf ig\rdcifjzpfayonf[k ajzMum;onf/
oxHkbk&ifonf rif;csif;wdkYtm; apvTwfpHkprf;apaomtcg &Sif*0HywdajymMum;
cJo
h nfth wdik ;f rSeuf efaMumif; bk&ifxaH vQmufwifMuonf/ rdcifjzpfoo l nf (7)ESpt f &G,f
orD;i,fjzpfí ud, k 0f wfrygbJ tazmfrsm;ESifh upm;vsu&f &dS m &Si*f 0HywdEiS fh rif;csi;f wdt Yk m;
jrifvQif tazmfrsm; ta0;odaYk &Smifajy;Muonf/ trsKd ;orD;i,fonf &Si*f 0Hywdukd jrifvQif
b0a[mif;u rdrdom;jzpfcJhol[k pdwfwGifxifvmaomaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl
a&Smifajy;jcif;rjyKbJ ykqpfwyk v f suf &Scd ;dk avonf/ ygvmaomt0wfyikd ;f udak y;&m ud, k w f iG f
0wfqifí [d&Md owåyv Ü akH ponf/ wHig&GmrS vltrsm;wdo Yk nf xdt k &yfopYkd ½k ;kH vmMuNyD;
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[k avQmufxm;Muonf/ xdt k cg *0Hywdrax&frS igonf EdpYk t Ykd &G,v
f rl r,ftjzpf&pdS Of
rdcifu, G vf eG af omaMumifh EdqYk mcJ&h oljzpfonf/ ig\qE´jynh0f apownf;[k opömt"d|mef
jyKonf/ xdo k il ,fr\&ifrS Ed&Yk nfrsm;,dpk ;D vmvQif vltrsm; ,HMk unfvufcMH uavonf/
þtx¬KyÜwdåum; q&mawmfrdefYMum;cJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf
&SifpEú@rax&f a&;om;tyfaom ok"r®0wD&mZ0Houxm (rGef&mZ0ifBuD;) usrf;ESihf
*0rÜwdusrf;wdkYü azmfjyxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
rGefbmomjzifh xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufNrdKU ykncE¨m*g& yHkESdyfwdkufrS ESpf (100)u ½dkufESdyf
cJhaom usrf;jzpf&m vGefpGm&Sm;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/
tqdkyg &mZ0Houxmusrf;wGif rdcifvltjzpf&&Sdaomae7mrSm oxHkNrdKU\
awmifbuf awmNrdKifBuD; uk#yAÁwawmifteD; (wHifaygjy0)
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tcg oxHb k m;&m yxHr[
k &k ifu txdr;f trSwpf nfawmfwpfcx H wk iG af Mumif;? ausmufzsm
udk warmh*0Hywd[ak c:aMumif;? rdcif aomwmyefjzpfaomae&mudk &Si*f 0Hywdu apwD
wpfqwl nfxm;aMumif; azmfjyvsu&f odS nf/ tusO;f csKyfrQom azmfjyEdik of nf/ tus,u f kd
284
KTS 15-11-14-1
tqdyk g&mZ0Houxmusrf;ü zwf½aI vhvm&ef wdu k w

f eG ;f tyfygonf/ apwDtrnfum;
us*0Hywd=usdKuf*0Hywd [k ,aeYwikd af c:a0:MuaMumif; trSmpum;xm;avonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf trde&Yf o
dS nfrmS bDvif;NrdKUawmifbuf 9-rdik cf efcY &D;
&Sd Zkuúvd&Gm jrodef;wefbk&m;jzpfonf/
&Sif*0Hywdrdcif arG;&yf&Gm
t&SiftEk½k'¨gESihf odMum;rif;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\qHawmfudk XmyemjyKapwD
wnfxm;&mwGif ,if;apwDukd 0dik ;f ywfaus;&Gm&Sd apwDjzpfonf/ &Siaf ombdwESifh yZÆKEé&mZm
(rdk;ewfrif;)wdkY wnfxm;aomapwDonf auvmoawmifxdyf&Sd apwDjzpfonf/
&Siyf 'krwk &å ESifh rPdarcPmewforD;wdYk wnfxm;aomapwDonf ZGu J vm&Gm a&Tbo kH m
apwDjzpfonf/ t'du ¨ em0duapwDukd &Si*f P k om*&ESifh yifv,f&yfjcm;c&D;oGm;ukeof nfrsm;
wnfxm;cJ&h m ,if;apwDum; ,cktcg aumhu'Gwaf us;&Gm awmifuek ;f xdy&f dS a&Tbo kH m
rkedapwDjzpfonf/ &SifÓmPy@dw yifhaqmifcJhí 0½kP em*&mZmwdkY wnfxm;aom
apwDum; awmifpeG ;f NrdKUteD; usdKufa';,sHKawmif qHawmfapwD\ awmifbuf reD;ra0;
ü wnf&adS om ESpx f yfb&k m;&So
d nf/ &Siaf &0w yifah qmifcahJ om qHawmfukd Edik if &H yfjcm;
'rdV (wr,fv)f vlrsdK;wnfxm;aom owåem0duqHawmfapwDtjzpf wnfxm;cJ&h m
Zkuv ú &d mG jrode;f wef[k ac:a0:vsuf&adS omapwD jzpfonf/
"r®yv’iüf q&mawmf rdeMfY um;aom Mo0g'"r®uxmrSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
,aeY eHeufu Zkuúvdjrodef;wefapwDudk zl;ajr§mfa&mufcsdefu apwDawmfajc&if;
&Gmuav;udk &Sif*0Hywdrax&f\ arG;rdcif Zmwd&GmjzpfEdkifonf[k qifjcifÓmPf jzpfrdcJh
ovm;[k rdeMYf um;&m jzpfrcd yhJ gonfb&k m;[k avQmufxm;onf/ q&mawmfu qufvuf
rdefYMum;onfrSm Zkuúvd&GmrSm 'rdVrsdK;EG,f OD;tDyGefESihf OD;[m&Sif (pH&Sif) nDaemif[m
Zkuv ú &d mG rSm ,aeYwikd af exdik v f suf&w
dS ,f/ nDjzpfo[ l m a&vkyif ef;rsm; vky&f r,hf &moD
a&mufwikd ;f emrnfwyfr&wJah &m*g jzpfaeusy/J umvMumwJt h cg acsmif;ajrmif;rSmqif;Ny;D
a&vkyif ef;rvky0f ahH tmifjzpfvmw,f/ tpfujkd zpfov l J tvm;wl cHpm;&w,fvaYkd jymw,f/
'gaMumifh ig;oH;k vDpnf;urf;udk wdwu d sus vdu
k ef maexdik Mf uw,f/ Zkuv ú &d mG om;wdik ;f
txufa& (t&ufudkqdkvdkonf)ESihf atmufa& (yifv,fa&)qufrS touf&Sifoef
aexdik Mf uolawGvYkd tqd&k cdS w hJ ,f/ ig;zrf;rS toufarG;Edik of al wGvYkd qd&k r,f/ wHig&GmrSm
1/ 6-11-2004 &uf paeaeYn "r®yv’if
285
KTS 15-11-14-1
&Sw d hJ 'DqaH wmf&iS af pwDukd 1347-ckEpS f y|mef;yGu J sif;y oufowfvw G q

f rG ;f uyf? vlawG
{nfhcHauR;arG;NyD; xD;awmfwifvSLyGJBuD; jyKvkyf&mrSm wpf&GmvHk;yg0ifvSL'gef;cJhMuw,f/
tvSL&SifawG[m a&vkyfief;udkyif qufvkyfaeMuw,f/ a&ief0ifwJhajrrSm pyg;pwJh
oD;ESaH wGpu kd rf &Muawmh vG,v f , G ef YJ ydu
k x f wk x f rf; avSeaYJ &wGif qif;vdu k ½f ekH YJ ig;awGukd
tvQHy,f&EdkifvdkY 'Da&vkyfief;udkom qufvkyfaeMuw,f/ 'DaeYawmh a&ief0ifjcif;r&Sd
atmif wm½d;k awG ywfvu kd wf ,f/ ajruGuaf wGukd v,fajrtjzpf pepfwusazmfxm;w,f/
vG,v f ,
G ef YJ oD;ESaH wG pdu
k yf sdK;Edik Mf uw,f/ oD;xyf oD;n§yrf sdK;pHk atmifjrifpmG vkyu f ikd v
f m
Edik Mf uw,f/ a&vkyif ef;[m tpGe;f a&mufaewJh tukov dk t f oufarG;rIvyk if ef;uae 'DaeY
'DtcsdefrSm ukokdvfoefYoefY&aewJh v,fajray:rSm oD;yif pm;yifpHk pdkufysdK;EdkifvdkY pD;yGm;
a&; tqifajyNyD; usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf omoemjyKvkyfief;rSm pyg;wif; ig;q,f?
wpf&m vSL'gef;EdkifcJhMuNyD;jzpfw,f/ t&SiftEk½k'¨gtrSL;&Sdaom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkYonf
&Sif*0Hywdrax&f\ r,fawmfarG;7mZmwdjzpfvdkY 'DvdkwHig&Gm (15)tdrf&SdwJh &Gmi,fav;
teD;rSm qHawmfwpfql XmyemjyKapwD wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ taeEHck smayr,fh qHawmf
apwD\ xD;&dyfatmufrSm aeMu&olawG[m bk&m;\ aqGrsdK;t&if;tcsm tedrfhqHk;
tEdÅry&dowfawG jzpfaeMuvdYk tukov kd vf vkd ekd YJ ukov kd tf usdK;cHpm;cGifh &aeMuwm1
jzpfw,f[k &Sif;vif;rdefYMum;NyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ckepf0gajrmufü r,fawmfrdewfudk
EdzYk ;kd aus;Zl;qyfví kd wm0wðom ewfjynfrmS 0gwGi;f oH;k v tbd"r®m w&m;udak [mí
EdkYzdk;qyfjcif;ESihf &Sif*0Hywd[m wHig&Gmi,frSm vljzpfaevdkY tarhEdkYzdk;qyfvdkaomaMumifh
vma&mufNy;D w&m;a[mcJw h ,f/ b,ft&m[m tcuftcJq;kH jzpfr,fxifovJ[k ar;jref;
jyef&m &Si*f 0Hywd&UJ tarhEzYkd ;kd qyfzYkd vma&mufw&m;a[m&wmu ydNk yD; cufygw,fb&k m;
[k avQmufxm;aomaMumifh rSefw,f? ,cktcg usdKufxD;aqmif;rS ig;oHk;vDusihfpOfjzifh
bk&m;&Sif\ <uif;usef&pfaom aqG&if;rsdK;csm tedrfhqHk; (yg&rDatmufwef;usol) tEdÅr
y&dowfwYkd tyg,f0#frS vGwaf jrmuf&ef qH;k ray;jcif;jzifh om;&[ef;wpfyg;taeeJY wm0ef
xrf;aqmifaejcif; jzpfw,f[k rdefYMum;cJhonf/1
jroydwfapwD
jroydwaf wmifonf rGejf ynfe,f? bDvif;NrKd Ue,f? 0if;u&GmteD;wGif wnf&o
dS nf/
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f ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd
omoemjyK<ua&mufcsdefu rif;aejynfawmfjzpfcJhzl;onf/ apwDawmfordkif;tvmrSm
bk&m;&Sif (8)0gajrmuf ok0ÖPblrd <uvmpOf awmifapmifah '0DewforD;onf c&D;OD;BudK
1/ rPdarcvmxly ygVdMunhf
286
KTS 15-11-14-1
jyKí raemr, £pdw ä jroydwf qufuyfc&hJ m bk&m;&Siaf jcawmfcs&m Xmetjzpf rSww f rf;
jyKcJah omae&mjzpfonf/ ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynf0,f (7)7ufwm oDwif;oH;k Ny;D
aemuf rZdÑra'oodkY jyef<uumeD;0,f jroydwfawmftwGif; qHawmfwpfqlxnhfí
awmifapmifeh wforD;tm; ay;oem;cJah omaMumifh apwDwnfxm; ud;k uG,rf jI yK&mawmif
tjzpf xif&mS ;cJo
h nf/ wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;csderf pS í &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdYk omoem
jyK&mXmejzpfaomaMumifh omoemawmfyiG v fh if;pnfum;cJo h nf/ omoemESpf (450)a&muf
vQif aejynfawmfukd yifv,fa7wdu k pf m;cH&í vlaetdraf jc v,f,majrrsm; ysufp;D cJ&h
onf/ aejynfawmfukd ,ck oxHNk rdKUae&m ajymif;a&GUMuaomtcg jroydwaf pwD tyg
t0if apwDyx k ;kd omoedu taqmuftOD;rsm; ndK§ ;EGr;f awmcsHKzH;k vTr;f oGm;cJ&h onf/
omoemawmfEpS f (1601)ck a&mufaomtcg oxHjk ynfrif; rEl[mtm; t&dr'éyl&
bk&if taemf&xmac:aqmifoGm;jyef&m jroydwfapwDrSm rzGihfrvif;jzpfcJh&jyefonf/
aemufyikd ;f wGif jroydwaf pwDukd jyKjyifrrG ;f rHaom rif;trnfrawGU7bJ&o dS nf/ apwDawmf
ordik ;f tarSmifusa&mufomG ;&onf/ ordik ;f wGif yg&So d nfrmS 1280-jynhEf pS w f iG f jroydwf
apwD ÓmPfawmftjrifh (48)awmif? zdeyfawmf *0Htkwf 9-xyfjznfwnf&SdcJhonf/
1281-ckEpS f wefc;l vwGif &efuek Nf rdKU? vrf;(50)aeol OD;bcsdK ZeD; a':aomif;&ifro d m;pk
wdu
Yk xD;awmftopfwifvLS cJMh uonf/ acgif;avmif;awmf ausmif;Z7yfrsm;udk aqmuf
vkyv f LS 'gef;cJMh uonf/ 1292-ck? uqkev f qef; 9-&uf (5-5-1930) &uf wevFmaeY
n(8)em&Dtcsdef ivsifBuD;vIyo f jzifh iSuaf ysmzl;xuf0uf ajrodu Yk scJo
h nf/ rlvtvSL&Sif
wdkYu jyKjyif&ef pDpOfaecdkuf 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfvmaomaMumihf &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh&onf/
apwDawmfukd a'ocH oHCmwdu Yk tkycf sKyfcMhJ uonf/ vGwv f yfa&;r&rDumvwGif ocifEk
onf jroydwaf pwDawmfü t"d|mef Oyko&f uf&n S f apmifch zhJ ;l onf[k rSww f rf;wif
xm;cJo h nf/ auvmoawmifxyd f ausmufwikd pf m0,f 1302-ckEpS [ f k a&;xd;k vsu&f odS nf/
jroydwfapwDESihfjrpdrf;rif;orD;
jroydwaf pwDteD; aexdik o
f mG ;aom jrpdr;f rif;orD;onf olaY cwfot Yl cgu xif&mS ;
cJo
h jl zpfonf/ jroydwaf pwDukd ESptf wefMumatmiftyk cf sKyfo[ l qk Ekd ikd af yonf/ xdtk csdef
jroydwfawmifwGif taqmuftOD; (30)cefY&SdcJhonf/ jrpdrf;rif;orD;ac: jrpef;0wDonf
aumhvHkq&mawmf OD;auwkrmvma&SUxm;vsuf jroydwfawmifudk tkyfcsKyfaecJhonf/
a'ocHwdkYajymMum;onfrSm c&D;oGm;awmifwufawmifqif;jyKcsdef xrf;pifudk trsdK;om;
287
KTS 15-11-14-1
rsm;u tvSLaiG (5d)ay;í xrf;cGihfawmif;Mu&onf[kqdkonf/ 1343-ckESpfwGif jrpdrf;

rif;orD; OD;aqmifí xD;awmf pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS cJMh u&m awmfovif;vqef; (14)&ufaeY
nwGif tqdyk g pdezf ;l tcd;k cHvu kd &f onf/ 1344-ckEpS ?f uqkev
f qef; (12)&uf (4-5-
1981)&ufaeYwiG f avrkew f ikd ;f 'PfaMumifh xD;awmfBuD; ta&SUajrmufoYkd idu
k o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/
iSuaf ysmzl;rSm taemufbufurf;yg;,HwiG f jyKwfusoGm;cJjh yefonf/ 1344-ckEpS ?f 'kw, d
0gqkvd qkwf (9)&uf (13-8-1982)&uf aomMumaeY aeYvnf (12)em&Dtcsed f rd;k onf;xef
rIaMumifh acgif;avmif;yHkatmuftxd NydKusoGm;cJh&m rnfolrQjyKjyifEdkifolr&SdjzpfoGm;cJh
avonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfxHvTJtyf
jroydwaf pwDawmf acgif;avmif;yHak tmuftxd NydKusoGm;csderf pS í rnforl QjyKjyif
jcif;r&Sb d J (3)ESpw
f mMumcJah vonf/ apwDawmfxed ;f odr;f cGi&fh &Sad &; a'ocHq&mawmfrsm;
ud, k pf m; aumhvq kH &mawmfwYkd rajyrvnfjzpfco hJ nf/ Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ rS
bDvif;NrKd Ue,f oHCem,utzGUJ xH ñTeMf um;vTm(36)ESit fh nD jyKjyifaqmif&u G &f ef ñTeMf um;
cJ&h m awmifwef;ay:&Sd qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;udk jyKjyifEikd rf nfo h rl mS usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
jzpfrnf[k oHCtzGUJ tpnf;ESifh e,fc&H mG om;trsm;pku oabmwlí usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmftm; tyfE&HS ef oabmwltyfEv HS u
kd Mf uavonf/ 1347-ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvjynhf
aeY (27-12-1985)&ufaeYwiG f yxrtBudrf toHrpJ r[my|mef;ylaZmfyu JG kd usi;f ycJo
h nf/
1348-ckESpf? e,kefvjynhf (22-6-1986)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif NrdKUe,foHCem,u
NrKd Ue,fomoema&;a*gyutzGUJ wynh'f umrsm;u jroydwaf pwDawmfukd usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmftm; vTJtyfcJhcsdefrSpí t"d|mefwifvsuf vkyfief;udpö pDpOfavonf/ 1348-
ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvjynhf (16-12-1986)&uf t*FgaeY 'kw, d tBudrf y|mef;ylaZmfyJG usi;f yNy;D
jroydwaf pwDjyKjyif&ef yEéuw f ifr*Fvmaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/
jroHk;vHk;apwD xD;awmfwifyGJ
jroydwfapwDwnf&m awmifxdyf0,f jrovGef jrbkef;&Sdef jryv’ifapwD
oH;k ql&&dS m jrovGeaf pwDrmS jroydwaf pwD\ taemufawmif tedryhf ikd ;f vGijf yif0,f
ÓmPftawmif (40)cefjY rifah om apwDjzpfonf/ 1286-ckEpS u f wifvLS cJah om
xD;rSm a[mif;EGr;f ysufp;D vsuf&adS e&m xD;awmfuckd sí apwDujkd yKjyifum 45-vufr
288
KTS 15-11-14-1
aMu;xD; jyKvkyfNyD; 1349-ckESpf? uqkefvjynhf (12-5-1987)&uf t*FgaeYwGif

wifvLS cJo
h nf/ jroydwaf pwD\ ta&SUawmifausmufawmifxw G 0f ,f oydwyf kH
wnfxm;aom jrbke;f &Sed af pwDukd 24-vufrtus,f aMu;xD;? jroydwaf pwD
taemufajrmuf tedryhf ikd ;f 0,f wnf&adS om jryv’iaf pwDukd t*FawxD;wifvLS cJh
onf/ awmifurf;yg;,H0,f&adS om apwD 2-qlukd 12 vufr 15 vufr tcsif;&Sd
aMu;xD;rsm; wifvLS í a&S;a[mif;odru f ykd g jyKjyifavonf/ jroH;k vH;k apwDü aMu;
xD;rsm; wifvSLcJhMuonf/
ewfawmfvqef; (14)&ufrS vqkwf (3)&ufaeYtxd 5-&ufwikd w f idk f wwd,
tBudrf toHrpJy|mef;ylaZmfyu JG sif;yNyD; NydKusaeaom tkwu f sdK; ajrpdik f ajrcJ ajrpm
z,f&mS ;jcif; Xmyemwdu k rf S &&Sad om ausmufqif;wkç vuf0wf&wem a&Txnf
aiGxnf t*Fvyd af cwfo;kH aiG usyfaph rl;aph rwfaph yJaph tygt0if ypön;f trsdK;
(30)udk pm&if;jyKpkqikd &f m tBuD;tuJrsm;xH tyfEcHS MhJ uonf/ acgif;avmif;atmuf
&ifjyifukd oHuu l eG u
f &pfMurf;cif;udk ypön;f tiftm; vltiftm; oH;k vsuf uGeu f &pf
avmif;cJ&h m &moDOwk'PfcEH ikd af om tqiho f aYkd &mufvmcJo
h nf/ A[dck sufcsm0,f
uGefu&pfr@dKif pdkufxlcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;twGif; 2-xyfwdkufcefY
vd k P f j yKvk y f N yD ; tv,f r @Kd i f azmif & pf r S txuf u G e f u &pf j ym;cif ; vsuf
apwDiSufaysmzl;yHk jyKvkyfcJh&m tjyifbufjrifuGif;½dk;½dk;apwDyHk twGif;ydkif;
wdu
k cf ef;rBuD;tvm eH&0H ,fa&S;a[mif; ½kyyf mG ;rsm; tygt0if Xmyemypön;f trsdK;rsdK;
xm;&Syd al Zmfco hJ nf/
oHyif oHacsmif; bdvyfajr ausmuforJ sm;pGm toH;k jyKxm;&m awmifay:vl
vrf;jzifh aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f rsm; o,fy&Ykd onfrmS BuD;av;aomudpjö zpfaecJo
h nf/
1349-ckESpfrS 1356-ckESpf wefcl;vqef; (10)&uf (20-4-1994)Ak'¨[l;aeY
jroydwaf pwDawmf xD;wifyNJG y;D onftxd 9-ESpcf efMY umumvtwGi;f jroydwaf pwD
awmf tygt0if usKd ufx;D aqmif;rS jroydwaf pwD&ifjyifta&muf um;vrf;azmufjcif;
ausmif;Z&yf a&wGi;f a&uef a&rD;tpHk crf;em;jynhpf akH tmif aqmif&u
G af pcJo
h nfrmS
awmcsHKzH;k í NydKysufaeaom apwDysuftjzpfrS ÓmPfawmf (111)awmiftjrif&dS
a&TapwDtjzpf ay:aygufaponfrmS tHzh , G &f mjzpfonf/
289
KTS 15-11-14-1
jroydwfapwDy|mef;yGJusif;y
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf 1333-ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynhaf eYwiG f &aohtjzpfrS
&[ef;tjzpfoYkd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDukd pwifjyKjyifxed ;f odr;f &m
1334-ckESpf? jymodkvjynhfaeY0ef;usif&ufrsm;wGif y|mef;usrf;udk toHrpJ&Gwfzwf
ylaZmfcJhonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;apwD y|mef;rSm "r®u©E¨mylaZmfyGJtjzpf ygVdawmftkyfa&
(40)udk 36-&uf ylaZmfjcif;? 27-&uf? 18-&uf? 9-&uf &GwfzwfylaZmfcJhonf/ 1342-
ckEpS rf pS um 9-&uftjzpfowfrw S í f y|mef;usrf;ESifh tbd"r®m ygVdawmf tcsdKUudyk al Zmfc&hJ m
,aeY 1376-ckEpS x f jd zpfonf/ auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwD? aumhu'Gwf a&Tbo kH mapwD
y|mef;rSm 5-&ufMum &Gwzf wfyal ZmfNyD; jroydwaf pwDtygt0if apwDawmfrsm;udk (3)&uf
y|mef;ylaZmfco hJ nf/ þpmwrf;a&;csed f jroydwaf pwDy|mef;um; (29)Budrfajrmufjzpfonf/
jroydwaf pwDy|mef;yGJ xl;jcm;rIukd tjynht f pHo k ad pvdak omqE´jzihf azmfjyxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ apwDawmfwnfaqmufxm;yHkrSm &Spfajr§mifh &Spfaxmifhjzpfí atmufajc0,f
wpfrsufESm ay(60)cefY? tjrihfrSm (6)aycefY? atmufajc*0Htkwfrsm;jzihf wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ apwDtjrifrh mS (111)awmif &SNd yD; bk&m;&Sio f nf (8)0g&tcsdef aemufygoHCm
ESpaf omif;Nc&H u H m ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd <ua&mufvmNy;D (7)&ufwm
oDwif;oH;k um awmaysmfawmifaysmf&aohwt Ykd m; qHawmftarGay;cJo h vdk a'0uk@v
rPdu@ k v nDaemiftm; qHawmfay;oem;cJo h nf/ jroydwaf wmifrS ok0ÖPblrd
r,fawmf jreef;a'0D jroydwrf ,fawmftm; jroydwaf wmfukd (twGi;f 0,f qHawmfwpfq)l
jyefvnf ay;oem;cJo h nf/ apwDawmftjzpfwnfxm;ud;k uG,cf MhJ uonf/ ESpu f mvMumí
NydKuscJ&h m q&mawmf jyefvnfjyKjyifcahJ om (1347)ckEpS o f Ykd a&mufvmcJo h nf/ q&mawmf
onf apwDawmf\ ÓmPfawmftjrifu h kd (111)wpfo;kH vH;k wpf&mhwpfq,fw h pfawmif
tjrihx f m;&Sad ponf/ bk&m;&Sif þae&modYk <uvmaom r[mouú&mZfrmS (111)ckEpS jf zpfí
tvG,fwulrSwfom;Edkif&efjzpfonf/ apwDawmfBuD; wnfaqmufcJh&m acgif;avmif;
em;ajcwGif oHuu l eG uf &pftmpDavmif;Ny;D tkww f u kd tf vm; tcefzY UJG xm;onf/ tay:0dwf
tav;csdef avsmhxm;aomtaejzihf oHut l mpDwu kd t f ay:rS apwDyw kH nfaqmuf cJo h nf/
acgif;avmif;twGif;rSm eH&Hywfvnftqifhqifh r@dKif\ywfvnf0,f ausmufjym;
tqifq h ihf avmif;NyD; a<ujym;pDum a&S;a[mif;Xmyemypön;f ½kyyf mG ;qif;wk ½kyw f k ½kyv
f ;kH
"mwfawmfarGawmfrsdK;pHk Edik if w H umrS vSL'gef;xm;aom wefz;kd BuD;ypön;f rsm;udk XmyemjyK
xm;&Sdonf/
290
KTS 15-11-14-1
jroydwfapwDy|mef;yGJrSm ewfawmfvqef; 13? 14? 15 &ufaeYtxd oHk;&uf

usif;y&m y|mef;tBudKaeYvqef;(12)&ufaeYnwGif a&muf&Sdvmaom y&dowftm;
e0*FoDvcsD;jr§ifhNyD; "r®yv’ifusif;y&m vqef;(14)&ufntxdjzpfonf/ zGihfyGJaeYwGif
eHeuf(10)em&DwGifusif;yNyD; zGihfyGJjyKvkyfNyD;csdefrSmyif apwDawmfacgif;avmif;twGif;
XmyemwdkufrS a&S;a[mif;Xmyemrsm;udk yifhaqmifMuNyD; y|mef;aqmiftwGif; yifhaqmif
ylaZmfcHxm;onf/ a&mifawmfzGihfjcif;? jyKjyif&rnfhypönf;udk jyKjyifcJhMuonf/ ewfawmf
vjynhfaeY eHeuf(10)em&DrSm y|mef;atmifyGJjyKvkyfNyD; Xmyemypönf;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;
yifah qmifNyD; Xmyemwdu k t f wGi;f XmyemMuonf/ apwDawmfypö,w H pfywfvn S vfh nf
<uvmaom yXmebmPuoHCm yiho f CH m (50)ausmfwt Ykd m; vSLzG,&f mrsm;avmif;vSL
Muonf/ 3-&uf 3-n vma&mufaom &[ef;awmfwt Ykd m; t½Hq k rG ;f aeYqrG ;f tazsm&f nf
wduYk kd uyfvLS jcif;? {nhyf &dowfwt Ykd m; eHeufpm aeYv,fpm (Oykoaf pmiho f ;kH rI rjyKolwu Ykd kd
npm)auR;arG;{nhfcHMuonf/ uif;&Gm awmifBuD;0if;u t&ufor ydkifwef paom
awmifajc &Gmrsm;odkY qGrf;qeftvSLcH<uawmfrlonf/ tjcm;apwDrsm;udk usif;y&m0,f
y|mef;yGJ usif;y&uf tBudK&ufwdkYü taqmuftODrsm;udkyg jyifqifí jyKjyifavh&Sdonf/
ESpfwpfywf t"d|mefxm;aom y|mef;yGJrsm;udk azmfjy&aomf-
ewfawmfvtwGif; jrusdKif;awmifapwD? usdKufxD;½dk;awmifteD; jrpdrf;awmif
r@uvmyfEiS fh jrpufysHjrpdr;f apwD? 0if;u&Gm jroydwaf pwD? jymodv k usdKufx;D aqmif;
qHawmf&iS af pwD? Zkwo f w k &f mG ausmufuek ;f &yf o&P*kPapwD? wydw Yk vJG auvmo
awmifxyd q f aH wmf&iS af pwD? aumhu'Gw&f mG a&Tbo kH mrkead pwD? ZGu J vm&Gm rPdarcvm
apwD? waygif;v Zkuúvd&Gm jrodef;wef apwD? uef&GmapwD? ukodem½Hkawmif
qHawmfapwD? wefcl;v aygifNrdKUe,f Zif;usdKufawmifxdyf qHawmfapwD? odk;us&Gm
ousrek ad pwD? bD;vif;NrKd UteD; a';cifawmifxyd f a&TapwD? uqkev f bDvif;NrKd U 0dik ;f ywf&mG
ouúxlyodMum;bk&m;? awmifpGef;teD; usdKufa';,sHKawmifxdyf qHawmfapwD?
u&ifjynfe,f *sKd if;aus;&Gm r[mrkepd Vl rkead pwD? jr0wDNrKd U jrrOÆLapwD? e,kev f bD;vif;NrKd U
&efatmifat; &efajyat;apwD (r[mor,okwu f ykd g &Gwzf wfyal Zmfonf/) 0gqdv k
Zkwo f wk &f mG av; ESpu f syd &f pS qf al pwD? Zkuv ú &d mG yifv,fjyifteD; bd;k &[ef;ausmufaqmif
ausmif;wdu k ?f Zkwof w k &f mG BuD; &Gmv,f uvsmPDord af wmfEiS fh aomPapwD Owå&apwD
þ (22)Xme0,f ESpfpOfrysuf t"d|mefxm;um r[my|mef;usrf;udk (3)&ufpD &Gwfzwf
ylaZmfavh&Sdygonf/
291
KTS 15-11-14-1
usdKufa';,sHKawmifwef;rS
a&TMuufrif;apwD
usdKufa';,sHKqHawmfapwDrS ajrmufbufqufoGm;vQif a&S;a[mif;odrfawmf
atmufqHawmfapwD uke;f twufuakd usmfu arQmfawmfa&mifapwDukd zl;awGUMu&rnf
jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;apwDiw k wf u kd kd a':cifat;trnf&dS trsdK;orD;wpfO;D u bk&m;tpfr
tjzpfc,H Nl yD; jyKjyifc&hJ m tNyD;rowfEikd b f J ESprf sm;MumcJo h nf/ bk&m;tpfrudk arQmfvifah e
ovdjk zpfí arQmfawmfa&mifapwD [k bk&m;bGUJ awmfukd ac:a0:cJMh uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfonf usdKufa';,sHKawmifudk 1336-ckESpfrSpí jyKjyifxdef;odrf;NyD;aemufydkif;
wynhf &[ef; omraP oDv&Sif &aoh t"d|mefOykof&uf&Snfapmifholrsm;tm;
]]awmifwef;avQmuf}}}[k wynhrf sm; ac:qdak vh&MdS uaom usdKufa';,sHKatmufqaH wmf
apwD? a&Tpnf;cHkapwD? azmifawmfOD;apwD? auvmoapwD? jroydwfapwDtxd
awmifausmay: ajcvsifavQmufzl;jrifí t"d|mefykwD;pdyfjcif;tvkyfudk aqmif&GufapcJh
onf/ awmifwef;avQmufow l ikd ;f vlomG ;vrf;twdik ;f awmifwufawmifqif;c&D;xGuf
Mu&onf/ usKd ufa';,sKH rS eHeuft½kPpf m;aomufNy;D awmifaMumavQmufMu&m auvmo
a&mufvQif aeYvnfpmpm;oH;k Muonf/ rdrw d t Ykd "d|mefjyKxm;onfth wdik ;f tcsdKU ykw;D pdyf
ntdyMf uonf/ tcsdKUrSm em&Dyikd ;f rQem;aeNyD; jroydwaf wmifwiG f ntdyMf uonf/
]]awmifwef;avQmufc&D;vrf;}}}}avQmufow l o
Ykd nf arQmfawmifa&mifapwDEiS fh
a&Tpnf;cHak pwDtMum;&Sd ausmufawmifxyd u f akd &mufMuvQif apwDiw k wf ikd ,fwpfcEk iS fh
csHKrsm; opfyifBuD;rsm; 0dkif;tHkxm;aom ausmufpGef;udkjrifMu&onf/ ausmufwHk; 2-ck
tMum; vlomG ;vrf;rS jzwfavQmufwikd ;f tay:rS wpfcck u k svmrnfukd pd;k &drw
f BuD;jzifh
tjrefjzwfoGm;avh&Sdonf/ tawmif 30-cefYjrifhaom ausmufpGef;jzpfonf/ a&S;tcg
1990-jynhfESpfrwdkifrDu wnifMuufrsm;? arsmufrsm; tkyfzGJUaexdkifaom awmawmif
jzpfí wnifawmif[k ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ 2002-ckESpfcefYu q&mawmfESihf OD;em*dE´wdkY
vrf;azmuf&ef tlaMumif;&Smcsdef xdkae&ma&mufaomtcg rdefYMum;cJhaompum;rSm
]]'DausmufpeG ;f xdyrf mS apwDwnf&r,f? apwDbUJG awmfuv kd J a&TMuufrif;apwD vdYk bGUJ rnf
ay;&r,f? tbbdk;rif;acgif&JU bk&m;av;i,fi,f 9-awmifjynhfw,f? i,fomi,f
u,fq,fr,fb h &k m;}} ude;f cef;eJt
Y nD apwD&cdS zhJ ;l w,f[k jzpfonf/ &efuek Nf rdKUrS wynhf
&if; [dE´LtrsdK;om; OD;uufeufyaD v;? a':oif;oif;axG;wdo Yk nf apwDwnf&ef usyf
15-odef;udk 24-8-2001 aeYu vSL'gef;cJh&m tmz*efepöwefrS bifvm'iftrsdK;awG
292
KTS 15-11-14-1
jrefrmjynfvlvmjzpfcsdefrSm xD;wif&atmif[k trSwfrJhajymqdkcJhzl;onf/ rMumrD

usdKufa';,sHKrS a&Tpnf;cHak pwDtxd uGeu
f &pfvrf;azmufvyk cf o
hJ nf/
um;vrf;azmufvyk af omtcg wnifawmif ausmufpeG ;f \awmifbuft&yf&dS
awmifurf;yg;ud&k iS ;f vif;NyD; um;vrf;azmufMuonf/ um;vrf;rS ajrmufbufwiG f 15-
aytjrifw h iG f wnifawmif ausmufpeG ;f tMum;odYk cufcpJ mG wuf&aom vlomG ;vrf;
twdik ;f oGm;vQif ausmufzsmay:a&mufonf/ ,if;ausmufzsmrS taemufbufwiG f ay
30-cefY jrifah om ausmufpeG ;f 2-cktMum;rSaeí a&Tpnf;cHak pwDoYkd qufomG ;Edik o f nf/
taemufbufoYkd roGm;bJ ajrmufbufoo Ykd mG ;ygu ausmufw;kH rsm;Mum;twdik ;f cyfajyajy
vrf;udk c&D;qufEikd o f nf/ ausmufpeG ;f 2-ckMum;rSm obm0twdik ;f rd;k avvHak om
ausmuf*v l kd jzpfaeonf/ q&mawmfonf xdw k nifawmifxyd f ausmufpeG ;f oH;k ckxyd w f iG f
oHuu l eG uf &pfMurf;cif;jyKvkyaf pNy;D tjrifq h ;kH ausmufpeG ;f ay:wGif a&Tw*d akH pwD usKd ufx;D
aqmif;apwD\ yHkawmftwdkif; wnfxm;aponf/ oHk;csdK;ESpfcsdK;tjrifh ausmufpGef;wGif
uGeu f &pfMurf;cif;jyKvkyNf y;D usKd ufx;D ½d;k apwDyw kH pfql 9-ayceft Y jrif&h dS Muufrif;ausmay:
wGif apwDwpfqw l nfxm;apNyD; a&TMuufrif;apwD[k bGUJ rnfay;xm;avonf/ 12-
aycefYtjrifh&Sd ausmufwHk;ay:0,f tbbdk;rif;acgif Muufrif;udk zrf;,lrnhfyHk xkvkyf
xm;&Sdonf/ tjrifhay 30-cefY ausmufpGef;odkYwuf&ef pwD;ydkufvHk;jzihf avSum;jyKvkyf
xm;&m a&mufzl;olwdkif; wtHhwMo ai;armMunhf½IMu&onf/ a&Twd*HkapwDyHkwlteD;rS
aeí av;bufav;wefMunhv f Qif usdKufx;D ½d;k apwD? usdKufwaJ pwD? usdKufa';,sHKapwD?
usdKufxD;aqmif;apwD? qauoxly0ifjzpfaom 0½kPem*&mZxly/ t'düem0du
owåem0du rPdarcvmxly ouúxyl yZÆKEéxyl qHawmftm;vH;k udk zl;ajr§mEf ikd Mf uonf/
auvmoapwD? jroydwaf pwDrsm;udv k nf; zl;jrifEikd af vonf/ awmifbufwiG f a&jyif
us,f yifv,fBuD;udk ai;armMunhEf ikd af vonf/
Muufrif;awmif a&TMuufrif;apwDESihf usdKufxD;½dk; a&Twd*Hk usdKufxD;aqmif;
yHkwlapwDudk 1366-ckESpf? uqkefvqkwf (4)&uf 2004-ckESpf? arv 8-&uf aeYv,f
(1)em&DtcsdefwGif xD;awmfwifvSLyGJusif;ycJh&m EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,
Ouú| o&ufNrKd U atmifr*Fvmausmif;wdu k f y"meem,u t*¾r[my@dw b'ÉaÅ uo&
ESihf uav;0awm&pmoifwu kd ?f t*¾r[my@dw b'ÉZÅ m*&mbd0o H ? tzGUJ 0ifrsm;jzpfMu
aom oxHNk rdKU? v,f0efausmif; y"meem,u t*¾r[my@dw b'ÉÅo&D Ed ´mbd0o H ?
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ? uomNrdKU? ausmufv;kH BuD;ausmif; y"meem,u 'Gyd #d u"& 'Gyd #d uaum0d'
b'ÉeÅ rd v? u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrKd U? ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f BuD;oifwef;ausmif;? ausmif;tkyf
293
KTS 15-11-14-1
q&mawmf b'ÉÅZmae,swdkY <ua&mufawmfrlMuNyD; EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;

cifñGefYESihf tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm;? wdkif;rSL;? wyfrrsdK;? jynfe,f? c½dkif? NrdKUe,frsm;rS
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? vlrIa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;? ig;oHk;vD wynhf'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;
wufa&mufMunfñckd MhJ uonf/ Am;rJ*h El iS fh atmufqaH wmfapwD t&HapwD 5-qlwu Ykd ykd g
xD;awmfwifvLS cJMh uonf/ Muufrif;awmifapwDteD;wGif tkww f ukd f 2-xyfausmif;aqmif?
qGr;f pm;aqmifwu Ykd ykd g aqmufvyk vf LS 'gef;cJMh uNyD; apwDawmfukd teD;uyfapmihaf &Smuf&ef
&[ef;awmfrsm;udk oDwif;ok;H apcJo h nf/
yJcl;NrdKU r[mapwD *0Htm½HkcHaqmufvkyfvSL'gef;yGJ
a&S;tcgu OómyJc;l [Hom0wD[k ordik ;f q&mwdYk ac:qdak omt&yfü awmifirl if;
wyifa&TxD;ESihf a,muz ausmfxifaemf&xmbk&ifhaemifwdkY vuf½Hk;pGrf;tm;udk jyKvsuf
[Hom0wDudk t&,lcJhMuonf/ bk&ifaemifrif;vufxuf [Hom0wDaejynfawmfü
uarÇmZom'D a&Teef;awmfBuD;udk BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm wnfaqmufvsuf tm&Sa'owGif
ppftiftm;tBuD;qH;k Edik if t
H jzpf wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ 'kw, d jrefrmEdik if aH wmfBuD;tjzpf ordik ;f
q&mawmf *kPf,lMuonftxd bkef;vuf½Hk; tmPmBuD;rm;cJhonf/ [Hom0wD
qifjzLrsm;&Sif bk&ihfaemifausmfxifaemf&xm[k xif&Sm;um ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd
Edik if rH sm;u av;pm;cefn
Y m;&oljzpfonf/ oD[b kd &k ifrS pG,af wmfEiS fh jroydwaf wmf "mwf
awmfaygif; &Spaf omif;ausmw f uYkd kd "r®b@mawmftjzpf qufocJ&h m aejynfawmf taemuf
bufü jrefrmouú&mZf (921)ckwiG f apwDawmfwpfql wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf &hJ m aumZmESpf
(922)wGif (9-vausmftcsdet f wGi;f ) xD;awmfwifvLS NyD; a&pufcsvSL'gef;cJ&h m ,cktcg
]]yJyJcl;r[mapwD = qkawmif;jynfhpG,fawmf&SifapwD}}[k xif&mS ;vsuf&o dS nf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf rdrad rG;zGm;cJ&h m Zkwo f w
k &f mG OD; xD;aqmif;bk&m;
ajcawmf&if;ü oDwif;oH;k vsuf a&S;a[mif;apwDyxk ;kd rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifvsu&f &dS m yJc;l NrKd UrS
'g,um rS ajruGufudk vSL'gef;aomaMumifh 1339-ckESpf? waygif;vqef;(9)&uf/
(17-3-1978)ckwGif tvSLcHí yJcl;pcef;ausmif;udk zGihfvSpfcJhonf/ r[mapwDa*gyu
tzGUJ xH arwåm&yfcNH yD; r[mapwD\ajrmufbufü tm½Hck w H efaqmif; aqmufvyk cf o hJ nf/
tm½HkcHwefaqmif;udk aumZmESpf 1356-ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (1)&uf? (1-1-1995)
we*FaEGaeY 9-em&Dtcsdef *0HyEéuw f ifr*FvmjyKvkyNf yD; 1357-ckEpS ?f 0gqdv k qef;(8)&uf?
(4-7-1995) t*FgaeYwiG f taqmuftOD; pwifaqmufvyk af ponf/ oDwif;uRwv f qef;
(10)&uf (3-10-1995) t*FgaeY 12-em&Dtcsed f usKd ufx;D aqmif;rS *0Hqif;wk½yk yf mG ;awmf
294
KTS 15-11-14-1
rsm;udk yifah qmifcMhJ uNyD; nae 5-em&Dtcsdef r[mapwD r[m&eftwGi;f a&muf&MdS uNyD;
BuD;rm;aom½kyfxkBuD;rsm;udk puftiftm;roHk; vltiftm;jzifhyif yv’ifay:odkY yifhwifcJh
Mu&m eHeuf 3-em&D 30-rdepf tcsdef qif;wk½kyfyGm;rsm; ae&mwus ylaZmfNyD;pD;í eHeuf
rdk;rvif;rD usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY tm½HkqGrf;trD jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;Mu&m ,refaeYu
NrdKUwGif vSnhfvnfylaZmfyifhaqmifvmaom ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; tm½HkcHtwGif;&Sd yv’ifay:ü
pepfwusxm;&SNd yD; opfo;D yef; a&csrf; uyfvLS xm;onf/ bk&m;a&mufvmolwYkd tHMh o
ai;armvsuf ]]'Dval wG vlom;[kw[ f efrwl}}[kyif cs;D rGr;f pum;qdMk uonf/ oDwif;uRwf
vjynhfausmf (11)&uf (19-10-1995) Mumoyaw;aeYwGif toHrpJ y|mef;ylaZmfyGJ
(3)&ufusif;yNyD; 13-&ufaeYwiG f a&pufcsvSL'gef;yGu J kd Edik if aH wmfoC
H r[mem,utzGUJ
'kwd,Ouú| jrif;NcHq&mawmf OD;aqmifaom yxrtzGJUcGJ0if q&mawmfBuD;rsm; wdkif;
Nidr0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmuftzGUJ rS 'kw,d wdik ;f rSL; wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
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aygufaygufrsm;udk jzefYBuJrnf[k pdwful;aecsdef wefaqmif;a&SUwnfhwnfh a&S;a[mif;
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vufajrmufvu kd o
f nf/ tdrrf ufrS Ed;k xvm&m rBuJvu kd &f í tm;rvdt k m;r& 0rf;enf;
woo jzpfc&hJ onf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh wynh&f [ef;&Siv f rl sm; oDwif;uRwf
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ay:ü ae&mwusxm;Mu&m tm½Hw k ufcsdeef ;D txdjzpfonf/ þodYk wpfbufrS vufawGU
aqmif&GufvkyfudkifaeMuyHkudk cspfcifjcif; oduRrf;jcif; r&Sdaom trsdK;orD;u tdrfruf
295
KTS 15-11-14-1
edrw
d &f aejcif;jzpfonf/ tdrrf ufvv
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l m; aZurÇm a':pef;pef;<u,fyifjzpfaeay
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wGif xm;&SdylaZmfaom ntdrfrufESihf wdkufqdkifaecJhonf/ tdrfrufedrdwf&NyD; wpfvcefY
tMum a':pef;pef;<u,fEiS hf t"d|mef r[my|mef;usr;f BuD; &Gwzf wfyal ZmfMuaom tzGUJ 0ifwYkd
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296
KTS 15-11-14-1
t"d|mefyg&rDjzifh usdK;pm;tm;xkwv f yk uf ikd rf nf[k xyfqifth "d|mefwifvu

kd Nf yD; tdyrf uf
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aMumufvefYpdwfuif;aysmufNyD; Munfh½I&m *0Htm½HkcHtwGif; tm½Hkedrdwfü awGUcJh&aom
,u©a'0gwpfyg;rSm bk&ifaemifewfeef;twGi;f rSykH jzpfaeonfuakd wGU&í 0rf;enf;pdwaf wG
ay:vmNyD; aemifawmfBuD; AdkvfrSL;OwåjzpfaomaMumifh umvMumuGJuGmaeaom rdz
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*kPfawmf 9-yg;? wwd, orÁKa'¨*gxm 9-&uf? y|mef;ygVdawmf 9-&uf t"d|mef
atmifjrifonftxd usiafh qmif&m xl;jcm;rIrsm;jzpfay;vmcJo h nf/ xyfrí H orÁKa'ÿw k ;D ywf
wpfaxmift"d|mefwiG f yJc;l r[mapwD&ifjyifywfípdyo f nf/ xdrk S a&T*u l av;bk&m;wGif
trQtwef;ay;a0onf/ r[mBuD;bk&m;ü tvm;wl t"d|mef0if&m Am;rJEh iS fh tbd;k uav;0
q&mawmf y|mef;qufjyefonf/ 1997-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYwGif r[mBuD;
bk&m; Am;rJh*la&SU0,f ae&m,l ykwD;pdyf&m t"d|meftNyD; vufudkiftdyfteD; '*Fg;wpfjym;
a'gufueJusvmonf/ rdrw d nfrnfb h &k m; atmifjrifrnf[k rSw, f u l m t"d|mefvyk if ef;
tm;wufoa&m 0ifEikd cf o hJ nf/ wpfEpS af usmfMumcsdef tdyrf uferd w d tf m½Hek rd w
d rf sm;onf
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh qufpyfaeaomaMumifh r[mapwDteD;pcef;cGJ pcef;xdik f
OD;ynmpuúxH tusdK;taMumif; avQmufxm;onf/ wpfqifh OD;em*dE´xHavQmuf&m
q&mawmfESihf awGUqHkcGifh&&Sdum vrf;pay:vmawmhonf/ bk&m;yHkawmf a&;qGJay;vdkuf
r[mapwDa*gyutzGJU OD;atmifÓmPfxH tultnDawmif;cH a*gyurS cGihfjyKcJhonf/
24-9-1997 paeaeYwiG f a*gyutpnf;ta0;u oabmwlaMumif; tvG,w f ul
qH;k jzwfcMhJ uonf/ a':pef;pef;<u,f £pämyl&P 0pDopöm tmoDot"d|mefrmS ]]þbk&m;
onf Am;rJq h &mawmf\ ñTejf yrIjzihf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf OD;aqmifwnfrnfb h &k m;
jzpfonf/ rSeaf omopömpum;aMumifh bk&m;wnfciG &fh ygap}}[k opömESifh t"d|mefjyKcJjh cif;
jzpfonf/
297
KTS 15-11-14-1
rdausmif;rif;aumif;csD;ay; om"kac:
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf apwDyakH wmfukd 2-Budrw f ikd f ud, k af wmfwikd f
a&;qGJjyNyD; bk&m;wnfrnfhae&mudk Munhf½Ium 'g blrdeufoefae&mrSef[k rdefYMum;cJhyg
onf/ awmcsHKtxyfxyf tMum;rSm wdk;a0SUvsuf bk&ifhaemifrif; pHeef;ewfuGif;udk
<ua&mufawmfrlNyD; bk&m;tpfrtoufb,favmufvJ? 45-ESpfygbk&m;/ 'gqdk apwD
ÓmPfawmftjrifh (54)ay ywfvnf (54)ay zGJUwnfyg[k rSmMum;awmfrlNyD; bGJUawmfudk
r[mtmeE´m yHrk mS yk*u H sefppfrif;BuD;&JU tmeE´mapwDyt kH wdik ;f wnfyg[k rdeMYf um;cJoh nf/
usdKufx;D aqmif; *0Htm½Hck w H efaqmif;a&pufcsyGt J rD r[mapwDawmf xH;k ouFe;f tpm;
a&TouFef;uyfvSLolrSm a':pef;pef;<u,fyifjzpfonf/ 1359-ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef;
(10)7uf 9-12-1997 t*FgaeYwiG f yEéuw f ifyüJG cifyeG ;f jzpfol a'gufwmcifa&Tyg a&muf
vm&m vltrsm; aZurÇmukrP Ü rD S OD;cifa&TZeD;armifEt HS vSLjzpfaMumif; odomG ;cJMh uonf/
apwDawmfyEéuw f if&mü bk&m;trud, k wf ikd f yEéuaf wmfwifyJG tkwjf rpfprD *Fvmtcrf;tem;
yg0ifciG &fh aomaMumifh 0rf;omtm;&jzpf&onf/ y|mef;ygVdawmf 5-wGu J kd pwifyal Zmfjcif;
t"d|mefwifcahJ vonf/ oufowfvw G tf "d|mef 9-yg;oDvESifh ykw;D pdyf y|mef;&Gwf w&m;
xdik jf cif; p&Ptusihjf r§iohf vdk usdKufx;D aqmif;ç auvmoç jroydwçf usdKufa';,sHK
paom qHawmf&SifapwDrsm;pGm0,f t"d|mefrsdK;pHkusifhaqmifEdkifavonf/ yEéufwifyGJaeY
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wpfaumif ausmif;0if;wpf0ufcefY wufvmum a&ueftwGi;f jyefqif;oGm;onfukd
vltrsm;awGUjrifcJh&avonf/
usdKufa';,sHKapwD pdefzl;aysmufqHk;
tjrwfwEd;k pded zf ;l wifvLS Edik í
f 0rf;omvsuf&MdS uonf/ rMumrD pdezf ;l tcd;k cH&jyef
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xdtk csdeu f usdKufa';,sHKawmif0,f olyek o f u l efrsm;&Sad eonf/ eHeufvif;csdef apwDawmf
pdezf ;l rSm rjrif&awmhbJ r@dKifrmS auG;vsuf&o dS nf/ avwdu k jf yKwfusavovm;[k apwD
0ef;usifrmS &SmMunho f nf/ ntcg vlrormwdYk wufa&mufjzKwf,o l mG ;aMumif;od&onf/
arSmb f o D al wmfonf aeYbufwiG af wmifay:ü opfcw k o f pfcaJG eaom OD;a&Tqo kd El iS t
fh wl
pdefzl;aysmuf&SmyHkawmfzGihfonf/ vufonf&Smr&/ pcef;xkdifjzpfol OD;okE´&rSm &efukefNrdKU
298
KTS 15-11-14-1
odYk vduk of mG ;Ny;D q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;vQif aemufwpfBudrf pdezf ;l wifciG &hf wJt h wGuf
ukov kd xf yfjzpfvmwmaygh[k NyHK;NyHK;&Ti&f iT f rdeMYf um;oHMum;&rS ndK§ ;EGr;f aeaom OD;okE&´ rSm
pdwfayghyg;cJh&onf/
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BuHpjD yefonf/ olc;kd rSm pdezf ;l r&bJ olt
Y oufpaw;oGm;cJo h nf/ apwD&ifjyifwiG f oJwpfqyk f
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aysmufvsufawGU&onf/ oJvHk;ESifhtrQ tjypfcHygrnf[k opömjyKcdk;,lcJh[efwlonf/
apwDxdyfodkY BudK;wef;vef;oG,fxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ usdKufa';,sHKapwD pdefzl;
cd;k ,lco
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apwDEpS q f l pdezf ;l cd;k ol[k odMuonf/
teD;uyf&efol cdk;oljzpfaecJhonf/
t½l;pum; trSefursm;
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csde0f ,f pdw0f ifwpm;ulno D &l o
dS vdk qefu Y sifbufjyKolrsm;vnf; &Sad eonf/ usdKufx;D
aqmif;rS usif;yaom omoemqdik &f m yGaJ wmfrsm;0,f oufowfvw G tf pm;tpmudo k m
auR;arG;cJo h nf/ qefu Y sifbufjyKvdo k rl sm;url Muufom;'efayguf qdwo f m;'efayguf
0uf Muuf tom;[if;pHpk jkH zifh {nfch aH uR;arG;cJMh uonf/ xdt k csdew
f iG f t½l;at;armif
t½l;atmifped w f o
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avh&SdMuonf/ usif;yaom yGJwdkif;rSm oufowfvGwfxrif; [if; pwk'domtjzpf
auR;arG;&m t[efYtwm;r&Sd vlwdkif;pm;okH;cJhMuonf/ t½l;at;armif? t½l;atmifpdef
wdu Yk m; oufowfvw G yf üJG t0pm;Mu&aomfvnf; tom;[if; auR;aomyGu J rl t½d;k
t&if;udo k m auR;Muonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;yGrJ mS yJex YJ rif;t0pm;&w,f/ tom;[if;
auR;wJyh aJG wGrmS wdt Yk ½d;k t&if;yJpm;&w,f/ t½d;k awG awmifvykd akH ew,f[k atmfBuD;
[pfus,f ajymqdck MhJ uonf/
acwftavsmuf aus;&Gm NrKd Ue,frsm;ü tkycf sKyfaeaom jynfol aumifpv
D Bl uD;rsm;
&SMd uonf/ 0wfaumif;pm;vSjzifh £ajE´&&vmavh&MdS uonf/ omoemtvkyu f kd ulnD
299
KTS 15-11-14-1
vkyu f ikd jf cif;r&Sb d J vlpnfum;csdef [dw[ f eftjynhjf zifv h mavh&MdS uonf/ vlomrefwu Ykd
aumifpv D Bl uD;t&Sed t f 0gudk av;pm;rIjyK qufqaH jymqdMk u&onf/ t½l;at;armif? t½l;
atmifped w f u Ykd rl 'kwjf zifh 'g;jzifh &G,v f suf½u kd rf nf[ef ckwrf nh[ f efjyKwwfMuonf/
aumifpv D Bl uD;wdYk &Suu f ;kd &Suu
f ef;jzihf £ajEýsufMu&onf/ wpfaeY0,f t½l;at;armif
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rIw[ f efjyKvky&f m aMumuftm;veft Y m; yke;f oGm;Muonf/ aumifpDvlBuD;awG rSefwm
rBudKufbl; [k taESmuftoGm;rvGwf ajymqdv k u
kd &f m vltrsm;[m;wdu k cf MhJ uonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfum; at;armifEiS fh atmifped w f uYkd kd a'0wrefawG[k ac:cJo h nf/
jyKvkyfaomyGJwdkif; olwdkYygcJhMuonf[kqdkonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;rS y|mef;ylaZmfyGJ
jyKvkyaf eonfukd twk,u l m tcsdKUbke;f awmfBuD;rsm;vdu k í f y|mef;yGt J NydKifjyKvkyMf u&m
zm;wkvdkY c½kckef tdkifysuf½Hkom&SdrSmaygh}}[k ysuf&,fpum;udk qdck MhJ ujyefonf/1
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arSmfbDolawmf OD;ausmf0if;
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bDvif;NrdKUe,f awmifpGef;NrdKU ajrmufbuf usdKufwJ&Gm rdb 2-yg;rS zGm;jrifcJhonf/
&efukefwdkif; arSmfbDNrdKUwGif aexdkifcJholjzpfí arSmfbDolawmf[k ac:cJhMuonf/ 1336-
ckESpfu Zkwfokwf&GmrS vltcsdKU arSmfbDOD;ausmf0if;ESihf &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm; jzpfcJhMu
onf/ Zkwo f wk &f mG xD;aqmif;bk&m;ESifh pyfvsOf;í OD;ausmf0if;rS ajymjyonfrmS bd;k bGm;
rdbtqufquf ajymqdck ahJ om ayg&mPpum;&So d nf/ Zkwof w
k &f mG xD;aqmif;bk&m;udk
wnfrh wfatmif jyKEdik o f rl mS Zmwdom;ppfppfjzpf&rnf/ i,fpOfu twdwx f ;l edrw
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olwpfyg;pdwt f BuHudk odaom raemr,ynm&Sijf zpf&rnf/ xdyk *k K¾d vfonf apmif;aeaom
bk&m;xD;ukd wnhrf wfEikd o f jl zpfvrd rhf nf[k tNraJ jymqdak vh&o dS nf/ ,cktcsed q f kd xdyk *k K¾d vfrsKd ;
ay:vmcsdeef ;D ygNyD[k jyefvnfajymjycJo h nf/ bd;k bGm;rdbpum; rSerf rSef apmifah eygonf[k
qdkonf/
1/ ,cktNydKiftqdkif jyKvkyfaom y|mef;yGJrsm; r&Sdawmhay/ usdKufxD;aqmif;um; tESpf
(40)ausmfMumonfwikd f y|mef;yGu
J sif;yvsuf&o
dS nf/
300
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 301
Zkwfokwf&GmrS {nfhonfrsm;u ,ckOD;ausmf0if;pum;twdkif;qdkvQif xdkyk*d¾Kvf

ay:aygufaeygNy[ D q
k u kd m usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf tajctaeudak jymjyMuonf/ 'Dvq kd kd
bd;k bGm;rdbpum; rSeaf eygNy/D &Gmtjyefvu kd vf ykd gonf[q k u kd m reufjzefjyefrnf vduk cf yhJ g[k
zdwMf um;í twlvu kd v f mcJoh nf/ OD;ausm0f if;onf Zkwo f w k af &mufvQif xD;aqmif;bk&m;
twGi;f tjrefa&mufvmcJo h nf/ xdt k csdef usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf "r®yv’iüf
&Sad ecJ&h m 0ifciG afh wmif;avonf/ 0ifvo kd t l rnfuakd r;vQif qifBuD;jzpfygonf[k ajzonf/
qif;BuD;yJjzpfjzpf 0ufBuD;yJjzpfjzpf 0ifcyhJ g[k cGijfh yKvdu k o f nf/ OD;ausmf0if;onf raemr,
ynm&Si[ f wk ^f r[kwf pl;prf;vdí k pdwjf zifah r;Munh?f q&mawmfrS pum;pyfoabm ajymqdNk y;D
OD;ausmf0if; odvdkaomtar;udk tajzay;avonf/ xdktcg igbdk;bGm; rdb ajymcJhwJh
xD;apmif;bk&m;&JU xD;udk wnhrf wfEikd o f l trSeaf wGU&Ny[ D k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfcNhJ y;D olawmf0wf
jzifh aexdkifcGihfawmif;avonf/ arSmfbDOD;olawmfonf usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS
aecGihfjyKcsdefrSpí apwD,*FP0wfç oHCm0wfwdkYudk BudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhovdk ur®|mef;
w&m; tm;xkwfjcif;? ykwD;pdyfjcif;rsm; t"d|mefxm;aexdkifcJhonf/ rdrdaqmif&Guf&rnfh
tvkyu f kd tm½Hek rd wd jf zifh jyocJ&h m twdtus vdu k ef mvkyu f ikd af vonf/
yxrvk yf ief ; OD;pm;ay;rSm apwd,*FP0wftjzpf apwDawmfajc&if;&Sd a&S;a[mif;
ausmufx;D ? ausmufqrD ;D wdik ?f oifyyk 0f wfwu Ykd kd pepfwusae&mcsxm;jcif;? r[m&Hww H ikd ;f
twGi;f aygif;jruftm;vH;k udk oef&Y iS ;f atmif aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/
' kwd,vkyfief; rSm r[m&HwHwdkif; ta&SUajrmuf udkuf (100)cefYae&m0,f tpOftvm
tm;jzihf bkef;BuD;ysH r,fawmfysH bk&m;ausmif;'g,umrsm; uG,fvGefvQif rD;oN*dKvf&m
okómefae&mjzpfí awmcsHK zHk;vTrf;aeonf/ tjyif uRJ EGm; 0ufowf&m t½kd;pGefYypf&m
XmejzpfaecJo h nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;y&0kPo f nf *0Hausmufw;kH rsm; txyfxyfcx H m;aom
ajrjzpfonf/ *0Hausmufw;kH wpfcrk mS ajrom;atmuf 5-aycefw Y iG f tacgif;aygufygaom
aomhwHyHkjzpfaeonf/ aomhwHayguftwdkif; ajratmuf 9-aycefYeufNyD; apwD&Sd&modkY
vdP I af yguf&adS ejyefonf/ wGi;f atmufajc0,f vlwpfa,mufxikd í f auGUí tdyv f &Ykd aom
tus,ft0ef;&So d nf/ xdak e&m0,f t½d;k aygif;pHpk eG yYf pfxm;aomaMumifh rlvyHak ysmufvsuf
&S&d m OD;olawmfonf aomhwiG ;f aomhaygufukd &Si;f vif;onf/ t½l;tESr;f pdwrf rSeo f rl sm;udk
pnf;½Hk;&Sif;vif;cJh&m oefY&Sif;aomajrae&mjzpfvmonf/ 0dZÆmaomhcsuf"mwfyEéuf[k
owfrSwfxm;onf/ vltrsm;url aomhwGif;[k ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ 1352-ckESpf
301
KTS 15-11-14-1
wefaqmifrek ;f vjynhaf eYwiG f wdik af xmufí tay:0,f apwDwnfxm;um xD;awmfwifvLS

cJMh uonf/ ,cktcg pwD;oHyef;oHvuf&rf; oHwcH g; wyfqifxm;NyD; tarT;wdik f za,mif;
wdkif yef;uyfvSLí t"d|meftusifhaqmif&m ae&mwpfckjzpfapcJhonf/
,uúef;pifawmifausmif;awmf
,uúef;pifawmifausmif;awmfrSm usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ ig;oHk;vD
&[ef;&Sifvl wynhfrsm;tm;vHk; rodolr&Sd ra&mufzl;olr&Sdaomae&mjzpfí txl;
a&;om;&efrvdkay/ 1375-ckESpf? 0gqdkOD;tcsdefrSpí ausmif;awmfBuD;teD;&Sd ausmufwHk;
rsm;udak zmf,Nl yD; *0Htw k cf syfBuD;rsm; jyKvkyaf vonf/ *0Hausmuftyk x f qk pfrI uRrf;Muol
Zkwo f w k &f mG rS wynhw f t Ykd m; vufcay;um wl;azmfMuí 1-ay xk? tvsm; teH 2-
ay? tvsm;teH 3-ay? xkAsufnD 2-aywH;k ponfjzihf t&G,t f pm;udk *0Hausmufom;
tpm;pm;udk cGJjcm;azmf,lcJhMuonf/ ausmif;awmf\a&SU ta&SUbufusHK;twGif; vrf;rSm
uke;f rdrYk uYkd kd ajrnDatmif *0HausmufcsyBf uD;rsm;udk azmf,cl MhJ uonf/ aumhu&dwaf qmifEiS fh
*dvmeaqmiftMum;&Sd vrf;ESpfoG,frS *0Hrsm;udk ausmuftkwfcsyfBuD;rsm;tjzpf
xk w f a zmf c J h o nf / awmif a y:ausmif ; \ awmif b uf j crf ; *0H u k e f ; rS tvm;wl
ausmufom;aumif;aom *0Htw k cf syfBuD;rsm; xkw, f cl ahJ vonf/
q&mawmf o nf usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; apwD t &mrf t wG i f ; rS azmf , l x m;aom
*0HausmufcsyfBuD;rsm;udk ,uúef;pifawmif q&mawmf½kyfxkxm;&Sd&m ausmif;\
t&mrfww H ikd ;f tjzpf rkcOf ;D rkc0f tjzpf jyKvkyvf akd Mumif; ok0ÖPblrq d aH wmf&iS o
f moemjyKtzGUJ
tusdK;awmfaqmif t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z b'ÉÅem*dE´tm; rdefYMum;avonf/
q&mawmfqE´twdkif; tusdK;awmfaqmifonf *0HtkwfcsyfBuD;rsm;udk ,uúef;pif
ausmif;awmft&mrfww H ikd ;f tjzpf jyKvkyaf vonf/ tjrifah y (7)? ta&SU taemuf (80)?
awmifajrmuf (80)ay tus,f&dS *0Hww H ikd ;f udk xnf0gcefn Y m;pGmjyKvkyaf vonf/
BuD;rm;aom *0Hausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;? taoG;ta&mifausmufom; tqihjf rifah om
aMumifh yxrOD;pGm ,uúef;pifausmif;awmf *0HrkcfOD;rkcf0udk acwfrDpuf,EÅ&m;rsm;udk
0,f,t l oH;k jyKum aqmufavonf/ tjrihf 11-ay? tvsm; 15-ay&Sd rkcOf ;D *H;k tauG;udk
oHyifrsm;ESihf csdyfqufum cdkifcHhrIjyKvkyfNyD; *Hk;ay:ü tvnfwGif e*g; 3-aumif
aemufcyH v’i0f ,f ,uúe;f pifawmifq&mawmf\yH?k 0J,mü 0dZmÆ aZmf*syD ?kH jrefrmrItqihjf rihf
uEkwfyef;½kyfxkrsm;jzihf jyKvkyfum pwD;bm*smwHcg;udk wyfqifxm;avonf/
302
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 303
txdr;f trSwu f rÁn;f pmwHceG w f u

Ykd kd *0Hausmufom;jzihf xkvyk x
f m;aponf/ yef;yk ynm&Sif
OD;bke;f vIid Ef iS hf ewfyef;csD OD;oef;rif;wdYk 2-zGUJ yl;aygif;um tEkynmtqihjf yocJMh uonf/
puf,EÅm;tzGUJ OD;aqmifuykd n k (udrk if;OD;)uvnf; BuD;rm;av;vHaom *0Hausmufw;kH rsm;udk
yef;&Hq&m? yef;ykq&mwdkY xm;vdkaomae&mü ta&mufxm;ay;avonf/ xdkwHwdkif;
rkcfOD;rkcf0wdkYudk aq;okwftzGJUu tvSqifjc,fojcif;? vQyfppfqdkif&mtzGJUu rD;yef;
tvSoG,fwef;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMu&m jrif&olwdkif; tHhMoMunfEl; csD;usL;pum;
ajymMu&onftxd vuf&majrmufvsuf&adS vonf/
ausmif;awmfww H ikd ;f twGi;f vuf,m&pfvn S yfh wfMunhv f Qif nDnmaomajrjyifü
pepfwus pdkufysdK;xm;aom yef;tvSyifrsm; a0qmpGmjrif&aomtcg pdkufxm;aom
uHhaumfysdK tjcm;yef;yif tyGihfa0qm yef;&eHYoif;ysHUum&Sdonfudk om,mMunfEl;
pdw&f iT vf ef;rIukd cHpm;Muonf/ ausmif;awmftwGi;f a&muf&ydS gu Munfñzkd , G f a'opm&D
yHkawmf ,uúef;pifawmifq&mawmfyHkawmf? xGuf&yf vl0dZÆm? ewf0dZÆmwdkYyHkawmf
teEÅ&wåbm0rS rdcif zcifudk,fpm;jyK bdk;awmf r,fawmfyHkrsm;udk awGUjrif&vQif
pdwtf iftm;rsm; zGUH NzKd ;vmonfukd vufawGUcHpm;cGi&fh Edik af yonf/ tem*wfomoemawmf
5000 ukeq f ;kH onftxd ,uúe;f pifawmifausmif;awmfwnf&adS tmif tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzihf
aqmif&u G xf m;onfukd jrif&avonf/
q&mawmfudk Zkwfokwf&Gm crnf;awmf OD;pHaz? r,fawmf a':apmusifwdkYrS
aumZmESpf 1290 jynhEf pS w f iG f zGm;jrifcNhJ y;D 1333-ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;&mXmerSm &[ef;jyKcJo
h nf/
,ck 1375-ckESpfwGif xl;jcm;aom aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJh&m0,f ,uúef;pif
awmifausmif;awmfBuD; r[m&H*0Hausmufww H ikd ;f *0Hrck Of ;D BuD;udk wnfaqmufjcif;onf
wpfct k ygt0ifjzpfonf/
rkcfOD;rkcf0wnfaqmuf
,uúe;f pifawmifausmif;awmfrck Of ;D wnfaqmufcsderf mS yif bdvyfajruGeu
f &pfrsm;
tpd"k mwf rmatmifapmihMf u&onfjzpf&m tm;vyfcsderf xm;bJ um;vrf;t0if qif&wem
jrif;&wemteD; atmifajruke;f awmf *0Hrck Of ;D udk aqmufvyk Mf uonf/ xkxnftjrihw f l
jzpfNyD; aygif;ul;rkcf0rSm vljrifuGif;jzpfí tvStyay:vGifatmif ½kyfxk½kyfvHk;rsm;
xkqpfyHkazmfMuonf/ aygif;ul;tvnfü odMum;rif; 0doBuHKrmwvdyHkawmfudk
ESpb
f ufvx S qk pfyakH zmfxm;&So
d nf/ BuD;rm;aom ausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;udt k qihqf ihx f yf
pepf w usjzpf a tmif u&d e f ; jzih f twif t us ta&T U ajymif ; vk y f u m tcd k i f t rm
303
KTS 15-11-14-1
wnfaqmufNyD; *0Hausmufw;kH udk yHak y:atmif yef;yktzGUJ u xkqpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

rkcaf ygufe&H 0H ,f jA[®mrif;ESifh odMum;rif; atmufajcü ,u©ykH tvStycHn h m;xnf0g
ESpfumvMumwnf&Sdatmif tEkynmajrmufaqmufvkyfxm;onf/ twGif;tjyifyHkwl
yGm;xm;onhftvm;jrifomatmif *0Hausmuf tEkynmvufpGrf;jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
xD;jrwfqHawmf atmifukef;awmf}} urÁn;f pmwrf;xd;k um 0J,mwGif
rkcOf ;D rkc0f uke;f ü ]]xD
a&T[oFm a&TOa'gif;rsm;½kyfxk ½kyf<u xkqpfxm;onfrSm jrif&olwdkif; ESpfaxmif;tm;&
jzpfMu&onf/ rkcf0wnf&SdyHkrSm apmif;wef;xdyfvrf;qHkrS tqif;twuf ajyajyjzihf
wjznf;jznf;wufa&mufcJhaom a&Ta&mif0if;0if;0g ausmufrsuf&wemwdkY a&mifpHkjzm?
toH omomqGv J o
J rH sm;pGm\ MunfE;l zG,f qHawmf&iS af pwDukd zl;ajrmfvsuf um,0Eém
raem0EémESpf tOÆvv D uftyk cf sDr;kd &Scd ;kd MuNyD;t0ifrck Of ;D udk txifom;jrifMu&NyD; teD;0,f
Mueftifvu©Pmjynfph kH pGmaom qif&wem jrif;&wem ppfoBl uD;ESpOf ;D yHak wmfujkd rif&onf/
xkdrS a&SUqufaomf qHawmf t&HwHwdkif;twGif;odkYum; 0ifaygufudk cefYnm;vSypGm
awGUjrifEdkifayonf/
rdk;BudK;ypfí 0ifaygufwHcg;zGifh
qHawmfapwDy&d0P k tf wGi;f um;BuD;um;i,f t0iftxGujf yK&mwHcg;rSm ajrmuf
bufaygufjzpfonf/ pwD;ydu k vf ;kH wHcg;&Gurf sm;jyKvkyx
f m;NyD; 0J,mwGif *0Hausmufqpf
vuf&m ½kyvf ;kH ½ky<f ursm;&Sad om rdk;BudK;wHcg;aygufrmS xl;jcm;aomjzpfpOf&cdS ohJ nf/ rSww
f rf;
tjzpf vdt
k yfvmaomaMumihf twdwu f tjzpftysufudk ar;jref;cJ&h m atmufygtwkid ;f
od&onf/
1333-ckEpS rf pS í qHawmf&iS af pwDudk bufpjkH yKjyif&efaqmif&uG cf o
hJ nf/ apwDawmf
\ r[m&HwHwkdif;0ifaygufrSm &GmbufrSrkcfOD;apmif;wef;jzifh 0ifxGufavh&SdMuonf/
ajrmufbuf ta&SUbufwiG f 0ifxu G af ygufr&S/d awmifbufjcrf;ü vl0ifxu G jf yKEkid ½f kH
taygufi,fom&Sdonf/ ta&SUajrmufr[m&HwHwkdif; NydKaeaomae&mrSausmfNyD; t0if
txGuf jyKMuonf/ pepfwus 0ifxu G af ygufrsdK;r[kw/f apwDudk t&yfav;rsufEmS rS
0ifa&mufz;l ajrmfEidk af tmif 0ifxuG af ygufvt dk yfvsu&f adS eonf/ txl;ojzihf av;vHaom
ypön;f ypö,rsm;o,f,&l ef ,mOf0ifayguf&o dS ihí
f ajrmufbufoak woejywku d af b;uyfí
azmufjcif;u toihaf wmfq;kH jzpfonf/ a*gyutzGUJ tm;today;&ef vkt d yfaomaMumihf
tpnf;ta0;ac:í wHcg;aygufae&mukn d eT jf yonf/ taqmuftODa[mif;ESihf eD;uyfjcif;?
r[m&HwHwkdif;cdkifcHhaejcif;wkdYaMumihf 0ifaygufazmufvkyfrnfukd vufrcH? uefYuGufjcif;
304
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 305
vnf;rjyK? axmufcjH cif;vnf;rjyK? wkPb dS ma0 aecJMh uonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf&JU

ya,m*rygbJ obm0tavsmuf taygufjzpfvQif vufcHMurvm; urvm;[k q&mawmfu
trdefY&Sdonf/ 'Dvkdqkdtaumif;qHk;ygbk&m;[k NydKifwlavQmufxm;Muonf/ uJ-'gqkd
tpnf;ta0;NyD;ygNyD[k ajymqdkvsuf ukd,fhae&mXmeodkY jyefoGm;Muonf/ xkdtcsdefum;
rdk;&GmoGef;jcif;r&Sdaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ wHcg;aygufazmuf&ef trSwftom; wkdifpdkufNyD;
r[m&HwHwkdif;rS cGmxkwf&rnhf ausmufwHk;ae&mü xHk;jzihf trSwftom; jyKvkyfxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ a*gyuvlBuD;rsm;? aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm; tqHk;tjzwfray;EkdifbJ &GmwGif;odkY
jyefomG ;Muonf/ q&mawmfonf bk&m;ta&SUawmifbuf&dS t*Fgaxmift h eD; ,m,D
ur®|mef;ausmif;twGi;f 0ifvsuf wHcg;ydwx f m;vduk o
f nf/ nOD;ykid ;f tcsed f rk;d Ncrd ;f oHMum;&Ny;D
wpfae&mudk rd;k BudK;ypfoMH um;&jyefonf/ rd;k arSmifusaomnjzpfí vlomG ;vlvmjywfaeNy;D
wpfnwmukeq f ;kH oGm;cJo
h nf/ eHeufr;dk vif;aomtcg aeYv,fu um;0ifayguftjzpf
owfrw S xf m;aom trSwt f om;ae&mtwkid ;f *0Hausmufrsm; NydKusaeonfudk awGUMu&
onf/ a*gyuESifh aus;&Gm&SdvlBuD;rsm;a&muf&SdvmMuNyD; q&mawmfazmufvkyf&ef
qE´&Sdaomae&mukd odMum;rif;u 0&Zdefvufeuf1 rdk;BudK;jzihfcGif;í tajzay;cJhNyD[k
0rf;ompGmvufcHcJhMuonf/ q&mawmf\ rSwfwrf;'dkif,m&DpmtkyfwGif 1334-ckESpf?
oDwif;uRwfvqef;(3)&uf? (10-10-72)t*FgaeYwGif azmufvkyfonf[k a&;om;
xm;onf/ ,cktcg vlBuD; t&G,f&SdolwkdY tqkdygtjzpftysufukdodMuaomfvnf;
aemuf v l r sm; tod e nf ; vsuf & S d o nf / xD ; apmif ; apwD t m; t&yf a v;rsuf E S m rS
vlewfjA[®mrsm; tcsdefra&G; zl;ajrmfavh&SdaomaMumihf av;zufrkcf0&Sdoihfonf/
wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;&Sif\ OD;acgif;awmfrS qHawmfcsif; wlnDygvsuf usdKufxD;½dk;?
a&Tw*d akH pwDvkd rpnfum;bJ vlol ylaZmfreI nf;aejcif;? vlewfjA[®mtm;vH;k ylaZmfEidk &f ef
wHcg;aygufvkdtyfaejcif;? 2500-ausmfaomtcg vlaygif;rsm;pGmjzihf pnfum;rnf[k
bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwfawmfpum;xm;&SdcJhjcif;? þtaMumif;t&mrsm; rSefuefcJhaomf
rdrdvdkvm;aom tpDtpOftwkdif;jzpfygapownf;[k ]]£pä m yl & P0pD o pö m }} trI
jyKcJah omaMumihf odMum;rif;onf 0&Zdev f ufeuf rk;d BudK;pufjzihf jyKvkyaf y;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/
1/ ajratmufwpfayceft
Y euf&dS ajra&mausmufw;kH opfyif&o
dS rQ tm;vH;k <uwufum NzdKcsovdk
awGU&onf/ teD;&Sd taqmufttHrk sm; yJ&h UJG tufux
JG cd u
kd rf rI &Scd ahJ y/
305
KTS 15-11-14-1
*0Hrdk;BudK;rkcfOD;rkcf0
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sif apwDr[m&HwHwdkif;twGif; um;0ifaygufrSm
apwDawmftaemufajrmuf,Gef;,Gef;a&S;a[mif;odrfawmfBuD;ESihf a&S;a[mif;okawoe
jywdu k tf Mum;rS 0ifMu&onf/ t0if ta&SUbufü ½kypf w kH efaqmif;ac: a&S;acwf*0Hausmuf
tEkynmvuf&mjrefrmrI uEkwfyef;wdkYjzihf um&Hxm;aom taqmuftOD;jzpfonf/
0JbufwiG f wifyv’iaf cG½yk x f ak wmf(4)qlxm;&Sad omaMumifh av;ql0wftm½Hck w H efaqmif;
[kac:qdMk uonf/ ,cifu armfawmf,mOf0ifaygufr&Sad o; (1334)ckEpS ?f oDwif;uRwf
vqef; (3)&ufaeYu ay:aygufcahJ omvrf;jzpfonf/ armfawmfum;t0iftxGuf jyKvkyf
Edik &f ef *0Hausmufww H ikd ;f udk NzdKzsufazmufvyk &f ef aqmif&u G &f m vltrsm;oabmrwlbJ
&So d nf/ obm0tavsmuf um;0ifaygufjzpfvQif vufcMH urvm;[k ar;í oabmwl
aMumif; 0efcu H wdjyKNyD; ntcsdef rd;k BudK;ypfí tvdv k w kd w H ikd ;f NydKusum 0ifaygufjyKvkycf iG fh
&&SdaomaMumihf rdk;BudK;ayguf rdk;BudK;rkcf[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/ qHawmfapwD0if;twGif;
um;0ifum;xGufjyK&m rkcf0jzpfum ordkif;pOfjzpfpOf yg&Sdatmif trnfay;xm;onfrSm
r[mauo"mwk0if usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sif apwDawmfjrwfBuD; *0Hrdk;BudK;
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rkcfOD;rkcf0}} xkxnfBuD;rm;aom *0Hausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;udk u&de;f jzihf wifcsjcif;? pDjcif;
jyKvkyf&onf/ ½kyfxk ½kyf<uyef;tvSrsm;? a'0gyHk ,u©yHk uEkwfyef;wdkYudk rkcf0pDNyD;rS
xkqpfco hJ nf/ aygif;ul;tcH;k tv,fü a'opm&Db&k m;yHk 0J,mü *0HywdEiS fh odMum;rif;yH?k
[oFmESihf a'gif;rkcf0twGif; a'0uk@rPduk@½kyfxkudk 0J,mxm; t0ifrsufESm
0J,mwdik 0f ,f ewfrif; 2-yg;? Mumzl;udik yf al Zmfae[ef *0Hausmufw;kH rSm yHak zmfxm;onf/
rd;k BudK; vufeufypfciG ahf zmufvyk cf o hJ nfukd txdr;f trSwx f m;vsuf rd;k BudK;oauFwudyk g
yHak zmfjy xm;onfrmS vuf&majrmufvo S nf/ rkcOf ;D rkc0f rsm;\ xl;jcm;rIrmS usKd ufx;D aqmif;
ukef;awmfajrtwGif;rS azmf,lcJhaom *0HausmufwHk;jzpfjcif;? ausmufom;aumif;jcif;?
ynm&SifrSm q&mawmf\ajr; ynm&SifjzpfNyD; ig;oHk;vDusihfpOfudk &moufyef t"d|mefjyK
xm;ol jzpfaeayonf/ rkcfOD;rkcf0rsm;onf omoemawmf (5000)wdkifwnf&Sdatmif
t"d|mefjyKaqmufvkyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
odMum;ewfwdkY uG,f0Sufxm;aomodrf
usdKufxD;aqmif;apwD\ajrmufbuf um;t0iftxGufwHcg;uyfvsuf vrf;
taemufbufwiG f bHk 5-qifah yguf chn
H m;xnf0gaom odrt
f aqmuftODukd txif
306
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 307
t&Sm;awGUjrifEidk of nf/ tjrihaf y (40)cef?Y tvsm;ay (40)? teHay (30)cefY taqmuftOD;

BuD;jzpfonf/ acwfrDypönf;ud&d,mjzifh aqmufvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfaomaMumhif vSyaooyf
aom yHpk jH zpfonf/ &efuek Nf rKd Uawmf0ef OD;ukad v;? ZeD; a':cifcifav;rdom;pkwu Ydk aqmuf
vkyfvSL'gef;cJhNyD; 1365-ckESpf? e,kefvqkwf (1)&ufaeYwGif a&pufcsvSL'gef;cJhMuonf/
,cktcg uHaqmif&ef oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;ompGmaekxikd Ef idk &f eftwGuf wd;k csJUaqmufvyk f
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf 1333-ckEpS rf pS í apwDawmf0ef;usiu f dk &Si;f vif;cJo h nf/
odrf&SdaMumif; wpfqifhpum;rMum;zl;MubJ ajrzkxHk;? csHKEG,fopfyifrsm; xlxyfpGm
aygufa&mufvsuf&í dS toGm;tvmrjyK0Hb h &J odS nf/ um;0ifaygufudk rd;k BudK;ypfziG v hf pS Nf yD;
aomtcg t0iftxGuv f rf; nDnmjyefjY yL;atmif csKHE, G rf sm;ukd ckwx f iG &f iS ;f vif;Muonf/
ajrurlrsm;ukd NzdKMuonf/ ajrrdkYaeaom odrfedrdwfwkdifrsm;ay:vm&m 0rf;omtm;&jzihf
ajrn§Md uonf/ ESpaf ygif;&mcsaD ysmufu, G af eaom odru f adk wGUMu&aomaMumihf ]]ay:awmfrl
od r f } } [k wifpm;ac:a0:Muonf/ ay:awmfro l rd u
f dk Munhv f okd w
l Ykd 0dik ;f tHv
k mMuonf/
odru f Mdk unh&f efvmolwo Ykd nf usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDuykd g zl;ajrmfuefawmhMu&m
vlrsm;pnfum;vsuf&o dS nf/ 1335-ckEpS cf efu Y [k qko d nf/
,cifu rausreyfjzpfaeaom oHCmtcsKd Uonf tqk;d jrifjzihf ]]'Dodrf[m tysuf
jzpfonf/ taqmuftODysufvQif odrfysufovdkyif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajrzkdYaeaom
aMumihf odrfysuf (0dyÜwå doDrm)jzpfonf/ &[ef;cHvQif &[ef;rjzpfEkdif/ jyKvkyfwkdif;
aom oHCuHtm;vHk; ratmifjrif? bmrQoHk;r&aomodrfjzpfonf}}}[k a0zefcJhMu
onf/ 'kdYacwfusrSay:vmaomodrf? ewfrsm;u uG,f0Sufxm;aomodrf? omoemjyK
yk*¾dKvftwGuf odMum;ewfwdkYu xkwfazmfay;cJhaomodrf[k *kPf,laeolrsm;twGuf
tcHcufaom wHkYjyefpum;jzpfvmcJhonf/
&efuek Nf rdKU? A[ef;NrdKUe,f ygVdwuúov kd f anmifwek ;f ausmif;wkud Bf uD;rS t*¾r[m
y@dw b'Éo Å &l , d mbd0o H q&mawmf? pmcsq&mawmfrsm;jzpfaom OD;pdwå&? OD;t*¾0o H
wko
Yd nf usdKufx;D aqmif;od<Yk ua&mufawmfrv l mMuNyD; uGi;f qif;pdppfawmfrv l suf atmif
jrifaomodr=f orÜwåo d rD m[k tqH;k tjzwfay;awmfrMl uonf/ xko d rd tf wGi;f rSm 'kvb ’
&[ef; OyorÜ'uHaqmif&u G af y;awmfrcl MhJ uonf/ &efuek Nf rKd Uü pmwwftausmq f &mawmf
ygVdwuúov kd f A[dt k yk cf sKyfa7;tzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL;q&mawmfjzpfaeaomaMumihf tqk;d jrif
olw\ Ykd pum;oHrsm; wdwq f wd o
f mG ;cJNh y;D oHCuHrsm;ukd ,aeYwidk f aqmif&u G cf iG &fh cJo
h nf/
307
KTS 15-11-14-1
ygVdwuúov kd f anmif;wke;f ausmif;wku

d q
f &mawmf\ rdeMYf um;qH;k jzwfay;awmfrcl hJ
yHrk mS þodjYk zpfonf/ odrf&JUt"dyÜm,fuawmh 0denf;uHrsm; tvG,fwulaqmif&Guf
Ekdifatmif owfrSwfxm;wJhae&myg/ Oyrm-*grodrf? Zkwfokwf&Gme,fajrykdifeuf
twGif;rSm&SdwJh &[ef;awmfukd wpfae&mwnf;rSm pkpnf;? 2-awmifxGm [w¬ygwf
twGif; nDnGwfpGm ur®0gzwfjcif;? OykofjyKjcif;udpöawG aqmif&GufEkdifygw,f/
&GmykdifeufwpfckvHk;rSm&SdwJh &[ef;awGpkpnf;zkdY tcuftcJ&SdwJhtwGuf tck ay
(40
(40_ _40)avmuf&SdwJh ajrae&mudk 0doHk*grtrdefYjzihf odrfjzpfatmifowfrSwfEkdifw,f/
0doHk*grodrfvdkYac:w,f/ Zkwfokwf&Gm (ykdife,f)&Sd oHCmawGpkNyD; ur®0gpmeJY orkwf
wJhodrfudk A'ödrfvdkYac:w,f/ 'DaeY ewfawGuG,f0Sufxm;wJhtwGuf ESpfawGMum
atmif ajrtwGif;rSm&Sd&mu ½kwfw&ufay:xGufvmwJhodrf[m txufwef;uswJh
odrfjzpfw,f/ 0denf;r[m0gygVdawmf oDrmAEd̈wAÁm? ur®0gpm, y&da,momae a,m
edrdwåmed A[duwGm a[|m yx0DoE m¦ &u O'uH y&d,EÅH uwGm oDrm *wma[mwd/
0denf;r[m0g t|uxm ESm-323 rSm zGihfjyxm;w,f/
urÇmajru a&ay:rSmwnfaew,f/ a&&JUatmufrmS avxkcx H m;w,f/ &[ef;awG
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wdkYxkdifaewJhajruae atmufrSm ajrBuD;udkcHxm;wJh a&xktxd a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
odryf suaf tmifqNdk y;D taqmuftODuzkd suzf suf ajruku d si;f wl;z,f&mS ;Ny;D zsuzf suf odr[ f m
ysufroGm;Ekid yf g/ tydik ;f tjcm;tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;wJeh rd wd f (ausmufwidk )f &JUtwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ
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odrfvdkY rSwfom;xm;Muyg/ bkr®&mZmawGu aumif;csD;ay;wJhtaeeJY ay:aygufvmwJh
ewfay;wJhodrfvdkYrSwfxm;Muyg/ 0denf;uHtm;vHk; 'Dae&mrSmjyKvkyfyg/ wdkwkdajym&if
orÜwåo d rD m = 0denf;pnf;urf;eJt Y nD a&S;acwf &Si*f 0Hywd &Siaf omP &SiOf wå & &[EÅm
t&Sijf rwfrsm; orkwaf wmfrcl w hJ hJ atmifjrifwo hJ rd t
f jzpf aMunmvdu k yf g[k tqH;k tjzwf
ay;awmfrlcJhavonf/
atmifjrifwohJ rd t
f jzpf tqH;k tjzwfay;Ny;D aemuf ay:awmfro
l rd [
f ak c:qkcd MhJ uonf/
ay:awmfrlodrf'g,umrSm aus;&GmolBuD; OD;Muifuif;jzpfonf/ p½kdufMurf;aom &Gmom;
308
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 309
vlru kd rf sm;onf uREJ mG ;0ufMuufc;kd í owfjzwfpm;aomufjcif;? vlu&dk ef&mS í ½ku d &f o J wf&J
Muaomfvnf; olBuD;udkjrifvQif ykef;a&SmifoGm;Muonf/ jyefvSefajymqkd0Hholr&Sday/ odrf
twGif;ü aMu;qif;wkrSm &efukefNrdKU a&Twd*HkapwDrS z,f&Sm;xm;aomaMumihf yihfaqmif
ud;k uG,x f m;aom ½kyyf mG ;rsm;jzpfonf/ odraf qmufvyk Nf yD;pD;aomtcg &Gmü vlq;dk tjzpf
xif&Sm;aomolrsm; 'kv’b&[ef;cHí ouFef;0wfcJhMuonf/ vlaumif;rsm;tjzpf a&muf
oGm;Muonf/ &efuek f anmifwek ;f ygVdwuúov kd af usmif;wku
d f q&mawmf OD;ol&, d mbd0o H
(t*¾r[my@dw) OD;aqmifNyD; pmcsq&mawmfrsm;<ua&mufí OyorÜ'uH aqmif&u G af y;
cJhMuonf/ ay:awmfrlodrftaqmuftODukd Zkwfokwf&GmolBuD; OD;Muifuif;+a':ñkd?
om; armif[kwfvIdif rdom;pkwdkYu tvsm;ay (40? teHay 20? tjrifh 12 aycefY)&Sd
tkww f udk uf dk 1336-ckEpS u f aqmufvyk cf o
hJ nf/ a&pufcsyt JG Ny;D om;rsm;udyk g OyorÜ'uH
aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuonf/
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tvm usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDteD;0,f &[EÅmorkwcf ahJ om odrw f pfv;kH &Sad Mumif; od&í dS
&[EÅmodru f &dk mS azGMu&m rawGUaomaMumihf apwDawmftaemufbuf uku d f (50)ceft Y &yfü
odro f pfwpfv;kH orkwí f odrt
f aqmuftODaqmufvyk Nf yD; uHBuD;uHi,fuakd qmif&u G cf &hJ
onf/ aumZmESpf 1297-ckEpS rf S xD;apmif;a*gyutzGJUvlBuD;ESifh aus;&GmolBuD;wdn Yk Ed§ idI ;f í
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vSnf;ig;&mcefY bk&m;ajrmufbufajruGufay:wGif pka0;íaecJhMuonf/
bk&m;twGi;f t0iftxGujf yKcJo h nfrmS apmif;wef;twkid ;f jzpfonf/ bk&m;ajrmufbuf
awmifbuf ta&SUbufwiG f *0Hww H idk ;f rsm;um&Hxm;onf/ xkpd Ofu odraf wmfBuD;vnf;
r&Sad o;/ bk;d bd;k ewfueG ;f rSmvnf; bk&m;0if;twGi;f ü &Sad ecJoh nf/ oH;k ESpb
f &k m;yGJ pnfum;
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BuD;ae&mrSm ukef;url jcawmifykdYESifh ql;csHKom&Sdonf/ rnfonhftaqmuftODrQr&Sd/
aysmfyGJ&TifyGJusif;yaomae&mom jzpfaecJhonf/ qHawmf&SifapwDrSm ql;csHK opfyifcsHKEG,f
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zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sdonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh wynhrf sm;onf ig;oH;k vDomoemh"r®pnf;urf;ESifh
tnD aexkid ?f t|*Fov D e0*Fov D aqmufwnf? *kPaf wmfymG ; arwå mur®|mef;
309
KTS 15-11-14-1
pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;vsuf NyKd ysuaf eaom apwDa[mif; omoedutaqmuftODrsm;ukd jyefvnf

jyKjyif? ql;csHKrsm;zH;k vTr;f aeaom jcawmifyu Ykd &dk iS ;f vif;Mu&m ausmuferd wd o
f rD EÅ&w
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f idk f
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aqmufvyk cf MhJ uonf/ e,foC H mwduYk odryf suf[u k efu
Y u
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pmwwfaywwfq&mawmfrsm; <ua&mufajz&Sif;ay;cJhMuaomaMumifh jyóemajyvnf
at;Nidrf;oGm;cJhonf/
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vkyu f ikd af ecsdejf zpfonf/ wynh&f if;rsm;vma&mufuefawmhMuonfudk EIwq f ufpum;
ajymqkdí a0,sm0pöudpörsm; OD;pm;ay;vkyfudkifaecJhonf/ xkdpOfu tcsdKUaom ax&fBuD;
0gBuDwo Ydk nf usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk vma&mufavhr&Sb d J ta&mufrsm;vmMuonf/ bk&m;zl;
&efxuf usdKufx;D aqmif;bke;f BuD;tm; tuJcwfvkd tajctaeavhvmvdí k jzpfonf/
tcsdKUum; tvkyv f yk af e&modv Yk ma&mufum uk, d af &mifjyoGm;MuNyD; &[ef;oHCm odum©
0gBuD;oluydk if tzufrvkyf *g&0rjyK OD;rcsaom uk, d af wmf[k owif;vTio hf mG ;cJMh uonf/
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zH;k xm;onfuadk wGU&vQif qGr;f rbkO;f ay;bJ qGr;f vTwu f m ausmif;jyefc&hJ onf/
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aeonfukd ykxZk Ofobm0 £ómw&m;0ifaeMuonf/ rdrad tmuf odum© 0gi,faeoludk
310
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 311
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aejcif;rSm bk&m;a[mr[kwí f vufcEH idk jf cif;r&S/d omrefxufveG Nf y;D 0ufom;bkO;f ay;cJMh u
onf/ a*gp&*grftwGi;f ax&fBuD;0gBuD;jzpfaeí onf;cHaeaomfvnf; vdt k yfonfxuf
tjypfwifpum; &SmBuHajymqku d &hJ UJ rI ydjk yKcJMh uonf/ teD;0ef;usifrS tkypf zk UJG qefu
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cE¨mygcsKyfomG ;Mu&onf/ tcsdKUrax&frsm;um; &[ef;b0rS vltoGiaf jymif;oGm;Muonf/
tcsdKUrSm &[ef;jyef0wfMuaomfvnf; ,cifut&Sdeft0gr&SdawmhbJ rxifr&Sm;b0jzihf
aeMu&onf/ xkdtcsdefum; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; ay:aygufjcif;r&Sdao;/ p½dkuf0goem
wlnDolwdkY pkaygif;um "r®oarÇm* ypö, oarÇm*jyvsuf oHComr*¾DzGJUpnf;xm;aom
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jzpforl mS tdyrf pHI yk zf mG ;jzifh xxdik Nf yD; 0g;Murf;cif;udk wAsef;Asef;½du k í f atmf[pfajcmufveS Yf
onf/ usm;uvnf; ZeD;jzpfot l m; ausmbufraS eí cg;ud0k ifco J nf/ tdru f jyifay:
acgif;ydik ;f a&mufí ajrjyifwiG f ajcaxmufwv JG jJ zpfcsed f usm;u 0ifuu kd jf cif;jzpf&m ud, k 0f efyg
xdomG ;cJo h nf/ OD;aomif; ajcmufvefaY tmf[pfoaH Mumifh usm;rSm tdr\ f ajrmufbuf&dS
awmifay:ausmif;wHwikd ;f udk ckeaf usmNf y;D aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJo
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cdak tmif;aom awmifay:ausmif;um; usdKufx;D aqmif;apwD\ taemufbufuyfvsuf
311
KTS 15-11-14-1
r[m&HwHwdkif;rQjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;jzpfonf/ opf&dyfopfcsHKwdkYaMumifh usm;

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usdKufx;D aqmif;bk&m; r[m&mrfww H ikd ;f udak usmfwufí eef;OD;apwD\ ta&SUxdyf ,ck
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf tNro J w D if;oH;k &m ausmif;1ae&mcsKH twGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ;onf
[k qdo k nf/
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usm;cdak tmif;Edik af om awmtkyf awmifwef; awmifuek ;f r&S?d usm;\ ud, k w
f iG f &GUH rsm;vl;
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qufvsu&f adS om yifv,fjyifom&Sad eonf/ &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdYk ok0ÖPblro d Ykd
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pm;aomufavh&adS om bDv;l rsm;a&muf&v dS mNy;D rif;om;i,fuzdk rf;,l&eftm;xkw&f m &[EÅm
t&SifjrwfESpfyg;\ tapmihfta&Smuf t&Htwm;jyKay;rIaMumihf rif;om;i,f csrf;om&m
&cJoh nf/ xkt d aMumif;ukd yg&mZduPft|uxmed'gef; ud;k wkid ;f uk;d Xme omoemjyKcef;ü
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ukd wpfaeYwmvH;k umr*kPjf zifh taysmftMuL;tEdik t f xufjyKusih?f vuf0wfwefqm
rsm;ukd vk,?l jynfw h efqmrudk azsmufzsufypfcMhJ uonf/ jynhw f efqmronf &efNidK;xm;
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312
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 313
yl;0ifNyD;» a0So Y wfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[k rdeMYf um;awmfro l nf/ ("r®y't|uxm? rZÑrd edum,?
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pMumjzihf xdefyifapmihfewftm; ½dkufESufcJhonf/ taemf&xm uHw&m;edrfhuscsdefwGif
xdefyifapmihfewfonf uRJa,mifaqmifí a0SYowfaomaMumihf taemf&xmrif; ewf&Gm
pHawmfr&l onf[k &mZ0ifwiG jf yqkad vonf/ tqkyd gtjzpftysufrsm;ukd qifjcifvQif ,ck
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313
KTS 15-11-14-1
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wufusm;? usKd ufx;D ½d;k u vdu k u f sm;? usKd ufx;D aqmif;u udu k u f sm; [k qd½k ;kd jyKcJMh uonf/
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314
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 315
onf/ q&mawmf &aohb0jzihf tqdyk gbk&m;uke;f udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef pum;urf;vSr;f

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rpdefpdef &efuek rf S oefvsib
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udk;e0if;uyfausmfqifrif;apwD jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; a':cifñeG rYf o d m;pk NcHjyKvkyx f m;aom
bk&m;0dik ;f ajrudk pepfwus jyefvnf0,f,l wHwikd ;f um&efNyD;rSom oufomoGm;cJo h nf/
þjzpfpOfudkMunhfvQif bk&m;ajr ausmif;ajr toHk;jyKrdolwdkYtwGuf owdjyK qifjcif
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315
KTS 15-11-14-1
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316
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 317
csHKtuG,frSxGufvmNyD; ESmarmif;ajr§mufvsuf atmfoHjyKajy;vmaeonf/ EGm;vSnf;

ay:rSvlrsm; ckefcsxGufajy;Mu&onf/ vSnf;üwyfxm;aom EGm;ESpfaumif ½kef;xGuf
Muonf/ wpfaumifomvGwNf yD; wpfaumifux dk ;dk owfavonf/ vSn;f ay:wGiyf gvm
aom ypön;f rsm;ukd wpfcpk , D v
l suf csHKMum;okyYd o Ydk nf/ vSn;f ukvd nf; vSn;f bD;(2)ckyg
rusef zsufq;D NyD; csHKrsm;twGi;f ypfcsí tay:rS opfcuf opfuidk ;f trIu d rf sm;jzihf zH;k tkyf
cJ&h m 0Sux f m;onhyf pkH rH sdK;jzpfaeonfudk vltrsm; tHMh ocJMh u&onf/ xkt d jzpftysufrmS
1337-ckEpS ?f wefc;l vjynhf (25-4-1975)? aomMumaeYwiG f jzpfysufco hJ nf[k rSww f rf;
0,f awGU&onf/
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twGi;f rvmra&mufoal wGu&dk mS azGNyD; tEÅ&m,fjyKaeonf[k tcsif;csif;ajymqkMd uvsuf
wpfacgufwpfcgrQ vma&mufjcif;r&So d rl sm; y&d0P k t f wGi;f a&mufvmMuNyD; bk&m;zl;jcif;?
"r®u©E¨m&Gwfzwf&mokdY ½kdaopGmvma&mufem,lMuonfrSm tm&mrftwGif; vltjynhf
pnfum;cJo h nf/ odum© wif&eftcsdef owfrw S x
f m;aom&ufwiG f zm;0g;arqifBuD;onf
aemifawmfBuD;bk&m;ESihf ,uúe;f pifawmifausmif;teD;okaYd &mufvmonf/ xko d wif;aMumihf
wpf&mG vH;k &Svd rl sm;onf apwDay:okaYd &mufvmMuonf/ trsdK;om;rsm;onf apwDypö,H
ay:okYd wufa&mufaeMuonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf zD;Murf;iSuaf ysmwpfz;D
uk, d vl suf rke, f adk eaomqifBuD;&S&d modYk <uoGm;avonf/ vltrsm;um; &ifwxdwx f w d f
jzifh Munhaf eMuonf/ q&mawmf<uoGm;aMumif;odaomtcg qifxed ;f rsm; opfawmbuf
qkid &f mvlBuD;rsm; cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS vduk yf goGm;Muonf/ vdt k yfygu qifBuD;tm;ypfowf
&efyif trdex Yf wk x f m;NyD;jzpf&m qifypfaoewform;wdu Yk toihcf sde&f , G x f m;Muonf/
q&mawmfonf qifBuD;ESihf (10)uku d cf eft
Y uGmodaYk &mufaomtcg þodrYk ed MYf um;vdu k f
onf/ ]],ck odMum;omoemESpf 2500-a&mufvmwJhtwGuf 'kdYrsm; bk&m;&Sif
Asm'dwfawmftwdkif; qHawmfapwDrsm; wpfausmhjyefyGifhvif;&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfw,f/ qif (10)rsdK;wdkYOD;ckduf&m ok0ÖPblrdac: oxHkajrjzpfw,f/ q'éfqifrif;
\ rsdK;qufrsm; jyefvnfqHkcsdefrSm xD;awmfwifyGJusif;yrSmjzpfw,f/ bkd;awmf
odMum;rif;&JU ukodkvfawmfjyKzufjzpfaom {&m0Pfqif&JU[dwfjzihf xD;awmfyifh
aqmifwJh zm;0g;arqifNrD;jzLBuD; 'DiSufaysmoD;ukdvmpm;yg/ omoemjyKtvkyfukd
aysmf&TifpGmqufvkyfyg/ 'Dtwkdif;tzrf;rcHvQif rif;ukd touftEÅ&m,fjyKMuvdrfh
r,f}}}[k azsmif;zspum;ajymMum;vQif qifBuD;onf wjznf;jznf; q&mawmfteD;uyfvm
317
KTS 15-11-14-1
Ny;D vuftwGi;f rS iSuaf ysmoD;wpfv;kH udk ,lpm;onf/ wpfv;kH Ny;D wpfv;kH pm;av&m qifxed ;f
rsm; teD;a&mufvmNyD; xl;cwfMuonf/
qifOD;pD;rsm;\ acsmharmhyGwfoyfjcif;ukdcH,lNyD; em;&Guf tNrD; ajcaxmufrsm;
vIy&f mS ;Ny;D ac:aqmif&mokv Yd u
dk yf goGm;avonf/ vltrsm;0dik ;f tHMk unhMf uaomtcg uBudK;
uGufrsm;tvdkuf ujyavonf/ tqkdawmfwdkY\ emrnfausmf aeumrsufrSefav;eJY
oDcsif;wD;vH;k ukd qkid ;f 0kid ;f 'k;d ywf0idk ;f wku
Yd wD;aomtcg pnf;0g;uku d f ujyavonf/
,refaeYu tjzpftysufESihf ,aeYtjyKtrlukdMunhfvQif rkef,pfaeaomqifBuD;rS
[kwyf gYrvm;[k ajym&atmifyif ,Ofyg;aecJah vonf/ xkq d ifBuD; vSn;f ukzd sufq;D í
EGm;wpfaumif xkd;owf&mteD;wGif apwDikwfESihf csHKukd&Sif;vif;í jyifqifcJhNyD;
qifrif;apwD1[k bGUJ awmfay;cJah vonf/ bd;k awmfoMd um;rif;onf aus;apwrefjzihf
r,fvrkxH ewfa&pifykdYay;vdkufonfukd ewfrdzk&m;rsm;u odrf;iSufa,mifaqmifí
vdkufvHaESmifh,SufMuonf/ ewfa&pifzdwfus&mrS rsdK;ADZtjzpf ajymif;vJNyD; usm;rif;?
qifrif;? irkd;&dyfrdausmif;rsm; arG;zGm;cJhonf[kqkdonf/ odMum;rif;\apwref
omoemh&efudk umuG,Ef idk pf rG ;f &Sad om qifrif;yl;0ifco hJ nf[k qko d nf/
*E¨m&Dc&D; wpfausmhjyef<uvm
5-ESpf 5-0g&NyD;csdef &aohb0jzihf r[m*E¨m&Dc&D;vSnhfvnfpOfu ypönf;av;yg;
vSL'gef;cJhMuol wynhfwkdYxH <ua&mufyg&ef vma&mufavQmufxm;onfukdvufcHNyD;
1337-ckEpS ?f wykw Yd v JG qkwf 5-&ufaeYwiG f vufyw H ef;NrdKUodYk <ua&mufco hJ nf/ rif;vrf;?
vrf;oG,f (4)ae a&TneG pYf wk;d ykid &f iS f OD;vS0if; a':nGeaYf &Twt Ykd rd üf acwå oDwif;oH;k onf/
npOfw&m;a[mí aeYcsdef a&S;a[mif;apwDykxdk;rsm;udk zl;ajrmfavonf/ vufyHwef;
blwmrS crHb k w l modYk rD;&xm;wGo J ;D oefiY mS ;vsuf wrmç v,fwçD r[maygif; paom
&Gmrsm;&Sd wynhw f yYkd ifah qmifMuonf/ &Gm&Sv d u
l ek yf if crHbk w l mrS BudKqkad eMu&m yGaJ wmf
1/ 1342-ckEpS ?f uqkev
f jynhaf usmf (7)&uf? (5-5-80)&uf? wevFmaeYeeH ufyidk ;f wGif &Gmav;
awmifyidk ;f &Sd usm;rif;apwD xD;awmfwifvLS cJo
h nf/ wpfcsdew f nf;vdyk if &Gmajrmufyidk ;f txGu&f dS
qifrif;apwDuydk g xD;awmfwifvLS onf/ uk;d e0if;ab;uif; qifrif;apwD bGUJ awmfay;cJMh uonf/
1359-ckEpS ?f oBuFe&f ufyaJG wmftwGi;f qifrif;apwDEiS hf usm;rif;apwDwu Ykd dk xD;awmf? pdezf ;l awmf
topf wifvLS cJo h nf/ ,cktcg usm;rif;ausmif;? qifrif;ausmif; 2-ausmif;ü pcef;xdik &f [ef;rsm;
xm;&Scd o
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f ul m; omoemawmftpOftvmt& qufpyfvsuf
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d nf[k q&mawmfred MYf um;avh&o dS nf/
318
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 319
BuD;tvm; vlpnfum;vSonf/ ,cifwynhaf [mif;rsm;um; tvkt,ufw;dk a0Sí Y ajctpHk

ukd ezl;jzifxh d zl;ajrmfuefawmhMu&m vlopfrsm;uyg vdu k yf gjyKvkyMf uí (2)rkid cf &D;tMum;
vlcsif;qufvsuf&o dS nf/ wrm&GmrSm &aohb0jzihf *E¨m&Dc&D;usihcf sdeu f pcef;cscJ&h mae&m
jzpfí r@yfaqmufvsuf ,m,DwaJ usmif;aqmufvyk x f m;NyD; pwk'o d m qGr;f csufaqmif
rsm;ukyd g aqmufvyk x f m;Muonf/ ajrpdu k af pwDwpfql vdt k yfvsuf&adS omaMumihf apwD
wpfqlwnf&ef nTefMum;awmfrl&m v,fwD&GmrS a':a&TqkdifrS usyfaiG (1000d^-)vSL'gef;
vkad Mumif; avQmufxm;cJo h jzihf wykw Yd v JG qkwf (*)&ufaeYwiG f a*gp&*grf oHCmrsm;tm;
yifzh w
d v f suf apwDawmfyEéuw f ifr*FvmyGjJ yKvkyNf yD; vSLzG,0f w¬Kypön;f ukd vSL'gef;cJo h nf/
q&mawmf\wynh&f if;rsm;u apwDawmfwnfaqmufa&;a*gyutzGUJ zGUJ pnf;apNyD; apwD
wnf&mwGif xdkacwfu q&mawmfrwnfaiGESihf tvSL&SifwdkY pkaygif;aiG (3000d^)rQom
jzpfí ukefusaiGrsm;ukdtyfESHcJhonf/ ,cktcg od'¨d&SifapwDrSm Munfñzkd , G &f m zl;awGU
EkdifMuonf/ wrm&GmwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; r&Sdzl;ay/ &aohb0jzihf *E¨m&Dc&D;
pcef;cs&mt&yf0,f ,m,DwJausmif;ukd bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;tjzpf toHk;jyKaeMu&m
,ck &[ef;awmfb0jzihf jyef<uvmcsdef atmifajrr*Fvmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;tjzpf
aqmufvyk af pvsuf Zmwdom; OD;t&d,0Ho (omoe"Z"r®mp&d,)tm; ausmif;xkid t f jzpf
wifajr§mufNyD; a&pufcsvSL'gef;Muavonf/
wrm&Gm? v,fw&D mG ? r[maygif;&GmESifh 0ef;usi&f adS us;&Gmrsm;rS vltrsm; vma&muf
zl;ajrmfMuonf/ &aohb0jzifh (3)ESpfcefY pcef;csaexkdifcJhpOfu jrpfrcjrpftwGif; 14-
awmifavSjzihf r[maygif;&Gm azmifawmfOD;ausmif;okdY<ua&mufcsdef avSwpfjyef rkd;rpkdbJ
toGm;tjyefc&D;<ucJhí rkd;rc&aoh[ak c:cJMh uonf/ r[maygif;&Gmom; OD;wifatmif
a>rayG;uku d cf &H pOf cEöw k u f &kd wG q
f Ndk yD; rmvumoD;auR;í tqdyjf y,fapaomaMumihf
em*0dZÆm &aoh? opömqkdí a&m*gb,aysmufuif;apaomaMumihf bkd;opöm&aoh?
rdom;pkta&; pD;yGm;a&; v,f,mvkyfief; tqifajya&;ukd avQmufxm;MuolwdkYtm;
rdbESpyf g;ukd ½kad oav;pm; vkyaf uR;aexdik &f ef qH;k rovdk bk&m; w&m; oHCm q&mrsm;ukd
tvm;wl ½kdaoav;pm;í tdyf&m0if tdyf&mxuefawmh&ef nTefMum;onhftwkdif;
vdu k ef mMuoltm;vH;k tqifajycJMh uonf/ tbt&m tbk;d t&mü tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKcH
&aomaMumihf tb&aoh? bkd;&aoh[k trnftrsdK;rsdK;ac:a0:cJhMuNyD; tjriftrsdK;rsdK;jzihf
½kdaoav;pm; cJhMuonf/
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jynfNrKd U a&TqaH wmfapwDoYkd zl;ajrmfc&D;qufomG ;&m wynht f m;vH;k arQmrf eS ;f wrf;w owd&
319
KTS 15-11-14-1
usef&pfcJhMuonf/ q&mawmftvGrf;ajy ig;oHk;vDpnf;urf;twkdif; aexkdifMuonf/

atmifajrr*Fvmausmif;ukd pkaygif;aqmufvyk o f nf/ o'¨d&SifapwDtvsifNyD;atmif
wnfxm;MuNyD; 0wfwuf0wfuyfjyKcJMh uonf/ vkyif ef;cGirf eS m;csdef usdKufx;D aqmif;okYd
tkypf v
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npOf"r®yv’i0f ,f em,lMu&m aysmf&iT Mf unfE;l rIr&Sq
d ;kH jzpfcMhJ uonf/ om&a0g? ZD;jzLuke;f
&GmrS ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfonf ½kyfpHk"r®m½HkteD; ,m,Dur®|mef;ausmif;rSm oDwif;oHk;
vsuf vufyHwef;&GmrSa&muf&Sdvmaom 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;ESihftwl pkpkpnf;pnf;
aekxdkif w&m;a[mw&m;jy aqG;aEG;yGJjzihf tcsdefukefMuonf/ OD;zdk;pD? OD;Munfarmif?
OD;oef;a&T? OD;omnGefY? OD;jyefY paom om,m0wDom;wdkY &aoh0wfjzihf qHawmf&Sif
apwDrsm;&Sd&modkY ajcvsifbk&m;zl;*E¨m&Dc&D;xGuf 'kv’b&[ef; oufaph0wfvsuf
orxtvkyu f dk vkyu
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Z0e&yfuGuf tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;&Sifonf vlolawmf
t0wfjzihf q&mawmfa0,sm0pöudk teD;uyfaqmif&u G af ecJo
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awGukd eif;acsaew,f? 'DrSmae&majymif;vdrfhr,f? &efukefukdtjrefoGm;NyD;aqmif&Gufyg?
c&D;p&dwtf wGuf b,fox Yl rH t
S vSLrcH&? a&Tw*d akH pwDay:a&mufvQif b,fox Yl rH S cGifh
rawmif;&? ajympum;twkid ;f em;axmifvyk u f ikd yf g? OD;olawmfyw
k ;D 'DrmS xm;cJ?h 'Duykw;D ,l?
vnfyif;rSmqGJoGm;}}[k rdefYMum;onf ykwD;csif;vJapjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;xGe;f &Siof nf vloal wmft0wfjzihf &efuek f oCFe;f uRe;f Z0e&yfuu G ?f oD&ad crm
vrf; aetdro f Ydk jyefvmcJo
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r&Mu/ tdrrf mS wpfntdyNf y;D aemufaeYrmS yif a&Tw*d o kH mG ;&efxu
G v f mcJoh nf/ oD&aD crmvrf;
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tdrf oGm;&ef[ak jymqko d nf/ OD;jrarmifuvnf; jiif;qefrrI jyKbJ tvG,w f ulvu dk v
f mNyD;
320
KTS 15-11-14-1
b,fomG ;rSmvJ[ak r;&m tomvdu k cf yhJ g[kajymvQif aemufxyfppfar;jcif;rjyKbJ vku d v f m

cJhonf/
a&Tw*d akH pwDawmifbufapmif;wef; "mwfavSum;teD;wGif um;uk&d yfxm;apNyD;
"mwfavSum;rSyif &ifjyifay:okdYwufvmcJhonf/ "mwfavSum;armif;oluvnf;
tvG,w f ulyifyaYdk y;cJo h nf/ xkt d csdeu f "mwfavSum;ay:pjzpfí omrefvw l Ykd wufciG hf
rjyKcJ/h ,ck tvG,w f uljzpfaecJo h nf/ txufypö,aH y:rS vuf,m&pfí ywå jrm;rsuf&Sif
½kyw f ak wmfteD;a&mufvmcJo h nf/ toHus,pf mG jzihf &Gwzf wfyal Zmfaeol\toHuMdk um;vQif
&if;ES;D NyD;jzpfí toH&iS u f Mdk unhaf omtcg q&mawmf\ teD;uyfvuf½;kH wynhf &aohBuD;
OD;pd;k 0if;jzpfaeonfuadk wGU&onf/ &Gwzf wfo&ZÑm,fjcif;udpNö y;D vQif ESpOf ;D om; rsuEf mS csi;f
qHMk u&m OD;pd;k 0if;u OD;olawmf vkyif ef;paeNyDvm;[kar;&m OD;xGe;f &Siu f 'DaeY pvdu k yf gNyD
[kajymonf/ q&mawmfu OD;xGe;f &Sit f vkypf vQif jyefvmcJv h rYkd mS xm;w,f? 'DaeYjyefawmh
r,f[k EIwq f ufum bk&m;ay:rSqif;oGm;avonf/ OD;xGef;&SifESihf OD;jrarmifwEYkd pS af ,muf
onf q&mawmfneT Mf um;onht f wkid ;f pwifvyk u f idk Mf uavonf/
a&Twd*Hk aqmufvkyfa&;tif*sifeD,m q&mOD;0if;armifEiS ahf wGU&m ]]vufx;kd vT
cPiSm;yg}}[kajymvQif toifyh ifygvmaomvTuadk y;vdu k o f nf/ OD;xGe;f &Siof nf paeaxmifh
aAm"dyifawmifuidk ;f ukd jzwf&eftwGuf wHwikd ;f ay:odw Yk ufNyD; vTjzihjf zwf[efjyKí wpfywf
&pfvu dk o f nf/ teD;wGiaf wGU&aom tke;f qHBudK;udjk zwf&rnhaf e&mrSm &pfywfNy;D jyefqif;um
anmif½u k p© ;kd tm; ½kad opGmuefawmhNyD; usdKufx;D aqmif;okYd qHawmf&iS rf sm; wpfausmhjyef
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vT? tke;f qHBudK;rsm; r&Sm&bJ tvG,w f ul &&Scd ahJ omaMumihf 0rf;omyDwjd zpfum tdro f Ykd
jyefvmcJhavonf/
9-&ufcefMY umaomtcg c&D;xGu&f eftwGuf qdik &f mypön;f rsm;uk, d al qmifum
tdrrf x S u G v f m&m ,cifum;orm;yif ,cifapmihaf e&mrSapmihaf eí c&D;pOftwdik ;f xGuv f m
Muonf/ OD;jrarmiftjyif tulvt l jzpf OD;BuD;a&Tuydk g ac:vmcJo h nf/ a&Tw*d akH pwDay:odYk
,cifuvkdyifwufa7mufNyD; paeaxmifh&Sd aAm"dyifatmufodkYa&muf&SdvmcJhMuonf/
aAm"dyifawmifbuftudkif;rSm tkef;qHBudK;csnfxm;aomab;rSuyfrS vTjzihfjzwfovdk
jyKwfusaeNyD;jzpf&m 0rf;omtm;& ukdif;ukdxrf;NyD; awmifbufrkcfrSjyefqif;vmcJhonf/
ukid ;f t&Snrf mS 25-aycefY vH;k ywfxmG qkid jf zpfonf/ vrf;wGiq f rkH Md uolwrYkd mS ar;jref;jcif;
vnf;r&S/d *½kpu dk Mf unhMf u[efurdk awGU&? olu Y jdk rifvu kd Mf u&JUvm;[kyif xifco hJ nf[k
OD;xGef;&SifuajymcJhonf/
321
KTS 15-11-14-1
toifah pmihaf eaomum;ay:odYk aAm"dyifuidk ;f udw k ifaqmifNyD; c&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/

ppfawmif;wHwm;ta&mufwiG f bD;vif;odcYk &D;quf&ef tcuftcJBuHKMu&onf/ *dwrf S
Akv
d rf LS ;\cGijfh yKcsufr&vQif rnfonhu f m;rQxGucf iG rfh &jzpfaeonf/ OD;jrarmif cifAsm;u
cGihfawmif;yg usKyfu um;ay:rSm o&P*Hk&Gwfaer,f[ak jym&m r&Edik [ f xk ifaomfvnf;
0wå &m;auscGihfyef&m oGm;rnhfc&D;pOfudkppfaq;NyD; um;wpfpD;wnf;roGm;& aemufxyf
ESppf ;D &S&d efvo
kd nf[q k o kd jzifh tjcm;um;orm;rsm; tvkt,ufpm&if;ay;Muonf/ cGijhf yK
csuf&vQif c&D;qufMu&m bD;vif;NrdKUt0if (,ck*0Hrck Bf uD;&Sad om)uRef;yifvrf;cGrJ S usdKuf
xD;aqmif;odYk tcsdeu f u kd yf if jyefa&mufcohJ nf/
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yif 'udP © omcg yifah qmifa&;wm0efatmifjrifpmG Ny;D qH;k ygaMumif; ]]avQmufxm;avonf/
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322
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qHawmf&iS af pwD&&dS mt&yfrmS pdu k yf sKd ;jzefaY 0rnfjzpfaMumif;? rdrwd wYkd m0efauscNhJ yjD zpfaMumif;
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323
KTS 15-11-14-1
apwDrS aAm"dyif\ 'u©P d omcg vuf,mawmifuidk ;f udk yifah qmifvsuf ok0ÖPblrd

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324
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jzpfrnf}}[k rdeMYf um;&m tñdak &mif&aoh 0wfygrnf[k ajzonf/ apwDta&SUbuf r[m&H

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325
KTS 15-11-14-1
q&mawmftm; aq;enf;vSLNyD; OD;&aohtm; &efukefc&D;p&dwf vSL'gef;vdkufavonf/

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326
KTS 15-11-14-1
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onf/ t|uxmüvkt d yfaeaom ikyu f u G rf sm;ukd om&w¬#u
D m? 0drwd0ad em'eD#u
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zGifhqkdcsufrawGU&bJ 0Zd&Ak'd̈#Dum a0&OÆmu@tzGihf (63)ü zGihfjyaomygVdrSm-
{w¬m[-uð b*0awm rm&m0
rm&m0¥¥e y#dCmwm,
owå d ew¬Dwd tw¬d? wxmydó ypäm Oy*kwå umav
yom'a[wkw¬m t"d0gaowd/ {w¬Oy*kwå m"d|meH 00w
wå AÁ H /
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a0&OÆmykÖPm;BuD;yihaf omaMumihf a0&OÆmjynfü 0gqkcd &hJ onf/
rk;d acgifaomaMumihf bk&m;&SiEf iS fh &[ef;awmfrsm; qGr;f r&atmif rm&fewfu[efw Y m;xm;
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&SifOy*kwå&[EÅmonf rm&fewfukdcsdK;ESdrfvdrfhrnf/ rm&fewfonf bk&m&Sifukdowd&NyD;
327
KTS 15-11-14-1
Munfñpdk wd jf zpfvmrnf/ vltrsm;wdo

Yk nf &SiOf y*kwå&[EÅmtm; Munfñpkd w
d jf zpfymG ;Mu
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zGihfjyxm;onfukdawGU&onf/
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G í f oGm;aomf trsm;oGm;NrcJ &D;ukv
d eG í
f (13)&uf
xGuaf vojzihf a&jyifv,facgifü ausmufawmifBuD;wpfcak y: BuD;pGmaom aMu;jymom'f
BuD;ukd jrif\/ teD;odaYk &mufprd ahf omiSm qufcw k yf gaomfvnf; vGepf mG c&D;Murf;vSaom
aMumihf teD;odrYk a&mufbJ tajrmufwpfurf;cefaY e&mu qkwcf mG cJ&h onf/ awmifork'&´ m
u jymom'fBuD;ukd wyftyfjrifco hJ nf[k owif;pm ouú&mZf 1225-ckwiG f igwdt Yk &yfoYkd
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awmf a&;om;tyfonhf 0drwdapä'eDusrf; pmrsufESm (93)0,f a&;om;awmfrlcJhonf/
rSeef ef;&mZ0ifusr;f ? r[m0ifusr;f ? omoem0ifusr;f wdüYk tjynhtf pHak &;om;vsuf
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jyKvkyaf y;cJah Mumif; awGUMu&onf/ uke;f abmifrif; (11)quf&&dS m (7)qufajrmufaom
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&mZ0Housrf;ü oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;onf apwD&Spfaomif;av;axmifwdkYukd
tEkarm'emjyKaomumv rm&fewfukdqHk;raMumif; upönf;o'´gusrf; o'éDwdusrf;wGif
Oy*kawå e rma&m AaE¨m-[k O'g[½kPf om"uxkwaf zmfaMumif;? rdvEd y´ O§mwGif ]],xm
arm*¾vdykwåwdóaw¬& Oy*kwåaw¬&m'a,m edE´dowd? {0H {awyd edE´dowd r,d
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rax&f? t&SiOf y*kwårax&f ponfwo Ykd nf bk&m;&Sin
f eT jf youJo h Ydk xkt
Yd wl rdvEd ´rif;
em*odefwdkYonf igbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf tESpfig;&mwkdifatmif jzpfukefvwå HU[k
Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlaMumif;rsm;udkom awGUzl;acsonf/
328
KTS 15-11-14-1
xkdrSwpfyg; t&SifOy*kwf\ tw¬KyÜwåd 0w¬KxHk;pHrsm;ukd cdkifcdkifcHhcHh "\'V§Dur®

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f /hH ig;BuD;
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t&SiOf y*kw&f o dS nfreS v
f Qif wefc;kd t&mjzpfí £'d̈0o d a,m tpdEÅad ,m-[k a[mawmfrl
onf/ wefc;kd t&mukd rBuHtyf rBuH&mjzpfonf/ 0dpw d å mvuFm&usrf;wGiv f nf;-
tpdEÅd,H tpdEÅda,s? tyaw¬,sH tyw¬a,/
tuax,sH tuax,s? toaZÆ,sH toZÆa,/
[lívnf;aumif;? pwå m&drmed bdu©a0 tpdaEÅ,smed epdaEÅwAÁmed-[lívnf;aumif;
a[mawmfro l nfrsm;ukd ESv;kH oGi;f í wefc;kd t&mukd rBuHtyf rBuH&m rSw&f rnf[k ajzMum;
awmfrlcJhonf/
tEÅ&m,fumuG,fEkdifaom enf;vrf;&SmazGcJh
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wdjYk zihf aeYa&mnygpnfum;vsu&f adS eonf/ "r®yv’i0f ,f w&m;emy&dowfwYdk wd;k yGm;vsuf
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ay;onf/ tcsKd U r&Si;f vif;íar;jref;Mu&m q&mawmftajzukd Mum;em&olwo Ykd nf 0rf;om
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qkad omf tom; 5-rsdK; &moufyefa&SmifMuOf&NyD; wpfqihw f ufNyD; oufowfvw G t f pm;
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owfvw G pf m;jcif;ukd a'0'wfvrf;pOfusifo
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q&mawmftcsdKUonf bk&m;yGaJ usmif;yGüJ tom;[if;ryg bkO;f ay;ae&onfudk usdKufx;D
329
KTS 15-11-14-1
aqmif;q&mawmfaMumih[ f k tjypfjrifMuonf/ toufBuD;rS&[ef;jyKol awmxGuu f

i,fjzLrsm;xuf y&dowfrsm;aeonfudk remvdjk zpfMuonf/ ukvrpä&, d w&m; vTr;f rk;d
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oGm;a&mufwkdifMum;Muonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf bdk;awmf r,fawmf
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zefw;D aomtEÅ&m,f? tjcm; jrifEidk pf rG ;f r&Sad om taESmift
h ,Surf sm; aeYpOfay:aygufae
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wwd,o*Fg,em'g,um oD&"d r®maomurif;\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;ukd atmifjrifatmif
apmihaf &SmufraI y;cJah om £E´*wk å (,ckacwf &SiOf y*kwå) &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfudk owd&vm
cJhonf/
azmifawmfjyef &[EÅmrax&fyHkawmf
&ifqkdifawGUBuHKae&aom tEÅ&m,fum; rsdK;pHkvSonf/ tom;vGwfpm;aejcif;ukd
ukov kd rf jzpfbJ tukov kd jf zpfaeovdk bk&m;&Siyf nwfxm;aom *½kutmywfoihaf e
olvkd oabmxm;aeMuonf/ arwåw&m;a&SUxm;rIrjYyKbJ a'gow&m;a&SUwef;xm;í
&yfwGif;&GmwGif;w&m;yGJrsm;0,f toHcsJUpufjzihf tqufrjywfa[majymaeMuonf/
a&S;a[mif;apwDysuf omoedutaqmuftODjyKjyifjcif;ukd a&S;a[mif;ypön;f rsm;wl;azmfí
pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf eonf? rmwk*grrsm;jzihf a'G;a&m,Suw f ifaexkid o
f nf[k pGypf rJG jI yKMuonf/
xkod Ydk tZÑwå A[d'¨üjzpfay:vmaom ab;&eftEÅ&m,frsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Ekdif&ef
&nf&G,fNyD; bdvyfajr t*Fawjzihf &SifOy*kwå&[EÅmyHak wmfudk yuwdyt kH aetxm;jzihf
xkvyk o f nf/ yifv,fjyifwiG af rQm&ef azmifawmfudk opfom;rsm;jzihf pepfwuswnfaqmuf
onf/ yHak wmfudk aq;rsm;jc,fí y&du&© m 8-yg; jynhpf pkH mG xnhv f suf azmifawmftv,f
ausmif;aqmifü oDwif;oH;k aponf/ yef;rsdK;pH?k opfo;D ? tke;f ? iSuaf ysmyGrJ sm; xm;&Syd al Zmf
onf/ 1336-ckEpS ?f yxr0gqkv d qef; (3)&uf? (21-6-74) aomMumaeYwiG f Zkwo f w
k f
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]]ow
yifv,f0txd azmifawmfukdyifhaqmifcJhMuonf/ azmifawmfay:&Sd &SifOy*kwåyakH wmfudk
ouf&t dS vm; pdw0f ,freS ;f xm;vsuf &Scd ;dk ylaZmfMuonf/
330
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 331
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfyakH wmfu&dk cdS ;dk vsuf þodYk opöm
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OD;acgif;awmfrS qHawmfjzpfí vlewfjA[®m owå0gwk\ Yd ylaZmfru I cdk ,
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ylaZmfolrsm;wlnDatmif vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&dSygonf/ "mwk0ifusrf;ü qHawmf 6-
qlwo Ykd nf omoemawmf (2500)ausmaf omtcg0,f vlpv k al 0;jzihf ylaZmfjcif;cHawmfr&l í
yGivhf if;vdrrhf nf[k Asm'dwaf wmfred MYf um;cJ&h m ,cktcg omoemawmfxuf0ufausmfcNhJ yD;
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ú d
awmifukef;xdyf&Sd qHawmfapwDteD;ausmif;ü 0ifa&mufem;aeavonf/ a&uscsdefwGif
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k af csmif;rSm tusOf;qH;k jzpfonft h jyif 0Juefawmhrsm;&Sí d tauGUtaumufrsm;
9-ck&Sdonf/
331
KTS 15-11-14-1
'Da&jrihw
f ufrt I &Sed rf sm;vmaomtcg azmifawmfonf rlvvmcJ&h m Zkwo f w
k af csmif;
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k af vSqyd rf mS ,cktcg ajymif;vJomG ;
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332
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 333
&SiOf y*kwå&[EÅm[k azmfjycJMh uonf/ omoemESpf (230)ausmaf omtcsed u

f xif&mS ;aom
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[lívnf;aumif;? ]]0dZÆmwGif acgiftcsKyf &[EÅm&SiOf y*kw}f }[lívnf;aumif; ac:avh
&SdMuonf/
xl;qef;aom&[ef;wpfyg;
Zkuúvd&GmwGif a&vkyfom;rsm;aexkdifMuonf/ &GmOD;&Gmxdyf awmifukef;ay:0,f
jrodef;wefbGJUawmfjzihf tawmif(60)ausmf ajraygufapwDBuD;rSm iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh 0if;0if;
0g0g a&Ta&mifjzmvsuf yifv,fjyifwiG f avSrsm;jzifo h mG ;vmvIy&f mS ;aeMuaom a&vkyo f m;
wd\Yk trSwt f om; a&aMumif;vrf;jy jytjzpf ude;f 0yfpyH ,fvsuf&o dS nf/ Zkuv
ú &d mG ü
wrDvt f rsdK;tEG,f ukvm;ydu k o
f Bl uD;nDaemif&MdS uonf/ tpfujdk zpfol OD;pH&iS ?f nDjzpfol
OD;tDyGef wdkYESpfOD;vHk; yifv,fvkyfief;twGuf t&if;tESD;? BudKwifacs;aiG? qef? qD?
qm; paom tdrfoHk;ypönf;rsm;ukd tdrfqkdifzGifha&mif;csjcif;? tBudKay;jcif;jzihf
yifv,fr&S &Sv d maom ig;rsm;uk&d ,laeMuonf/ pD;yGm;a&;aumif;NyD; wpf&mG vH;k tay:0,f
MoZmtmPm&So d rl sm; jzpfMuonf/ nDaemifEpS Of ;D vH;k \pum;udk wpf&mG vH;k emcHMuonf/
yifv,fjyifwGif&yfwefY aeaom &SifOy*kwåazmifawmfay:odkY OD;pH&Sifonf ydwfjzL0wfpHk
qifjref;um wHigavSjzihf avSmcf wfomG ;onf/ azmifawmfay:rS y&du&© m 8-yg;ukd ,laqmif
vmNyD; usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf acwå em;aeaom jrodef;wefapwD ukef;ay:odkY
a&muf&v dS monf/ csufcsif; &[ef;cHciG jhf yK&ef wzGzaG vQmufxm;aeonf/ q&mawmfonf
aphaphMunfhí xkdifae&mrSrwfwyf&yfvsuf usdKufxD;aqmif;jyef&ef jyifqifonf/
OD;pH&iS o
f nf q&mawmfaemufuyfvu dk vf mNyD; ]]&[ef;cHay;ygbk&m;}} [k tqufrjywf
ajymqdv k u kd yf gvmonf/ q&mawmfonf OD;pH&iS t f m; ta&;wBuD;yif ouFe;f 0wfvsuf
ZkuúvdodrfrSmyif &[ef;cHay;cJh&onf/ OD;pH&SifrSm xl;jcm;aomtrlt&m ajymif;vGJ
vmaomaMumihf csufcsif; &[ef;cHay;cJh&onf[k q&mawmfajympum;ukd a&Tbkd
OD;aombPrS rdeMfY um;cJo h nf/ apwDawmf\ajrmufbuf avSum;tqif; taemuf
333
KTS 15-11-14-1
bufwGif a&S;a[mif; odrfwGif &[ef;cHay;cJhonf[k qkdonf/ OyZÑm,fq&mum;

a&TbOkd ;D aombP('DCbmPu "r®mp&d,)jzpfonf/
OD;pH&iS o
f nf &[ef;cHNy;D aomtcg usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f we*FaEGaxmifth eD;
ausmif;wGif OyZÑm,fq&mESifhtwlaexkdifNyD; (15)&ufwkdifwkdif ykwD;pdyfjcif;? tmemyge
ur®|mef;w&m; ½IrSwfjcif;? arwå mur®|mef;pD;jzef;jcif;rsm;ukd rtdyfraetm;xkwfonf/
avsmif;? xkdif? &yf? oGm; £&d,mykxfav;yg;jzihf wnfNidrfNyD; ouFef;0wf½HkrI tm[m&
oH;k aqmifrI ajymqkrd rI sm; 0gawmf(60)& rax&fBuD;£ajE´twkid ;f jzpfae&m vlwikd ;f tHMh o
Mu&onf/ &ufaphí vl0wfvJaomtcg ,cif jyKrlaexkdifonfhtwkdif; jzpfoGm;í
tHhMo&onf/ uGif;ykdife,fykdifrsm; yk*¾dKvfpD; jyKí &[ef;cHjcif;jzpfrnf[k ajymqkdMuonf/
OD;[m&Siaf c: OD;pH&iS t
f ajymt& rdro d nf xkt
d csed u
f 0wfjzLpifMu,f0wfí azmifay:wufNy;D
y&du©&m 8-yg;udk,lonfrSm wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ,lcdkif;jcif;aMumifhomjzpfonf/
a&a&&m&mr&Sb d J jyKvkyrf jd cif;rQomjzpfonf[k qkad omaMumihf xl;qef;aom&[ef;wpfyg;[k
qdk&awmhonf/
vlta,mifaqmif e*g;&[ef;wpfyg;
0denf;yd#uwf r[m0gygVd wd& päme0w¬Kü Ak'v ¨ ufxufu vlta,mifaqmif
&[ef;wpfyg; ay:aygufczhJ ;l onf/ e*g;wpfaumifonf e*g;b0ukpd ufqyk o f jzihf e*g;b0rS
vGwEf idk af omenf;vrf;ukd BuHpnfpOf;pm;avonf/ bk&m;om;awmfwo Ykd nf aumif;jrwf
aom tusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkolrsm;jzpfonf/ &[ef;0wfjzihfaexkdif&ygrl e*g;b0rSvGwf
ajrmufNyD; vlb Y 0ukt d jref&Ekid o
f nf[k ,HMk unfavonf/ vlt Y oGizf efqif;NyD; &[ef;
tjzpfuadk vQmufxm;av&m &[ef;rsm;onf vl[al omtrSwjf zihf &[ef;cHay;cJMh uonf/
(1) e*g;wdo Yk nf owdvufvw G t
f yd af eaomtcg?
(2) Zmwfwlcsif; arxkefrIjyKaomtcg?
(3) ta&cGv H aJ omtcgrsm;wGif rlv½kyf ay:vGio f nf[q k o kd nf/ vlta,mif
&[ef;e*g;onf pdwfcspGmtdyfpufav&m e*g;Zmwday:vmonf/ ausmif;cef;vHk;jynhf
tacGukdjrif&aomtcg e*g;rSef;odMuNyD; bk&m;&Siftm;avQmufxm;Muonf/ e*g;tm;
Oyko&f ufa&mufwikd ;f Oykoaf pmihv f Qif e*g;b0rSvw G í
f vlb
Y 0uk&d Edik yf gonf[k rdeaYf wmfrNl y;D
&[ef;tjzpfrSEIwfy,fí e*g;jynfodkYjyefvTwfcJh&zl;onf/ xkdtcgrSpí wd& pämefudk
yOöif;cHcGifhrjyK&ef odu©myk'fynwfcJh&avonf/
334
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 335
owårykdif;
usdKufxD;aqmif; uHaumif;
aumZmouú&mZf 1342-ckESpf? e,kefvjynhfaeY yxrtBudrf *kdPf;aygif;pHk
oHCmhtpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD; usif;yNyD;aemuf oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;tqifq h ihu
f dk zGUJ pnf;vsuf
omoema&;? ynma&;? 0dedpä,a&;rsm;ukd t&Sdeft[kef jzihf aqmif&Gufaecsdefjzpfonf/
ppfukdif;NrdKU? rif;uGef;wdyd#u"& b'ÉÅ0dpdwåom&mbd0Ho onf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[m
em,utzGUJ \ tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyftjzpf urÇmat;uke;f ajr ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmifwiG f
½H;k xkid í
f omoema&;udpt ö 00ukd qH;k jzwfneT Mf um;&aomaMumihf tm;vyfcsderf &atmif
tvkyfwm0efrsm;aecsdefjzpfonf/ q&mawmftm;zl;ajrmf&ef a&muf&SdvmolwdkYtm;
tcsdefuefYowfay;xm;&&m awGUcsdef 5-rdepfcefYom cGihfjyKxm;cJhonf/usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmfonf a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrad 'otwGi;f a&S;olawmfaumif;wkYd wnfxm;
uk;d uG,cf ahJ om qHawmfapwDrsm; awmcsHKzH;k vTr;f í ysufp;D vsuf&dS aomaMumihf jyefvnf
jyKjyif&efaqmif&u G vf suf&o dS nf/ bD;vif;NrdKU? Zkwo f wk &f mG wGif usdKufuvGw'f wfac:
xD;apmif;apwDudk jyefvnfjyKjyifí apmif;aeaomxD;udk wnhrf wfatmif xD;topf
wifvLS &ef pDpOfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xD;awmfukd &efuek Nf rdKU&Sd wynh'f g,um 'g,dumrwdYk
ylaZmfEidk &f ef &yfuu G tf vku d f vSnv fh nfciG hf rif;uGe;f q&mawmfxH *g&0jyKaomtm;jzihf
zl;ajrmfuefawmh&ef qE´&adS ecJo h nf/ zl;ajrmfciG &fh &ef cufcaJ Mumif;odc&hJ onf/ A[ef;NrKd Ue,f?
0if'grD,m csif;wGif;vrf;ae oGm;bufqkdif&maumvdyf ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; a'gufwm
atmifoef;onf q&mawmf\ 'g,umt&if;tcsmjzpfonf/ rif;uGef;q&mawmftm;
zl;ajrmfciG &fh aomaMumihf q&mawmfEiS t fh wl a&TbOkd ;D aombP? a'gufwm atmifoef;ESihf
tjcm;wynh f r sm;vd k u f y gcJ h M uonf / rif ; uG e f ; q&mawmf o nf usd K uf x D ; aqmif ;
q&mawmftm; 0rf;omtm;&BudKqkd{nhfcHonf/ a&S;a[mif;apwDawmfrsm;tajctaeukd
pdw0f ifpm;pGmar;jref;awmfr&l m q&mawmfuvnf; qHawmfrsm;ude;f 0yfpyH ,f&m apwDrsm;
aysmufu, G v
f ek ;D jzpfaeyH?k awmawmifrsm;ü &moDOwktygt0if obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;
aMumihf jyKjyif&efcufcaJ eyH?k a'ocH&[ef;awmfrsm;\oabmxm;rsm;ukd &Si;f vif;avQmuf
xm;cGihf&cJhonf/ rif;uGef;q&mawmfrS csD;rGrf;pum;ajymMum;onfrSm-
]]uk d , f a wmf w d k Y u uH a umif ; MuwmaygY A sm? awmpOf a wmif p Of r sm;ü
&aoh o l a wmf p if w d k Y wnf x m;cJ h w J h bk & m;&S i f & J U qH a wmf a pwD t Nyd K tysuf a wG
jyKjyif a zmf x k w f w m uk o d k v f p d w f tNrJ j zpf a eMuwmyg? jyKjyif c G i h f & Muwm
[m uHaumif;w,f? wynhfawmfrSmawmh wpfjynfvHk;u a&muf&Sd
335
KTS 15-11-14-1
vmw
vmwJJh trIwGJawG aeYwkdif;zwfae&w,f? tukodkvfjzpfp&m trIwGJawGzwfwJhtcg
uk o d k v f p d w f j zpf r vmbl ; ? tqH k ; tjzwf r S m ;oG m ;&if oH o &mrS m cH & OD ; r,f ?
usdKufxD;aqmif;bkef;BuD;a& ukd,fhtvkyfukd,fvkyfayawmh}}}[k rdeMYf um;awmfro l nf/
a&TbdkOD;aombPonf q&mawmfBuD;rdefYMum;aom Mo0g'pum;ukd uufqufjzihf
zrf;,l&m ta,mifa,miftrSm;rSm; cvkwaf jymif;jyefEydS rf ad omaMumihf rSww f rf;r&cJah Mumif;
1363-ckESpf? wefcl;vqkwf (*)&uf? (15-4-2001)u usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS
rdefYMum;cJhonf/
a&Tq&mawmfESifh usdKufxD;aqmif;
&[ef;omraPwkdYtm; omoem0ifrSwfwrf;xkwfay;jcif;rSm-
(u) &[ef;ppfr[kwfbJ &[ef;[k0efcHaeol (toraPmorP y#dn)?
( c ) tusihjf rwfudk usiho f rl [kwb f v J suf tusihjf rwfuu dk sifo h [l k 0efcaH eol
(tjA[®pm&D jA[®pm&D y#dn)?
( * ) bk&m;&Sirf sufEmS awmfraxmufxm;bJ &[ef;wk\ Yd tjyKtrlr[kwaf om
tvkyw f u
Ykd v dk yk u f idk vf suf uk, d u f sifo
h vD ysufjym;aeol (tvZÆ'D ó k v D )
&[ef;wk &[ef;a,mifwEYdk iS u hf jJG ym;ap&ef? &[ef;tppfa&muf&v dS myHk taMumif;t&mpHyk g&Sd
aom ud, k af &;rSwwf rf;pmtkyu f dk rdrv d uf0,fxm;&Sjd cif;jzihf xk&d [ef;omraPtm; þol
um; tppftrSejf zpfonf[k tjcm;olwu Ykd vufcv H mEkid o
f nf/ xkrd w S wf rf;ukd ,laqmif
oGm;vQif pdwcf srf;om uk, d cf srf;om oGm;vmEkid o f nf/ oHCok|K-oHCzmok tusdK;
twGuf owfrw S af y;jcif;jzpfonf/ pdwx f m;aumif;aom oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf
omoemawmfudk Munfño dk '¨gyGm;rsm;aompdwjf zihf rSwyf w kH ifjcif;udpu ö dk aqmif&u G cf MhJ u
onf/ Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf omoem0ifrw S wf rf;jyKpka&;
twGuf nTeMf um;vTm (25?27?29?32?38)wdu Yk dk xkwjf yefí vrf;nTerf jI yKcJMh uonf/
NrKd Ue,frS rax&fBuD;tcsKd Uwdo
Yk nf usKd ufx;D aqmif;&aohbek ;f BuD;ukd omoemawmf
rS tyjyKa&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G af eMuonf/ bke;f BuD;ausmif;tjzpf todtrSwf
rjyKjcif;? 0gqkpd m&if;aumuf,rl rI jyKjcif;? omoem0ifrw S w f rf; xkw, f cl iG rhf jyKEkid af tmif
ooyHpk üH uefu Y uG pf ma&;xm;jcif;ukd jyKvkyMf uonf/ NrdKUe,ftqih?f jynfe,ftqihu f dk
ausmfí Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ odYk a&muf&o dS mG ;cJo
h nf/ Ekid if aH wmfuom vufcH
twnfjyKvQif usdKufx;D aqmif;&aohbek ;f BuD; vl0wfv&J ef aocsmaeayonf/ NrdKUe,f
twGi;f &Sd q&mawmfBuD;rsm; tcsif;csif;qHrk v d Qif ]]&aohbek ;f BuD; vl0wfvo J mG ;NyDvm;}}[k
336
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 337
yif ar;aeMuonf/ rqvygwDtBuD;tuJwu Ykd m; jroydwaf pwD xde;f odr;f a&;udpEö iS fh

ywfoufí tmCmw&Sad eolrsm;jzpfaomaMumihf r[mem,utzGUJ u vufct H wnfjyKvQif
vl0wfvJa&; tjrefaqmif&GufrnfhtpDtpOf csrSwfxm;aMumif;od&onf/ EkdifiHawmf
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;url ]]usKd ufx;D aqmif;bke;f BuD;tm; MuOfz,fxm;onfrmS 0denf;odum© yk'f
NidpGef;aerI? "r® t"r®qkdif&m rl0g'aMumihfr[kwfbJ yk*¾dKvfa&;taMumif;rsm;aMumihf}}[k
odxm; aomaMumihf Ekid if aH wmftqifh pHpk rf;a&;tzGUJ zGUJ pnf;wm0efay;vduk af vonf/
armfvNrdKifNrdKU? a&Ty&d,wå pd moifwu kd f Edik if aH wmfA[ko d C
H mh0efaqmifq&mawmf
b'ÉÅukrm&mbd0Ho yg A[dk0efaqmifq&mawmf(3)yg;? vufaxmufnTefMum;a&;rSL;
OD;odef;aqG? rGefjynfe,fomoema&;rSL; OD;a&Todef;wdkY usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY aeYcsif;jyef
a&muf&v dS mcJMh uonf/ pHpk rf;a&;tzGUJ onf aphaphpyfpyfavhvmjcif;? ar;jref;jcif;? uGi;f qif;
jcif;? vlpkH ½Iaxmifph kH oH;k oyfjcif;jyKaomtcg aeYcsif;jyefc&D;tpDtpOfuzkd sufvsuf (5)&uf
MumoGm;cJo h nf/ a&Tq&mawmfonf þodt Yk rde&Yf adS vonf/ OD;ynm'Dya&-uk, d af wmfu
trSefjzpfygw,f? wpfNrdKUe,fvHk;oHCmeJYqkdawmh ukd,fawmf½IH;aewmyg? wpfyg;eJYtrsm;
jzpfaew,f? tm;ri,fygeJY qufNy;D aqmif&u G yf g-[k wk;d wk;d pum;rSmMum;avonf/ NrKd Ue,f
oHCem,ursm;ukd trde&Yf o dS nfrmS ]]usdKufx;D aqmif;bke;f BuD;vdk bk&m;awGjyKjyifEidk o f l
&So
d vm;? &S&d ifajymyg? 'Db&k m;udt k yfay;cJrh ,f}}[líjzpfonf/ vufaxmufneT Mf um;a&;rSL;
OD;ode;f aqGonf &efuek o f aYkd &mufaomtcg ygwDtBuD;tuJu ]]cifAsm;wdYk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef
vTwv f ukd w f m ,ck bmvkycf o hJ vJ}}[k ar;onf/ ]]uRefawmf pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;jyKvkycf yhJ g
onf? tjypfawGUvkYd ta&;,lcyhJ gonf}}[k wifjy&m ]]b,fvt dk a&;,lcohJ vJ}}[k ar;jref;
vQif ]]ouFe;f 0wfeu YJ m;armif;vdYk ('ku#ú )f tmywfoihw f t
hJ wGuf a'oemMum;cdik ;f ygw,f}}
[k ajzqkad vonf/ tBuD;tuJonf OD;ode;f aqGtm; rausreyfpum; ajymqkd trIwu JG kd
ypfaygufum rdrd½Hk;cef;rS jyefvTwfcJhonf/
aeYcsif;jyefc&D;tjzpfowfrw S Mf uonfrmS usdKufx;D aqmif;bke;f BuD; vl0wfvvJ Qif
NyD;jywfrnf[k BudKwifcefrY eS ;f xm;cJMh uonf/ ,ck vl0wfv&J efr[kwb f J &[ef;aumif;
wpfyg; rqHk;½IH;apa&;? qauor[m"mwk0ifapwDrsm; bk&m;&SifAsm'dwfawmfESihftnD
yGihfvif;atmifaqmif&Gufawmfrlrnhf &[ef;wpfyg;tm; ab;&eftEÅ&m,frS umuG,fay;
a&;rsm; aqmif&GufMu&aomaMumihf (5)&ufMumcJhonf/ xkd&ufrsm;0,f rdk;BuD;avBuD;
usaomaMumihf usdKufxD;aqmif;vrf;rsm; opfyifBuD;rsm; vJusaeaomaMumihf &uf
MumMumapmihMf u&onf/ tajctaetm;vH;k pHpk rf;Ekid cf ohJ nf[k vufaxmufneT Mf um;a&;rSL;
337
KTS 15-11-14-1
OD;ode;f aqG\ jyefvnfajymjycsuf? usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf "r®yv’iw f iG f rdeMYf um;csuf

wkdYukd pkaygif;wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ a&Tq&mawmf pdwfaumif;&SdpGm ajymMum;cJhonfu1dk
Mum;&csdefrSpí onf;cHcGifhvTwfjcif;jzihf aeEkdifcJhaomaMumihf ,ck usdKufxD;aqmif;q&m
awmfonf qHawmfapwDtm;vH;k ukd a&Tx;D aqmif;ay;Ekid cf o hJ nf/
aoolwdkYajrBuD;atmif; &SifolwdkYa&TxD;aqmif;
omoemawmfESpf (2524)? aumZm 1342-ck? e,kefvqef; (14)&uf? (27-
5-1980) t*FgaeYwiG u f sif;yaom yxrtBudrf *kP d ;f aygif;pHt
k pnf;ta0;BuD;u oHCmh
tzGUJ tpnf;tajccHpnf;rsO;f ESihf vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk wnDwnGww f nf; twnfjyKawmf
rlcMhJ uonht
f wkid ;f A[d?k wkid ;f ESijhf ynfe,f? NrdKUe,f &yfaus;oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;tqifq h ifh
ukd pepfwus zGUJ pnf;cJMh uonf/ OD;wnfcsufrmS -
omoemawmfoefY&Sif;a&;? wnfwHh jyefYyGm;a&;wkdYjzpfonf/ t"r®0g'rsm;ukd
Ekid if aH wmf oD;jcm;0depd ,
ä rsm;jzihf qH;k jzwfMuNyD; "r®puf? tmPmpufjzihf ESrd Ef iS ;f y,fzsufchJ
Muonf/ &[ef;wk &[ef;a,mifrsm;ukd z,f&Sm;cJhMuonf/ bk&m;ajr? ausmif;ajr
twGif;aexkdifMuaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk ESifxkwfcJhMuonf/ bk&m;0kdif;? ausmif;0dkif;
oD;jcm;pD&adS &; aqmif&u G &f ef nTeMf um;vTmrsm;xkwjf refvsuf pepfwusjzpfa&; oufqidk &f m
jynfe,f? NrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGJUrsm;tm; wm0efay;tyfaqmif&GufapcJhonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf Zkwo f wk &f mG twGi;f arG;zGm;cJo h jl zpfonf/ rdb
bk;d bGm; vufxufuyif apwDawmf\awmifbuf&dS bd;k bGm;ykid Nf cHwiG f aexkid Bf uD;jyif;
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338
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 339
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(2) aus;&Gm&Sd 'g,umtcsdKU qefYusifrI&Sdonf?
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339
KTS 15-11-14-1
vl0wfvaJ pa&;twGuf wpdu k rf wfrwf aqmif&uG cf o

hJ nf/ bk&m;0if;twGi;f &Sd taqmuf
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d pDtpOftwkid ;f
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ajymqkcd o hJ nf/ xk'd g,umonf usdKufx;D aqmif;okYd vma&mufavQmufxm;avonf/
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jcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfBuD;uvnf; rd;k ay:wufaerS vGwrf nf[k Budr;f 0g;vsu&f ydS gonf/
rdk;ay:wufae&efvnf; rjzpfEkdifyg/ q&mawmfBuD; ajrtwGif;aerS 'Dutay:rSm
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340
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 341
rlc&hJ onf/ ,ck oufawmf (86)ausmf t&G,af wmfwidk af tmif qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;ukd
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700-jzihf 0,f,v l u
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341
KTS 15-11-14-1
rsm;rMumrDyif ppfawmif;jrpfwpfzufurf;rS vlo;kH a,mufonf usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk

a&mufvmMuonf/ olwv Ykd mMuonfrmS bk&m;zl;&efr[kw?f ra&r&m Za0Z0g [dMk unhf
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tdyrf ufay;vmí [kwv f [ kd w
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wm0ef&Sdoluvnf; bkef;BuD;a&mufvmjcif;r&Sdyg? 0ufBuD;wpfaumif BudK;wef;vef;jzihf
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ygonf[k tBuHjyKvdu k o f nf/ q&mawmfausmif;teD; ,m,Dab;rJNh cHtwGi;f 0ufjzLBuD;
wpfaumifukd jrifawGU&aomtcg &ifwiG ;f rS tvdv k q
kd eYkd ifNh y;D pum;yifrajymEdik jf zpf&onf/
0ufjzLBuD;onf tpmauR;&efvmolrsm;udk wd&pämefobm0 toHay;BudKqdak vh&o dS nf/
,cktcg rsufESmvTJí nd§K;i,faomtrlt&mjzihf ai;idkifaeonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS
trSwrf xif bke;f BuD;vmygOD;[kac:vQif teD;odu Yk yfvm&Smonf/ ydí k pdwrf aumif;jzpfMu
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BuHKawGUcJ&h NyD; &[EÅmjzpfumeD;a&mufrS &Sio f m&dykwå&muk, d wf idk f qGr;f vkwcf UHG auR;onhf
twGuf qGr;f 00bkO;f ay;&onf[k bk&m;a[musrf;*ef&adS vonf/ tom;rpm; rbkO;f ay;
aom &[ef;ukd qGr;f vGwaf pvdak om tukov kd af pwemjzihf tom;[if;rsm;jyifqifapí
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342
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 343
xdtk csdeu f t*Fgaxmif0h ,f oifw h if½h akH usmif;i,fwpfaqmif aqmufvyk x f m;&m ta0;rS
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rSpí usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf aqmif&u G of rQ omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufcH
tm;ay;cJhavonf/
auvmor,fawmfESihf awmifukef;q&mawmf
awmifuek ;f q&mawmfonf auvmoawmifwef;udk awmifyikd q f &mawmf wm0ef
,lcsdeu
f auvmoawmifxyd 0f ,f acwåow D if;oH;k avh&o
dS nf/ bk&m;zl;vmolwo Ykd nf
qHawmfapwDzl;ajrmfNyD;vQif auvmor,fawmf½kyfwk&Sd&modkY oGm;a&mufNyD; qDrD; yef;
tarT;wdkifwdkYjzihf ylaZmfyoavh&Sdonf/ r,fawmf½kyfwkudk rdrdudk,fü pGJuyfaoma&m*g
343
KTS 15-11-14-1
a0'em&S&d m ud, k tf *Fg tpdwt f ydik ;f yGwo f wfEydS ef ,fvQif aysmufuif;onf[k ,HMk unf
aeMuonf/ awmifuek ;f q&mawmfxH vma&mufuefawmhjcif;r&Sd vspfvsLoGm;Muonf/
vlwdkY tjyKtrludk rcHEdkifjzpfum r,fawmf½kyfwka&SUodkY &yfNyD;ajymqdkonfrSm 'Dae&mrSm
bm½Iyaf e&wmvJ? &[ef;xuf t½dt k ao bmaMumifch cH sif&ovJ[k vufñ;Id xd;k um
½kywf rk S t*FgtcsdKUudk ½du
k cf sdK;cJah vonf/ aemufyikd ;f qD;0rf;oGm;r&? oGm;jyefvQif emusif
cHcuf a0'emcHpm;cJ&h onf/ awmifyikd q f &mawmf owd&vmcJo h nf/ olaY e&m ud, k ahf e&m
olydkif ighydkif ae&mcGJjcm;&rnf/ olydkifae&mrSm olYudkylaZmfyoMuonf/ ighrSm apwDawmf
udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnhfwm0efjzpfonf[k qifjcifvsuf nvlajcwdwfcsdef
r,fawmf½kyfwkudk vltrsm;jyKvkyfovdk jyKvkyfqkawmif;cJh&onf/ awmif;yef&onf/
xdkaemuf qD;0rf;yHkrSef acsmacsmarmarm jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;bkef;BuD;a&
olrsm;tjzpfxuf ydq k ;kd aew,f/ rawmf&mae&myGwo f yfrS qD;0rf;oGm;vd&Yk awmhw,f[k
wd;k wd;k wdww f w
d f ajymMum;cJah vonf/ q&mawmf vlpnf; bDv;l pnf; ewfpnf;&Sad eMu
ygonf/ tmVm0ubDv;l onf Edik if yH ikd t f xGwt f xdybf &k ifuykd if ydik ef ufausmfvmaom
tcg olUudpk m;rnfjyK7m touftpm;ay;cJ&h wmudk owdjyKoifyh gonf[k azsmif;zsavQmuf
xm;cJh&aMumif; rdefYMum;cJhavonf/
awmifukef;q&mawmf\ jywfom;aompum;
1336-ckESpf 0ef;usifwGif q&mawmfonf awmifpGef;NrdKUrS OD;atmifEdkif? OD;zdk;rSD
rdom;pkwdkY ypö,mEk*¾[jzifh axmufyhHrIcH,l&ef t0iftxGufrsm;vmonf/ awmifukef;
ausmif;q&mawmf OD;ok0ÖPonf wdu k uf vm;awmifajc&Sd &[ef;oHCmwd\ Yk tBuD;tuJ
jzpfonfhtjyif awmifydkifq&mawmftjzpf &[ef;&SifvlwdkY\ av;pm;rIcH,loljzpfonf/
awmifukef;q&mawmf csD;ajr§mufí usdKufa';,sHKawmifxdyf&Sd qHawmfapwDudk jyKjyif7ef
tm;,lcsdef e,foC H mxktm; yifzh w
d Nf yD; rdrwd Ykd raqmif&u
G Ef ikd af om apwDjyKjyifjcif;rsm;udk
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; tyfE&HS ef tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyv f su&f odS nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
ud,k pf m; a&TbOkd ;D aombP ('DCbmPu tpd;k & "r®mp&d,)wufa&mufco hJ nf/
a'ocH &[ef;tcsdKUu wdu k u
f vm;awmifwef;wGif NydKysufvsuf&adS om apwD
ykx;kd rsm;udk usKd ufx;D aqmif;xHtyfE&HS ef oabmrwlEikd f jzpfaeonf/ uefu Y uG o
f wl oYkd nf/
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r&Sí
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odxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ ud, k rf vkyEf ikd b
f J tjcm;oljyKjyifrnfukd tBudrBf udru
f efu
Y uG af eí
344
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 345
pdwrf &Snjf zpfvmonf/ txl;ojzifh ausmufrikd ;f ausmif; OD;wifxeG ;f rSm OD;aqmifuefu Y uG f

vsuf&adS omaMumifh yGiyfh iG v hf if;vif; tm;rempum; rdeMYf um;onfrmS ]]at; igraoae&
ud;k 0g&csdef usdKufx;D aqmif;atmifNidr;f wdu k uf vm;awmifwef; omoemtukeo f rd ;f vdrhf
rnf/ rif;wdv Yk kd a&TaygifcH pyg;twd;k ay; ud, k af usmif; ud,
k ahf qGrsKd ;twGuf tvkyv
f yk af eol
r[kw?f ighukd reufjzef usdKufx;D aqmif;<uzdYk yifx h m;w,f? ig<ur,f}}[k rdeMYf um;onf/
wpfO;D wpfa,mufrQ cGew Yf rYkH jyef0&hH o
dS nf/
xdtk csderf mS yif jrpdr;f rif;orD;[k ausmfMum;aom jrpef;0wDonf y&dowfrsm;pGm
tkypf zk UJG í awmifuek ;f ausmif; oHCmhtpnf;ta0;odYk a&mufvmum auvmoawmif
jroydwfawmif0,f tkyfpkESihfaevsuf tkyfcsKyfrnfhyHk tjyKtrljyovdk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
rnfuo kd v d Qif ydí
k pdww f o [dkarsmufr 'Dudkvm½IyfjyefNyDvm;
kd mG ;&onf/ ]][d m;}}[k aigufief;
NyD;jyefvTwfcJhavonf/ jrpef;0wDrSm rsufESmñdI;i,foGm;NyD; vrf;BuHKvdkY q&mawmfudk
0ifuefawmhjcif;ygbk&m;[k avQmufNyD; jyefqif;oGm;cJah vonf/ awmifajc&Sd &[ef;trsm;
pkum; awmifay:&Sd apwDrsm;udk jrpef;0wDtm; tyfE&HS efqE´&MdS uonf/ awmifuek ;f q&m
awmf\ jywfom;aompum;aMumihf tpDtpOfajymif;NyD; usdKufxD;aqmif;xH tyfESHcJhMu
&onf/
oufowfvGwfpm;aom OD;umpif
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf qHawmfapwDrsm;yGiv fh if;pnfum;&ef aqmif&u G f
a&;twGuf oufowfvw G f &moufyefpm;oH;k aexdik af omfvnf; a0,sm0pöaqmif&u G Mf u
olawGtm; t"d|mef&ufowfrw S íf pm;oH;k Mu&ef ñTejf yavh&&dS m Zkwo f wk rf aS wmifpeG ;f txd
ud;k uG,of w l Ykd rsm;jym;vmcJo h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; taumif;jrifMuolwYkd
wdk;yGm;vmMuonf/
awmifpeG ;f NrKd UrS OD;umpifqo kd o
l nf rsKd ;½d;k jzifh tjcm;bmomudk ,HMk unfojl zpfonf/
rdrpd m;oH;k rnft h om;udk t&Siv f wfvwfowfjzwfpm;oH;k aom"avhukd qef;ppfaecJo h l
jzpfonf/ rdbrsdK;½d;k todik ;f t0ef;Mum;rS zJx h u G í f Ak'b ¨ momtjzpfc, H &l mrSm vG,u f l
aomtvkyrf [kwaf y/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ Mo0g'udk wpfqifMh um;jzifh pdw0f ifpm;
aerdonf/ rodrom avhvmtuJcwf&ef awmifpeG ;f rS Zkwo f w k &f mG odx
Yk u G cf o
hJ nf/ a&S;
tac: oHww H m; ,cktcg auhu'Gw&f mG teD; oJjzLacsmif;wHwm;udk ausmfaomtcg
owd&vmonfrmS q&mawmfonf a&muf&v dS molwt Ykd m; ig;oH;k vDukd vdu k ef maexdik &f ef
a[mMum;vQif rdrpd w d jf zifo
h m vdu k ef m&aomaMumifh tjcm;olwYkd rodEikd /f ykw;D ay;vQif
345
KTS 15-11-14-1
ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f ykw;D pdy&f aomaMumifh tjcm;olwjYkd rifMurnf/ OD;umpif Ak'b ¨ mom0if
tjzpfa&mufomG ;Ny[ D k ajymqdck &H Ny;D ½d;k &mbmom0ifwu Ykd tjypfqMkd urnfrmS aocsmaeonf/
tu,fí pdwyf w k ;D ay;vQif vufcx H m;NyD; Ak'b
¨ mom0iftjzpf cH,rl nf[Mk uHpnfonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif; a&mufaomtcg OD;umpiftm; q&mawmfrS ykw;D udyk pfíay;vdu k o
f nf/
BudKwifpw d u f ;l xm;onft h wdik ;f Ak'b ¨ mom0iftjzpf twdtvif;cH,cl ahJ vonf/ rsdK;½d;k
todik ;f t0dik ;f um; OD;umpiftm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zif[ h efwY m;í bmomrajymif;atmif aqmif&u G f
Muaomfvnf; BuHBh uHch í H Ak'b ¨ momtjzpf ul;ajymif;cJo h nf/ ,cktcg om;rsm;&wem
&[ef;b0jzifh qHawmf omoemjyKpcef;rsm;wGif aexdik v f suf&MdS uonf/
awmifpeG ;f rS 0dyóemenf;jyq&mawmfwpfyg;onf OD;umpiftm; qH;k rMo0g'ay;
vmonfrmS ]]Ak'o ¨ nf y&d,wdçå y#dywdçå y#da0" [k omoemoH;k &yfukd xm;&Scd o hJ nf/
y#da0"[laom r*fÓmPf zdv k Óf mPfjzifh edAmÁ efcsr;f omudk rsuaf rSmufjyKrSom tjrifjh rwfq;kH odYk
a&mufonf/ oufowfvGwfpm;aejcif;jzifh y#da0" [laomedAÁmefudk ra&mufEdkif/
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; Ak'b ¨ momodYk ul;ajymif;vmjcif;twGuf taumif;qH;k jzpfaom 0dyóem
w&m;udk tm;xkw&f ef wdu k wf eG ;f onf/ oufowfvw G pf m;jcif;udk bk&m;&Siu f ,kd af wmfwikd f
½IwfcscJhonf ponfjzifh ynm&Sdenf;jzifh oG,f0dkufí usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfudk
½Iwcf sajymMum;vmaomtcg OD;umpiftaejzifh tHMh opdwjf zpf&avonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\
usiBhf uHaexdik ef nf; bk&m;Oya'udk OD;umpifrod/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf wynhf
'um 'umrrsm;udk ig;yg;oDvudk vHNk cKH atmif apmifx h ed ;f apvdak omaMumifh oufowfvw G f
pm;oHk;oifhaMumif; qHk;ronf/ tom;rsdK;pHkudk bkOf;ay;aomtjcm;&[ef;rsm;udk tjypf
ajymcJhjcif;r&Sd/ bk&m;yGJ? ausmif;yGJ BuD;vQifBuD;ovdk Muuf? 0uf tom;udk ydkYaeonfh
rdwaf qGrsm;udk jrifc&hJ onf/ xkb d &k m;yG?J ausmif;yGüJ pm;oH;k olwYkd ud,k w
f ikd rf owfaomfvnf;
rdryd a,m*aMumifh ao&onfuo kd v
d suf pm;oH;k MuaomaMumifh tjypfrv S wG Ef ikd jf cif;r&S[
d k
pOf;pm;rdonft h jyif usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; rqDrqdik f tom;vGwt f jypfqakd ejcif;udk
rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfvsuf jyefavQmufxm;avonf/ ]]t&S t&Sifbk&m;onf edAÁmefudk rsufarSmuf
jyK&atmif 0dyóemtm;xkwfaeonf[k 0efcHaomfvnf; edAÁmef&NyD;olwdkY tjyKtrl
tajymtqdkrsdK;udk rjrifrawGU&ao;yg/ [dkbkef;BuD;u t&Sifbk&m;ESifh ywfoufí
tjypf a jymqd k c J h j cif ; r&S d / ajymqd k o H v nf ; rMum;cJ h & / ywf o uf r I r &S d b J ,ck v d k
ajymqdkvmjcif;rSm edAÁmefESihfeD;atmif aeolESifhrwljzpfaeygonf}} [k ajymqdak vonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí OD;umpiftm; w&m;tm;xkwf&ef wdkufwGef;jcif; rjyKawmhay/
346
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 347
bkd;awmfatmifrif;acgif½kyfwkrS "mwfouf
usdKufxD;aqmif;apwD\ ta&SUajrmuf we*FaEGaxmifh r[m&HwHwdkif;ay:wGif
bk&m;&Sifa'opm&D<ucsDawmfrlyHkESihf aemufyg&[EÅm (8)yg; rwf½HkyHkawmfwdkYudk xkvkyf
xm;&So d nf/ a'opm&DykH atmufccH kH 4 rsufEmS wGif wifyv’iaf cG½yk yf mG ;awmf (9)qlxm;&Sd
onf/ xD;jzLawmfr;kd vsuf xkvyk x f m;&S&d m vGepf mG touf0ifí [efygaeayonf/ þ
yHkawmfrsm;\ aemufcHordkif;udk ar;jref;aomtcg ydkí pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m jzpfaecJhonf/
vGefcJhaom c&pf 1973-ckESpfcefYujzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKU a&Twd*HkapwDawmf&ifjyif0,f
wHcGefwdkifwGif bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgif ½kyfwkxm;&Sdjcif;udk vufrcHvdkaomaMumifh xdk
wHcGefwdkifudk zsufapNyD; t*Faw tkyfcsyfwdkYudk atmufypö,HodkYcsxm;onf/ bdk;awmf
atmifrif;acgifyHkudk pwdkcef;twGif; xdef;odrf;xm;apcJhonf/
xdt
k aMumif;t&mudk Mum;odaomtcg usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf rdr\ d
'g,um t&if;jzpfaom a'gufwmatmifoef;tultnDjzifh wHceG w f ikd rf S tusdK;tyJEh iS fh
½kywf k rsm;udk o,f,al pNyD; a'opm&DyakH wmfukd xkvyk cf o hJ nf/ ½kyyf mG ;av;qluv kd nf;
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&Sdonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDyGihfvif;jcif;\ tajccHusaomaqmif&GufrIjzpfonf/
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rxifrSwfaom tEÅ&m,frsm;ESihf &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ ,cktcg bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgif
½kyfwkudk a&Twd*HkapwDajrmufbuf aemifawmfBuD;apwDESihf ypö,HwHwdkif;tMum;
oD;jcm;taqmuftOD;xm;&S&d m vltrsm;jzifh pnfum;vsu&f o dS nfth jyif pD;u&ufa&mif;olwYkd
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EkrSmig;&m oajyrEdkif anmifrEdkif}}}*0Hqikd ;f bkwu f rÜn;f wdik jf zifh jyñTex
f m;onf/ eef;OD;
apwD[k ac:Muaom taqmuftODjzpfonf/ tvsm; teH (40)ayus,fNyD; ypö,H
4 qifw h ufí tay:ü oajyyifEiS afh nmifyif&o dS nf/ *0Hausmufx;D \ atmufwiG f
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xm;onf/
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D m;&m qif jrif; usm; aMumif paom
uke;f wGif usufpm;aom owå 0gwdu Yk kd ½ky<f uxkvyk x f m;onf/ 'kw, d ypö,wH iG f a&wGif
347
KTS 15-11-14-1
usufpm;aomowå 0g? aumif;uifwiG u f sufpm;aom iSuo f wå 0gwd\ Yk ½ky<f u EkrmS ig;&m

ig;q,fZmwfawmfvmyHrk sm;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/ wwd,ypö,w H iG f &ifrh mq,fb0 Zmwf
awmfvm ½ky<f uyHrk sm; xkvyk x f m;&So d nf/ pwkwy¬ pö,w H iG f owå XmeyHak wmfrsm;jzpfonf/
txufyv’iw f iG f ,cif ½kyyf mG ;awmfwpfq&l &dS m trSww f rJzh ;l vQif Ak'y¨ akH wmfç rPdawmf
ukzd ,fvQif &[EÅmyHt k jzpfawGU&onf/ ,cktcg xk½d yk yf mG ;awmfudk twGi;f 0,fXmyemí
½kyyf mG ;awmfBuD;tjzpf jyifqifxv k yk xf m;Ny;D 0J,mwGif &[EÅm 2-yg;yHu k kd xkvyk xf m;onf/
ypö,aH xmifrh sm;wGif *0Hausmufwidk rf sm;pdu k x f x
l m;onf/ ajrmufbufrMS unhv f Qif yxr
ypö,cH ükH qHawmf&iS af pwDyrkH sm;ukd *0Hausmufjzihx f vk yk xf m;onfukd awGU&onf/ ZGu J yif?
Zif;usKd uf? ouúxyl ? ukoed m½H?k usKd ufx;D aqmif;? usKd ufx;D ½k;d ? usKd ufa';,sKH ? auvmo?
jrode;f wefapwDyrkH sm;ukd awGUjrifEidk o f nf/ txufypö,w H iG f rkpvdE´myHak wmf? a'opm&D
<ucsDvm[efyakH wmf? atmufcw H iG f MumyGihf 3-yGirhf mS uukoE¨? aumPm*re? uóy
bk&m;&SifwdkYukd nTef;qdkxm;NyD; psmerkj'myHkawmftjzpf zl;jrifEkdifMuonf/
&ifhrm 10-b0EShif EkrSm 500-Zmwfawmfvm

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a[mMum;cJhonfukd rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfonf/
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f nf/ owdrxm;vQif trSwrf xif
jzpfMuonfrmS vltrsm;pk\obm0jzpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf r[kwfvQif
rajym? rvkyfvQifrajym? [kwfvQifajym? vkyfNyD;rSajym jymavh&o
dS nfukd t&if;usus
wynhfrsm; odaeMuonf/ eef;OD;apwDudk jyifcJhonfrSm vGefcJhaom 1339-ckESpfcefYu
jzpfonf/ t"dyÜm,fukdodolrSm enf;yg;vSonf/ apwDudkrjrif&aomaMumihfr[kwfay/
q&mawmftm; uefawmh&ef apmihaf eolwidk ;f rMunhcf sirf jrifcsiaf yr,fh jrifawGUae&onf/
q&mawmf\ausmif;ta&SU {nfo h nfrsm;em;aeaqmif teD;uyfvsuf&o dS nf/ apwD[k
ac:qkdaeaomfvnf; jrif½kd;jrifpOfyHkrsdK;r[kwf/ ypö,m 4-qifhwGif opfyifysdKatmuf0,f
348
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 349
wifyv’iaf cG *0Hqif;wkwpfqEl iS fh *0Hausmufx;D wdik u f o dk m jrif&aomaMumihf jrifuiG ;f rSm

wpfrsKd ;wpfzjkH zpfaeonf/ anmif&u G uf Mdk unhí f anmifyif? oajy&Guu f Mkd unhí f oajyyif[k
xif&onf/ anmifyifum; oajyyifudk zH;k vTr;f Ekid jf cif;r&So d nfth wGuf oajyrEkdif anmif
rEk d i f[k ac:qkdvsuf&Sdonf/ þxl;jcm;aomjrifuGif;udkMunhfí eef;awmfae&m þ
usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwDteD;rSm&So d nf[k oufaojyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ oajyrEkid f anmifrEkid f
rSm xl;jcm;vsuf&Sdonf/ anmifyifwdkY\obm0rSm ESpfrMumrD yifpnf tukdif;BuD;xGm;
jrefonf/ eef;OD;apwD&Sd anmifyifrSm ESpf 40-ausmfMumaomfvnf; oajyyifpnfxuf
ykdBuD;rvm/ oajyESihfanmif &ifabmifwef;ovdk &Sdonf/ ykdíxl;qef;aeonfrSm
q&mawmfausmif;teD;&Sd opfyiftm;vH;k wGif OAsdKif;ESifh wifBuD;iSut f oku d rf sm;&Sí d tnpf
taMu;rsm;ayusHaeonf/ eef;OD;apwD&dS oajyESiafh nmifyifwiG f rnfonhif u S o f ukd u
f rdk Q
rawGUMu&bJ&Sdonf/
q&mawmftrdefY&SdonfrSm ausmif;0if;twGif; acG;i,fav;awGarG;xm;wm wpf
aumifu 'dkYr&Sdcsdef ausmif;twGif;0ifolukd rmefrlNyD;udkufavh&Sdw,f/ 'dkYausmif;ay:ukd
wuf&if vHck snfuq kd x JG m;avh&w dS ,f/ 'gaMumihf BudKajymxm;&w,f/ armifwu Ykd bke;f BuD;
ausmif;rSmuyfaewm/ bkef;BuD;uvnf; 'umawGvSLrS ypönf;av;yg; jynhfpHkrSm/
igYqv D moludk 'Dvu kd u dk af e&if rif;wdx Yk rif;iwfomG ;r,fvYkd ajymxm;&w,f/
iSufawGudkvnf; ajymxm;&ao;w,f/ igY0ef;usifu opfyifeJY igYausmif;ay:ukd
rif;wdBYk udKufovdak ecGi&fh w dS ,f/ igtjrwfwEk;d xm;wJh eef;OD;apwDay:&St d yifuakd wmh toku d f
rvkyMf ueJ/Y igarmif;xkw&f rSmvdYk ajymcJw h m/ acG;a&miSuaf wGyg em;axmifMuw,f/ ,ck
todÓmPf&w dS hJ wynhaf wGtm;vH;k 'kq Yd ;kH rwJph um;udek m;axmif&if avmuD avmukwå&m
aumif;usdK;tjzmjzm&&SEd idk Mf uygw,f/ q&mawmftrde&Yf o dS nft h wdik ;f ,aeYtxd oajyESifh
anmifyifrmS iSuo f u kd rf awGUMu&ovdk acG;awGuu dk af vhr&So d nfudk awGUjrifaeMu&onf/
q&mawmf wynh&f if;wpfa,mufonf q&mawmftm; tanmif;ajyap&ef eif;ESyd f
ay;&m trSww f rJjh zpfí q&mawmftoHxu G o f mG ;onfudk atmufwiG t f yd af eaom acG;av;
ajy;wufoGm;NyD; tESdyfq&mvufukd ukdufonf[kqkdonf/ acG;vdr®m iSufvdr®mrsm;
jzpfMuvsuf q&mawmf\arwå m&dyu f dk ckv d aHI ejcif;ukyd if todÓmPfygyg opöm&S&d dS aus;Zl;
w&m;ukd odaeMuavonf/
xl;jcm;aomoajyyif
eef;OD;apwD&Sd oajyyifrsdK;rSm anmifa&tdk; yef;tkd;xkd;Ekdifatmif tcuftnGefY
xGuaf vhr&S/d t&GuMf urf; t&Guu f sJ omrefopfcufrsdK;jzpfonf/ xl;qef;aomoajyrsdK;
jzpfaeonf/ tvm;wltyifrsm;rSm-
349
KTS 15-11-14-1
1/ eef;OD;apwD&Sd oajyyif?
2/ om,muke;f &Gm azmifawmfO;D azmifawmfjyef azmifawmfyb
hJ &k m;y&d0P
k t
f wGi;f &Sd
oajyyif?
3/ usdKufa';,sHak wmif 0½kPmem*&mZxlyapwDteD;wGi&f dS oajyyifrsm;&Sad Mumif;
trdefY&Sdzl;onf/
t"d|mefwif uHhaumfyif
usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f jyefvnfyiG v fh if;apa&; pwifaqmif&u G cf sdef 1333-
ckEpS cf efu Y jzpfonf/ oxHNk rdKUteD;wGif ouútvHwpf&mq&mawmfEiS fh wynhrf sm;onf
uHhaumfyifrsm; pepfwuspkdufysdK;í b'úrÇmwGif ig;qlajrmuf t&darwå ,sbk&m;&Sif
yGihfawmfrlrnhf uHhaumfaAm"dtxdrf;trSwfjyKí ylaZmfaecsdefjzpfonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf\wynhf oxHNk rdKUom;tcsdKUonf uHah umfrsdK;ud, k al qmifNyD; usdKufx;D aqmif;
apwDawmf y&d0P k t f wGi;f pdu k yf sKd ;cJMh uaomfvnf; &Sio f efjcif;r&Sjd zpfaeonf/ 'dYk usKd ufx;D
aqmif; qHawmf&iS [ f m ukid ;f ul;pdu k w f t hJ yifrsdK;r[kw?f uk, d rhf sdK;aph uk, d t hf m;ud, k uf ;dk
ysdK;vd&Yk iS of efwhJ taphpu kd t f yifrsdK;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS t f eD;
uHah umfyiftrdk S toD;uk, d pl u kd rf S &Sio f efrmS [k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
q&mawmfred MYf um;onht f wkid ;f uHah umfrsdK;aphuydk sdK;xm;NyD; oH;k ESpcf eft Y MumwGif
uHah umfu;kd yifudk apwDawmf\ ta&SUbufrck Of ;D teD;rSpí eef;OD;apwDxd ud;k e0if;aMu
udk;yifpdkufysdK;apcJhonf/ tv,fuHhaumfyifrSm yifpnfvufñId;cefYeD;eD;&Sd&mrS ¤if;tyifrS
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tyGiu hf ;kd ckid f NrdKifNrdKifqidk q f idk f yGiv hf mcJo h nf/ q&mawmfonf rdrx d H wynhf
tjzpfcH,lvmaom 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYtm; twef;tpm; ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;xm;vsuf
omoemwGiMf unfñakd pí &wemoH;k yg;? yOöov D ? e0*Fov D wdu Yk dk apmifo h ;kH aexkid af p
cJo
h nf/ yxrtrsKd ;tpm;rSm a*gwrAk'\ ¨ omoemawmf ig;axmifumvtwGi;f omoemh
*kPu f dk ckv d cHI iG &fh &Srd nho f w l t Ykd m; yg&rDy|mef;taMumif;quftwdik ;f cHpm;cGi&hf &Sad &; a[majym
qH;k rjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;rSm vuf&b dS &k m;&Sif omoemawmfü yg7rDjznfu h siNfh y;D
aemifaomumv t&darawå ,sA'k y¨ iG afh wmfrcl sed üf uRww f rf;0ifrnfo h wl t
Ykd m; &nfreS ;f onfh
twkdif; r*fÓmPf zdkvfÓmPf&&Sdap&ef BudKwifí ynmyg&rDukd &ifhoefatmif a[majym
qHk;rjcif;jzpfonf/ t&darawå ,sAk'¨vufxufawmfü uRwfwrf;0ifrnfholwdkYtwGuf
aqmif&u G jf cif;rSeu f efonf[k oufaojyKaomtm;jzihf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;&Sio f efygapownf;
[k t"d|mefyg&rD qkyw¬emjyKí pdkufysdK;apcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
350
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 351
xku
d ahH umfyifysdKwdo
Yk nf apwDyykH rm tcsdK;tpm;wlnpD mG jzihf ESpaf ygif;oH;k q,fcefY
zl;yGiafh 0qmí oufaojycJo h nf/ ,cktcg ESpf 40-ausmfumvMumNyDjzpfí BuD;rm;aom
yifpnfrsm;tjzpf t&dyt f m0goaumif;aom uHah umfawmtkyo f zG,f jzpfaevsuf&o dS nf/
uHhaumfyv’if arwåm&Sif
usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDü a&Tom;tppf 18-ydómESihf e0&wfu;kd oG,f
pDjc,faom pdefzl; iSufjrwfem;ESifh xD;awmfwifvSLyGJBuD;udk aumZmESpf 1365-ckESpf?
e,kev f jynhaf usmf 1-&uf? (15-6-2003)aeYwiG f NcdrNhf cdro hf oJ u J sif;ycJ&h m ig;oH;k vDwynhf
trsm; ukef;awmfrqHhatmif wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ 'gersdK;pHk vlrsdK;aygif;pHk aysmfyGJrsdK;pHk
yg0ifcJhMuaomaMumihf wpfb0 wpfBudrfwpfcg aemufydkif;omoem 2500-ausmfwGif
tpnfum;qH;k xD;awmfwifvLS yGBJ uD;tjzpf usi;f ycJo h nf/ xkx d ;D awmfwifvLS Ny;D vQif uHah umf
yifysdK ESpyf ifudk t"d|mefxm;í pdu k yf sdK;cJo
h nf/ *0Hausmufom;jzihjf yKvkyx f m;aom ayyg
jzwfyikd ;f yrmP&Sd yef;td;k ESpv f ;kH ukd "r®yv’i\ f a&SU taemufbufrsufEmS pmü pdu k yf sdK;xm;
cJh&m xD;awmfwifvSLNyD;aemuf oHk;ESpfMum 1368-ckESpf usdKufxD;aqmif; ESpfwpfywf
t"d|mef r[my|mef;usrf;ylaZmfy&JG ufjzpfaom jymodv k qef;twGi;f rSmyif yifysdKESpyf ifpvH;k
yGizfh wfBuD;rm; 0wfqt H &G,t f pmBuD;BuD; tcdik v f udk f tqkyv f u kd zf ;l yGichf o
hJ nf/ a&Tpif
a&Tom;jzihf jyKvkyt f yfaom xD;tvSL&Siw f o Ykd nf a*gwrAk'\ ¨ omoemü uRwf0ifrnfh
olrsm; tcGit hf vrf;ompGm csr;f omokc&&SEd idk Mf uovdk þukov kd af wmfaMumihf yGiafh wmhrnfh
t&darwå ,sAk'\ ¨ vufxufawmf0,f uRwfwrf;0ifrnfo h wl \ Ykd ukov kd af wmftrSejf zpf
ygvQif oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k jynhv
f Qif tzl;tyGiafh 0qm oufaoyrmjzpfygapom;-[laom t"d|mef
þukov kd af Mumihf uHah umfyifatmuf a&Tyv’iaf ygufí opömodjrif t&darawå ,socif
yGirhf nh{f ueftrSejf zpfaomf xifomjrifom oufaot&mwnfygapaomf0-f [k 0pDopömjyK
pdu
k yf sKd ;cJah vonf/ 1367-ckEpS f y|mef;yGu J si;f y&m uk;d &ufwmumvtwGi;f yGiv hf mT yGizhf wf
0wfqNH zdK;aom yef;ckid rf sm; tHMh ozG,&f mawGUMu&onf/
tvm;wlyif 1369-ck? jroydwxf ;D awmfwify?JG 1371-ckEpS f xkid ;f Ekid if H aq;ukorI
aq;ppfcHrI toGm;c&D; t,k'¨,NrdKUawmf xD;awmfjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;aqmif&Guf&efudpö
rsm;wGif tBudrfBudrf 3-vuGmvsuf tzl;tyGihfa0a0qmqm yGifhcJhonf/ "mwfyHkrsm;jzihf
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf/ þusrf;pm½dkufESdyfcsdef (1376-ckESpf)xd zl;yGihfNrJ&Sdaeonf/
351
KTS 15-11-14-1
"r®&mZfodrfawmfBuD;
omoemawmfEpS f 2015-ck? aumZmESpf 833 (at'D-1472)ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if H
&mrnwkid ;f ? [Hom0wDaejynfawmfü "r®apwDrif; eef;wufco hJ nf/ omoemjyKrif;jzpf
aomaMumihf omoemawmfü t"duusaomodrrf sm; &&Sad &; tav;ay;pOf;pm;vmonf/
odraf tmifjrifrS &[ef;ppf&[ef;rSerf sm; ay:aygufvmEkid o f nf[k qifjcifNy;D oD[Vkd u f Re;f okYd
rGefynm&Sd&[ef;rsm;ukdapvTwfí uvsmPDjrpftwGif; &[ef;cHapcJhNyD; xkd&[ef;rsm;
[Hom0wDokdY jyef<ua&mufvmMuaomtcg a&odrfrsm;orkwfNyD; OyorÜ'uH aqmifap
cJo
h nf/ aumZmESpf 836-rSpí yJc;l uvsmPDord t f ygt0if &mrnwkid ;f twGi;f odraf ygif;
397-odrf orkwfcJhaMumif;awGU&onf/ "r®apwDrif;onf omoemESpf 2036-ck?
aumZmESpf 854-ck? (at'D 1492)wGif ewf&GmpHcJhonf/
"r®apwDrif;onf odrBf uD;odrif ,f 397-odrf orkwcf &hJ m usKd ufx;D aqmif; qHawmf
&Sif ude;f 0yfawmfr&l mteD;ü orkwaf wmfrcl o hJ nf/ ,if;a'orSm xkad cwftac: ppfawmif;
a'o odrf 33-odrfpm&if;ü yg0ifaecJhonf/ acwfumv&Gmtrnfrsm;ESihf "r®apwDrif;
vufxuf &Gmtrnfrsm; toHxu G uf jJG ym;vsuf&adS omaMumihf odrrf v l trnfudk nTejf y
Ekid jf cif;r&djS zpfc&hJ onf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f xm;aomodrw f \Ykd rSwo f m;zG,&f m
rsm;ukd pm&if;jyK&mwGif "r®&mZfodrfawmfBuD;tygt0if odrftcsdKUukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Zkwfokwf&Gm&Sd uvsmPDodrfawmf
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f yif vlaea'ojzpfco hJ nf/ xD;apmif;
apwD wnfxm;jcif;rjyKrDu tqkyd guke;f onf okAEd N´ rKd Uawmfwnf&mt&yfjzpfonf/ apwD\
av;bufywfvnfrSm edrfhqif;ajrjzpfNyD; ta&SUbufü qifusHK;? jrif;usHK;? a&usHK;?
NrdKU½d;k usHK;ae&mrsm; txift&Sm; awGUjrifae&qJjzpfonf/ awmifbufvw l pfac:ceftY &yf
0,f a&T0ga&mifww H idk ;f ae&mESifh rvSr;f rurf;0,f yifv,fjyiftjzpf &Scd zhJ ;l onf/ taemuf
bufwGif acsmif;rsm;? us,f0ef;aoma&tkdifrsm;&SdaecJhonf/ ,cktcg Zkwfokwf&GmBuD;
wnf&SdNyD; &Gmav;ESihf qufpyfaeonf/ ajrmufbuft&yfodkY wjznf;jznf;edrfhqif;oGm;
aom ajrjyifjzpfonf/ ESpzf mvHck eft Y &yfwiG f odru
f ek ;f trnfjzihf uke;f wpfuek ;f &Sad eonf/
Zkwfokwf&Gmtv,fae&m0,f ajrjyifnDnmus,f0ef;aom t&yfü "r®&mZfodrf
&SdaecJhonf/ ajrESpf{ucefY us,f0ef;onf/ a&S;a[mif;apwDESpfqlESihf *0Hausmufjzifh
352
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 353
jyKvkyx
f m;aom ½kywf rk mS atmufyidk ;f ajcav;acsmif;omuseNf y;D tay:ykid ;f rSm rd;k a&wdu
k pf m;
rIaMumihf usm;vkv
d kd jcaoFvh v
kd x
kd if&onf/ NcHpnf;½d;k rvHak omaMumihf uRJEmG ;rsm;xm;&m
ukefpdrf;aps; tom;aps; (eHeufykdif;aps;) tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhonf/
uvsmPDord [ f ak c:Muaomfvnf; a&S;bk;d bGm;bDbifrsm;vufxuf tac:ta0:
trnfrSm "r®m&Zfodrftrnfjzihf xif&Sm;cJhonf/ olykdifypönf;cdk;rI? t"r®rI paom
jypfrIrsm;jzpfyGm;vmaomf "r®&mZfodrfrSm oufaorsm;ESifhtwl w&m;wabmif ajymqkd
Muonf/ rrSerf uefxu G qf jdk cif;? &,ljcif;? tEkid ,
f jl cif;jyKcJah omf Oyapä'uuHjzihf touf
qHk;½IH;oGm;Muonf/ trItcif;ao;vQif aoG;tefa&m*gvdkrsdK; emwm&Snfa0'emtjzpf
cHomG ;Mu&onf/ rIcif;tNyD;tjywf qHk;jzwfcH&m w&m;rif;yrm yrmjzpfaomaMumihf "r®&mZf
odrBf uD;[k ac:cJMh uonf/ omrefvw l Ykd aeYcif;aMumifawmifrmS yif r0if&MJ u[kqo dk nf/
vGwv f yfa&; &NyD;p u7ifoyl ek rf sm;BuD;pd;k csdeu
f vltrsm; uk, d t
hf rd u
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dk &fh mrSm rtdy0f MhH u/
ykef;ckdaeMu&onf/ wpfaeY0,f u&ifolykefrsm;&Gmukd 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wkdufcdkufMuonf/
ab;vGwf&mtjzpf "r®&mZfodrf0if;twGif; csHKEG,frsm;tMum; vltrsm;ykef;cdkaeMu&m
av;zufav;wefrS aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfaomaMumihf vltrsm;aoausMu&onf/
odrf0if;twGif; aoG;acsmif;pD;oGm;cJh&onftxd n§dK;rSdefcJh&onf/ vltoGm;tvmr&Sd
jzpfcJh&onf/
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usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf awmcsHKzHk;ysufNyKef; om;owfukef;yrmjzpfae
aom odr0f if;BuD;ud&k iS ;f vif;í vloal wmfwpfO;D tm; tapmifx h m;cJoh nf/ odrt f aqmuf
tOD raoroyf&adS eonf/ jyKjyifrnfh 'g,umtm; arQmfvifah eovd&k adS eonf/ aZurÇm
ukrÜPDOuú|OD;cifa&T pifumylEkdifiHodkY acwå a&mufaecsdef tdyfrufqef;rSm wpfnr[kwf
wpfBudrrf [kwf qufwu dk rf ufaeaomaMumihjf zpfonf/ xdt
k yd rf ufudk jrefrmjynfa&muf
vQif usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; tusdK;taMumif;avQmufxm;rnf[k pdwu f ;l NyD;
tdypf ufaomtcg tdyrf ufupd Nö yD;jywfomG ;cJoh nf/
jrefrmjynfa&mufvQif usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH uefawmhonf/ q&mawmfrS
Ekid if jH cm;rS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tdyrf ufawGrufao;vm;[k EIwcf eG ;f pum;qk&d m xkid ;f Ekid if H zl;cuf
a'oESifh pifumylEkdifiHrSm oBuFef&uftwGif; rufcJhaomtdyfruf yHkpHwlapwDESpfqlukd
xD;awmfwifvLS &onf[k tdyrf uftaMumif; avQmufxm;onf/ vm-vdu k cf [
hJ k rdeMYf um;Ny;D
353
KTS 15-11-14-1
um;jzihf uvsmPDodrfodkYac:oGm;cJhonf/ apwDESpfql jyKjyif&efjyifjirf;qifxm;onfukd

awGUjrif&onf/ tdyfruf0,fjrif&aomae&mESihf apwDyHkjzpfaeí tHhMooGm;&onf/
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avonf/
odrfawmfudk 4-6-2001 aeYwGif yEéufawmfwifí a&pufcsvSL'gef;yGJudk 19-
11-2001 aeYwiG f usif;ycJ&h m 5-vcGt J wGi;f tNyD;wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefaumif;
oufom xnf0gcHn h m;aom "r®&mZford t f jzpf awGUjrifMu&onf/ xkyd aJG wmfwiG f usKd ufx;D
aqmif; q&mawmftrSL;&Sdaom omoemjyKpcef;toD;oD;ü xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
aeMuonfh pcef;wm0efcH 18-yg;wdt Yk m; Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizfh UHG NzKd ;a&;aumifpD
twGi;f a&;rSL;ESifh aZurÇmrdom;pkwrYkd S ypön;f av;yg;'g,um cH,cl MhJ uygonf/ "r®&mZford f
awmfBuD;tNyD;rSmyif Edik if aH wmfoCH r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifaom oHCm
awmfrsm;u ykaemyorÜ'uH atmifjrifpGmaqmif&Gufay;cJhMuonf/ 'kv’b&[ef; 100?
omraPtyg; 100? oDv&Sit f yg; 100 cH,yl u JG dk qufvufusif;ycJoh nf/
,cktcg Zkwo f wk &f mG v,f&dS "r®&mZford rf mS us,0f ef;aomNctH wGi;f oef&Y iS ;f aeNy;D
av;zuf um;0ifum;xGufayguf r[m&HwHwkdif;rsm;jzihf om,maeayNyD/ odrfrSm tmpD
uGeuf &pf bHo k ;kH xyfaqmifb&k m;cef;wGif bHik g;qifah &Tx;D xkyu
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aqmifwjYkd zihf xnf0gcHn h m;vSonf/ aomPapwD Owå &apwDEpS q f rl mS a&Ta&mifw0if;0if;
avjynfavnif;wGif qnf;vnf;oHwnHnHMum;ae&ayonf/ a&S;a&S;uapwDteD;
OD;acgif;jywfaeaom *0HjcaoFhBuD; ntcg[def;a[mufoHrsm;Mum;&aomfvnf; ,ck
wdwq f w d af eayonf/ vlwt Ykd usiyhf suí
f "r®&mZford af jrtwGi;f om;owf vlowfjyKvQif
rausreyf [de;f a[mufojH yKavh&o dS nf[k tpOftvmajymqkcd MhJ uonf/ ,cktcg tqkyd g
toHrsdK; rMum;&awmhbJ &[ef;omraPwdkY\ y|mef;&GwfzwfoHrsm;jzihf qlnHaeayNyD/
&mrnwkid ;f wGif aexGu&f mt&yf oHjzLZ&yfNrKd Ue,f 0gc½lvrdik ;f odr?f ae0if&mt&yf
yJc;l uvsmPD odr?f aerGe;f wnfch sed üf &mrnwdik ;f A[dt
k &yf Zkwo
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Ykd dk
wpfaeYtwGi;f orkwcf o hJ nf[q
k o dk nf/ *0Hywdociford [f vk nf; "r®apwDausmufpmwGif
trSwftom;&dScJhonf/
354
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 355
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;cifñGefY
OD;cifñeG o Yf nf ppfzufe,fzufwiG f xif&mS ;oljzpfonf/ udsKufx;D aqmif; q&m
awmf\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;ü yg0ifvmaomtcg q&mawmf\ omoemjyKvkyif ef; xD;awmf
wifyJG tcrf;tem;yG[ J ol rQ owif;pmç toHviT Xhf meç ½kyjf rifoMH um;ü awGUcJMh u&onf/
wdkif;odjynfod usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\wynhf 'g,umtjzpf xif&Sm;cJhonf/
OD;cifñeG u Yf m; Edik if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;tpd;k &vufxufwiG f twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Advk rf LS ;csKyfç
AdkvfcsKyftjzpf EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;tpdk;&vufxufü twGif;a&;rSL;? 'kwd,
Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;? tpd;k &tzGUJ 0efBuD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfBuD;&mxl;txd wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ jl zpfonf/
q&mawmfEiS hf Adv k cf sKyfBuD;wdYk pwifawGUqH&k aom aeY&ufrpS í aMumif; usdK; qufcMhJ uyHk
azmf7ef vdt k yfonf/
&efuek Nf rdKU? aZurÇmukrP Ü D a'gufwmcifa&T\ ZeD;rSm a':pef;pef;<u,fjzpfonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ pDpOfñeT Mf um;rIjzifh yJc;l NrKd U r[mapwDy&d0P k t
f wGi;f taemuf
bufü apwDwpfqw l nfxm;&ef aqmif&u G cf MhJ u&m 1359-ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; (10)7uf
9-12-1997 t*FgaeY nae 3-em&D yEéuaf wmfwify?JG 1360-jynhEf pS ?f e,kev f jynhaf usmf
(6)7uf 15-6-1998 wevFmaeY nae 3-em&D 3-rdepf 3-puúefYtcsdef tkwfjrpfpD
r*FvmyGJusif;yonf/ 1361-ck jymodkvqef; (8)&uf 25-12-1999 wevFmaeY eHeuf
9-em&D yxrtBudrf XmyemydwfyGJusif;y&m usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf <ua&mufvm
onf/ EdkifiHawmfat;csr;fom,ma&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL; (1) 'kwd,
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;cifñGefYESihf yJcl;wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfwifat; tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm; aZurÇm
a'gufwmcifa&T a':pef;pef;<u,f rdom;pkwYkd wufa7mufí Xmyemawmfrsm;oGi;f vSLcJMh u
onf/ q&mawmfEiS fh twGi;f a&;rSL;(1)wdYk yxrqH;k BuHKqHMk ujcif;jzpfaomfvnf; q&mawmf
udk Munfñ½kd akd opGmjzifyh if ]]wynhaf wmf þtouf þcE¨m þtqifjh zifh q&mawmf
ESitfh wl Ak'o ¨ moemawmfjyKcGi&hf vdyk gonf}}[k avQmufxm;&m q&mawmfrS awGUcdu k f
BuHKcduk rf mS 0wå&m;taejzifh ajymqdjk cif;rsdK;jzpfvQif xdu k &f mwef&maumif;usdK;jzpfymG ;ygap?
&if;wGif;rS vIdufvSJpGm avQmufxm;jcif;jzpfvQif vdktifqE´tjynhft0cHpm;cGihf&ygap[k
qkywåemjyKcJhonf/
q&mawmf 'DEpS b
f myGv
J yk pf &m&Syd govJ? bk&m;zl;vm&if; tcrf;tem;wufvykd gonf
[k avQmufjyef&m apwDwpfqlxD;wifyGJ jyKvkyf&ef&Sdonf[k ajzMum;aomtcg tJ'DyGJ
wynhfawmftm; vma&mufcGifhjyKygbk&m;[k cGihfawmif;aomaMumifh 'g,umvmvQif
355
KTS 15-11-14-1
{nh0f wfauspmG pDpOfxm;rnf[k rdeMYf um;cJyh gonf/ q&mawmfonf wynh&f if;wpfa,muf1

rSwpfqifh *kPfawmfykwD;ESihf tEÅ&m,ftaqmifypönf;wpfck vufaqmiftjzpfay;ydkYap
onf/ ykw;D &cdserf pS í *kPaf wmf 9-yg; ykw;D pdyrf nfjzpfaMumif; 0efcu
H wdpum; jyefMum;cJh
ygonf/
qifoGm;vrf;jzpf rif;oGm;vrf;jzpf
r[meE´mapwD wnfxm;rINyD;pD;a&; aZurÇmrdom;pk usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
tBudrBf udraf &mufcMhJ uNyD;aemuf qHawmf&iS o f moemjyKEdik &f ef yifrypön;f av;yg;'g,um
rdom;pktjzpf a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/ qauor[m"mwk0if apwDrsm;wnf&m usKd ufa';,sKH
awmifç auvmoawmifç jroydwaf wmifç ukoed m½Hçk usKd ufxNkd rKd Uç bD;vif;NrKd Uç uGeu f &pf
uwå&mywfvrf; azmufvyk &f ef BudK;pm;aecsdejf zpfonf/ a'gufwmcifa&TrS q&mawmftm;
avQmufxm;onfrmS ]]qif qifoGm;&ifvrf;jzpf? rif;oGm;vQifvrf;jzpf tqdk&SdwJhtwdkif;
rif;oGm;&if vrf;jzpfEdkifygw,f? vrf;jzpfatmifvkyfay;Edkifoludk 'Dta&mufac:ay;
ygrnf}}[k qdkvQif tckvJ rif;oGm;aewmyJ? 'Drif; r[kwfao;ygavQmufrS olaX;rif;
qE´twdik ;f pDpOfygrdeMYf um;cJo h nf/ aZurÇmrdom;pk\ apwemo'¨gonf usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfEiS fh qHawmf&iS o f moemtay: xufoefvsuf&MdS uolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vpOf
udsKufx;D aqmif;twGuf e0ur®vLS aiGrmS &m*Pef;jzifv h LS avh&o dS nf/ Edik if \
H tBuD;tuJ
rsm;xHrS qufo, G af jymqdEk ikd af om pGr;f tm;&So d jl zpfí ajymcJo h vdk jyKvkycf o
hJ nfrmS vufawGU
jrifMu&onf/ tBuD;tuJrsm; pdw0f ifpm;vmatmif qHawmf&iS af pwDordik ;f ç a'otajc
taeç q&mawmfESihf awGUBuHKcJhyHk pum;pyfajym&mrS twGif;a&;rSL; (1) pdwf0ifpm;vm
onf/ Edik if tH BuD;tuJ ZeD;trsm;pk rMumrD usdKufx;D aqmif; a&muf&v dS mNyD; q&mawmf
tm; zl;awGUcJMh uonf/ q&mawmf vdt k yfwm&Sv d Qif rdeMYf um;yg[k uawmfBuD;rsm; avQmuf
aomtcg bke;f BuD;wdYk omoempjyKcsdeu f tkwcf aJ cgif;tH;k tdyf jrufay: ausmufw;kH ay:rSm
tdypf m;aexdik Mf uwm tckqkd jynhpf akH eygNyD[o k m rdeo Yf nf/ vdt k yf&mudk trdeaYf y;cJ½h jkH zifh
vdk&mudpö NyD;Edkifol EdkifiHtBuD;qHk;\ ZeD;rsm;tzGJUtm; q&mawmfjyefMum;cJhaompum;
jzpfonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD tmqD,H)tzGUJ 0ifjzpfvmaomtcg twGi;f
a&;rSL;(1)tzGUJ usdKufx;D aqmif;a&muf&v dS mMuNyD; auvmo jroydwf qHawmfapwDrsm;
zl;ajrmfMuNy;D usm;wpf&mapwD&&dS modYk a&mufvmMu&m tm&S usm;rsm; tiftm;jynh0f ap&ef
apwDteD;ü xD;ajr§mef wfajr§mw f cH eG w
f ikd af pwDukd pwifyEéucf soGm;cJo h nf/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
(1)tm; usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk a&mufatmifvm&ef zdwaf c:jcif;vnf;rjyK? usm;wpf&mapwD
1/ xD;'Dy"H r®m½Hk Ouú|jzpfol 'kw, d Advk rf LS ;BuD;oef;a&T (pufr-I 1) OD;aqmifñeT Mf um;a&;rSL;
356
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 357
xD;awmfwifyGJodkY <ua&muf&ef zdwfMum;jcif;vnf;rjyKcJhay/ wynhfawmf vma&muf

zl;ajrmfví
kd jyKvkyrf nh&f ufukd today;yg&efavQmufxm;cJo
h nfth wdik ;f usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk
twGif;a&;rSL;(1)ESihf tpdk;&tzGJU 0efBuD;rsm; a&mufvmcJhMuonf/
aZurÇmapwem &[EÅmESihfy|mef;quf&Sd
Zkwo f w k &f mG v,f&dS uvsmPDord af wmfBuD;rSm [Hom0wDaejynfawmf bk&ifrBuD;
&Siaf pmyk\om;rufawmf "r®apwDrif;aumif;rIawmfjzpfonf/ ESpu f mvMumí a[mif;EGr;f
ae7m aZurÇmrdom;pk\ OD;aqmif a'gufwmcifa&T awGUjrif&vQif jyKjyif&ef qH;k jzwfvsuf
2001-ckEpS ?f ZGev f 4-&uf wevFmaeYwiG f yEéuaf wmfwifr*FvmjyKvkycf MhJ uonf/ ACE
aqmufvyk af &;rS tif*sief , D m OD;wifq h ef;wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/ bk&m;½kyw f ak wmfyv’it f wGi;f rS
Xmyemtjzpf rGefpmygqif;wkawmfrsm; awGU&Sd&m ouú&mZf (943)ckudk awGUMu&onf/
odrfawmfBuD;rSm tjrifh (11)ay? tvsm; teH tus,f (40_40)ayywfvnf tmpD
uGeu f &pf oH;k xyfvnfay:bk&m;aqmif tvnfaqmif avSum;aqmif bHjk ymom'fayguf
taqmifjzpfí xnf0gcHhnm;vSonf/ 2001-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (9)&uf wevFmaeYwGif
uvsmPDord af wmfBuD;zGiyhf u JG kd Edik if aH wmfoCH r[mem,uOuú|ESifh tusdK;awmfaqmif
q&mawmfrsm; usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf OD;aqmif wynh&f [ef;rsm; Edik if aH wmf Nidr0f yf
ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) 'kw, d Advk cf sKyfBuD;cifñeG EYf iS fh tpd;k &tzGUJ 0if
0efBuD;rsm;? wdik ;f rSL;? wyfrrSL;rsm; wufa&mufMuNy;D zGiyhf u JG si;f ycJMh uonf/ tpOftvmt&
zJBudK;jzwfziG vhf pS &f mü uwDy¬ gpmvTmESifh avylaygif;rsm; csw d q
f v JG suf jrefrmusyaf iG a':vm
aiGrsm; csdwq f JG vTww f ifcMhJ uonf/ o0PfvmT pmrSm ]]þpmvTmESit fh wl yg&Sad om
aiGrsm;udk &&So d w l Ykd ,lEikd yf gonf/ odaYk omf aiGu, kd yl g? txdr;f trSwpf mvTmudk ausmif;odYk
wpfzefjyefí ydkYvSnhfyg}}[k a&;om;cJhonf/
&GmvnfrS vTiwfh ifvu
kd af om tqdyk gpmwrf;rSm aumif;uifavrdí vlov
l ukd f
rrDatmif avwGiyf goGm;avonf/ tcrf;tem;wufa&muforl sm; avmbaZmuyfí
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f mG ;Muaomfvnf; taemufawmifyifv,f&&dS modYk vGiyfh goGm;&m vufavsmhjyefchJ
Mu&onf/ wefz;kd BuD;aomypön;f udk rnfo&l onf[k rod&? 1-2-3-4 ausmfaomfvnf;
owif;r& owif;aysmufaecJhonf/ 9-&ufMumaomtcg q&mawmfxH tqdkyg
o0PfvTmpmESihf txdrf;trSwftvHawmf qufuyfolrsm; a&mufvmMuonf/ rGef?
u&if? jrefrm trsdK;om; (3)a,mufjzpfonf/ bdk;&[ef;ausmif;aqmiftwGif; yef;?
357
KTS 15-11-14-1
a&csrf;? qDrD; vSL&efa&mufoGm;Muonf/ tvHrS &[EÅmausmif;aqmif0,f pepfwus

uyfvLS xm;onftvm; csdwq f vJG suf&o
dS nf/ pmwef;zwfMunhMf u&m t"dymÜ ,fazmfvsuf
(3)OD; nd§EIdif;wdkifyifum a&mufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ ]]'g bmpdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m &SdovJ}}
apm'uwufvo kd w
l Ykd owdjyKpOf;pm;Munf&h efoifoh nfrmS uvsmPDord zf iG yhf rJG mS aZurÇm\
yxrOD;yGJjzpfonf/ ,aeYtajcaersdK; ra&mufao;yg/ vl0dZÆm ewf0dZÆmwdkY BudKwifodae
onfrmS aZurÇmapwemonf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfjyKaeaom omoemtay:
BuD;rm;pGmaxmufyrhH nf/ &SiOf y*kwEå iS fh aZurÇm twdwu f y|mef;taMumif;quf&í dS
aemiftem*wfumv0,f &[EÅmausmif;awmfwu kd u f kd wnfaqmufu;kd uG,rf nfh omoem
'g,umjzpfrnf[k a[mude;f xkwx f m;wm[k qdv k Qif vufcEH ikd yf govm;? þvkt d ar;udk
tajzay;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,laomf oifhavsmfaomtajzjzpfEdkifygonf/
a&TZif;usdKufqHawmf&SifapwDyGJawmf
aygifNrKd Ue,f Zif;usKd ufawmifay:&Sd ]]qHqHawmfapwDbk&m;yGJawmf}}udk ESppf Of wefc;l
vjynhaf eYwiG f Zif;usdKuf&mG rkcOf ;D jcaoFEh pS af umifteD;0ef;usifwiG f aysmfy&JG iT yf rJG sm;? y|mef;
&Gwzf wfyal Zmfyu JG sif;yavh&odS nf/ 5-&ufcefY usif;yavh&&dS m 0ef;usif&dS &Gmol&mG om;rsm;
v,f,mvkyif ef;em;csdejf zpfí avmif;upm;0dik ;f wGif vlpnfum;vsuf&o dS nf/ qHawmf&iS f
apwD tm½Hck t H wGi;f ü usdKufx;D aqmif;q7mawmfEiS fh wynhf &[ef; omraP oDv&Sif
a,m*D vlOykofonfrsm;onf wefcl;vqef; 13-&ufaeY eHeufrSpNyD; vjynhfaeY 10-
em&D txd toHrpJ r[my|mef;&Gwzf wfyal Zmfjcif; opfo;D yef; a&csrf; qGr;f uyfvLS jcif;
qHawmfapwDt&Snf wnfwahH &;twGuf taqmuftODaqmufvyk jf cif;? a&wdu k pf m;rnfh
ae&mrsm;udk BudKwifumuG,fjcif;? vrf;jyifjcif;? awmcsHK&Sif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/
pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem; xD;awmfrsm; ndK§ ;EGr;f vQif jyifqifjcif;? a&TouFe;f uyfvLS jcif;? a&Taq;
okwjf cif;? vQyfppfr;D rsm; BudK;vJjcif; tygt0if awmifawmfEiS fh apwDawmf BuHch ikd af &;udk
tcsdev f v
k suf aeYa&mnyg vkyu f ikd Mf uonf/
wefc;l vjynhaf &mufwikd ;f Ak'y¨ Zl ed,yGaJ wmfrmS oBuFerf wdik rf D oBuFe7f uftwGi;f
oBuFeu f sNyD;aemuf&ufrsm; uGv J aJG vh&o dS nf/ 1363-ckEpS f oBuFe&f ufrmS wefc;l vqef;
(1)&ufaeYwGifpwifNyD; ESpfqef;(1)7ufrSm wefcl;vqef;(5)7ufaeYjzpfonf/ {NyD 17-
&uf jzpfaomaMumifh wefc;l vjynhrf mS oBuFeNf y;D 10-&ufcefaY &mufrS Zif;usKd ufqaH wmf&iS f
Ak'y¨ Zl ed,yGaJ wmfusi;f yMu&onf/ Oyko&f uf&n S af pmifo
h w
l o
Ykd nf ,ckEpS f Zif;usKd ufb&k m;yGNJ y;D
358
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 359
rS Oykoxf u
G Mf u&rnfjzpfí &ufMumMumOyko&f aeMuonf/ rd;k OD;rusao;í awmifay:odYk
um;jzifh O'[dk twuftqif; jyKvkycf MhJ uonf/
Zif;usdKufawmifwufum;vrf;
usdKufx;D aqmif;q7mawmfonf Zif;usdKufawmifay:&Sad pwDoYkd oufBuD;&G,t f kd
rusef;rrmolygrusef zl;ajrmfciG &fh &Sad p&ef um;vrf;azmufvyk x f m;NyD;jzpfonf/ omoem
awmf 2500 ausmfaomtcg qHawmf&SifapwDrsm; yGifhvif;vdrfhrnf/ a*gwrbk&m;
tavmif;awmf yg&rDjznhpf Ofb0rsm;ü aqGrsdK;awmfcMhJ uí yg&rDjznhb f ufrsm;onf ÓmPf
&ifhusufrIr&Sdí oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&Sifvufxuf0,f tuRwfw&m; r&EdkifbJ
wpfausmhjyeftcsdet f cga&mufrS vltjzpfa&mufí tuRwfw&m; &Murnf[al om Ak'¨
Asm'dwaf wmfEiS t fh nD rdr\ d qH;k rMo0g'cH,l wynhjf zpfow l t Ykd m; 'ge oDv orx
bm0em ukov kd w f &m;&&Sad p7ef aeYa&mnyg EI;d aqmfwu
kd w
f eG ;f jcif;jzifh omoemjyKukov
kd f
jyKvkyfapvsuf&Sdonf/
wynhw f tYkd m; ig;oH;k vDusifph Ofukd vdu k ef mapjcif; t"d|mefxm;vsuf e0*Fov D
apmihfoHk;apjcif;ç orxbm0em yGm;rsm;apjcif; jyKvkyfEkdif&ef ae&mxdkifcif; tqifoifh
oufowfvw G t f m[m&rsm; jynhjf ynhpf pkH kH pm;aomufEikd af tmif pDpOfay;jcif;jzifh apmifah &Smuf
awmfrcl o
hJ nf/ touft&G,f usef;rma&; paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh tarmrcHEikd o f l
rsm;tm; jrifhrm;aomawmawmif&Sd qHawmfapwDudk tvG,fwul zl;ajrmfcGifh&atmif
um;rsm;jzifh ydaYk qmifaponf/ toufwpf&m&So d l tbd;k tbGm;rsm;onf Zif;usdKuf
qHawmf&iS of Ykd tvG,w f ulz;l ajrmfciG fh &cJMh uonf/
1356-ckEpS w
f iG f uwGe&f mG teD; &efuek rf wk rå um;vrf;rSpí Zif;usdKufawmifwuf
um;vrf; azmufvyk cf &hJ mwGif 0ef;usi&f dS aus;&Gmrsm;rSvyk t f m;jzifh pwifco
hJ nf/ usKd ufx;D
aqmif; wynfhrsm;um; aeylrdk;&Gmra&Smif vrf;cif;Muonf/ 1364-ckESpf oBuFeftwGif;
uGeu f &pfvrf;acsmtjzpf a&muf&v dS mcJNh yDjzpfonf/ oBuFe&f ufrsm;twGi;f um;twuf
tqif;rsm;aomaMumifh vrf;rsm; taumif;yuwdjzpfatmif jyKjyifEikd Mf uaomfvnf; rd;k OD;us
csderf pS í wefaqmifrek ;f vtxd rd;k a&wdu k pf m;rIaMumifh vrf;rsm;oGm;r&atmif ysufp;D avh
&Sdonf/ ZGJvHkYvxm;vsuf ysufvQif csufcsif;jyifMuaomaMumifh ,aeY 2006-ckESpf
{NyDvwGif uGefu&pfcif;vrf;cif;EdkifcJhonf/ ysufvQif csufcsif;jyifMuonf/ 2006-
ckESpf {NyDvwGif uGefu&pfvrf;rsm;tjzpf azmufvkyfxm;NyDjzpfonf/
359
KTS 15-11-14-1
vG,fulaomawmifwufvrf;
c&pf 2002-ckESpf tcsdefum;rsm;udk o&uf (2)yifpcef;rSm &yfem;apNyD; ypönf;
rsm;udk txrf;orm;jzifh apwD&ifjyifta&mufwifyMYdk u&onf/ awmifwpf0uf&dS ewfa&wGi;f
prf;acsmif;rSa&udk um;jzifh o&uf (2)yifpcef;&Sd wdkifuDESihf tkwfuefwGif avSmifxm;NyD;
a&yHk;rsm;jzifho,fí txuf (1)rdkifcefY Zif;>yef;yifpcef; tkwfyv’ifü tarmajzMuonf/
,mbufwiG f eufvpS mG aom acsmufurf;yg;&Sad eonf/ 0JbufwiG f Am;rJah tmifajruke;f awmf
&Sdonf/ atmifajrukef;rSm (150)ay tvsm; teHus,f&m udk;awmifjynhfapwDESpfqlESihf
Am;rJh*l&Sdonf/ 1362-ckESpfu acwfrDtaqmuftOD; aqmufvkyfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ Am;rJh
atmifajr atmufajcrSm urf;yg;jcm;aomaMumifh vrf;azmuf&ef tcuftcJ&SdcJhonf/
,cktcg oHuu l eG u
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H m;jzifh acsmufurf;yg;udk (aygif;ul;wHwm;)jzifjh zwfí Zif>yef;
yifpcef;txd um;rsm;wufEikd cf ahJ yNy/D Am;rJq
h &mawmf oDwif;oH;k &m atmifajr&Sd ausmufw;kH
BuD; (2)vH;k ay:wGif t&G,w f al pwD (2)qlwnfxm;&m 0dZÆmnDaemifapwD[yk if trnf
ay;xm;cJhonf/ Am;rJhatmifajrrS jyefqif;cJhaomf Zif>yef;pcef; jyefa&mufvmonf/
Zif>yef;yifpcef;rS qufwufaomf uefnDaemifodkYa&mufonf/ ,cifuurf;yg;
tpGe;f wGif rd;k a&avSmifuefBuD;wnfaqmufc&hJ m rd;k BuD;aomaMumifh a&uefNyKd usNy;D acsmif;
tjzpfa&mufc&hJ onf/ a&pD;tm;BuD;í vlwpf&yf&dS ausmufw;kH rsm; um;vrf;txd vSrd u hf s
cJhonf/ a&uefae&mwGif em;aeaqmif aqmufvkyfxm;&m a&uefausmif;[k trnf
ay;xm;cJo h nf/ yGio hf mG ;aombufrS vlt0iftxGujf yKvkyNf yD; uef\tay: EIwcf rf;ü
uGeuf &pfwikd x f l oGyrf ;kd Ny;D tay:xyfval e atmufxyf pwdck ef; ESpx
f yfausmif; wpfaqmif
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aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;rsm; qef qD paom &du©mrsm; ,m,Dxm;odk&mae&m taqmuf
tOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonf/
MunfEl;zG,fzl;Edkifaomae&m
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wef;vsuf&Sd&m xdkausmufwHk;ay:rSaevsuf 0dZÆmnDaemifwdkYonf qHawmf&SifapwDudk
vma&mufzl;ajrmfaomae&mtjzpf txdrf;trSwfwnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ajrmufbuf
360
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 361
apwDum; nDawmf awmifbufapwDum; aemifawmf[k cGjJ cm;rSwo f m;Edik of nf/ nDawmf

apwDoYkd awmifbuf ajrmufbufrS avSum;wyfqifxm;Ny;D e*g;nDaemif½yk w f u k kd vuf&ef;
tjzpf jyKvkyx f m;onf/ aemifawmfapwDwiG f tqif;twufjyK&efavSum;rSm ajrmufbufrS
wpfpif;omxm;&So d nf/ awmifbuf atmufajc0,f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf oDwif;
oH;k &ef ta&SUbufawmifbufwiG f 0&Hwmxm;NyD; tkww f u kd o
f yG rf ;kd ausmif;aqmif&o dS nf/
a&Tausmif;awmf [k urÁn;f pmwifxm;onf/ ]]a&TZif;usdKuf qHawmf&iS t f m; OD;xdyf
xm;í aev0dZÆmnDaemif ESpjf zmOD;wnfum ESpzf ufaom rdqikd zf qdik w f u Ykd kd &nfreS ;f í
vl ewf 0dZÆmaygif;o[m om"mEkarmf OD;vIdifjrifh a':7ifvef; rdom;pk qifjzLnDaemif
a&Tqikd f oxHNk rKd U}}[lí jzpfonf/ a&Tausmif;awmfukd usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf pdww f ikd ;f
us ae&m a&G;cs,f aqmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
þae&mrS awmifp;l pl;t&yfwiG f &aohwpfyg;\ OD;acgif;yHEk iS w fh al om awmifxw G f
ay:wGif a&Ta&mifw0if;0if;ç qGJvnf;oHwnHnHjzifh MunfEl;zG,f&m udef;0yfpHy,fvsuf
&Sdaom a&TZif;usdKufapwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfEkdifavonf/ &ifjyifawmfrS tvsm; teHay
(200)cefY tus,rf Q&o dS nf/ ajrmufbufawmifwufavSum;&S&d m vuf&ef;rsm;rSm a>re*g;
yHrk sm; xkvyk xf m;&S&d m ta0;rSMunhv f Qif EG,if ef;rsm;udk avSum;ozG,f jyKvkyx f m;onfh
yH[
k efukd jrifMu&onf/ 5-aycefu Y s,faom awmif½;kd vrf;twdik ;f ajrnDc&D;avQmufvsif
udu k f 50-ceft Y a&muf atmifoajyyifBuD;atmufoYkd a&mufonf/ ta&SUawmif,eG ;f ,Ge;f
tqif;ajr nDvGifjyifwGif a&S;u oHZ7yfac: ausmif;wpfaqmif&Sdonf/ &uf&SnfOykof
t"d|mef0ifow l o Ykd nf oHZ&yftwGi;f csufjyKwfpm;aomuf aexdik Mf u&onf/ trd;k oGyf
tumoGyjf zifh aqmufvyk x f m;onf/ y|mef;ylaZmfy&JG ufwiG rf l &[ef; omraP oDv&Sif
vla,m*Drsm;tm; t½kPf aeYqrG ;f auR;arG;{nfch &H mjzpfonf/ ,cktcg usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf\ wynhrf sm; tNrJaexdik af pmihaf &Smufvsuf&MdS u&m xnf0gaomtaqmuftOD
rsm; aqmufvyk x f m;onfukd awGU7onf/
aexGufykyÜg;awmifjrifuGif;
oajyyif&dyfatmufa&mufvQif pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjrifuGif;rsm; jrifawGUMu&onf/
qHawmf&SifapwDay:odkY wufa&muf&efavSum;xpfrsm;teD; rkcf0rSm 15-aycefYjrihfNyD;
tpGe;f ESpzf ufwiG f awmifa0S;xrf;aysmfjrL;[efjyKaeaom aZmfysH½yk Ef pS cf u
k kd jrifMu&onf/
wdik af jcwGif ObGm;nDaemifwYkd oli,fawmfb0wGif þae&m0,f aysmf&iG pf mG upm;aeyHu k kd
ajymjyaeovdk cHpm;awGUjrif&onf/ aysm&f iT pf mG upm;aeMuyHrk mS omrefvw l EYkd iS rhf wl xl;jcm;
361
KTS 15-11-14-1
vSonf/ usm;udk tNrD;rSqNJG yD; tm;NydKifwrf;upm;aeyHrk sdK;jzpfonf/ &mZrsdK;EG,f 0dZmÆ owdå

aoG;udk azmfñeT ;f ovdjk zpfaeonf/ wl½t l &yf ,mbufwiG &f adS om oli,fawmf½yk u f m;
nDi,fjzpf[efwo l nf/ vnfwiG q f xJG m;aom vnfqrJG mS uefaY umfyef;yGiyfh jkH zpfNy;D 0Jbuf&dS
oli,fawmfwGif teDa&mifywåjrm;aMu;armif;yHkjzpfonf/ uefYaumfyGihfum; Ak'üdk,fpm;
trSwftom;jzpfaeaomaMumifh &[ef;jzpfrnfholESifh rif;jzpfrnfholudk cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
oli,fawmfwdkY\aemufwGif BuD;rm;aom zm;½kyfyHk? e,m;½kyfyHk? a>re*g;½kyfyHkrsm;udk awGU
Mu&onf/
txufavSum;0J,mwGif a>re*g; (½d;k ½d;k a>rief;) 6-aumifa&mifpkH tarmufawG
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xm;&S&d m ykygÜ ;awmifuvyf\ twdwo f rdik ;f aMumif;udk owd&zG,&f mjzpfaeonf/ Zif;usKd uf
awmifxw G of nf teD;uyfMunhv f Qif av;bufav;wef acsmufurf;yg;rsm;&efxm;aom
aMumifh awmifuvyfyHkudk txifom;jrifEdkifonf/ tauGUtaumufav;ck a>re*g;
&Spaf umifwo Ykd nf awmifxyd u f kd tNrD;jywfí awmifajcudk OD;acgif;jyKvsuf&adS omaMumifh
EG,if ef;rsm;[k xif&atmif jrifawGU&onf/ Asuf0Ad swåw\ Ykd rlvaexdik &f mt&yfjzpfonf/
aygufujH ynf\ ta&SUt&yfjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh aexGuf ykyÜg;ç ta&SUykyÜg;ç tzykyÜg;
[k ac:qdck MhJ uonf/ a&S;tcgu ykygÜ ;awmifuvyfow Ykd ufvv kd Qif EG,if ef;rsm;udq k í JG
wuf&onf[q k o
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enf;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,ckavSum;rsm;yHkudkMunhfvQif ief;awmfMum;rsm;u awmifxdyfodkY
wifydkYae[ef o½kyfazmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
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urf;yg;atmufajcwGif &ifjyifcsUJ pOfu uGeu f &pfwikd rf sm; pdu
k x
f cl &hJ m wdik rf sm; cdik cf rhH &I adS tmif
ausmuftkwf ajrtkwfwdkYjzifh wdkufcef;rsm;zGJUxm;onf/ odkavSmifcef; em;aecef;tjzpf
toH;k jyKEdik af yonf/ &ifjyifay:odaYk &mufvQif &SiOf y*kw&å [EÅmESifh &Sio f 0D vd &[EÅmyHak wmf
rsm;udk ausmif;aqmiftoD;oD;ü ylaZmfxm;onfukd awGU&Ny;D ausmif;aqmift&dyrf aS evsuf
qHawmf&iS af pwDukd MunfE;l zG,&f m zl;ajrmfEikd Mf uonf/ aumif;uifavwjzL;jzL;wdu k v f suf
362
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 363
&S&d m acR;rsm;odyNf y;D armyef;rIrsm; ajyaysmufomG ;avonf/ qHawmf"mwfukd tm½Hjk yKvsuf

Ak'*¨ P
k af wmfrsm; &Gwyf mG ;ylaZmfjcif; yef; qDr;D tarT;wdik rf sm; xGe;f ndy§ al Zmfjcif;jzifh 'óem
Ekwå&d, ukodkvfyGm;rsm;cGifh&cJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/
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em;ae&ef taqmuftODyifr&SdcJh/ aygifNrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGJU Ouú| a&T'*Fg;ausmif;
q&mawmf OD;aumov’\ vTt J yfcsufaMumifh apwDawmfujkd yKjyifí a&Tx;D awmf&wem
rsm;jzifh pDcs,ftyfaom iSufjrwfem;pdefzl;awmfwdkYudk wifvSLcJhonf/ a&TZif;usdKufapwD
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BuD;rsm; <ua&mufawmfrcl o hJ nf/ 25-4-1994 aeYwiG f usif;yaom xD;awmfwifvLS yGo J Ykd
Edik if aH wmf oHCr[mem,utzGUJ ? wGzJ uftusdK;awmfaqmif rdwv ¬D mNrdKU yxrausmf
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q&mawmf b'Éu Å ok v? wrl;NrdKU*Pygarmu©ausmif;q&mawmf b'ÉyÅ ndE´ (t*¾r[m
y@dw)? usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf b'ÉyÅ nm'Dy (t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z)? ppf&mxl;
cefYcsKyf? ta&SUawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;? wyfr (22)(44)(99)rS wyfrrSL;rsm;?
jynfe,f? c½dkif? NrdKUe,ftqifh Xmeqdkif&mrsm;? a'ocHwyf&if;wyfzGJUrsm;rS yk*d¾Kvfrsm;
wufa&mufcMhJ uygonf/ þ'kw, d tBudrf wifvLS yGu
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&[ef;&Siv f yl &dowfwt Ykd m; oufowfvw G 'f efaygufjzifh {nfch aH uR;arG;Muonf/ ae7m
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jrifuGif;uGmjcm;cJhNyD
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; <ua&mufcsdef ntdyf&efae&mtcuftcJ&SdaeaomaMumifh
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ntdy&f efppD Ofco hJ nf/ odaYk omf eHeufvif;rS awmifay:wufygu bk&m;zl;rsm;? ppf&mxl;
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ta&muf yifhxm;&ef csufcsif;pDpOfcJh&m tcuftcJrsm;pGm BuHKawGUcJh&onf/ wpfyg;ESihf
363
KTS 15-11-14-1
wpfyg; eD;uyfpGm usdef;pufMuonf/ aomufa& oHk;a&yg enf;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,ck

tajctaeum; wdk;wufaeNyDjzpfonf/ rdk;a&avSmifuefBuD;rsm;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;?
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a&rSm jynhpf akH eayonf/ ae&mtaqmuftODrmS vnf; 2-xyf tm½Hck BH u;D Ny;D pD;aeNyjD zpfonf/
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tarmajy a&aomufcGihf&cJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ &ifjyifawmfudkvnf; 10-aycefY wdk;csJUxm;
aomaMumifh txdu k t
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udk tm;jyKMu&onf/ 1283-ckESpfu uwGefwdkufpma&;jzpfol OD;bdkarmif? ay:awmfrl
ausmufwef;rS OD;zd;k &if a':xl;? jzLb&GmolBuD; OD;Mumjrwf a':pmwdu Yk wpfv;kH pDvLS 'gef;
cJhaom tdk;rsm;jzpfaMumif; aumif;rIurÁnf;pm xkd;xm;vsuf&Sdonf/
udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf NyKd ysuNf y;D awmcsKH rsm; zH;k vTr;f jcif; apmifah &Smufol
uif;rJjh cif;aMumifh a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm; taqmuftODrsm; aysmufu, G cf &hJ onfukd awGUBuHK
cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ jyKjyifNyD;aomapwDESihf taqmuftODrsm;udk teD;uyf aeYpOfapmifha&Smuf
EdkifrSom a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;qifjcifawmfrlonf/ tcsdKUae&mü &[ef;
omraPrsm;ESifh oDv&Sirf sm;udk tpkta0;jyKí xm;cJo h nf/ Oyrm auvmoç jroydwçf
ukodem½Hkpcef;rsm;jzpfonf/ tcsdKUae&mü &aohwdkYukdomxm;onf/ (jrpdrf;awmifpcef;)?
trsm;tm;jzihf &[ef;omraP&aohrsm;udk tapmifhta&Smufxm;avh&Sdonf/ teD;uyf
aexdik Mf uvsuf csKH EG,rf sm;&Si;f vif;jcif;? Zif;usKd ufawmifvakd e7mrsKd ;ü a&wdu k pf m;rIaMumifh
taqmuftODrsm; ysufpD;EdkifaomaMumifh a&pD;a&vmrsm; aumif;atmif jyKjyifjcif;?
tysuftpD;rsm;vQif q&mawmfxH csufcsif; taMumif;Mum;NyD; vltiftm; toHk;jyK
jyifqifcJhMuonf/
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usef;rma&;aumif;rGejf cif;? a'ocH&[ef;&Siv f w
l EYkd iS fh oifw
h ifph mG aexdik cf iG &hf jcif; paom
aumif;usKd ;rsm; jzpfMu&onf/ aeYpOf qGr;f yef; a&csr;f uyfvLS í rdrw d EYkd iS fh avsmufywfaom
ur®|mef;w&m;rsm; yGm;cGi&hf &dS Muonf/ bk&m;a[mokweå rf sm;? y|mef;a'oemrsm;udk &Gwzf wf
ylaZmfvsuf aexdkifMuonf/ aeYpOfaeYwdkif; ukodkvfw&m;rsm;omyGm;rsm; aecJhMuonf/
364
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 365
tom;vGwfpm;oHk;olrsm;jzpfaeí awmawmifapmifhewfwdkY\ cspfcifjcif; (arwåm)rsm;

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xl;jcm;aom taMumif;rsm;&SdaomaMumifh yg&rDy|mef;taMumif;qufr&SdvQif aeEdkifrnf
r[kwaf y/ Zif;usdKufawmifxyd üf oDwif;oH;k Muaom &[ef;omraP &aohwo Ykd nf
aEG&moDwiG f csHK&Si;f vrf;jyif taqmuftODaqmufvyk Mf uonf/ rd;k &moDa&mufvQif
aEG;axG;atmif rD;zdík aeMuonf/ awmifc;kd jrLcd;k vTr;f NcHKvQif cdu
k cf u
kd w
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xdkif;rIdif;aomaMumifh cE¨mudk,f rtDrom tjzpfrsm;onf/ oufomap&ef apmifNcHKí
tdyfvQif usef;rma&;ydkí csdKUwJhavh&Sdonf/ udk,fvuf vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfatmif a0,sm0pö
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KTS 15-11-14-1
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366
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 367
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367
KTS 15-11-14-1
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368
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 369
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369
KTS 15-11-14-1
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Y mG a0;onf/ ta&SUawmifoYkd vSr;f ajrmfvQif
usdKu©ru D rf;udk rSe;f qMunhEf ikd o f nf/ taemufawmifbufwiG rf l &efuek b f ufurf;udk
a&;a&;jrifMu&onf/ yifv,f0ESifh Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f Mum;wGif xl;qef;aomae&mwpfck
udk awGUMu&onf/ yifv,fa&uscsdew f iG f ausmufw;kH BuD;wpfcu k kd jrifMu&onf/ a&pD;
Murf; vIid ;f xefaomtcg tqdyk gausmufw;kH BuD;ywfvnfwiG f a&vIid ;f azG;azG;ESifh rmefx
aeaom e*g;BuD; yg;ysO;f axmifovdk jrifMu&onf/ ntcsed yf ifv,f0rS 0ifxu G v f maom
avSorÁmefygvlwo Ykd nf xdak usmufw;kH BuD;rS tjzLa&mifrsm;xGuaf eonfukd jrifMu&aom
aMumifh teD;uyf0o hH l r&So
d avmufjzpfonf/ a&v,fausmufw;kH a&jrKyfvQif Zkuv ú d
370
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 371
awmifajc&Sd ausmufwHk;rSm a&jrKyfjcif;r&Sd/ ZkuúvdausmufwHk; a&jrKyfcsdefwGif a&v,f

acgif ausmufw;kH rSm twdik ;f om; jrifMuonf/ xl;qef;aomjrifuiG ;f tjzpfawGUMu&onf/
a&v,fausmufaqmifpwifazmfxkwf
vGecf ahJ om aumZmESpf 1350-jynfEh pS u f tajctaeudk jyefMunhv f Qif usdKufx;D
aqmif;rS usdKufa';,sHK? awmifpeG ;f NrdKUodYk oGm;aomc&D;rSm Zkwo
f w
k &f mG ç aumhu'Gw&f mG ç
aumhur,f&Gmç awmifpGef;NrdKU awmifay:odkY wufvdkygu pdrfhprf;NrdKifbkef;BuD;ausmif;
awmifpGef;&Jpcef;teD;rS jzwfí usdKufa';,sHKodkY wufa&mufEdkifonf/ awmifwef;vrf;
twdik ;f oGm;vQif atmufqaH wmfapwDç arQmfawmfa&mifapwDç &[EÅm*lapwDç Muufrif;
awmifapwDç a&Tpnf;cHak pwDç pnfawmfuek ;f ac: azmifawmfO;D apwD jzwfvsuf auvmo
apwD ta&SUbuf avSum;rSwufí bk&m;zl;ntdy?f a&SUqufvykd gu auvmoawmifxyd f
&Sd anmifyifBuD;atmuf taemufbuf ausmufavSum;rSqif;í apwDo;kH qljzwfausmfí
awmvrf; ajcvsifc&D; vloGm;vrf;jzifh qif;NyD; jroydwfawmifapwDudk zl;jrifEdkifonf/
q&mawmf\ wynhfrsm; bk&m;zl;jcif;? *E¨m&Dc&D;xGufjcif; jyKavh&Sdaomvrf;jzpfonf/
'kw, d vrf;aMumif;rSm aumhur,frS usKH urdp&k mG ç ausmufv;kH BuD;&Gmç aygufawm
&Gmç uif;&Gmç awmifBuD;&GmrS auvmoawmifwufvrf; (,ck ud;k ql0wfEiS fh qauo
xly0if0wf 2-cktMum;rS ajcvsifvrf;twdik ;f auvmoawmifoYkd wufa&mufMuonf/
jroydwaf wmifow Ykd ufvv
kd Qif auvmoawmifajc usKd ufx;D aqmif;teD;rS jroydwaf wmif
odkY wufa&mufMu&onf/ þc&D;rSm ajcvsifoGm;vQif c&D;&SnfNyD; vSnf;vrf;rSm acsmif;
ajrmif; prf;acsmif;aygrsm;í um;oGm;r&? vlaea'otwGi;f jzwfoef;&rnfjzpfí xdck &D;udk
q&mawmf oGm;avhr&Sad y/
wwd,vrf;aMumif;rSm usKd ufx;D aqmif;rS wyfawmfO;D teD;&Sd wl;ajrmif;rS a&vrf;
uRef;ywfusm;
c&D;jzpfonf/ ]]uRef sm;}}trnf&dS vl (10)a,mufp;D pufavSjzifh auG;BuD;rsm;udk
ausmfjzwfvsuf Zkuv ú &d mG awmifuek ;f ajcawmifbuf yifv,fbufacsmif;0rS uif;&GmodYk
acsmif;twdkif; qefwufNyD; uif;&GmteD;rS ,ckum;vrf;twdkif;yif awmifBuD; &GmteD;
usdKufx;D aqmif;pcef;rS auvmoawmifxyd o f Ykd oGm;&onf/ jroydwaf wmif oGm;vdu k
vuf&u dS m;vrf;twdik ;f oGm;Mu&onf/
1350-jynhfESpf? e,kefvjynhfausmf (8)&ufaeYwGif q&mawmfESifh OD;jrifh&DwdkY
auvmoawmifodkY oGm;Mu&m ]]uRef;ywfusm;}}avSjzifh a&vrf;twdkif;jzpfonf/
371
KTS 15-11-14-1
auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwDwiG f wpfntdyNf y;D aemufaeY e,kev f jynhaf usmf (9)&ufaeYwiG f

qGr;f bkO;f ay;NyD;aemuf a&vrf;c&D;jzifh jyefcMhJ uonf/ aemufaeYwiG f q&mawmfrS OD;jrif&h D
tm; ausmfvSBuD;eJY 'dkYa&vrf;c&D;oGm;p&m&Sdw,f/ azmifBudK;aumif;aumif;wpfacsmif;
tawmif&Snf&Snfxdk;0g;wpfvHk; ,lcJh[k trdefY&SdNyD; a&wufa&uscsdefí wyfawmfOD;teD;
avSqyd f Zkuv ú ad wmifajcodYk OD;wnfcMhJ uonf/
«þae&mü pum;n§yt f jzpf wifjy&aomf q&mawmfonf um;jzifjh zpfapç avSjzifh
jzpfap c&D;oGm;vQif b,foGm;rnf[k BudKwifajymavhajymxr&Sd? vrf;qHk vrf;cGJa&muf
rSom ar;aighjcif;? vufnK§d ;ñTejf cif;? oGm;rnfb h ufukd rsufEmS rljcif;jzifjh zpfap 'dYk b,fukd
oGm;&atmif[o k m rdeMYf um;avh&o dS nf/ BudKwifcsde;f qdjk cif;rSm r&So
d avmufyif jzpfonf/
]]udk,fucsdef;xm;NyD; roGm;jzpf&if [dku apmifholawGtay: rkom;rvGwfzl;? 'gaMumifh
BudKNy;D rajymwm[k}} rdeMYf um;cJzh ;l onf/ rkom0d&rP-rkom0g'rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;udk touf
wrQ jrwfE;kd aMumif; (toed,m rw¬au ywrmem,yd "em'DeH tw¬m, qE´m'd0aoe
orÜZmerkom0g'Hemr rmumod/) Zmwut|uxm? yxrwGJ ESm-28 wGif &Sifr[m
Ak'a¨ Cmo jyqdx k m;onfukd owd&apjcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmf vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G af om
vkyif ef;[lorQrSm vkyif ef;NyD;qH;k rSom 'Dvykd gvm;? 'gygvm; [k odciG &hf cJMh uonf/ rvkyf
vQif rajym vkyfNyD;rSajym (rNyD;cif ArmrjrifapeJY) ,xm0g'D wxmum&Dyifjzpfonf/»
OD;jrif&h u
D m; q&mawmf trlt&mudk Munhí f bmvkyaf y;&rnf[k odaeol q&m
awmf twGi;f pdwu f kd cefrY eS ;f Edik o
f jl zpfonf/ OD;ausmfvu S m; pufyikd ;f qdik &f mü uRrf;usifol
jzpfí 2-OD;vHk; q&mawmfESihf rcGJrcGmaecJhMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ ,ckc&D;rS yifv,fbuf
OD;wnfaeaomc&D;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfum; avSOD;ydkif;wGifae&m,lNyD; OD;ausmfvSum;
avS0rf;AdkuftwGif;xdkifvsuf OD;jrifh&Dum; pufudktydkifudkifvsuf toifh&SdNyD; avSrSm
Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f odYk a&mufvmcJo h nf/ yifv,fbufO;D wnfaecsdef q&mawmf avSO;D
ydik ;f wGif rwfwwf&yfvsuf ]][d [dka&SUwnfhwnhfarmif;}} ñTefjyav&m q&mawmf ñTefjy
&mudkom OD;wnfarmif;cJhonf/ naeydkif; 4-em&Dtcsdef a&twufjzpfí yifv,f
a&pD;Murf;vsu&f o dS nf/ vIid ;f ESiafh vS vl;vm;cwfae&m q&mawmfukd BunfNh y;D pd;k &drpf w d jf zihf
]]tbd;k bk&m; xdik v f u kd yf g}}[k avQmufxm;&m ]]&ygw,fumG }}[k jyefajzNyD;aemuf [drk mS
ausmufaqmifBuD;wpfcak y:aew,f? tJ'u D akd rmif;[k rdev
Yf Qif aocsmMunf&h m (1)aycefY
a&ay:rSmay:aeaom ausmufaqmifudkjrif&onf/ ausmufaqmifteD; 0JvSnhfaeaom
aMumifh tEÅ&m,frsm;vSaomfvnf; q&mawmf tm;udk;pdwfjzifh pdwfwnfwnfNidrfNidrf
372
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 373
xm;um ausmufaqmifteD; csOf;uyfNyD; vIid ;f ½du k f 0Jvn

S afh ewmudk tuJcwfNyD; ausmuf
aqmifa&SU ausmfarmif;um a&pD;Nidrfvdkufcsdef puúefYydkif;twGif; ygvmaomazmifBudK;udk
ausmufpGef; vSrf;jypfcsdwfí avSudk vQifjrefpGmuyfvdkufonf/ azmifBudK;csnfNyD;csdef
q&mawmf ausmufaqmifay:odYk a&mufvmonf/ a&teufo&d atmif 0g;vH;k axmuf[k
ñTefMum;NyD; q&mawmfum; yifv,fjyifbufvSnhfNyD; rwfwyf&yfvsuf arwåmydkYo
qkywåemjyK1aeyHk awGUjrif&ovdk OD;jrif&h ED iS fh OD;ausmfvw S u Ykd m; 0g;vH;k axmufMunfMh u&m
atmufajcrxdí (10)awmifBudK;jzifh 0g;udkcsnfa&atmufcsvQif tawmif (30)ausmf
a&pl;&Sad Mumif;od&onf/ pufavSay:odYk q&mawmf jyefa&mufvmonf/ ausmufaqmifay:
rdepf(30)cefYtMum 1-aycefYrS 3-aytxd ausmufaqmifay:cJhNyDjzpfonf/ 'dkYoGm;r,f?
trde&Yf v uRef;ywfusm;
dS Qif ]]uRef sm;}}udk pufE;dI um vmvrf;twdik ;f jyefvmMu&m wyfawmfO;D qdyf
txd pum;rajymMubJ wdwq f w
d pf mG a&mufvmMuonf/ a&pl; (30)&Sad Mumif;avQmufxm;vQif
]]at;-
]]at;-jrif jrifh&D rif;t"d|mef(9)&uf0if? t"d|mef&uftwGif; tJ'Da&v,fausmufaqmif
BuD;eJY taMumif;qufwJh tvkyfoabmygwJh tdyfrufedrdwfç "mwfedrdwfay:&if
ighudk avQmufxm;}} m;}}[k rSmMum;cJoh nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk jyefa&mufcsdef n (7)em&DcefY
&Sdaeonf/
OD;jrifh&Dum; q&mawmf trdefYtwdkif; e0*FoDvjzifh (9)&uf t"d|mefwifvsuf
oDvvHkNcHKatmif xdef;NyD; eHeufn qHawmfapwD ajc&if;rSmyif Ak'¨*kPfawmf 9-yg;udk
wpfaeY (2)Budrf ykwD;pdyfw&m;xdkifcJhonf/ t"d|mef (3)&ufajrmufn tdrfrufjrifruf
cJo
h nf/ BuD;rm;aom yifv,fa&vIid ;f BuD;rSm wufvu kd f qif;vdu
k ?f edrv
hf u
kd f jrifv
h u
kd ?f
0JvnS o
fh rH mS aMumufrufz,G f rnf[;D ç vdiI ;f Murf; avMurf; yifv,fa&jyifc&D;Murf;ü
avSi,fwpfpif;ESihf tazmfrygwpfudk,fwnf; c&D;xGufcJhonf/ pufwyfavSr[kwf
1/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfu, kd wf ikd f tqdyk gausmufw;kH ay:odYk a&muf&v dS mNyD; ]]bk&m;&Sio

f nf
þa'oaevltrsm;ud;k uG,&f ef qHawmf&iS rf sm;udak y;oem;cJo h nf/ qHawmifapwDukd taMumif;
jyKí bk&m;&Si\f yg&rDjznfb
h uf aqGrsdK;rsm;onf wpfausmhjyefomoem (2500)a&mufaom
tcg uRwfwrf;0ifap&rnf[k t"d|mefjyKí qHawmf&iS rf sm; ay;oem;cJo h nf/ þa'oae
rkq;kd quf wHigqufrsm; uRww f rf;0ifEikd af &; a[majymqdq
k ;kH rcJyh gonf/ bd;k bGm;pOfquf a&wGif
aysmfvsuf om;ig;zrf; toufarG;aeMuolrsm;? ygPmwdygwuHusL;vGeaf ejcif;rS uif;a0;ap&ef
twGuf ]]þyifv,fa&jyifae&m0,f v,f,m udkif;uRef;rsm;tjzpf ay:aygufvmygap
ownf;/ xdkolwdkYtm; Ak'ömoem\ t[kef*kPfcdkvIHcGihf&&Sda&;udk toufudk y"me
rxm; aqmif&GufEdkifaom tcGihftvrf; &&Sdygapownf;}}[k £pämyl&Ppum; qdck ahJ v
onf/
373
KTS 15-11-14-1
wufcwfavSjzpfí tm;pdu k af vSmcf wfae&onf/ vlrmS yifyef;vSonf/ avSuvnf;vl;um

vdrfhum auGUum 0dkufumjzifh vdk&mc&D; ra&mufEdkifjzpfaeonf/ avS&yfoGm;vQif
ywf0ef;usiu f kd avhvm&m q&mawmfEiS t fh wl oGm;a&mufcahJ om a&v,fausmufaqmif[k
odvu kd &f onf/ ,ckawGUjrifae&aom ausmufaqmifum; tvGeBf uD;aeonf/ a&wuf
csdef (1)aycefY? a&uscsdef (3)aycefY rQomjzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg ausmufaqmifBuD;rSm
BuD;rm;aeonf/ atmufajcwGif ausmufrsm;pGmawGU&NyD; *laygufBuD;udk jrifae&onf/
tay:armhMunh&f m yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyifBuD;udk awGU&onf/ a&atmufurÇmudk a&mufae
jcif; jzpfonf/ vlolawmfwpfOD;u apmifhBudKaeí ]]a[h oli,f rif;udk igvmBudKwm
vdu k cf }hJ }[k qdu k m ac:oGm;cJo
h nf/
OD;olawmfu a&SUrSoGm;í OD;jrifh&DaemufuvdkufoGm;&m ausmuf*lBuD;t0if0ü
wif;ykwx f rf; vl 2-a,muf (bDv;l )udk awGU&onf/ tpG,w f pfzufwpfacsmif;pD&NdS yD;
½kyyf rkH mS tqd;k BuD;r[kwf yHrk eS yf ifjzpfonf/ twGi;f ydik ;f a&mufvQif 0if;0if;0g0g NyKd ;NyKd ;ysuyf suf
ta&mifawG wvufvufeYJ BuD;rm;aom ausmif;awmfBuD;jzpfonf/ a&Tpifa&Tom;tppf
awGjzpfonf/ trsKd ;orD;awGrmS vGepf mG vSyacsmarmvSonf/ pum;ajymoHrMum;&/ vlav;
rif;vH;k 0pum;rajymeJ?Y bmypön;f rS rxd rudik f r,le[ YJ k BudKwifrmS xm;Ny;D jzpfí ajympum;
twdik ;f owdjyKum OD;olawmfaemufrS vdu k v
f mcJo h nf/ [d[ k mudk aocsmMunhf zl;ajrmf
uefawmh[k qdkí Munhfaomtcg bk&m;ajcawmf&mESihf &[EÅmrax&fBuD;wpfyg;udkyg
zl;cGihf&cJhonf/ &Sifr[mOy*kwå&[EÅmjzpfonf/ ajcawmf&mESihf &[EÅmudk zl;cGihf&cJhaom
aMumifh vGepf mG auseyftm;&0rf;omjzpfc&hJ onf/ vlav; vm 'do Yk mG ;Mur,f[k OD;olawmf
toHMum;rS owd&um OD;olawmfac:&modYk vdu k yf gcJo h nf/ avSay:jyefyNYkd yD; OD;olawmf
*ltwGi;f jyefomG ;ygonf/ avSwufu, kd í
l avSmcf wfcsderf mS tdyrf ufrS vefEY ;kd vm&m n
(1)em&Dxdk;aeNyD jzpfonf/
aemufaeYn (8)em&DwiG f q&mawmfxo H mG ;a&mufí tdyrf uftaMumif;avQmuf
xm;&m at; [kwNf yD? 'gqdk 'dv Yk yk if ef; b,fawmhprvJ¿ tbd;k trdet Yf wdik ;f wynhaf wmf
aqmif&u G yf grnf[k OD;jrif&h u D avQmufvQif 'gqdk reufjzefyJ tvkypf [k vufñ;Id xd;k
rdeMYf um;cJoh nf/ vnfwiG q f x JG m;aom ykw;D udk q&mawmfxH uyf&m a&arT;qGwf za,mif;
wdik çf tarT;wdik çf odMum;vH;k rsm;yg pGev Yf u
kd o
f nf/ at; 'gqdk 'gyJaygh[k qdv
k Qif q&mawmf
xHrSjyefvmcJhonf/ aemufaeYwGif q&mawmfESihftwl OD;jrifh&Dyg (9)OD;wdkY avS (2)pD;?
oJtw d f (20)? ausmufp&pf (19)tdw?f bdvyfajr (6)tdw?f tkwf (150)? oHyifoaH csmif;
374
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 375
rsm; wifaqmifum wyfawmfO;D avSqyd rf S Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f odYk a&S;½SLxGuv f mcJMh uonf/
toifah pmihaf eMuaom Zkuv ú &d mG rS ydu
k o
f Bl uD; nDaemifwEYkd iS tfh wl avSBuD;rsm;tay:wGif
*0H tkwf oJ bdvyfajr oHyif oHacsmif;rsm; a&csdKyH;k rsm; wifaqmifí ausmufw;kH &S&d modYk
a&mufcMhJ uonf/ rmausmaom ausmufw;kH udk azmufxiG ;f í oHiw k rf sm;pdu
k jf cif;? oHyif
oHacsmif; rsm;cwfí uGeu f &dausmufwikd pf u kd xf Ml uonf/ avSay:wGif bdvyfajrazsmfí
ausmufwHk; ausmufwdkif (4)ayywfvnfpdkufxlMuNyD; &SifOy*kwåyHkawmfudk ylaZmf
xm;Muonf/ aomifBuD; awmBuD;aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf rdrw d b Ykd ufurf;&Sd uopfyifEiS fh
xef;yifqyd rf aS eí wtHw h Mo Munh½f cI MhJ uonf/ nae 5-em&DwiG f aqmif&u G zf ,
G &f mrsm;
NyD;pD;vQif ]]atmifNyDvm;a[h-- atmifNyDa[h}} toHrsm; qlnpH mG xGuaf y:vmonf[k
qdo k nf/ tjyefc&D;rSm a&xaom &ufjzpfí vIid ;f avrsm;ydMk urf;vmonf/ ausmufw;kH ESifh
Zkuúvdawmifukef;Mum; a&jyif a&pl;a&eufrSm 15-awmifxdk;0g;jrKyfonf[kqdkonf/
q&mawmf toHk;jyKaomavSrSm 15-vHrQom&Sd&m vIdif;vHk;BuD;rsm;aMumifh avSBuD;
atmufa&mufoGm;av&m a&ul;NyD; avSBuD;ay:odkY ajymif;Muonf/ avSi,fudk BudK;jzifh
csnfqGJvm&onf/ þrQcufcJaom c&D;udk jzwfausmfcJh&aMumif; rMumcPrdefYMum;avh
&Sdonf/ q&mawmfESihftwlvdkufygMuolrsm;uwpfqifh ajymMuonfrSm xdkaeYnwGif
yifv,fjyifrS urf;NyKd oHrsm; qlnpH mG Mum;&onf/ rd;k Ncrd ;f oH[yk if xif&onf[k qdMk uonf/
ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; 0gxyfvQif 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 5-&uf? 0grxyfvQif 0gqdkvqef;
5-&ufaeY eHeuf 5-em&DavSjzifhxGufí Zkwfokwf&Gm wyfawmfOD;qdyfrS auGUudk;auGUudk
jzwfausmfNyD; Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f wGif acwå0ifvsuf vlpv kH Qif yifv,fausmufw;kH &S&d modYk
avSrsm;jzifh waysmw f yg;oGm;Muonf/ ausmufw;kH ay:odYk owd&å o dS rl sm; BudKwifae&m,lNy;D
ausmufw;kH wGif pdu k xf m;aom oHiw k üf avSBudK;rsm;udk tvkt,uf csnfaESmifMuonf/
vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm;udk vufqifu h rf;vsuf &SiOf y*kw&å [EÅmtm; &nfreS ;f vsufvLS 'gef;Mu
onf/ y&du©&m&Spfyg;udk ausmufwHk;ay:0,fwifvSLMuNyD; vdk&mqkywåemjyKMuonf/
yifv,fa&twuftusudck sdeí f tcsdew f t
kd wGi;f aqmif&u G Mf u&onf/ eHeuf 9-em&D
ta&muf Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f ay:&Sd jrode;f wefqaH wmf&iS f ,cktac: 'rdVx § yl qHawmf&iS f
apwD7ifjyif0,f &[ef;&SifvlwdkY jyefpkrdMuonf/ apwD7ifjyif&Sdpcef;taqmuftOD;rsm;ü
ydkufukvm;nDaemif[k trsm;ac:Muaom OD;tDyGefESihf OD;[m&SifwdkY OD;aqmifNyD; vmorQ
y&dowfwt Ykd m; qGr;f uGr;f jynhpf akH tmif auR;arG;{nhcf MH uonf/ yifv,fjyif oGm;vma&;
twGuf avSrsm;pDpOfay;Muonf/ ESppf OfEpS w f ikd ;f &SiOf y*kw&å [EÅmtm; ylaZmfcMhJ uonfrmS
375
KTS 15-11-14-1
1369-ckEpS ?f 'kw, d 0gqdv

k qef; 5-&uf 2007-ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f 19-&uftxd (19)Budrf
jynhfajrmufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ 19-ESpfwmumvtwGif;rSmyif yifv,fa&jyiftaetxm;rSm
vHk;0eD;yg;ajymif;vGJoGm;cJhNyDjzpfonf/
vGefcJhaom ouú&mZf 1350-jynhfESpf? 0gqkdvtajctaerSm- ]]Zkwfokwf&Gm
awmifbuf qifwyfjrif;wyf&&dS m wyfawmfO;D qdyrf S acsmif;twdik ;f Zkuv ú &d mG odYk avSjzifh
oGm;Mu&m auGUBuD; 9-auGUudk cufcpJ mG jzwfoef;&onf/ Zkuv ú wd iG f acwåp&k yfxm;í
yifv,fjyifoYkd a&eufí vIid ;f avMurf;aoma&vrf;c&D;udk oGm;cJMh u&onf/ ,cktcg
auGUBuD; 9-auGUudk wHwm;rsm;aqmufvyk í f um;vrf;azmufxm;aomaMumifh Zkuv ú d
&GmodYk em&D0uftwGi;f um;? xGepf uf? qdik u f ,frsm;jzifh tvG,yf ifa&mufEikd Mf uonf/
ausmufw;kH &S&d modYk a&uscdsefwiG f ajcvsifomG ;Muonf/ rdepf 40-cefrY QomMumonf/
,cifu yifv,fjyifausmufw;kH ay:wGif cufcpJ mG wufa&mufNy;D rdepfyikd ;f rQ tm½Hjk yK
cJMh u&onf/ ,cktcg tawmif 30-teuf&adS om ausmufw;kH ausmufaqmifay:wGif
Eke;f ajrrsm;ydv
Yk m&m tawmif 30-txufpu kd x f m;aom *0HausmufueG u f &dwikd f 12-ay
rSm 9-aytxd ajrom;rsm;ydkYaeNyDjzpfonf/ ausmufwHk;tpeudkyif rjrifMu&awmhay/
4-rdik yf wfvnf&adS &jyifrmS v,fuiG ;f rsm;tjzpf jrifMu&NyD; yGiv fh if;&moDa&mufvQif yJrsdK;pHk
pdkufysdK;&m ,majrrsm;tjzpfawGUMu&onf/ &SifOy*kwåausmif;aqmifrSmvnf; uGefu&pf
wdik rf sm; pdu
k x f í
l tvsm; teH 27-ay ausmif;aqmifaqmufvyk x f m;um 0gqdv k qef;
3-&ufrS 5-&uftxd vmorQy&dowfwt Ykd m; pwk'o d mxrif;[if;rsm;udk eHeufpm?
aeYv,fpm? npmrsm;tjzpf auR;arG;{nhcf í H {nfch q H ikd ;f oHwnHnjH zifh xrif;&nfacsmif;pD;
tvSLBuD;ay;vsuf&SdMuonf/
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vlomG ;vrf;rsm; azmufvyk x f m;jcif;aMumifh 0ef;usif&adS us;&Gmrsm;rS v,form;rsm; ud, k hf
a'otwGuf qefpyg; vHkavmufaeMuNyDjzpfonf/ oD;xyfoD;n§yfpdkufysdK;Edkifatmif
auGUwef;&Snw f rHukd wnfaqmufxm;cJ&h m vd&k mv,fuiG ;f txda&rsm; vTwaf y;Edik cf o hJ nf/
Zkuv ú &d mG \ ynma&;rSmvnf; tkww f u kd af usmif;ESijfh zpfNyD; wpf&mG vH;k oH;k aomufa&uef
rsm;jzifh wifw h ,fw,f&adS eNyDjzpf&m wHig&GmjrifuGif;r[kwfawmhbJ avSoabFmrsm;
h ifw
qdkufuyf&m qdyfurf;NrdKUyrm awGUjrifae&NyDjzpfonf/ Zkuv ú ad wmifuek ;f ay:0,f
ude;f 0yfpyH ,fvsuf&adS om 'rdVx § yl qHawmf&iS u f m; yifv,fjyifukd aemufcjH yKí a&Ta&mif
w0if;0if;jzifh zl;jrif&olwYkd pdwEf v
S ;kH udk MunfE;l o'¨gpdwjf zpfay:aponf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;
376
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 377
q&mawmfonf "r®yv’iw f iG f tNrJrjywfred MYf um;aom Mo0g'rSm- ]]'dkY&JU ig;oHk;vD

vrf;pOftwdkif; vdkufemaexdkifolrsm;onf rkqdk; wHigonfrusef wpfausmhjyef
omoem 2500 rSm uRwfwrf;0ifMurnf? 'g[m Ak'¨&JU Asm'dwfawmfpum;vdkY
rSwfMu? ig;oHk;vDvrf;pOfum; rsdK;aphao;i,fayr,fh yifpnfBuD;wJh anmifrsdK;aphvdkY
rSwfMu&r,f}} [laom rderYf mS pum;jzpfonf/ rMumrDEpS t f wGi;f yifv,furf;ajc tyef;
ajzEdkif&ef ]]a&Tjynfom}}pcef; aqmufrnfjzpfonf/
tHhMozG,f&m þausmufzsm
(1) Zkuv ú ad us;&Gmonf bd;k ab;tpOftquf wHig&GmjzpfcahJ omfvnf;
&Sif*0Hywd&[EÅm\ r,fawmfzGm;&ma'ojzpfonf/
(2) qauoxly0ifqaH wmf 6-qlwiG f &Siaf &0wyifah qmifvmí 'rdV§
ukeo f nfwYkd 'g,umjyKwnfxm;aomqHawmfapwD wnf&&dS ma'o
jzpfonf/
(3) r[mZeurif;om; oabFmysuf&m ausmufaqmifteD;wGif wnf&dS
onf/
(4) awmifork'´&mausmufaqmifay:wGif aMu;jymom'fzefqif;NyD;
&SifOy*kwå&[EÅm oDwif;oHk;&mjzpfonf/
(5) Am;rJq h &mawmfonf yifv,fwiG ;f ausmufaqmifraS evsuf tmayg
uodP k ;f ç ae0ifcsdef aexGucf sdew
f iG f tmavmuuodP k ;f pD;jzef;&m
ae&mjzpfonf/
(6) oxHjk ynfwiG f xif&mS ;aom jyya!mf? jyya!mufac:Aswf0?d Aswå
nDaemif oabFmysuf&mrS Am;rJq h &mawmfonf ¤if;nDaemiftm;
u,fwif&mae&mjzpfonf/
(7) tpfujdk zpfol jyya!mf(c)Aswf0\ d tonf;ESv;kH taygif tvufwu Ykd kd
a&wGiyf pfcs&m xef;wzsm;cefY vdiI ;f vH;k rsm; jzpfay:&mae&mjzpfonf/
(8) usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf wHigrsdK;EG,f Ak'\ ¨ Ómww¬tEdÅr
y&dowfwt Ykd m; wHigtvkyrf S or®mtmZD0 or®mur®EÅtjzpfa&muf&dS
vmap&ef £pämyl&P0pDopöm jzifh yifv,fa&jyiftjzpfrSonf
v,f,majrtjzpfa&mufatmif jyKvkycf &hJ m ae&mjzpfonf/
377
KTS 15-11-14-1
(9) c&pfEpS f 2004-ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvtwGi;f ay:aygufcahJ om qlemrDac:

urÇmzsufivsifvIyfcJhcsdefu yuwdtaetxm;twdkif; wnf&SdNyD;
yifv,fa&vdIif;ESihf avrdk;'Pfrsm;rS uif;vGwfcJh&mae&mjzpfonf/
xl;jcm;aom tHhMozG,f&mae&mxl; ae&mjrwfjzpfvsuf&Sdonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf yifv,fjyif&Sd ausmufaqmifodkY ESpfpOfrjywf
&SiOf y*kw&å [EÅm (c)bd;k &[ef;tm; ylaZmfaeonfrmS txufwiG jf yqdt k yfaom xl;jcm;rI
rsm;aMumif[ h q
k v
kd Qif vufcEH ikd Mf urnf[x
k ifrad yonf/ q&mawmfred MYf um;cJah om pum;
d nf/ 'DausmufwHk;[m xl;jcm;rI&Sdw,f? vlwdkif;rodao;wJh xl;jcm;rIu
wpfceG ;f &So
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ausmufwHk;awGudkawmh ,loGm;cJhw,f}}
odMum;rif; rwdkYrxd&Jaom taMumif;udk&Smaomf
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ rdeMYf um;csurf mS ya[Vdpum;jzpfaeonf/ q&mawmf
ESifh teD;uyfvu kd yf g&aomaMumifh ,if;ya[Vdqefaom taMumif;t&mudk teD;uyfq;kH
tajz&atmif usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwDordik ;f udak vhvmcJ&h onf/ usdKufx;D ½d;k apwD
wnfaeyHu k m; ,aeYurÇmwGif odyyÜH nmxGe;f um;aom Edik if BH uD;rsm;rS ynm&Siw f o
Ykd nf
tHhMozG,f&m vlYtoHk;taqmifvlYtusdK;jyKqufoG,fa&; ,mOfrsdK;pHk ynmrsdK;pHkwdkYudk
azmfxw k cf MhJ uonf/ vufeufqef;rsm; vurÇm t*FgN*dK[f tygt0if pMu0Vm&Sd N*dK[f
rsm;xd tmumo,mOfrsm; vTww f ifEikd cf MhJ uonf/ urÇmay:wGif rvkyEf ikd af om t&mr&S[d k
ajymqdkMurnfjzpfonf/ usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmfudef;0yfaomausmufwHk; (&aohOD;acgif;yHk)
wnfaeyHkrsdK;udk jyKvkyfEdkifaom odyÜHynm&Sif? yHkawmfwl zefwD;Edkifaomol? þyHkrsdK;
wDxiG Ef ikd af omol vH;k 0r&Sod nfrmS aocsmaeonf/ wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af omol bmaMumifh
ray:aygufoenf;/ qHawmfausmufw;kH BuD;rSm rsufjriftMhH ozG,jf rifMu&onf/ &SiOf y*kwå
ausmif;awmf&Sd&m ausmufwHk;BuD;um; ,cktcg ajratmuf ay (50)cefY epfjrKyfaysmuf
uG,cf ahJ vNyD/ odMum; rxd rwd&Yk aJ om ausmufw;kH BuD;udk ,cktcg bkra®d '0D ajrr[Du
ajrjyifrS aysmufuG,fapcJhavNyD/
txufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;um; 1370-jynhrf wdik rf u D jzpfonf/ ,ck 1373-
ckEpS ?f 0gqdv
k qef;tajctaeu ajymif;vTvJ macsNyD/ 1372-ckEpS f aEG&moDtcsdef a&v,f
ausmufaqmifBuD;rSm ajrwGifikyfvQdK;&mrS jyefay:vmcJhayNyD/ ausmufaqmif0ef;usifü
378
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 379
v,f,majrrsm;tjzpf a&mufvmrnfudk umuG,faomtm;jzifh q&mawmfrS ta&SU

taemuf ay (200)? awmifajrmuf ay (200)? ajrudk bdk;&[ef; ausmif;wdkuf tjzpf
owfrSwfí &[EÅmausmif;aqmifBuD;wpfaqmif? ÓmPfawmf tjrifhay (27)ay?
apwDwpfql tvsm; teH (30)ay&Sd pcef;apmihfausmif;aqmif? xD;arQmf ewfarQmf
wHceG w
f ikd w
f uYkd kd topfwnfaqmufNyD; anmifyif? ca&yif? o&ufyif? ydEyéJ if? uHah umfyif?
oajyyif? xef;yif tygt0if oD;yifpm;yifaygif; (800)ausmfpdkufysdK;xm;NyD; a&uef
tygt0if xnf0gcHhnm;aom &[EÅmausmif;wdkufBuD; wnfaqmufcJhonf/ Zkuúvd
awmifukef;rS a&vrf;twdkif; jrpfudkjzwfausmfí acsmif;½dk;wmabmiftwdkif; a&v,f
ausmufaqmifodkY oGm;a&mufEdkifMuonf/ armfawmfum;jzifhoGm;vdkvQif bD;vif;rS
usdKufaumfç uwdu k Bf uD;&Gm? uwdu k af v;&Gm? aomifBuD; awmBuD;wef;&Gmrsm;odo Yk mG ;í
a&v,fausmufaqmifoYkd oGm;Edik Mf uNyDjzpfonf/ 1373-ckEpS ?f 0gqdv k qef; (3)&ufaeYwiG f
y|mef;yGJusif;yí (5)&ufaeYwGif y|mef;atmifyGJtNyD; xD;awmf? pdefzl;awmf wifvSLum
taeuZmwifyu J G si;f ycJo
h nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ vrf;ñTerf ?I tusKd ;awmfaqmifcsKyf
b'ÉeÅ m*dE\ ´ teD;uyfBuD;MuyfrI OD;jrif&h OD ;D aqmifaom qHawmfvyk o f m;aygif;pH\
k um,
ÓmPAvwdYk pkaygif;um yifv,fjyiftjzpfrS ajrjyiftjzpfajymif;vTMJ uí &[EÅm&SiOf y*kwå
ausmif;wdu k u f kd wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ þausmif;aqmifEiS q hf ufí avhvm&rnfum;
udsKufxD;½dk;qHawmfausmufwHk;BuD;yifjzpfayonf/
usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmfausmufwHk;
usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwDwnfxm;&m qHawmf"mwf ude;f 0yfpyH ,f&m ausmuf
wH;k rSm jrif&olrsm; tHMh obeef; tqef;wMu,fwnfaejcif;ygwum;[k o'¨gapwoduf
,dzk w
d v f suf Muufo;D arG;nif;xatmif jzpfMu&onfukd a&muf&NdS yD;olwikd ;f 0efcMH u&rnf
jzpfonf/ usdKufx;D ½d;k apwDwnfaeyHrk mS tHMh ozG,&f maumif;vSonf/ awmifxyd t f pGe;f \
taemufatmufajctxd tolw&meufaom acsmufurf;yg;BuD;udk awGUjrif&onf/
rwfapmufaomacsmufBuD; ta&SUpGe;f uyfvsuf awmifxyd pf eG ;f ay:wGif vH;k ywf ay(50)cefY
&Sd ausmufw;kH BuD;udk awGU&onf/ xdak usmufw;kH BuD;rSm vlO;D acgif;\ o²Pmefy[ kH efjzpf
onf/ jyKwfusvke;D eD;wnf&adS ejcif;jzpfonf/ xdak usmufw;kH ay:wGif ÓmPfawmf tjrifh
rlvapwD (13 ay 8 vufr) 2001-ckESpf? rwfvwGif xD;wifvSLcsdefwGif (22-ay
5-vufr)? vHk;ywfawmf (9-ay)apwDawmfudk a&Tpif a&Tom; a&Tjym;rsm;jzifh ylaZmfí
379
KTS 15-11-14-1
&wemtwdNy;D aom pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;wdjYk zifh MunfE;l zG,&f mawGUjrifMu&onf/ apwDatmuf&dS
qHawmfausmufv;kH BuD;\ atmufcaH usmufawmifxyd rf mS nDnmjcif;r&Sb d J cyfrrYkd cYkd ;kH avsm
jzpfonf/ acsmufurf;yg;bufoYkd rd;k a&pD;rnfyh jkH zpfonf/ vlO;D acgif;yHak usmufw;kH ESifh atmufcH
ausmufawmifpeG ;f rSm xdonfq½kd rkH Qjzpfonf/ acsmufurf;yg;bufoYkd cH;k ESrd ahf &avsmyHjk zpfí
tcsdefra&G; qHawmfausmufwHk;BuD;ESihf apwDawmfrSm jyKwfusEdkifayonf/ OD;acgif;yHk
qHawmfausmufw;kH BuD;\ atmufcaH usmufawmifpeG ;f rSm tus,f (15)ayrQom jzpfonf/
aumif;uifav[mjyifwiG f wnf&adS eyHu k kd zl;jrifMu&onf/ atmufcaH usmufawmifpeG ;f ESihf
qHawmfausmufw;kH tMum; tyfcsnBf udK;jzifh pdw&f n S pf mG qGyJ gu &Edik af omjrifuiG ;f jzpfonf/
wpfpHkwpf&m xdpyfjcif;r&Sdonfudk awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ aocsmpGmavhvmvQif &aoh
OD;acgif;ausmufw;kH rSm atmufcaH usmuftjyifbuf (10)aycefrY Q xGuaf eonfukd awGUMu
&onf/ o'¨gpdwjf zifh Munfñv kd okd wl o
Ykd nf ausmufw;kH (2)vH;k tMum;wGif ES;D jym;rsm;udk
axmufívnf;aumif;? aiGpuúLtopfpufpufudkaxmifívnf;aumif;? ycHk;jzifh
ausmufw;kH udx k rf;Munh&f m ES;D jym;rSm auG;ñGwv f u kd f qefv Y mvdu k jf zpfovdk aiGpuúLrSm
vnf; tvm;wl vIy&f mS ;aeonfuakd wGUMu&vQif 0rf;omtm;&jzpfMu&onf/ qHawmf
apwDwnf&m qHawmfausmufw;kH BuD;rSm jyKwfvw k w J wJ nfaeyHrk mS odyyÜH nmudk tvGef
txifBu;D Ny;D Ak'\ ¨ t"d|mefawmfukd ,HMk unfjcif;o'¨gw&m; tm;enf;olwu Ykd rl ]][efcsun f }D }
taMumif;jycsufjzifh qHawmf"mwfwefcdk;BuD;yHkudk vufcHEdkifjcif;r&SdMuonfudk awGU&ay
onf/
usdKufxD;½dk;awmifonf tjrifhay (3615)&SdNyD; rdk;&moDwGif rdk;Murf;avMurf;í
rd;k BudK;oH wpfNcdr;f Ncdr;f Mum;&aoma'owGiw f nf&o dS nf/ ajrivsifrsm; tBudrBf udrf vIycf g
jcif;cH&onf/ 2004-ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvtwGi;f u yifv,fa&jyifajymif;vGo J mG ;atmif qlemrD
a&atmufivsifBuD;vIycf gcJo h nf/ 1996-97 ckEpS u f usdKufx;D ½d;k awmifteD;w0du k w f iG f
awmifNydK ajrNydKí ajrtaetxm;rsm; ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&ma'ojzpfonf/ odyHÜenf;udk
vufc, H MkH unfow l tYkd aejzifh txufwiG jf yqdck ahJ om obm0&moDOwkab;'Pfrsm;u
[efcsufnrD u I kd ysufjym;oGm;apEdik o f nfukd awG;qMunhv f Qif rdr\
d t,ltq cdik rf mjcif;
r&So d nfukd ½d;k om;pGm0efco H ifah yonf/ Ak'¨*kaPmteaEÅm? Ak'¨0doa,m tpdaEÅa,sm
tqdu k vkd ufcv H Qifum; vG,u f al omtajzudk &&SEd ikd rf nfjzpfonf/
Ak'¨\ t"d|mefudk Munfñdk
vGefcJhaomaumZm 1358-ckESpf? aqmif;OD;aygufumvwGif usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf tpDtpOfjzifh EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU Ouú| jrif;NrHNrdKU udk;aqmif
380
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 381
ausmif;wduk f y"meem,u tbd"Zr[m&|*k½?k tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu b'ÉÅ

aombdw q&mawmfBuD; OD;aqmifNyD; yxrtzGJUcGJq&mawmfrsm;ESifhtwl udsKufxD;½dk;
qHawmf&iS of Ykd bk&m;zl;xGucf MhJ uonf/ xdpk Oftcgu qHawmf&iS f wnfaeyHEk iS fh pyfvsOf;í
avQmufxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm t"dymÜ ,fus,fí owdjyKzG,&f mrsm;jzpfonf/
usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwDEiS fh ausmufw;kH wnfaeyHu k kd aocsmpGmMunhNf yD; tm½Hk
jyK&efrSm- BuD;rm; rwfapmufaom ausmufaqmif ausmufurf;yg;tpGef; vHk;ywfay
(50)cef?Y wefcsed f (600)yrmP&Sd &aohO;D acgif;yHak usmufw;kH BuD;rSm jyKwfusvek ;D eD; tonf;
,m;zG,w f nf&adS eonf/ ausmufw;kH ay:wGif jrwfpmG bk&m; oufawmfxif&mS ; ay;tyfchJ
aom (oZD0auo)qHawmf"mwfued ;f 0yfawmfro l nfukd MunfNh yD; igwdo Yk nf ukov kd uf H
[laom wpfbufwpfpeG ;f ? tukov kd uf [
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d nfwiG f raumif;rI tukov kd u
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kd u f H
tpGe;f wGif &yfwnfru I enf;yg;vSonf/ omoemawmftwGi;f vlb Y v
kH b
Yl 0 &qJumvrSm
tukokdvftpGef;udk a0;a0;a&Smif? ukodkvftpGef;ay:rSm tcdkiftrm &yfwnfEdkifatmif
vlu Y sif0h wfig;yg;oDvudk vHNk cHKpGmxde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf teEÅig;yg;udk OD;xdyx f m;aexdik f
½HkrQjzifh tyg,fav;yg;usvkeD;eD;jzpfapumrl jrifhjrwfaom vlYbHk ewfbHka&mufatmif
qGaJ qmifEikd pf rG ;f &Syd u
kH kd vufawGUjrifatmif Ak'\ ¨ t"d|mefawmf? b*0g*kPaf wmfukd ay:vGif
atmif jyoaeyHt k jzpf pdwaf pwemxufoefpmG xm;&SNd y;D &Scd ;dk aumfa&mf ylaZmf&efjzpfygonf
bk&m;[k avQmufxm;vQif q&mawmfBuD;ESit fh wl vdu
k yf gvmMuaom &[ef;&Siv f l tm;vH;k
om"k 9-Budrf ac:qdck MhJ uonf/
tolwpf&meufvaS om acsmufurf;yg;wGif rd;k 'Pf? av'Pf? rd;k BudK; tBudrBf udrf
ypfc&H NyD; ivsifvyI jf cif;? ajrNydK awmifNydKjcif;? qlemrD a&atmufivsifvyI jf cif;wdaYk Mumifh
acsmufurf;yg;rS vdru hf sEdik af om tajctaersm;pGmESifh BuHKawGUcJ&h aomfvnf; rwkerf vIyf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&Sdjcif;rSm (oZD0auo)Ak'¨\qHawmf"mwf\ tma0Pdu*kPfawmf
b*0g *kPaf wmf\ tpGr;f Ak'\ ¨ t"d|mefawmfaMumif[ h k ,HMk unfoifah yonf/
qHawmfausmufwHk; &SmazGay;ol odMum;rif;
xl;qef;tHMh ozG,&f m qHawmfausmufw;kH \ qdik &f m twdwo f rdik ;f aMumif;rSm ydí
k
pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mjzpfonf/ ordik ;f usr;f pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrmS - wdó&aohBuD;onf
rdr&d &Sx
d m;aom qHawmf"mwfukd rdrOd ;D acgif;ESiw hf al om ausmufw;kH udk &atmif&mS azGay;rS
381
KTS 15-11-14-1
XmyemjyKí apwDwnfxm;vdo k nf[k odMum;rif;tm; rdeMYf um;onf[k tqd&k o

dS nf/
qdkif&m ordkif;rsm;udk &SmazGavhvmaomtcg azmfjyygtwdkif; awGU&onf/
[Hom0wDyJcl;q&mul;tqdk
wpf&aH &mtcg odMum;rif;onf wdó&aoh\ OD;aoQmifusifü bk&m;ocif\
qHawmf (3)qlukd jrifí &aoh\ touftydik ;f tjcm;udk Munhjf yefaomf rMumrD tm,k
ocFg&eD;aomaMumifh odMum;qif;vmNyD;vQif wdó&aohukd þodq Yk \
kd /
od M um;rif ; / t&Si&f aoh? &Si&f aoh\toufonf pkawcsdeef ;D acsNyD? &Si&f aoh pkawcJh
vQif oifOh ;D aoQmifusifüxm;aom qHawmf"mwfjrwfonf armCjzpf&m
acs\? odkYjzpfí vlewfjA[®m a0ae,smwdkY\ udk;uG,f&mjzpfapavmh[k
qdk\/
wd ó &aoh / odMum;rif;? oif,ckavQmufqo kd nft h wdik ;f igvnf;oabmwlrQawmh
onf/ od&Yk mwGif ig\OD;aoQmifusiEf iS fh o²Pmefwal om ausmufu&kd rS
xdak usmufü Xmyemav [k wdó&aohqv kd Qif
odMum;rif;vnf; aumif;NyD[k xdrk þ S rS ausmufu&kd mS avaomf ausmuf
oH;k vH;k udk awGUonfEiS fh xdak usmufwu Ykd kd oefvsuEf iS xfh iG ;f Ny;D vQif qHawmf
(1)qlpD Xmyemav\/
yxrausmufum; - ,ck usdKufx;D ½d;k bk&m;wGio f nf/
'k w d , ausmuf u m; - wdu k u
f v
k m;NrdKU ta&SUauvmobk&m;wGi\ f /1
wwd , ausmuf u m; - awmifoHk;vHk; tv,fxdyfwGif av;awmiftvsm;&Sdaom
ausmufovGefü xGif;NyD;vQif Xmyemí oD&dyAÁw[k
(ukodem½Hk)ac:\/
þum; yJcl;[Hom0wDNrdKU q&mul;a&;om;í 1994-ckESpfwGif jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf
a&Tarmfa"mordkif;\ tqdkudk rGef&mZ0ifusrf;pmrsufESm (7)wGif udk;um;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf/
OD;a&Taemf\ apwDordkif;aygif;csKyftqdk
Ak'Ó¨ mP&aohvnf; qHawmf (3)ql raysmufysu&f atmif rdrq d u
H sirf mS pnf;aESmif
xm;\/ aemuf 3-ESpf 4-ESpcf efu Y mv Z&mAsm"d zdp;D ESyd pf ufojzifh pkawaovGev f rd rhf nf
udk pd;k &dr&f ef&jdS yef\/ þtcg wm0wðomaoXfeif; odMum;rif;onf rmwifurÁvmjzpfwkH
1/ usdKufa';,sHKawmif&dS atmufqaH wmfapwD(c)Am;rJq
h aH wmfapwDjzpfz,
G &f o
dS nf/
382
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 383
ygí vl&Y mG odYk Munhaf wmfral omf a&TqaH wmf (3)qlukd ulnrD idI ;f rXmyem&ef taMumif;
jrifojzifh vsijf refpmG &aohx&H if;odYk oufqif;vma&mufNy;D umv ud, k af &mifvif;jyawmf
rl\/
&aoh a r;/ b,ftrsdK;tEG,fZmwdenf;/
od M um;rif ; ajz/ uREkyf w f m0wðomaoXfeif; odMum;rif;jzpfonf/ ,ck&iS &f aohum;
Z&m'kAÁv ukef;uGtdkrif; aojcif;t&G,fa&mufonfomru Asm"d
rnfaom a&m*ga0'emvnf; ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yrf; pkawaovGeaf wmh
rnf/ &Sif&aohaovGefaomf a&TqHawmf (3)acsmif;udk taygif;
owå0g a0ae,smwdYk ylaZmfouúm& rjyKMu&bJ tv[owdraf um
aysmufu, G v
f rd rhf nft
h aMumif; jrifawmfro
l nfjzpfaomaMumifh rdik ;f r
Xmyem&ef vma&mufaMumif; jyefMum;avQmufxm;\/
&aoh / uREyfk af us;Zl;txl;wifvyS gNy?D qHawmf (3)qlteuf (1)qlrmS uREyfk f
OD;acgif;ESihfwlaom ausmufvHk;wGif Xmyemvdkygonf/ &SmazGay;yg
[k qd\ k /
odMum;rif;u wefcdk;£'d̈yg'fESihf ausmufoHk;vHk;? av;vHk;&SmazGjyay;\/ &aoh
rdrdOD;acgif;ESihfrwlqdkí y,f\/ aemufqHk;&Smay;jyaom ausmufwpfvHk;om wlonf[k
oabmrQojzifh ouú&mZf (118)ckESpf? a[rEÅOwktcgor,twGif; oHvsufESihfteuf
(3)awmif (1)rdu k f xGi;f azmufay;Ny;D vQif qHawmfXmyem\ apwDtrnf ausmuftdod½dk=
&aoh&u G x
f m;aombk&m;/ (,cktcg usKd ufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS af pwD)jzpfonf/ 'kw, d qHawmf
(1)qlum; 'd;k cvGeaf wmifxyd f (,ckauvmoawmif)qHawmf&iS af pwDjzpfonf/ wwd,
wpfqu l m; usdKufukodem½kH=cg;jywfawmif ukoed m½Hk qHawmf&iS af pwDjzpfonf/
ppfuaJ wmfrif; OD;a&Taemfonfvnf; ,d;k ',m;(xdik ;f )Edik if ?H befaumufpvif;ckwf
rGefq&mawmfESihf oHcydkifrGefq&mawmfwdkYxHrS&&Sdaom rGefta&;tom;aypmudk bmom
jyefrl zwf½INyD; rGef&mZ0ifESihf apwDawmfordkif;aygif;csKyfudk a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;ordkif;
pmrsufEmS 25 ESifh 26 wGif azmfjyxm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xkwEf w I w
f ifjycJjh cif;
jzpfonf/
OD;cspfaqG\ usdKufxD;½dk;ordkif;rla[mif;tqdk
odMum;rif;vnf;-r[mork'´&mwGif &Sm&ef oabFmBuD;zefqif;um odMum;rif;
ud,
k w
f ikd f ewfrsm;pGmESifh r[mork'&´ ma&atmufwiG f qHawmf"mwfjrwfwefc;kd awmfaMumifh
383
KTS 15-11-14-1
OD;acgif;awmfEiS w
fh al om (,ckwikd w
f nf&adS eonf)h tjrifh (18)awmif? vH;k ywf (52)awmif&dS
ausmufv;kH awmfBuD;udk ,laqmifjyo&m &aohBuD;onf tvGeEf pS o f uftm;&awmfral v
onf/
OD;acgif;awmfEiS fh o²Pmefwal om ausmufv;kH awmfBu;D &&Sad omfvnf; &aohBu;D u
odMum;rif;tm; rdeaYf wmfro l nfrmS -,if;OD;acgif; ausmufv;kH awmfBuD;udk yuwdaom
awmifxyd üf wifxm;ojzifh xl;jcm;tHMh ozG,o f &l rJ jzpfEikd v
f Qif "r®&mZfñeG zYf ;l oH;k vlrY LS ;\
xl;jrwfBuD;us,faom *kPfaus;Zl;awmfrsm;ESihf rxdkufwef&may? odkYjzpfí yuwdaom
awmifxdyfajray:wGif wifxm;ojzifh Xmyemjcif;iSm tvdkr&? 'g,um odMum;rif;
wefcdk;jzifh awmifapmif;wpfckwGif oD;jcm;aom ausmufawmifxGwf(1)ck zefqif;í
xdak wmifxw G \f xdyaf vsmaeaomtpGe;f urf;yg;xdyx f ufü OD;acgif;awmfyo Hk ²Pmef
ausmufv;kH BuD;udk Muufrwpf0yfcefY uGm[apvsuf &wemyifqikd ;f qGx J m;onfyh rmuJo h Ydk
wnfaeyHk wifjyavmh[k rdeaYf wmfro l jzifh odMum;rif;vnf; q&m&aohBuD;trdet Yf wdik ;f
,ckqaH wmf&iS af pwDawmfBuD;\ &ifjyifawmfrS zl;awGUMu&aom awmifapmif; awmifurf;yg;
wGif tjrifh (83)awmif? vHk;ywf(55)awmif (1)rdkuf&Sd ausmufawmifxGwfBuD;wpfck
zefqif;um OD;acgif;awmfyHkausmufawmifBuD;wifí jy&m wdó&aohBuD;onf vGefpGm
ESpof uftm;&awmfrNl yD; qHawmfXmyemwdu k f wl;azmufapí odMum;rif;onf oHvsufjzifh
apmufteuf (3)awmif(1)rdu k f tus,fxyd 0f (6)vufr xGi;f azmufjyavonf/
qHawmf&SifudsKufxD;½dk;bk&m;ordkif;udk OD;cspfaqGa&;om;xkwfa0onfh 1973-
ckESpfjzpfonf/ ,if;pmrsufESm(81^82)wGif jyqdkxm;onf/
a*gyutzJGUrS wm0ef,ljyKpkaom usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmf&Sifordkif;tqdk
wdó&aohBuD;onf apwDwnf&efpOf;pm;onfrmS þqHawmfonf qHuspfMum;
wGio f m ud;k uG,x f m;cJo
h jzifh Ak'\
¨ qHawmfjrwftm; Munfñkd o'¨gylaZmfMuapvdo k nfh
qE´jzpfayonf/ vma&mufz;l ajrmf&onfh vlewfjA[®mowå0gtaygif;wdt Yk m; &aohBuD;
uJoh Ydk ud;k uG,o
f nfukd xif&mS ;odjrifyrmwifvo kd jzifh þodrYk ed aYf vonf/ qHawmftm;
Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;cGihfjyKrnf? odkYaomf OD;acgif;ESihfwlaom ausmufvHk;tm;
&SmMu? oD;oefYawmifxGwfwGifwifíjyyg [k rdeaYf vonf/ odMum;rif;onf OD;acgif;ESifh
wlaom ausmufw;kH tm; rPdarcvma&ewforD;\ tultnDjzifh ork'´&mMurf;jyifrS
,laqmifcahJ vonf/ usKd ufx;D ½d;k awmifrS xk;d xGuaf eonfh awmifp, G (f 1)cktm; oHvsuEf iS fh
384
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 385
ydkif;jzwfum ¤if;awmifxGwftpGef;wGif Muufr (1)0yfpmvGwfíwifumjyavonf/

usdKufxD;½dk;a*gyutzGJUrS jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? *g'D,ef;owif;pmwdkufwGif 1994-
ckEpS uf ½du
k Ef ydS cf ahJ om qHawmf&iS u
f sdKufx;D ½d;k apwDordik ;f pmrsufEmS (72)wGif azmfjyxm;
aomtaMumif;t&myifjzpfonf/
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; twGJ(2)tqdk
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;? twGJ(2) pmrsufESm 74^75 wGif jyqdkxm;onfrSm Ak'¨ÓmP
&aohonf qHawmf"mwf(3)qlukd raysmufysuf&atmif rdr\ d qHuspftwGi;f ü pnf;aESmif
xm;avonf/ aemifEpS u f mv twefMumvwfaomf tema&m*gESyd pf ufí &aohBuD;onf
tu,fí rdrduG,fvGefcJhaomf qHawmf"mwf(3)qludk rnfodkYrnfyHkxm;cJh&rnfenf;[k
awG;awmylyefjcif; jzpfrad vonf/ xdt k cg odMum;rif;onf vljY ynfoYkd qif;oufí
&aohBuD;\qE´twdik ;f &aohBuD;OD;acgif;ESiw fh al om ausmufv;kH ud&k mS azGum ausmufv;kH
xJoYkd oHvsufEiS xfh iG ;f í qHawmf(1)qlukd XmyemcJah vonf/ xdo k Ykd ausmufv;kH ay:wGif
wnfxm;aomapwDukd rGeb f momjzifh usdKuf£oD½;kd ? jrefrmbmomjzihf &aoh&u G af om
bk&m;[k ac:\/ aemifumvMumvwfaomf usKd ufto d ½D ;kd rS usKd ufx;D ½d;k [k pum;a&GUvsm;
vmavonf[k a&;om;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/
OD;pdk;&Sdef (armifpdk;xdkuf-oHk;q,f)\ tqdk
OD;pd;k &Sed f (armifp;kd xdu k -f oH;k q,f)a&;om;í rif;xGe;f rd;k yHEk ydS w
f u
kd f wmarGNrdKUe,frS
1990-jynhw f iG f ½du
k Ef ydS af om usdKufx;D ½d;k ordik ;f pmrsufEmS (99) (143)wGif tvm;wlyif
&aohBu;D OD;acgif;o²PmefEiS w fh al om ausmufw;kH udk yifv,fr, S u
l m vH;k wifawmifpeG ;f wGif
wifí &aohBuD;tm;jyoavonf/ &aohBuD; ESpNf cKd uf&um; ausmufw;kH udx k iG ;f í qHawmf
ESpq
f u
l kd XmyemNyD; ausmufw;kH ay:wGif apwDi,f(1)qlukd bk&ifBuD;ESit fh wl wnfav\
[k jyqdx k m;avonf/
ausmufwHk;BuD;,laqmifcJhaomae&mrSm
odMum;rif;onf qHawmfausmufwHk;BuD;udk yifv,fMurf;jyifatmufrS &SmazG
,laqmifcJhaMumif; txufygordkif;q&mwdkYu a&;om;cJhMuonf/ wpfqifhwufí
yifv,fjyif tb,fae&mrS ,laqmifcJhoenf;¿ [k pOf;pm;rdol tenf;i,fom
&SdEdkifayonf/ [efcsufnDxdef;xm;vdkY qHawmfausmufwHk;BuD; tHhzG,fbeef;w nf & S d
wnf
385
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf [laom tqdu k vkd ufrcHMu/ wpfausmjh yefomoem 2500 0,f qHawmfapwDrsm;udk
taMumif;jyKí uRwfwrf;0ifMurnhf bk&m;&Si\ f tEdÅrÓmww¬p&d,wdt Yk wGuf t"d|mef
xm;cJo h nf[k ,HMk unfow l u
Ykd m; b,fae&mrS,al qmifco hJ nf[k odaeonf[k qdv k Qif
vufcHMuygrnfvm;/ txufpmrsufESm (187)wGif azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/
,aeY urÇmvlom;wdo Yk nf tDvufxa&mepf tajccHí enf;ynmrsdK;pHkudk
zefw;D Edik cf MhJ uonf/ pMum0Vmc&D;qefEY ikd af eMuonf/ rsKd ;ADZrsm; vlwAl ZD rsm;udyk if jyKvkyEf ikd f
Muonf/ xdyk nm&Siw f o Ykd nf jrefrmEdik if &H dS usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmfapwD ausmufw;kH yHw k ul kd
jyKvkyEf ikd Mf uygrnfavm¿ xdo k yYkd w
kH rl jyKvkyEf ikd vf Qif jrwfA'k \
¨ wefc;kd udk vufco H ifMh uay
onf/
usdKufxD;½dk;ausmufwHk;BuD;
1980-jynhEf pS ?f {Nyv
D wGif xkwjf yefaom usKd ufx;D ½d;k apwD atmufcaH usmufwikd f
\ blrad A'yrmP pl;prf;jcif; tpD&ifcpH myg usdKufx;D ½d;k apwD\ tHzh , G rf sm;udk wifjyxm;
&mü xdkblrdaA'yrmP pl;prf;avhvmrI\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm usdKufxD;½dk;apwD
atmufcaH usmufwikd \ f wnfwcHh ikd Nf rJrI tajctaeudk od&&dS efjzpfonf/ blrad A'ynm&Sif
pl;prf;avhvmcsufu azmfjyygtajctaeoH;k &yfukd rSww f rf;wifEikd cf o
hJ nf-
(u) atmufcaH usmufwikd Ef iS fh ausmufv;kH BuD;wd\ Yk ausmuftrsdK;tpm;?
( c ) tufNydKifpepf
( * ) ausmufaMurGjcif;tajctae
(u) ausmuftrsdK;tpm;
atmufcaH usmufwikd Ef iS fh ausmuftvH;k BuD;ESpcf v
k ;kH udk ta&mifazsmhNyD; a&G;BuD;aph
wGif;xGufrsm; yg0ifaom *&if;epfausmuf (ESrf;zwfausmuf)trsdK;tpm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;
onf/ ,if;*&if;epfausmufwiG f ovif;ESifh zvfvpyg; (a<uausmuf)wdo Yk nf t"du
wGi;f xGuaf usmufrsm;jzpfMuí vacs;ñdEk iS fh ig;euf (Oa'gif;)wdo Yk nf t&HwiG ;f xGuyf pön;f
rsm; tjzpfyg0ifMuavonf/
( c ) tufNydKifpepfrsm;
usdKufxD;½dk;apwDawmfxm;&m atmufcHausmufwdkif\ tufaMumif;rsm;udk
avhvm&m (1) a'o\tufNydKifcrkH sm;? (2) uuuaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tufaMumif;
rsm;? (3) cGHUuGmtufaMumif;rsm; [lí awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
386
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 387
( * ) ausmufaMurGjcif;tajctae
usdKufx;D ½d;k apwDwnf&m ausmuftvH;k BuD;udk a&Ttjynhcf sxm;ojzihf ausmuf
aMurGjcif;tajctaeudk xda&mufpmG ravhvmEdik yf g? odaYk omf a&Tcsxm;onfh rsufEmS jyif
udk blrad A'oH;k wljzifh acgufMunh&f m ausmufv;kH BuD;\ tay:,HwiG f cGu H mG aMurGr&I adS e
onf[k cefrY eS ;f &onf/ odaYk omf ausmuftvH;k BuD;\ atmufrsufEmS jyif (atmufcH
ausmufEiS fh vGw[ f aeaom rsufEmS jyifawGU&S&d onf ausmufv;kH BuD;\ atmufajcydik ;f )
onf aMurGreI nf;í yuwdausmufom;uJo h Ydk vwfqwfrt I ajctaeudk awGU&onf/
atmufcaH usmufwikd \ f aMurGrt I ydik ;f udMk unfv h Qif atmufcaH usmufwikd \ f ta&SUbuf
rsufESmjyifwGif 'Pftm;aMumifhjzpfaom tufaMumif;ESpfpHk? atmufcHausmufwdkif\
taemufawmifbufajc&if;wGif jrif&aom tufNyKd ifwpfavQmuf cGu H mG aMurGjcif;wpfae&m?
ausmufwikd \ f taemufbufrsuEf mS jyifü cGu H mG aMurGjcif;wpfae&m? ausmufwikd \ f awmif
bufü cGu H mG tufaMumif; wpfae&m[lí awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
blrad A'avhvmpl;prf;rIt7 apwDausmufv;kH BuD;\ atmufcaH usmufwikd o f nf
a'gifrwfr[kwb f J ta&SUbufoYkd wdr;f apmif;aeaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdt Yk jyif atmufcH
ausmufwikd \ f jrKyfaeaom tydik ;f onf tufNyKd ifwpfp&kH adS eNy;D aytenf;i,fom ajr0ifrI
taetxm;&Syd gonf/ ausmuftvH;k BuD;onf wefcsd ef (600)cef&Y í dS atmufcaH usmufwikd f
tm; tenf;qH;k zdoyd t f m; (10000)ypv (od)Yk 1 pwk&ef;vufrwGif 'ór 5-wef[k
,lqonf/ ,if;,lqcsufreS u f efygrl ausmufwikd Ef iS hf ausmufw;kH tvH;k BuD;wdYk xduyfae
aom {&d,monf 1-pwk&ef;ayom &SEd ikd o f nf/
xdt Yk jyif ausmuftvH;k BuD;onf atmufcaH usmufwikd af y:wGif a'gifvu kd ef ;D yg;
0if½;kd udk A[djk yKvsufvnfywfczhJ ;l aMumif; taxmuftxm;awGU&S&d onf/ blrad A'ynm
t& vnfywfru I wkd idk ;f wmvQif (20H + 3H? 20H-3H)jzpfonf/ atmufcaH usmufwikd w f iG f
awGU&aom tufaMumif;rsm;? ausmufaMurGjcif;rsm;onf ausmufwikd \ f twGi;f odYk
aygufa&mufjcif;r&Sad o;jcif;aMumifh ausmufwikd cf ikd Nf rrJ uI kd rnforYkd Q xdcu
kd Ef ikd jf cif;r&Sad Mumif;
tpD&ifccH o hJ nf/ xdrk Qru ajr0iftenf;i,fjzifh ta&SUbufoYkd wdr;f apmif;aeaom atmufcH
ausmufwikd Bf uD;ay:wGif wpfpwk&ef;ayrQ xduyfí wGv J cJG akd eaom ausmufv;kH BuD;xufü
wnfxm;aom qHawmf&iS u f sdKufx;D ½d;k apwDonf a*g&Saumh (Gorshkov)\ jrefrmjynf
ivsifvIyftm;wl &yf0ef;rsm;jyajryHkt& 1PE (Institute of Physi cs of the Earth )7
&Sd ivsi'f Pfukd rMumcPcH&aMumif; awGU&onf/ xdk L.P.E 7 ivsio f nf tvGejf yif;xef
387
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf/ tdrw f iG ;f y&dabm*rsm; vdru

hf sjcif;? eH&rH sm;wGif tufaMumif;i,frsm;jzpfay:jcif;?
t*Fawrsm;uGmusjcif;? tcdik t f rmr[kwaf om taqmufttHrk sm; NyKd usjcif; jzpfEikd af Mumif;
blrad A'ynmt& jyqdx k m;onf/ azmfjyyg tajctaersm;Mum;rS ESpfaygif; (2400)ausmf
wnf w H h a eaom qH a wmf & S i f usd K uf x D ; ½d k ; apwD a wmf \ jzpf & yf u d k od y H Ü e nf ; us
wdkif;wmvQif &rnfr[kwfyg/ pifppf{uef wefcdk;aMumifhyif jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
ausmufawmifpeG ;f xufwiG f ausmufv;kH BuD;wnfaeyHrk mS tHzh , G w f pfyg;jzpfonf/
avjyif;wdu k vf Qif ausmufw;kH BuD;rSm wpfbufacsmufxo J Ykd vdru
hf szG,f awGU&Sad omfvnf;
obm0udk qefu Y sifonfh ed,mrtaMumif;wpf&yfu ausmufw;kH BuD;usroGm;atmif
&mpkEpS af ygif;rsm;pGm xde;f odr;f xm;Edik cf o
hJ nf qdjk cif;rSm tHzh ,
G yf ifjzpfonf/ xd&k aoh OD;acgif;yHk
o²Pmefausmufv;kH BuD;udk tomwGe;f vIyí f atmufajcrS tyfcsnBf udK;wpfacsmif;jzifh
jzwfí qGMJ unhv f Qif atmufcaH usmufawmifpeG ;f ESifh ausmufv;kH BuD;tMum;rS tyfcsnBf udK;
vGwx f u G v
f monfukd awGU&onf/ Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwu Ykd rl ,if;tHzh , G w
f rYkd mS apwDü Xmyem
xm;aom Ak'\ ¨ qHawmfwefc;kd aMumif[ h k qdMk uonf/
c&pfESpf (1879^80)NAdwdoQ jrefrmjynfa*&ufwD;,m; ( Butinagzetter )wGif
azmfjyxm;onfudkawGU&onf/ ,if;okawoejyKpmwrf;rSm ,ck 2010-ckxd ESpfaygif;
(131)ESpf MumcJhayNyD/
usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmf&SifapwDjyKjyifjcif;
ok"r®0wD oxHk rGef? [Hom0wD rGef? '*Hk rGef oHk;pkuGJcsdef orv 0drvwdkY
[Hom0wDNrdKUudk aumZmESpf (160)wGif rif;jyKonf/ [Hom0wD? '*Hk? oHvsifNrdKUrsm;udk
om*&rif;pwifwnfaxmifonf/ 'Dom0rif;tqHk; (17)OD; eef;pHonf/ xdkrif;rsm;onf
apwDrka|mta[mif;rsm;? oD&drmaomuaumif;rI armfa"mbk&m;? odrfusdKufbk&m;?
xD;½d;k usdKufb&k m; aygif; (52)ql apwDaygif; (18)wnfxm;onf/ (999-ckEpS f jyKpkaom
ZrÁL'DyOaqmifusrf;)
ouú&mZf (917)ck? waygif;vjynhaf usmf (3)&uf t*FgaeY £oD,b kd &k m; xD;awmf
wifonfukd qifawmfral om ywåjrm;OD;acgif;awmfukd zsuí f a&Tcsed f (75)udk xD;a&Tpavmif;
vkyaf wmfrNl y;D vQif e0&wfu;kd yg; cs,v f , S pf rD í
H b0&Sirf if;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ppft*Fgav;yg;
ESiw
fh uG <uawmfro l nf/ obifBuD;pGmvnf; cHawmfro l nf/ (OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0ifBuD;)
ouú&mZf (1031)ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhfausmf (8)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif tif;0
eef;pd;k pHaom jynfrif;onf £oD,b kd &k m;udk a&mifvQHawmfvLS awmfro l nf/ (1032)ckEpS ?f
388
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 389
jymodv k jynhaf usmf (3)&uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f £oD,b kd &k m;udk rud#k v f LS aMumif; rSww f rf;
wifcJhonf/
ouú&mZf (1040)ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (2)&uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f £oD,b kd &k m;
a&mifvQHawmfvkyfí tif;0eef;pHrif;&Jausmfxif vSL'gef;cJhaMumif;? ouú&mZf (1062)ck
wGif tif;0eef;pH paerif;onf NydKysufaeaom udsKufx;D ½d;k apwDukd xyfrjH yKjyifí a&Tx;D
awmfwifaMumif;? bk&ihfaemifESihfpaerif;wifaom xD;awmfrS ESpfaygif; (145)wmMumcJh
onf/ &mZ0ifEiS o hf rdik ;f rsm;wGif usKd ufx;D ½d;k ESiqfh ikd af om taMumif;t&mrsm; rawGU&awmhay/
ouú&mZf (1185)ckwGif txufjrefrmEdkifiH? tr&yl&aejynfawmfü bBuD;awmf
rif; xD;eef;pdk;pHonf/ xdkrif;vufxuf ppfawmif;NrdKU0ef (rif;vSocFg+rif;vSocFol+
rif;vSocd oF )l qifausmh&efaygifavmif;awmifxyd o f Ykd a&muf&o dS mG ;onf/ csHKEG,yf w
d af ygif;
rsm; zHk;vTrf;aeaom usdKufxD;½dk;apwDudk zl;awGU&vQif tHhMo0rf;ompGmjzifh csHKEG,fydwf
aygif;rsm;udk &Si;f vif;NyD; ppfawmif;NrdKUrS usdKufx;D ½d;k apwDtxd vlvrf;azmufvyk o f nf/
usdKufxD;½dk;apwD rlvÓmPfawmfrSm (3)awmif (1)rdkufjzpfí ,ck (12)awmiftxd
ÓmPfawmfjrifNh y;D a&Tx;D awmfwifvLS cJo h nf/ usKd ufx;D ½d;k qHawmfapwDteD; 15-ay tjrif&h dS
ewfawmifac: ausmufawmifx#G t f eD; pdu k xf x l m;aom ausmufpmü ouú&mZf (1185)ck
jymodvk vf qef; (5)&uf 1-aEGtpwnf? paeaeY xD;awmfwifí Ny;D onf/ ppfawmif;NrKd U0ef
ocifrif;vSocd o F l orD;armifEHS aumif;rI edAmÁ efqk om"k ewfval c:apaomf}}[k jzpfonf/
0dZÆmnDaemifxD;wifyGJjzpf&yf
1350-jynhEf pS ?f oBuFet f BudK&ufu Zif;usdKufawmifxyd f Zif;usdKufqaH wmf&iS f
apwDawmifbufapwD ajc&if;&Sad om uGeu f &pftaqmuftOD;tm½Hck üH Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;
ordik ;f üyg&Sad om yk*K¾d vfx;l wd\ Yk ½kyw f rk sm;udk awGUjrifEikd of nf/ tvnfwnfw h nfüh *0H
xD;wdik ?f xD;atmuf0,f a&S;a[mif;vuf&m a'opm&D&yfawmfryl akH wmf? *0Hx;D tajcwGif
blrdzó rkj'myHkawmfudk 0J,mü e*g;nDaemifNcH&Hapmifha&SmufaeyHk? ta&SUbufwGif
qHawmfapwD 'g,umwdó&Sif&aoh jrwfpGmbk&m;zl;ajr§mfaeyHk? awmifbuftpGef;ü
blrdzó½kyfyGm;awmf? Am;rJhq&mawmfyHk? &SifOy*kwå&[EÅmyHkawmfrsm;udk tpOftwdkif;
xm;&So d nf/ tm½Hck \ H taemuftm½Hck w H iG f bd;k awmfoMd um;rif;ESifh 0J,mwGif oHvsuu f ikd f
ewf½yk w f k 2-ck? awmifyikd b f ;dk awmfyrkH sm;udk xkvyk x f m;&So
d nf/ N*dK[fwikd rf sm;wGif qdik &f m
½kyw
f rk sm;? &SiOf y*kwEå iS fh &Siof 0D vdw\ Ykd yHak wmfEiS fh ausmif;aqmifwu Ykd kd oD;jcm;aqmufvyk f
xm;&So d nf/ tNyD;rowfaom ESpx f yftaqmuftOD;udk qufvufvyk af qmifaponf/
389
KTS 15-11-14-1
wefc;l vqef; 13-&ufaeYwiG f y|mef;zGiyfh u JG sif;yNyD; wefc;l vjynhaf eYwiG f y|mef;

atmifyGJESihftwl 0dZÆmnDaemifapwDudk xD;awmf? pdefzl;awmf wifvSLonf/ apwDESpfql
Mum;wGif xD;ajr§mf ewfajr§mfwHcGefwdkifü txGwfxD;wifcsdefwGif awmif\ywfvnfwGif
rdk;wdrfrsm; tHkYqdkif;vmum tyl&SdefoufomaecJhonf/ rdk;BudK;cawmhrnfvm;[k tcsdKU
txif&MdS uonf/ ywfvnfwiG f rd;k oD;xefpmG &GmoGe;f aomfvnf; awmifxyd w f iG f aea&mif
jcnfawmufypGmjzihf qHawmfapwDEiS fh 0dZmÆ nDaemifapwDEpS q f w
l u Ykd kd oyÜg,fpmG zl;jrifMu&
onf/ xD;awmfwifvLS yGo J Ykd a&mufvmMuolwYkd &ifoyf½aI rm tHMh ozG,jf zpf&yfukd jrifMu
avonf/
auvmoawmifxyd &f dS qHawmfapwDonf yZÆKEé rd;k ewfom;wnfxm;aomapwD
jzpfaomaMumifh rdk;ewfom;u todtrSwfjyKovdk 0&Zdefvufeufydkif&Sif bdk;awmf
odMum;rif;uvnf; rdr'd g,umjyKwnfxm;cJah omapwDü yg&rDtaMumif;quf&adS om
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh wynhrf sm; xD;awmf pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS onfukd 0rf;om
tm;& BudKqdck o hJ nf[k ajymqdak ecJMh uonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; rd;k ? ajr?
ae? vwdu Yk todtrSwjf yKjcif;[k qdo k ifah yonf/
&Si&f aohwYkd wnfxm;aom qHawmfapwD bd;k awmfoMd um;rif;tultnDay;cJo h nf[k
&mZ0ifordik ;f wdüYk rSwwf rf;jyKcJMh uonf/ odMum;rif;ulncD ohJ nfreS cf ahJ omf vltrsm; ,HMk unf
ap&ef xl;jcm;aomjzpf&yf ay:aygufvmygapownf;[k o'´[mye0pD opömjyKcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif pvif;q&mawmf opömjyKcJhonfrSm-
Zif;usdKufapwDESihf pvif;q7mawmfOD;udwdå
Edik if aH wmfoC
H r[mem,utzGUJ (yxrtzGUJ cG)J 'kw, d Ouú| pvif;q&mawmf
OD;udwo åd nf usdKufx;D aqmif;q7mawmftm; nDi,fwpfO;D tay:xm;onfh arwåmpdwf
rsKd ;jzifh qufqaH exdik cf ahJ om q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;ç auvmoç
usKd ufa';,sKH ç jroydwçf ukoed m½Hk qHawmfapwDrsm;odYk tzl;tajrm§ af &mufco hJ nf/ Zif;usKd uf
qHawmfapwDudk zl;jrifvdkaomqE´jyif;jyvsuf&Sdfonf/ 1992-ckESpfwGif aygifNrdKU? u'HkpD;
wdkufausmif;? EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u b'ÉÅ&0dE´ q&mawmfxHa&muf&SdcJhonf/
Zif;usdKufqaH wmfapwDukd zl;ajr§mv f akd Mumif;rdeMYf um;onf/ rd;k OD;usumvjzpfí rd;k wdrrf sm;
zHk;vTrf;aejcif;? ajcvsifawmifwufc&D;jzpfjcif;? q&mawmf\ 'l;qpfrSma&mifaejcif;?
c&D;rwfapmufjcif;aMumifh awmifay:odYk ydaYk qmif&ef rjzpfEikd af Mumif; avQmufxm;Muojzifh
vufavsmhvdkuf&onf/
390
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 391
aygifNrKd U? u'Hpk ;D ausmif;rStjyefc&D;wGif oxHNk rKd U em&Dpifvrf; qifjzLnDaemifwu kd üf

aexdik af om OD;vIid jf rif\h qvGe;f um;jzifh usKd ufx;D aqmif;odYk <uvm&m vrf;wGif OD;vIid jf rifrh S
avQmufxm;rSmonf/ q&mawmfb&k m; 'DqaH wmfapwD[m wefc;kd BuD;ygw,f? apwD[m
tNrJwrf; rdk;wdrfrsm;zHk;vTrf;avh&Sdygw,f/ q&mawmf&JU oDvodu©m? orm"d odu©m?
ynm odu©mvnf; jrifhrm;aeygw,f/ 'gawGudk tm½HkjyKNyD; opömqdkvQif tvG,fwul
zl;ajrmfcGihf&Edkifygw,f bk&m;/
pvif;q&mawmfonf um;ud&k yfwefaY pNyD; qHawmfapwD&&dS modYk vuftyk cf sDvsuf
igonf awmifxdyfodkY wufEdkifjcif;r&Sd? usef;rma&;vJraumif;? bk&m;&SifqHawmfppf
]]igonf
udef;0yfonf[k ,HkMunfonf/ zl;ajr§mfvdkaomqE´vJ&Sdonf/ þtrSefw&m;awG
aMumifh qHawmfapwDudk rsuf0g;xifxif zl;cGihf&ygapownf;}}[k £pämyl&Popöm
jyKavonf/ xdktcg rdk;wdrfrsm;zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sdaom apwDawmfonf pdefzl;awmfrSpí
wpfjznf;jznf;csi;f ay:vmNy;D apwDawmf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; zl;cGi&fh vmavonf/ vdu k u
f mzH;k
udk jznf;jznf;csif; vSpjf yovdk 10-rdepfcefjY rif&onf/ xdaYk emuf wpfjznf;jznf; wdrrf sm;
zHk;tkyfvdkufavonf/
xdt k jzpftysuu f kd &efuek Nf rKd UodYk jyefa&mufaomtcg Edik if aH wmf oHCr[mem,u
tzGUJ (yxrtzGUJ cG)J 15-yg;tpnf;ta0;tNy;D wGif 0rf;omtm;&rdeMYf um;cJo h nfukd pma&;ol
ud,k wf ikd Mf um;cJo
h vdk 1364-ckEpS ?f OD;wefc;l vqef;(5)&uf ESpq f ef;wpf&uf(17-4-2004)
Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfudk,fwdkif n"r®yv’ifwGif rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh
avonf/
Am;udk;yg;q&mawmfrsm;
oxHjk ynfaumif;pm;csed u
f avmuDt&mwGif xif&mS ;aom q&mawmf (9)yg;&So d nf/
omoem0ifrw S wf rf;t& Am;ud;k yg;[k oH;k EIe;f ac:qdck MhJ uonf/ Am;rSm bke;f BuD;oDwif;oH;k &m
ae&m tNrJow D if;oH;k aomausmif;udk ac:qdx k m;onf/
(u) Am;rJq h &mawmf = orSnyf h ifawm&ausmif;ü oDwif;oH;k aom q&mawmf?
( c ) Am;warmhq&mawmf= ausmufawmifpGef;ü oDwif;oHk;aom q&mawmf?
( * ) Am;u&mq&mawmf = ausmufurf;yg;ü oDwif;oHk;aom q&mawmf?
(C) Am;wGJq&mawmf = yxrausmif;BuD; q&mawmf?
( i ) Am;Edkif;q&mawmf = tEdkif;yGef? teef;yifawm& q&mawmf?
391
KTS 15-11-14-1
(p) Am;xD;q&mawmf = a&Tausmif; q&mawmf?

(q) Am;Edkufq&mawmf = uefYuvmawm& q&mawmf?
(Z) Am;NrdKufq&mawmf = i½kyfyifawm& q&mawmf?
(ps) Am; q&mawmf = q&mawmf?
Am;udk;yg;q&mawmfrsm;udk oxHkjynfbk&if rEl[mtxd rif;q&mawmftjzpf
ud;k uG,cf MhJ uonf/ yk*aH cwfwiG f Am;ud;k yg;q&mawmfrsm;\ taMumif;t7mudk rawGUMu
&bJ bk&ihaf emifvufxufwiG f jyefawGU&onf/ [Hom0wDrif;wdo Yk nf Am;ud;k yg;q&m
awmfwt Ykd m; r,Hrk Munf&&dS m qnf;uyfrrI jyKí anmif&rf;rif;xH ajymif;a&TUvmNy;D wdik ;f a&;
jynf&m ppfqifa&;udpörsm;udk ulnDpDrHay;cJhMuonf/ txl;ojzihf Am;rJhtpDt&ifac:
tif;tdkifrEÅmefrsm; tif;0wGif xif&Sm;NyD; ,aeYwdkif usrf;pmrsm;wGifus,faecJhonf/
Am;u&mq&mawmf tquftjzpf tif;0NrKd Ua[mif;wGif Am;u&mausmif;awmfBuD;udk txif
t&Sm;awGUEdik o f nf/ Am;u&mq&mawmfonf yd#uwfuse;f *efwwfuRr;f oljzpfí tbd"r®m
qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;udk a&;om;cJh&m omoemawmfwGif toHk;jyKae&qJjzpfonf/ usef
Am;q&mawmftaMumif; rSww f rf;rSw&f m tawGUenf;vsuf&o dS nf/
Zif;usdKufawmifrS Am;rJhq&mawmf
Am;rJq
h &mawmf bGUaJ wmfMum;vQif oxHjk ynfwiG f xif&mS ;aom q&mawmfwpfyg;
[k odaeMuonf/ oxHjk ynf a&S;acwf rGeb f &k ifw\Ykd q&mtjzpf vlord sm;ovdk avmuD
tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf tif; rEÅmef tpDt&ifusr;f jyKoltjzpf xif&mS ;cJo h nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfonf aygifNrdKUe,f? Zif;usdKufawmifwef;&Sd qHawmfapwDrsm; tygt0if apwD
awmfrsm;udk jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f aeaomaMumifh Am;rJq h &mawmfEiS fh qufpyfaom taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk rMumcPyif rdeMYf um;awmfral vh&o dS nf/ Zif;usKd ufqaH wmfapwD ajrmufbuf
wGif Am;rJhatmifajrukef;awmfay:ü apwD 2-qlESihf tkwf*lrsm;&Sdonf/ avmuDtusdK;
pD;yGm;twGuf t"d|mef0ifolrsm;? *E¨m&Dc&D;xGufolrsm; pcef;csavh&Sdonf/ rEl[mrif;
vufxufwiG f xif&mS ;aom Aswf0d Aswå vlprG ;f aumif;nDemifEpS Of ;D ESifh qdik af omae&mrSm
0dZÆmnDaemifapwDESpfqljzpfonf/ qHawmfapwDatmufajrmufbufwGif ausmufukef;
ESpcf ük Aswf0ad pwD AswåapwD ESpq f l a&S;tpOftqufu apwDiw k wf t
kd jzpfom awGUMu
&onf/ 1350-jynhEf pS af emufyikd ;f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jyefvnfjyKjyifx;D wifcsderf S
pí ,aeYtxd oyÜm,fpGm zl;cGihf&cJhMuonf/ ,cifu xD;wifNyD;aemuf rdk;OD;usvQifyif
392
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 393
rd;k BudK;cí apwDiw k w

f jkd zpfc&hJ onf/ Zif;usKd ufawmifajc ausmufxyk t f usO;f pcef; teD;wGif
Aswf0d AswåapwDESpfqlrSm nDaemifurf;ay:wifaomae&mü txdrf;trSwfapwDtjzpf
wnfxm;cJNh y;D jyKjyifc&hJ m ,cktcg usm;*l[k vlord sm;Muonf/ apwDtxuf ausmufpeG ;f
0,f Am;rJah usmif;awmf&m[k ac:qdak omae&mum; ausuw f ;kH tBuD;tao;rsm;&Sad eonf/
nDaemifESpfa,mufwdkY tm;tpGrf;jyaom ausmufwHk; ausmufzsm[k ajymprSwfjyKcJhMu
onf/
uwGe&f mG teD; um;vrf;rdik w f ikd f 164 ta&SUbufwiG f rSeu f n
l aD emifausmif;&So
d nf/
ausmif;twGi;f uke;f jrihaf y:0,f Am;rJyh x k ;kd ac: apwDwpfq&l odS nf/ nDnmaom uke;f jyif0,f
0dZmÆ xdik af usmufw;kH [k ac:qdMk uaom vlwpfxidk pf mausmufzsmrsm;&So d nf/ þausmufzsm
ay:ü ykqpf'l;wpfzufcsxdkifaeNyD; tm;oGif;um aumif;uifodkY ckefwufNyD; Zif;usdKuf
apwD&&dS modYk 0dZÆmnDaemif 2-a,muf oGm;cJMh uonf[k qdo k nf/ Zif;usdKufwpf0ukd 0f ,f
Am;rJhqdkif&m txdrf;trSwfae&m rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
wdkuúvm;awmif Am;rJhausmif;awmf
bDvif;NrdKUe,f? awmifpeG ;f NrdKUteD; usdKufa';,sHKqHawmfapwD&ifjyif ajrmufbuf
uduk f 50-cefY ausmufw;kH ausmufpeG ;f ay:0,f a&S;a[mif;taqmuftOD;rSm tvsm;
ay 15? teH ay 15 opfom;aqmifjzpfonf/ aumZmESpf 1337-ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynfah eY
u xD;awmfwifvLS NyD;aemuf taqmuftOD;udk rd;k vHak vvHk jyKjyifNyD; usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf oDwif;oH;k cJo h nf/ 1341-ckEpS ?f uqkev f y|mef;ylaZmfyu
JG si;f yaepOf olawmfpif
wpfOD; q&mawmfxH ta&;wBuD;a&muf&Sdvmonf/ vmcJh&jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm Am;rJh
tif;upm;enf; Am;rJt h if;0dZÆmusihpf Of xGuaf &mufy*k K¾d vf trnfyg rSww f rf; o0PfvmT
wpfapmifudk usdKufxD;aqmif;xH 'DaeY ta&mufydkYyg? rvdkufemvQif 'Pfcwfrnf[k
rdeMYf um;í ta&;wBuD;vma&mufygaMumif; avQmufí o0PfvmT udk qufuyfco hJ nf/
1371-ckEpS ?f uqkev f y|mef;yGw J iG f tqdyk gtaqmuftOD;rSm Am;rJah usmif;awmf
jzpfaMumif; rdeMYf um;í oHuu l eG u
f &pf 2-xyftaqmuftOD;aqmufvyk af pcJo h nf/ 1372-
ckESpf? uqkefvqkwf (2)&ufaeYwGif ausmif;awmfudk xD;wifí zGifhyGJjyKvkyfcJhonf/ zGifhyGJ
tNyD;wGif xdkif;EdkifiHrS jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m xdkif;ppfoHrSL; ZeD;ESihf urÇmhoDv&SiftzGJU Ouú|
arcsDppH eD; OD;aqmifaom {nho f nfawmfrsm;wufa&muf Munfñckd MhJ uonf/ xD;wifyJG
tNyD; q&mawmfrS Am;rJhq&mawmftaMumif;ESifh Am;rJhtif; tpDt&ifrsm;udk rdefYMum;cJh
393
KTS 15-11-14-1
onf/ aESmif;vlrsm; odoifah om taMumif;t&mtcsdKUudk tusOf;csKyfrw S w f rf;jyKjcif;

jzpfonf/ rdrt
d usipfh &PESifh xdu
k w
f efaom ynmrsm; jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&,
G jf cif;jzpfonf/
Am;rJah usmif;awmfukd urÁn;f xd;k xm;jcif;r&Sb
d J 0wfjzLpifMu,fjzihf xGu&f yfayguf
yk*d¾KvfrS ñTefjyaeyHkudk awGU&onf/ ausmufzsmay:wGif BuD;rm;aom tif;uGufyHkudk
awGU&rnf/ rodoal usmf odoal zmf/ odwo hJ al &T rodc&hJ ifajr[k tpjyKum a[wkypöa,m
rS t0d*wypöa,mjzihf puf0ikd ;f tem;owftuGucf sí tvnfwiG f oH-*H-k y-r-, pr
5-vH;k udk t"dymÜ ,fazmfxm;onfrmS -
oH ok0ÖPomoem *kPaf ygif;jzmonf
*Hk *kPfaygif;zGifhazmfjrwfqHawmf
y ynmtvif;jy0dZÆmuG
r raemr, ynm £pdw ä m
,s a&Tjynfawmf0ifued ;f tpOf [lí jzpfonf/
odk0Sufxm;aomynm&yfrsm;
a&S;jrefrmwdkYtqdkpum;rSm *gxmay; aq;jzpf? twltaeMumvQif ynm&Sifudk
txifao;wwfonf/ olc;kd taumif;tqd;k rodEikd ?f vQKd U0Suef ufeaJ om rEÅmefukd oifMum;
ay;aomfvnf; wefz;kd &S&d dS toH;k rjyKbJ &Gwzf wfaevQif tysi;f ajyaw;qdo k vdjk zpfí wefz;kd
rJo
h vdjk zpf&onf/ ynm&Siçf wefc;kd &SiEf iS fh &if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifcsed rf sm;vQif t½dt
k aowef txif
ao;oGm;Edik o f nf/ cd;k ,l&aomypön;f \ wefz;kd udk rodí avsmhaps;jzifah &mif;csjcif;? rtyf
r&m toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;jzpfavh&Sdonf/ tif;tdkifvufzGJUrsm;rSm oauFwjyKpmvHk; ocsFm
trSwt f om;jzifh pD&ifxm;onf/ trsm;rodap&ef pD&ifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&menf;usus
oif,t l oH;k jyKjcif; orm"dynmtm;aumif;jcif;aMumifh od0k u S yf nm&yfukd odciG &fh Edik af yonf/
vltrsm;url *rDÇ&ynmtjzpf ac:a0:oHk;EIef;Muonf/ a&SUacwf ysLvlrsdK;wdkY wnfxGifcJh
aom prÜme0tif; rSm ,aeYwikd x f if&mS ;Ny;D toH;k jyKaeqJjzpfonf/ vGepf mG t&mus,v f suf
&Sod nf/ tif;uGurf mS oH;k uGuo f ;kH wef;&So
d nf/ tif;qHac: tif;uGuw f iG af &;&rnfh ocsFm
*Pef;rSm prÜm-2/ e0if;-9/ Zmvif;-4/ owå-7/ yOö-5/ w&d-3/ q-6/ {u-1/
t|-8/ [k tpOftwdik ;f a&;avh&o dS nf/ q&menf;&ol y|mef;taMumif;quf&o dS w
l Ykd
tif;upm;EdkifNyD; tif;0dZÆmaygufajrmufoGm;Muonf/
394
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 395
Am;rJah usmif;awmfü xGu&f yfaygufq&mawmfw\ Ykd ½kyyf akH wmf aygufajrmufcahJ om

tif;uGi;f tif;qHrsm;udk awGUcGi&hf Edik o f nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfred MYf um;onfum;
]]'DrmS t|rkct f if;? prÜme0tif;? oAÁaZ,stif;awG&w dS ,f[í l jzpfonf/ tif;upm;&mwGif
eu©wfay:csdefa&G;? tif;uGufpnf;jywf? tif;ayguf? tif;uGufuef;? tif;usdK; paom
(21)ck owdjyK&rnfh tpDt&ifrsm;&So d nf/ 0ifeu©wEf iS fh 0&pkwf tNrdwpå w k ?f xGuef u©wf
ESifh umepkwf paom tcsdeaf umif; eu©waf umif; pepfaumif;vQif wpfuu G jf zifh udpNö yD;
oGm;Edik o
f nf/ *rDÇ&ynmavhvmMu&m0,f ]]*gxmwpf *gxmwpfaxmif? tif;aumif;wpfuGuf?
aq;wpfpuf}}[k qdx k ;kH jyKcJMh uonf/ aygufajrmufaom tif;wpfuu G u
f kd rIid ;f udik pf uúL
wGif tjypfuif;atmifcsvsuf rEÅmef&GwftoufoGif;NyD; jymcsaomufygvQif tif;0dZÆm?
tif;ynm&yf txGwt f xdyaf &mufomG ;Ekid o
f nf[k tqd&k cdS o hJ nf/
tmp&d,*kPfudk ½dkao
Am;rJhausmif;awmfü tcif;tusif;jyKxm;onfrSm MunfEl;zG,fjrifuGif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;awmfrmS 2-xyfjzpf&m txufxyf0ifvQif Am;rJq h &mawmfyw kH yl ykH mG ;udk txifom;
awGU&rnf/ bk&m;pifxuf0,f Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmf a&SUrsufEmS pm0Jbufü yxrHb;kd bd;k atmif?
,mbufü tbbd;k rif;acgif? ta&SUbufe&H u H yfvsuf anmifapmif;ukwifxm;&So d nf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ pcef;toD;oD; wynhw f aYkd exdik &f mausmif;taqmufttHk
wynh&f if;wd\ Yk aetdrf oD;oefcY ef;wGif awGUjrifEikd o
f nf/ þvdt k cif;tusif;jyK&rnf[k
q&mawmfrmS Mum;jcif; ajymqdjk cif; rjyKaomfvnf; tdyrf uft& xm;cJMh uonf/ q&mawmf
onf tmp&d,wdkYtm; *½k*g&0jyKoljzpfí ukwifanmifapmif;wGifavsmif;pufavhr&Sd?
yv’iaf y:xdik v f suf w&m;a[mavhr&Sad y/ Ak'v ¨ ufxufawmfu t&n0goDawm&rSo D l
a,m*g0p& ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwo f rl sm;onf rdrw d aYkd &SU0,f Ak't ¨ csderf a&G;<ua&muf
vsuf ur®|mef;w&m;jyKjyifay;&eftwGuf tcif;xm;avh&adS Mumif; yd#uusrf;pmrsm;wGif
jyqdck o
hJ nf/ tvm;wlyif qdik &f mq&mawmfrsm; <ua&mufow D if;oH;k &ef ukwifanmifapmif;
rsm;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; q&mawmfrdefYMum;cJhonf/ teEÅig;yg;OD;xdyfxm;vsuf q&mudk
&wemoH;k yg;ESifh wef;wlxm;ud;k uG,jf cif;? t½dt k aojyKjcif;udk vufawGUjyoaeyHjk zpfonf/
tif;wufenf;? tif;upm;enf;rsm;udk awGU&ovdk bd;k awmf½yk yf rkH sm;udyk if awGU&onf/
r[meEáwm& Z0eq&mawmf r[maZ,s 0dZÆm"dk&f0dZÆm r,d'd̈r*Fvmbdk;apm ponfwdkY
jzpfonf/
395
KTS 15-11-14-1
*E¨m&Dc&D;pOfpcef;rsm;
usKd ufa';,sKH apwDrS taemufajrufbuf um;vrf;twdik ;f ajcvsiq f ufomG ;vQif
qHawmfapwD1 trnfjzifh ac:qdkaom apwDudka&mufrnf/ ay 50 cefYjrifh ausmufpGef;
ausmufawmifay:0,f apwDi,fwpfql bd;k awmfoMd um;rwf&yf usdKufx;D ½d;k apwD&&dS modYk
vufñ;kd ñTejf yaeyH?k qHawmf'g,um b&aohyw kH u Ykd kd awGU&rnf/ ay 50 cefY ausmufpeG ;f
udk pwD;ydkufjzifh aMumifvdrfavSum;jzihf wufa&mufzl;ajr§mfEdkifonf/ atmufajc0,f
ausmuf*rl mS obm0jzpfay:aeaom ausmufpeG ;f udk rd;k vHak vvHak tmif oifw h if½h kH jyKjyif
xm;jcif;jzpfí rlvyuwdausmuf*t l wdik ;f awGUMu&onf/ Am;rJ*h [ l ak c:Muonf/ *ltrd;k ay:ü
oH-*H-k y-r-,s [laom b'úrÇm0,fyiG ahf wmfrNl yD; yGiahf wmfrv l wHUå bk&m;&Sif 5-qlukd
&nfp;l í 9-aycefaY pwDrsm; wnfxm;onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;pOfaygufajrmufvo kd wl Ykd usif&h rnfh
ae&mtjzpf wif&mS ;cJo h nf/ Am;rJ*h rl S wpfac:cefcY &D; csKd if0h rS ;f wGif BuD;rm;aom ausmufw;kH BuD;
ay:0,f apwDi,fwpfqu l kd awGUMu&rnf/ &[EÅm*l[k xif&mS ;onf/ &Si*f 0Hywdtm;
Ak'u
¨ ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wDa'oü owå0ga0ae,sm acRcRwaf &;aqmif&u G &f ef wm0ef
ay;cJh&m tNrJoDwif;oHk;aom *ltjzpf ajymqdkcJhMuonf/
Am;rJuh sipfh Of *E¨m&Dc&D;aygufajrmufvo kd w l ikd ;f onf Am;rJ*h El iS fh &[EÅm*l0,f t"d|mef
0if&ef vdtk yfrnfjzpfonf/ usKd ufa';,sKH awmifwiG f t"d|mef0ifvo kd wl t Ykd wGuf c&D;vG,u f l
ap&ef uGeu f &pfcif;um;vrf;azmufvyk x f m;Ny;D jzpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf
yg&rD y|mef;taMumif;&Sí d 0dZmÆ y|mef;qufygolwt Ykd m; *E¨m&Dc&D;apvTw&f mwGif usKd ufa';,sKH
wGif pcef;csvsuf *½kPem*xlyapwDç Am;rJah usmif;awmfç Am;rJ*h çl qHawmfapwDç arQmaf wmf
a&mifapwDç &[EÅm*l Muufrif;awmifapwD a&Tpnf;*Hak pwDrsm;udk zl;ajrmfEikd &f ef t"d|mef
c&D;udk vTwaf vh&o dS nf/ qufí auvmo auvmoz jroydwf jrovGef jrbke;f &Sed f
jryv’if usm;wpf&m aMumifwpf&m apwDtxd c&D;xGufzl;ajrmfMu&onf/ *E¨m&Dc&D;
oGm;vdo k tl wGuf ñTejf y&ayonf/
[Hom0wDESihf tif;0Am;rJhq&mawmf
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf *E¨m&Dtusiu fh kd tajccHvsuf &mZpcef; Or®wu å
pcef; psmepcef;[k oH;k qifoh wfrwS u f sifah qmifco
hJ nf/ txuf (wwd,ydik ;f )usihpf Ofenf;
rsm;udk jyqdkcJhNyD; Or®wåupcef;usifhpOfenf;rsm;udk Oayu©myg&rDtzGihf (ESm-81)ü ñTefjy
1/ uvsmPDausmufpmtqdk £Eéu
d #k =odMum;av;udik ;f yHak pwD? Am;rJq
h aH wmfw[
D ak c:onf/
396
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 397
xm;ygonf/ psmepcef;usihef nf;udk &aohb0jzpfpOfwiG f jyxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ wyo psme

orP psmeusihfpOfrsm;udk Ak'¨*kPfawmfyGm;rsm; tmemygepwkw¬psmef tajccHxm;usihfcJh
aMumif; od&onf/ usifhenf;pepfudk Ak'¨tvdkus ig;oHk;vDusrf;pmrsufESm( )wGif
jyqdck NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ awmawmifrsm;ü tazmfrrS;D wpfu,
kd w
f nf; {upm&Dawm&yfrcD sed 0f ,f
qdkif&m yk*d¾Kvfxl;rsm; vma&mufvsuf enf;ñTefjycJhonf/ xdkyk*d¾Kvfxl;rsm;wGif
Am;rJhq&mawmfESihf y|mef;taMumif;qufolwdkY yg0ifcJhonf/ tcuftcJrsm;BuHKawGUvQif
Am;rJho&P*Hk (30)udk ykwD;pdyfavh&Sdonf/
Am;rJq
h &mawmftpOftqufukd jynhpf akH tmif odciG rhf &aomfvnf; [Hom0wDacwf
bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;BuD;vufxufwiG f Am;rJq h &mawmf[k xif&mS ;cJah om av;xyfausmif;
q&mawmfxH wynht f jzpfc,
H al om &[ef;wpfyg;&Scd o hJ nf/ bk&ifah emifewf&mG pHNyD;aemuf
om;awmfBuD; eE´m rif;jzpfvmcJo h nf/ xdt
k cdsef xl;jcm;aomjzpfpOf (2)rsKd ;ay:aygufco hJ nf-
(1) [Hom0wDjrpftwGi;f rdausmif;wpfaumifonf aMu;jym;yk&yku d f udu
k cf sD
vmonfudk t½l;wpfa,muf oGm;a&muf,lcJhNyD; av;xyfausmif;
q&mawmfxH oGm;a&muf uyfvLS onf/
(2) 0dZÆm"d&k v
f v
k ifonf a&TayvTmudk av;xyfq&mawmfxH uyfvLS vmjyef
onf/ xdyk &k yduk f (2)qlukd &[ef;i,fwpfyg; q&mawmfxrH oS if,cl &hJ m
0dZÆm,meynmtm;vH;k wwfajrmufco hJ nf/ Am;rJq
h &mawmf[k trnfcH
&onf/
bk&ifhaemif\ om;awmfi,frSm armifopömjzpfonf/ rif;&JeE´rdwf bGJUtyfESif;í
anmif&rf;NrdKUpm;tjzpf oem;awmfjrwfcH&onf/ Am;rJhq&mawmf jzpfvmrnfh &[ef;\
ypönf;av;yg;'g,umtjzpf cH,lxm;onf/ eE´mbk&ifonf crnf;awmfbk&ifhaemifrif;
uG,v f eG af omtcg t,k', ¨ ppfyu JG kd ½I;H cJ&h onft h jyif e,fpm;rsm;\ awmfveS yf ek u f efjcif;udk
cHaeonf/ Am;rJt h wwfjzifh bk&iht f m; tultnDray;ol[k txif&adS omaMumifh Am;rJh
q&mawmfEiS fh armifopömwdt Yk m; anmif&rf;NrKd UodYk ydv Yk u
kd o
f nf/ rdausmif;ESifh 0dZmÆ "d&k v
f vk ifwYkd
qufoaom yk&ydkuf (2)qlwGif ygaom 0dZÆm,metwwfrsm;jzihf anmif&rf;pm;tm;
ulnaD pmifah &Smuf&m anmif&rf;rif;rSm vlol ppftiftm; awmihw f if;vmcJoh nf/ txl;ojzihf
atmifjcif;&Spyf g; rEÅmeftcsKyf *gxm (2)yk'u f kd eHeuf aeYvnf naetcsdef rjywf&w G zf wf
ylaZmf&ef *gxmrsm;udk pD&ifay;oem;cJhonf/ ,if;*gxm (2)yk'f ESm ( )wGif jyqdkxm;
onf/
397
KTS 15-11-14-1
aemifaomtcg &cdkifbk&ifESifhawmifilbk&ifwdkY yl;aygif;ppfwdkufaomaMumifh

eE´mbk&if eef;usco hJ nf/ [Hom0wDaejynfawmfvnf; ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;cJo
h nf/ [Hom0wDrS
ppfonfol&Jaumif; ynm&Sd &[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk; anmif&rf;rif;xHcdkvIHMu&m tiftm;
awmifhwif;vmonf/ ouú&mZf (959)wGif anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;trnfjzifh tif;0
aejynfawmfudk 'kwd,tBudrf wnfaxmifNyD; jynf [Hom0wD awmifil tygt0if
e,fajrrsm; ydik q
f ikd v
f monf/ anmif&rf;rif;qufukd jzpfay:apcJo
h nf/ Am;rJq h &mawmfonf
tif;0odkYa&muf&SdNyD; om;awmf (2)yg;jzpfaom taemufbufvGefrif;? omvGefrif;wdkY
vufxuftxd rif;q&mawmftjzpf ud;k uG,cf &H onf/
q&mawmfonf 972-ckESpfwGif b0ewfxHysHvGefcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;xm;cJhí
od&onf/
Am;rJh0dZÆm,me[lonf
Am;rJh0dZÆmynmjzifh &&SdEdkifaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk jyqdkxm;&m ZrÁLausmf[dk;
od'd̈rsdK;jzifh wefcdk;qifhx yD,woD; c&D;qdkwm EIdif;&mr&Sd a&twdESihf vdk&mNyD;ajrmuf
ra&mufab;&ef trSeu f if;uGm&aom wd;k yGm;ouf&n S vf sm;í bk&m;jrwfpmG rdaw,smudk
þud, k Ef iS yfh if zl;jrifxu kd pf mG -ponfjzifh jyqdx
k m;onf/ jyqdx k m;onfh tusdK;&atmif
tcsdKU tm;xkww f ikd ;f atmifjrifMuonf/ tcsdKU ratmifjrif tcsdeu f ek v f yl rf;jzpf&onf/
tb,faMumifeh nf;ar;vmvQif 0dZÆmynmudk trSew f wfol awGU&efcufcv J o S nf/ q&mh
pum; em;axmifco J nf/ usepGmodco J nf/ pdwaf &mud,k yf g jyKvkyEf ikd cf o
J nf/ owdw&m;
&SEd ikd cf oJ nf/ t&m&mjynhpf rkH o S m aygufajrmufMuonf/ tcsdeu f mvtm;jzifh ]]jynf jynfomrS
Opöm? m? jynfqmvQif ynm ynm}}[laom ayg&mPtwdik ;f Edik if aH t;csr;f om,mcsed f avmuD
ynm tm;enf;? 0dZÆmynm&yfrsm; tm;enf;aernf[k Am;rJhq&mawmf trSmpum;
xm;cJo h nf/ 0dZmÆ ynm&yfukd bk&m;&Sio
f nf ig;&mig;q,fwiG f plVaoXdZmwfü "eod'?¨d
a0'AsZmwfü &wemrd;k &Gmjcif;? b*¾Zmwfü bDv;l Edik jf cif;? '"d0g[eZmwfü yJcyG jf zifh
wdkif;jynf,lcJhjcif; ponfZmwfawmfrsm;pGmwGif om"utjzpf xif&Sm;&SdcJhonf/
þonfrmS Am;rJ0h Zd mÆ ynm&yf\ tusKd ;w&m;rsm;ESihf &&SEd ikd yf kH om"ursm;jzpfí rdrw d iG f
ygvmaom ynmyg&rDtvdu k f oifwh ef&m avmuD0Zd mÆ tqifu h kd arQmv
f ifEh ikd af yonf/
Am;rJhqufynm&yfrsm; (a&Tjzpf aiGjzpfenf;)
anmif&rf;acwfu trwfBuD; oD&ad Z,sausmx
f ifonf 0dZmÆ ynm&yf aygufajrmuf
cJo
h jl zpfonf/ bk&ifu ac:,lNyD; vufawGUjyoap&mwGif aMu;eDukd t&nfBudKapNyD;
398
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 399
vuf0Jbuf EIwfcrf;arT;udk za,mif;ESihfvHk;í vuf0JjymwGifxnfh&m abmfpif (aiGpif)

jzpfco
hJ nf/ xdak iGukd xuf0ufcBJG udKapí ,mbufEw I cf rf;arT; tvm;wlxnhaf p&m
ZrÁL&pfa&TjzpfcJhonf/ aiGjzpfenf; a&Tjzpfenf; vkyfxHk; r[mod'd̈usrf;wGif a&;om;xm;
avonf/
od'd¨tzHkzHkNyD;jynhfpHk
qm;? uefY? pdef? ,rf;? jy'g;? Z0ufom? aq;'ef;? [if;½dkif;? vufcsm;wdkYudk
"mwfjyKNyD; vkyef nf;twdik ;f pD&ifvQif tm[m&od'?¨d tma&m*sod'?¨d um,od'?¨d ÓmPod'?¨d
pdEmÅ r,od'?¨d tmumood'¨d ponfNy;D pD;Edik o
f nf/ apwDyx k ;kd a&SU0,f e0*Fov
D aqmufwnf
Ak'g¨ Ekówd 'Gwo ð¬ um, 32 aum|mo arwåmur®|mef; (7)&uf t"d|mefxm;yGm;rsm;vQif
vluad vomukeNf yD? ewfwYkd udavomrQusefrnf? qdv k okd nfrmS ewfoal ,mifr,fwEYkd iS fh
awGUEdik o
f nf/ þ0dZÆmynm&yfaMumifh touf&n S pf mG Ak'o ¨ moemudjk yK&ef tm;xkwof l
wdtYk m; vl0Zd Æm ewf0Zd Æm rpulnaD Mumif; vrf;pOfjyxm;onf/
ayg&dom&tif;
t[H oDa[mayg&doma&m 0ga,m"mwk udk tif;qHxiG ;f NyD; tif;csaqmif,yl gu
avSNydKif EGm;NydKif jrif;NydKifyrJG sm; yxr&&SEd ikd o
f nf/ a&BuD;aomtcg ¤if;tif;udik af qmifí
trdeaYf y;u a&uscJo h nf[k qdo k nf/
ru©,lemaysmuftif;
Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd-[laom tu©&mudk (9)uGut f if;0,fcs tv,fwiG f a0'em&Sif
\ arG;eHxnhf? tif;uGufcsaomtcg usm;jzpfvQif xrif;tdk; rjzpfvQif [if;tdk;zifrSm
tif;csNyD;aemuf vrf;qHkwGifxm; vQifjrefpGmaysmufuif;aMumif; omvGefrif;orD;awmf
vufawGUukxHk;tjzpfjyqdkonf/
Edik if aH wmfvNkH cKH a&;twGuf t&G,t f qifjh ynhpf o
kH l vl&, G rf sm;a&G;cs,íf ol&aJ umif;
wyfzUJG vdo k nf ud, k v f akH q; (um,od')¨d pDraH y;&ef avQmufxm;&m Am;rJq h &mawmfonf
a&Tpifa&Taumif;udk eef;qGNJ y;D apwDEiS fh odrt f wGi;f rEÅmef (1000)pD pkwv f uf,mvufarmif;
a&TtyfjrKyf aq;awmfwu kd af uR;ay;cJo
h nf/
oEDéNrdKUudk odrf;ydkuf&ef tvdk&SdaMumif;avQmuf&m uif;rGef;oD;udk acgif;avQmf
jyKvkyNf yD; &aohq,fO;D xl;jrwf*gxmckepfBudrrf ef;NyD; rif;ESiw fh uG tdraf &SUtygt0if &Jruf
tm;vH;k OD;acgif;wGiv f rd ;f apí csDwufvyk Bf uHvQif tvG,w f ul tvdjk ynhcf o hJ nf/
399
KTS 15-11-14-1
þonfrmS 0dZÆmynm&yftaMumif; rdwq f uftjzpfa&;om;wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/

Am;rJhq&mawmfonf 0dZÆmynm&yfESifhywfoufí rdefYMum;aom Mo0g'pum;rSm-
oauFw0peH opH?ö avmuor®Kwd um&PH?
y&rw¬0peH opö?H "r®meH blwvu©P/H /ESit
hf nD avmuDrmS ,xm&[?
avmukw&å mom {u0pe jzpfonf/ avmuDynmrSm r*fzv kd &f a&; taxmuftyHrh Qom
jzpfonf/ raocsm ra&&m[k rSw, f &l efjzpfonf/ oHo&mrS xGuaf jrmufvo kd rl sm;onf
aAm"dyud,© w&m;rsm;udok m tm;ud;k tm;xm;usi&hf efjzpfaMumif; bk&m;&Sitf vduk s yGm;rsm;
enf;jzpfaMumif;rSmMum;cJhonf/
yGifhvif;pjyK&ef tm;,lcsdef
usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS f apwDa*gyutzGUJ Ouú| OD;ode;f aqGrS xkwaf pí jyefMum;
a&;0efBuD;Xme *g'D,ef;owif;pmwdu k rf S 1994-ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0aom
usdKufx;D ½d;k qHawmf&iS f ordik ;f pmtkyu f kd usdKufxNkd rdKUe,f? pmayESifh pme,fZif; trIaqmif
tzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom ordkif;jyKpkcJhonfh armifarmifndef;? armifoyf&yf? anmifcg;&Snf
rIdif;a0? ydkifpdk;OD;? pdk;&mZmwdkYonf udsKufxD;½dk;apwDordkif;udk tjynhfpHkqHk;jzpfatmif jyKpk
cJMh uonf/ xdo k rdik ;f jyKpka&;tzGUJ 0ifwo Ykd nf bDvif;NrdKUe,f 0if;u&Gm? awmifBuD;&GmteD;&Sd
auvmoqHawmf&iS Ef iS fh jroydwaf pwDawmf ESpq f l ryGirhf vif; &Sad eao;onfukd ¤if;wdYk
jyKpkaom ordkif;pm ESm (51? 52)wGif azmfjyygtwdkif; wifjyxm;cJhMuonf/
auvmoapwDtwGuf oD;jcm;Asm'dwfpum&SdcJhaMumif;vnf; od&ygonf/
þauvmoapwDonf omoemawmfxuf0ufausmf aemiftem*wfumvü tvH
(100)jrifah om apwDawmfBuD; jzpfomG ;rnfjzpfaMumif;? þapwDawmfBuD; wnf&&dS ma'oü
yifvQif omoemawmfxuf0ufausmfvQif ]]auo0wD auo0wD}}[laom aejynfawmfBuD;
ay:aygufvmNyD; "r®&mZfrif;aumif;u tkyfpdk;rnfjzpfaMumif;? þauvmoapwDawmf
BuD;udv aom@,apwD}}[lí ac:a0:MurnfjzpfaMumif; &[EÅmajcmufyg;wdkYu
k nf; ]]aom@,apwD
Asm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;cJhyg\/
,cktcg auvmoawmifxdyfwGif xHk;azG;azG;jzifh pHy,faeawmfrlaom
auvmo apwD a wmf B uD ;}}onf wefcdk;awmf ryGifhrvif;ao;ívm;¿ vrf;yef;
]]auvmo
qufo, G af &; cufcv J eG ;f aomaMumifv
h m;¿ rqdEk ikd yf g/ vlo&d iS Mf um; bk&m;zl; tajrmuf
trsm; tNrJwrf;r&Sad y/ wefc;l v oBuFet f wufaeY wpf&ufwiG o f m bk&m;zl; tajrmuf
400
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 401
trsm; oGm;vmavh&SdMuygonf/ wpfESpfwpfcg ydawmufyef;ESihftwlom yGihfvif;awmf

rlqJ jzpfaeayao;onf/
auvmoawmifxyd f bk&m;odw Yk uf&ef vrf; (2)oG,f txift&Sm;&Syd gonf/
awmifpGef;blwmwGifqif;NyD; vSnf; jrif;vSnf;wdkYjzifh (4)rdkifavmuf c&D;ESifvmygu
auvmoawmifajc&if; ]]"EH;k acsmif;}}pcef;udk a&mufygonf/ ¤if;"EH;k rS auvmoawmif
ay:odkY wuf&ygonf/ awmifpGef;? aygufawm? uif;&Gm? "EHk;acsmif;vrf;udk awmifpGef;
wdu k ef ,fbufrS vltcsdKU toH;k jyKrsm;aomaMumifh ]]awmifpeG ;f auvmo}}[k ac:a0:
oH;k EIe;f avh&MdS uygonf/ trSerf mS awmifpeG ;f wpfjcm;? auvmobk&m;u wpfjcm;pD jzpfyg
onf/ usKd ufxb kd w
l mtvGef r&rf;uke;f blwmrSqif;Ny;D vSn;f (odrYk [kw)f ajcvsiaf vQmuf
ygu r&rf;ukef;? ydkifwef;? &Gmwnf;&Snf? ,uúef;onfr? 0if;u&Gmrsm;udk jzwfoef;&yg
onf/ (4)rdik af vmufavQmufNyD; 0if;u&Gm auvmobk&m;vrf; (rkcOf ;D )udk a&mufygonf/
usKd ufxNkd rKd UrS vSn;f jzifh (4)rdik cf &D;v,fuiG ;f jyifus,uf jkd zwfygu zuúvyd ?f usKd ufy?d
odrfil? ,uúef;onfr? 0if;u&Gm auvmoawmifajc&if; (rkcfOD;)odkY a&mufygonf/
,uúef;onfr? 0if;u&GmwpfavQmufonf wpfcsdefu urÇmausmf ordkif;xif&Sm;cJhaom
]]ok0ÖPblr}d }NrKd Uawmfa[mif;BuD; jzpfygonf/ 0if;u&Gmqdv k Qif auvmoawmifajc&if;
jzpfNy;D ,uúe;f onfr&GmrS auvmoawmifajcESifh (1)rdik cf efu Y mG a0;ygonf/ ok0ÖPblrd
NrdKUawmfa[mif;BuD;twGi;f avhvmNyD; 0if;uvrf;rS auvmobk&m;ay:odYk wuf&onf
rSm a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz, G f wpfrsdK;jzpfNyD; usHK;a[mif; NrdKU½d;k a[mif;rsm;u pdwEf v
S ;kH
vIy&f mS ;? twdwo f Ykd jyefyo
Ykd mG ;ap\/
auvmoawmifonf 0if;u&GmBuD;ESifh uyfaeaomaMumifh ,uúe;f onfr? 0if;u
]]ok0ÖPblrNd rKd Ua[mif;}} auvmo[kqykd gu t"dymÜ ,f rSeu f efqaD vsmv f yS g\/ tqdyk g
auvmoqHawmf&iS b f &k m;\ rlv'g,umwdrYk mS vnf; þok0ÖPblrNd rKd Uae oay:rif;?
taomu (ac:) plVoD&drmaomurif;ESihf jynfoljynfom;wdkYjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&yg
onf/ þjynf þrif; (0g) ok0ÖPblrNd rKd Uawmfae omoemjyKrif;wdo Yk nf þauvmo
bk&m;udo k mru ok0ÖPblrw d ikd ;f Edik if wH pf0ef;&Sd qHawmf? "mwfawmf? arGawmf? apwDawmf
wdu
Yk kd jyKjyifwnfaqmuf½rkH Qru Ak'o ¨ moemawmf wnfwx hH eG ;f um;atmif BudK;yrf;
aqmif&u G cf MhJ uaMumif; ,ckwifjycJNh yD;aom ordik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm;u xif&mS ;aeyg
onf/
401
KTS 15-11-14-1
pum;csyf
auvmoqHawmf&SifapwDawmfjrwfESihf auvmoawmifpG,fwGifwnf&Sdonfh
jroydwaf pwDawmfjrwfukd ,ckusdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z
b'ÉÅOD;ynm'Dy OD;pD;í omoemawmfyGihfvif;onfxuf yGifhvif;ap&ef bufpHkrGrf;rH
jyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdygonf/
auvmoawmif tyfESHjcif;
auvmoawmifonf tjrifah y (1650)&So d nf/ tjrifq h ;kH awmifxyd wf iG f wnf
xm;cJí h av;bufav;weft&yfrS txifom;zl;awGUEdik af omapwDjzpfonf/ twdwf
ordkif;um; qHawmfapwDtrsm;ü azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfí rwifjyawmhay/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmfonf qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm; jyefvnfyiG v fh if;a&;twGuf &[ef;abmif0ifa&muf
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ apwDawmfudk a&S;acwf rGefrif;rsm; udk;uG,fcJhMuNyD; omoemawmf yk*H
a&mufcsdefrSpí arS;rSdefcJh&onf/ omoem (2002)aemufydkif; [Hom0wDbk&if &Sifapmyk
ESihf "r®apwDrif;wdYk auvmoqHawmf&iS u f kd xyfrjH yKjyifNy;D rGeb
f momjzifh ordik ;f ausmufpm
a&;xd;k cJo h nf/ aemufyikd ;f rif;rsm; jyKjyifrrI wS w
f rf; rawGU&ay/ c&pfEpS f 1852-ckEpS w f iG f
atmufjrefrmEdkifiH t*Fvdyfvufatmufusa&mufcsdefrSpí auvmoawmifapwDrSm
awmcsHKtxd zH;k cJ&h onf/ 1222-ckEpS w f iG f awmifajc0ef;usifrS &[ef;&Siv f rl sm; pkaygif;í
xD;awmfwifvSLMuNyD; uif;&Gm&Gmv,fausmif; OD;rOÆLu yxrawmifydkifjzpfvmonf/
auvmoawmifux kd ed ;f odr;f cJo
h nf/ 1244-ckEpS wf iG f xD;awmftopfwifvLS onf/ ivsif
'PfaMumifh ysufpD;cJh&m 1264-ckESpfwGif xD;awmftopfwifvSLí t&HapwDi,frsm;udk
wnfxm;Muonf/ 1292-ckESpf uqkefvqef; (14)&ufwGif rdk;BudK;cí 0gacgifv0,f
rd;k &GmEIe;f rsm;í apwDtxufyikd ;f jyKwfusco hJ nf/ 1294-ckEpS w f iG f trsm;aumif;rIjzifh apwD
jyKjyifvsuf xD;awmfwifvLS cJMh uonf/ rMumrD pdezf ;l udk rormolwYkd cd;k ,lomG ;cJo h nf/
OD;rmCu awmifydkifq&mawmftjzpf xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf/ xdkpOfu apwD
ÓmPfawmftjrifh 113-ayausmf &So d nf/ awmifajcwGif em;aeZ&yf? tm½Hck w H efaqmif;?
rkcOf ;D awmifxyd 0f ,f odrw f u
kd af qmufvyk í f uif;&Gm a':yJomausmif;ESifh qGr;f pm;aqmif?
uif;&GmolBuD; OD;pGef;ESihfa':tlwdkYu "r®apwDtm½HkcH0wf? t*Faw½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ESihf
tkwfwdkuf'g,umrS ausmufwpfvHk;&Gm OD;pH&Tef; r,fawmf ½kyfxkESihfewfeef;? 1309-
ckEpS u f opfawm0efBuD;ESifh awmifajcaus;&Gmom;rsm;u wnf;cdak qmif (,ckr&Sad wmhNyD)?
402
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 403
uwJav;&Gm OD;jzLrS awmifydkifq&mawmf½kyfxkxm;&mjywdkuf? apwD ta&SUrsufESmwGif

rSefausmif;udk usD;yif&Gm OD;atmifyef;ç anmifom,m Budrfzef&Gm trsm;aumif;rItjzpf
aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhMuonf/
aumZmESpf 1312-ckEpS f wefc;l vqef; (12)&ufaeYwiG f a'otwGi;f &Sd &[ef;&Sif
vl &Gmol&mG om;rsm;u xD;awmfa[mif; EGr;f aeonf topfjyKvkyw f ifvLS Mujyefonf/
10-ESpt f Mum 1322-ck oDwif;uRwv f wGif e,foel ,fom;rsm; nDñw G u
f m a*gyutzGUJ
zGUJ vsuf apwDawmfBuD;a[mif;EGr;f usdK;yJ&h o
dS nfukd bdvyfajrtvSLcHvsuf yef;&Hvyk o f m;
(80)ausmf tkwo f ,f oJo,f vkyt f m;ay;ol &Siv f l (1000)ausmfjzifh t*Faw ouFe;f
uyfvSLMu&m wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (2)&ufrS vjynhfausmf (3)twGif; (18)jzihf NyD;pD;
Muonf/ vjynhaf usmf (5)&ufaeYwiG f a&pufcsvLS 'gef;yGjJ yKvkyMf u&m uke;f awmfrqHah tmif
pnfum;cJzh ;l onf[q k Mkd uonf/ 1323-ckEpS w f iG f iSuaf ysmzl;wpfcv
k ;kH a&Tppfcs a&TouFe;f
uyfvSLcJhMuonf/ awmifajcZ&yfrsm; jyKjyifaqmufvkyfjcif; vrf;wpf0ufae&m
ausmufw;kH ay:ü apwDwnfxm;jcif;? aomufa&uefxm;jcif;jzihf bk&m;zl; toGm;tvm
rsm;ap&ef aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ awmifuek ;f q&mawmf OD;ok0ÖPac: OD;omZHrS awmifyikd f
tjzpf wm0ef,lapmifha&SmufcJhaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfrSm ryDrjyif&SdaecJhonf/
pwifjyKjyifapmifha&Smufjcif;
auvmoapwDawmfBuD;rSm ESpfaygif;MumcJhNyDjzpfí rdk;'Pfav'PfcH&aomtcg
1344-ck wefcl;vü rdk;BudK;'PfcH&í ydEJéwdkif auG;oGm;cJhonf/ wydkYwGJvqef; (9)&uf
aeYwiG f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfvLS 'gef;aom pwD;r@dKif ydEw éJ ikd f topfpu
kd xf v
l suf
xD;awmfwifcJhMuonf/ wifvSLaom xD;tcsdK;tpm;rrD? &wempDcs,frI raooyf?
rormrIa&m,Surf rI sm;aMumifh xD;awmftopf vJv, S v
f LS 'gef;&ef NrdKUe,foC H em,u
tzGJUrS qHk;jzwfNyD; tBudrfBudrfnd§EdIif;tpnf;ta0;xdkifum aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfuom vltm; aiGtm; BuD;rm;aejcif;aMumifh auvmoawmif
jyefvnfyiG v hf if;a&;wm0efay; aqmif&u
G &f ef cGijfh yKcJMh uonf/ 1345-ckEpS f awmfovif;
vqef; (12)&uf (18-9-1983)we*FaEGaeYwGif usif;yaom NrdKUe,foHCem,u
tpnf;ta0;BuD;u ]]auvmoawmifawmf apmifha&Smuf&ef tzGJUtpnf; r&Sdao;
aomaMumifh e,fcZH mwdjzpfí qHawmf&iS af pwDawmf rsm;udk jyKjyifrI tawGUtBuHK&Sad om
usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf t m; auvmoqH a wmf & S i f apwD a wmf j rwf B uD ; ES i h f
403
KTS 15-11-14-1
awmifawmfomoemudk wm0ef,ljyKjyifapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;&ef}} wm0efay;jcif;udk

rGefjynfe,f 0efaqmif OD;aerdE´? EdkifiHawmfA[dkoHCmh0efaqmif OD;a0ykv’? NrdKUe,foHC
em,utzGUJ 0iftm;vH;k wduYk axmufco H abmwltyfEcHS MhJ uonf/
auvmoapwDawmfBuD; vQypf pfr;D rvif;cJo h nfrmS MumNyjD zpfí vQypf pfr;D ylaZmf&ef
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; wdu k w f eG ;f Mu&m awmfovif;vqkwf (8)&ufrS (10)&uf
tcsdeftwGif; vQyfppfrD;puf vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhonf/ 1346-ckESpf? wefcl;vqkwf(1)&uf
(16-4-1984) wevFmaeY ESpfqef; (1)&ufwGif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf
wynhrf sm;u xD;awmf pdezf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd NcdrNhf cdro
hf J usif;ywifvLS cJMh uonf/
(88) ta&;tcif;umv
aumZmESpf 1350-jynhfESpf 0gwGif;umvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwpf0Srf;vHk; qlyl
tH<k urIBuD;jzpfco hJ nf/ touft;dk tdraf ygif;rsm;pGm qH;k ½H;I cJ&h onf/ trSww f & ordik ;f wGiaf om
trnfrmS &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;tcif;BuD;yifjzpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf OD;aqmif
aom ig;oH;k vDwynhrf o d m;pktm;vH;k &wemoH;k yg; rdbq&morm;teEÅig;yg;udk ydí k OD;xdyf
xm;aexdkifMu&onf/ ig;oHk;vDpnf;twdkif; BudK;pm;aexdkifMuonf/ 'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;
'dt
Yk a&;[k vltrsm;atmf[pfaecsed -f w&m;yGNJ y;D wdik ;f om"kac:oH (9)Budraf c:qdak eMuovdk
omoemawmf ig;axmifwnf&adS &; 'dt Yk a&;[kom atmf[pfvyk u f ikd cf MhJ uonf/ Ekid if aH &;
udpö? vlrIa&;udpö? pD;yGm;a&;udpö? aiGa&;aMu;a&; t½Iyft&Sif;r&SdMubJ omoemawmf
tqH;k trudo k m tm;uk;d tm;xm;jyK aexkid cf MhJ uonf/ txl;ojzifh usdKufx;D aqmif;
omoemjyK pcef;ausmif;rsm;rSm toGm;tvmcufcJ vlta&mufenf;aom awmifxdyf
rsm;ü &SdaecJhonf/ &[ef; -1? &aoh-1? 'g,um-1 wdkY aexdkifí apwDawmfav;&yf
omoedu taqmuftOD;rsm;udk jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f vsuf awmcsHK&Si;f vif;NyD; qHawmfapwD
rsm; yGihfvif;atmif aqmif&GufaeMuonf/ auvmo? jroydwf? auvmoz?
usdKufa';,sHK awmifxyd &f dS apwDrsm;rSm a&Ta&mifuif;rJah om oHx;D ? xH;k ouFe;f t*Faw
ouFe;f tuGmttufjzifh 'ku&ú p&d,musifo h nfyrm &Sad eonf/ awmifay:pcef;ae &aoh
wdx Yk &H adS eaom qefqu D ykd if vk,o
l mG ;wwfMuonf/ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;tcif;jzpfvmcsdef
wpfcgwpfcg ra&mufzl;aom &[ef;tcsdKU vltcsdKU a&mufvmNyD; pcef;apmihfaeolwdkYudk
Ncdrf;ajcmufvmonf/ xm;&mae ap&moGm; cdkif;wmvkyf auR;wmpm;? oHrPdpnf;urf;
csrSwfay;xm;cJhí taESmuft,Sufvmolrsm;udkyif raMumufr&GHU aemufrwGefYbJ aeNrJ
404
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 405
twdik ;f apwDrsm;udk apmihx

f ed ;f cJMh uaomfvnf; ta&;tcif;NyD;qH;k aomtcg pmwpfwef
aywpfwefjzifh pifNydKifa*gyuzGJUum ta&;qdkvmMuonf/
NrKd Ue,ftqifh jynfe,ftqifrh S Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ xHoYkd bDvif;NrKd Ue,f
auvmoawmifxyd af pwDawmfukd NrKd Ue,foC H em,utzGUJ rS udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
tm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef tyfESHxm;jcif;rSm ñTefMum;vTm (36)? oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;
tajccHpnf;rsOf;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;ESirfh nD? awmifajc&Sd aus;&Gmtrsm;rS *dP k ;f aygif;pHk oHCm
rsm;tm; xde;f odr;f apmihaf &SmufciG afh y;&ef? rdrw d Ykd ndE§ idI ;f zGUJ pnf;xm;aom awmifajcaus;&Gm
rsm;rS a*gyutzGUJ udk twnfjyKí auvmoapwDukd tyfEaHS y;&ef ausmif;xdik q f &mrsm;pGm
vufrw S x f ;kd awmif;qdpk m a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf/ e,fajrcHaus;&Gm ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f BuD;wd\
Yk
wifjypmudak vhvmí wifjypmudk Munhf tqH;k tjzwfay;jcif;xuf a'otwGi;f uGi;f qif;
ppfaq; tqH;k tjzwfay;jcif;uom rSeu f efaom tajz&&SEd ikd o f nf[k oabmwlMuojzihf
EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; yg0ifaom pHkprf;a&;tzGJUudk wm0efay;cJh
Muonf/
pHpk rf;a&;tzGUJ wGif rauG;wdik ;f rif;bl;c½dik f pvif;q&mawmf OD;udw?åd (Edik if aH wmf
oHCr[mem,utzGUJ ? 'kw, d Ouú|)? rdwv ¬D m q&mawmf OD;pEd´rm (wGzJ uftusdK;awmf
aqmif)? rGefjynfe,f rk'Hkq&mawmf OD;*kP? Oyw¬rÇu OD;jynf[def; wdkY yg0ifMuNyD;
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGUJ ? rGejf ynfe,f oHCem,utzGUJ ? jynfe,f NrdKUe,f
tmPmydik f omoema&;rSL;wdEYk iS fh pDppfMuaomtcg yxrtBudrf *dP k ;f aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGUJ
tpnf; tqifq h ifu
h vufct H wnfjyKwm0efay;jcif;jzpfí auvmoawmifukd usKd ufx;D
aqmif;q&mawmfuom qufvufxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjcif;udk xyfrt H wnfjyKcJMh uonf/
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESit fh zGUJ onf usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f apwDawmftm; acwå0ifa&muf
zl;ajrmfcMhJ u&m jrefrmEdik if w H iG f vH;k 0rawGUzl;aom apwDtjzpf awGU&onft h jyif BuD;rm;aom
*0HausmufwHk;BuD;rsm; txyfxyfpDvsuf t*Faw bdvyfajr roHk;bJ nDnmaom
ausmufw;kH BuD;rsm;xdpyfatmif jyKvkyx f m;aomapwDjzpfonf/ ivsif'Pf &moDOwk'Pf
ESpaf ygif;MumcH&aomfvnf; ,dr;f ,dik t f ufurJG rI &Sd BuHBh uHch EH ikd af om taqmuftOD;tjzpf
jrifawGU&aomaMumifh qHawmf"mwfrsm;udk XmyemcJah om apwDtjzpf ,HMk unfcMhJ u&onf/
usdKufx;D ½d;k apwDtygt0if qHawmfapwDwu Ykd kd <ua&mufz;l ajrmfvydk gu wm0ef,pl pD Of
ay;vdyk gaMumif; avQmufxm;cJo h nf/ oifw h ifah omtcsdef <uvmygrnf[k rdeMYf um;NyD;
&efuek o f Ykd c&D;qufcMhJ uonf/
405
KTS 15-11-14-1
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; bk&m;zl;c&D;
1354-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vukefcgeD;tcsdef EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u q&m
awmfBuD; (3)yg;tm; wm0efumvNyD;qHk;NyDjzpfí <ua&muf&efvma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/
vqkwf (12)&uf paeaeY eHeuf 5;30 em&D ZrÁL'DyrS pwifxu G cf MhJ u&m aeYqrG ;f bkO;f ay;
rD usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDoUkd a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf/ aeYv,fyikd ;f wGif 0dik ;f ywf&mG ? ouúxyl
qHawmfapwDç a7vnfazmifawmfO;D apwDç a&TuRef;OD;jruRef;omapwD qifwyf jrif;wyfç
Zkwo f wk &f mG v,f&dS uvsmPDord af wmfukd zl;ajrmfavhvmMuonf/ vqkwf (13)&uf
eHeuf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS w fh ynhf &[ef;omraP oDv&Siaf *gyursm;rS q&m
awmfBuD;rsm;tm; ylaZmfuefawmhyJG bD;vif;NrKd Ue,f oHCem,utzGUJ aus;&Gm oHCem,u
tzGUJ ESifh awGUqHík Mo0g'cH,yl JG usif;yNyD; aeYv,fyikd ;f tcsdef auvmawmifo<Ykd ua&mufNyD;
awmifay:odkY ajcvsif<u&m jrifhrm;aom twufrsm;0,f wynhfrsm;u xrf;pifjzihf
ydkYaqmifMu&m auvmoawmifapwDawmfü ntdyf&yfem;vsuf bk&m;zl; arwåmydkY
taeuZmwifupd rö sm; aqmif&u G af y;awmfrMl uonfh &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdYk omoemjyK
<ua&mufXme &Si*f 0Hywd yihaf vQmufí bk&m;&Si<f ua&mufvmNy;D w&m;a[mcJ&h m Xmersm;udk
Munhf½IMunfñdkMuNyD; avhvmpDppfawmfrlMuonf/ wpfaeYwmukefqHk;í auvmo
awmifxyd rf mS yif nusde;f pufawmfrMl uonf/
wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (14)&uf eHeuftm½Hq k rG ;f qufuyfNy;D aemuf jroydwaf wmif
odYk ajcvsifc&D;qufcMhJ uNyD; ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm wdrjf rKyfaeaom jroydwaf pwDukd yGiafh pa&;
twGuf a&SUaqmif&u G rf nfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; &Si;f vif;
avQmufxm; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tBuHjyKay;cJhMuonf/ a&SUacwfu
ausmif;aygif; (100)cefY &Sdonf[kqdk&m ausmif;ae&mrQomusef&SdaecJhonf/ jroydwf
apwDü odrf (2)vH;k &S&d m ,cifu oHCmtrsm; oDwif;oH;k cJo h nfh taxmuftxm;tjzpf
jyo&ma&mufaeonf/ aeYqrG ;f qufuyfNy;D aemuf awmifajcta&muf ajcvsijf yef<uawmfrl
cJMh uNy;D auvmoawmifajcrS usKd ufa';,sKH awmifajc awmifpeG ;f &Jpcef;teD;rS wufa&muf
cJhNyD; pdrf;pef;ajrmif&dyfom bkef;BuD;ausmif;udk jzwfum usdKufa';,sHKawmifodkY ajcvsif
<uawmfrMl uonf/ rwfapmuftwufrsm;a&mufvQif xrf;pifjzifh yifah qmifMuonf/
jyKjyifqJ usdKufa';,sHKapwD 0½kPxly ESpfxyf apwDatmufcH qHawmfapwDwdkYudk
zl;ajrmfMuNyD; &[EÅmrsm; oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl &hJ m obm0ausmuf*rl sm;udk Munh½f aI wmfrNl yD;
acwåtyef;ajzum awmifajcodYk jyef<ucJNh y;D xdrk w S pfqifh qifwyf jrif;wyfteD; Zkwo f w k f
406
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 407
wl;ajrmif;rS pufavSjzihf Zkuv ú &d mG &Sd owå em0duxly jrode;f wefqaH wmfapwDukd zl;ajrmf
NyD;aemuf yifv,fjyiftwGif; ausmufaqmifay:&Sd &SifOy*kwå&[EÅmausmif;aqmifudk
vSr;f arQmzf ;l cJMh uonf/ awmifwufawmifqif; a&vrf;c&D;pHEk iS fh <u&m yifyef;EGr;f e,fvmí
tyef;ajz&yfem;awmfrlMuonf/ ntcsdef "r®yv’iftwGif;<ua&mufí q&mawmfBuD;
(3)yg;rS Mo0g'tEkomoeuxm toD;toD; rdeMYf um;awmfrNl yD; ntdy&f yfem;Muonf/
wefaqmifrek ;f vuG,af eY (24-11-1992)&uf t*FgaeY eHeuf tm½Hq k ufuyfNy;D vQif
*0Hausmufom;jzifh xkvkyfxm;aom &Sif*0Hywd &[EÅmyHkawmfudk usdKufxD;aqmif;rS
pwifyifah qmifMuNyD; bD;vif;NrdKUwGi;f vSnv fh nftylaZmfcu H m NrdKUe,f r-0-w½H;k ü acwå
ylaZmfxm;&Sdonf/ r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESihftzGJUonf ukodem½HkawmifajcodkY
um;jzihyf ifah qmifcMhJ uonf/ e,fajrcH wyf&if;rSL; wyfrrSL;rsm;rS BudKqdNk yD; awmifay:odYk
yihaf qmifvsuf qHawmfapwDç &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdYk y&deAd mÁ efjyK&m ausmufjzpf½yk <f uif;
&[EÅmausmif;awmf&mwdu Yk kd oGm;a&mufMunfñkd oHa0*,lawmfrMl uonf/ ok0ÖPblrd
*gxmawmf &Gwyf mG ;ylaZmf? y&dwaf wmfrsm; &Gwyf mG ;Muonf/ r0w½H;k wGif NrKd Ue,ftmPmydik f
rsm;rS aeYqrG ;f qufuyfMuNy;D aemuf &Si*f 0Hywd ½kyw f ak wmfukd yifah qmifMuvsuf usKd ufaumf
NrKd U oufowfvw G w
f ½kwb f akH usmif;ü &Si*f 0Hywd½yk w
f ak wmf acwåtylaZmfcNH y;D NrKd UolNrKd Uom;
rsm;u r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; ylaZmfyGJjyKvkyfMuonf/ oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&HapwD
tm½Hck wH iG f acwåtylaZmfcNH yD; nydik ;f wGif r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;rS NrdKUolNrdKUom;
wdkYtm; w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ qifjzLnDaemifwdkuf OD;vIdifjrifh a':&ifvef;wdkY
aetdr0f ,f ntdy&f yfem;Muonf/
ewfawmfvqef; (1)&uf (25-11-1992) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY eHeuf tm½Hqk rG ;f qufuyfcNH y;D
oxHNk rdKUrS usdKufxNdk rdKUodUk c&D;qufcMhJ uNyD; uif;yGepf cef;ü qGr;f qufuyfMuonf/ aeY
1-em&Dtcsed f toifah pmifq h ikd ;f aeaom usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ 'g,um &aohrsm;u
q&mawmf B uD ; rsm;tm; xrf ; pif j zif h qH a wmf a pwD t a&muf y ih f a qmif c J h M uonf /
ta&SUawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;\ tpDtpOfjzihf oD[aqmif0,f oDwif;
oHk;awmfrlMuNyD; usdKufxD;½dk; qHawmfapwD rkqdk;awmifapwDwdkYudk zl;ajrmfMuonf/
wpfaeYwpfn ae&mtESYH <ua&muf avhvmMunh½f MI uNyD;aemuf ewfawmfvqef; (2)7uf
(26-11-1992) Mumoyaw;aeY naeydik ;f wGif urÇmat;uke;f ajr ZrÁL'Dyausmif;aqmifoUkd
a&muf&SdawmfrlMuonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rsm; bk&m;zl;c&D;pOfudk omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS
'k-OD;pD;rSL; OD;jynf[def;ESihf &efukefNrdKU tdk;tdrfOD;pD;Xme 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL; OD;pdefjrifh?
407
KTS 15-11-14-1
w&m;½Hk;csKyfa&SUae OD;a&Tarmif? &efukefwdkif; rxo½Hk;rS OD;vSat;wdkY vdkufyg

pDpOfay;cJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefu usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf qHawmfapwDrsm;
yGihfvif;apa&; wynhfrsm;ESihftwl tiftm;rrQatmifBudK;pm; tm;xkwfaeqJjzpfí
awmifay:[lorQ um;vrf;r&S?d Zkwo f w k t
f ygt0if aus;&Gmtm;vH;k &GUH AGuvf rf; zHv
k rf;jzpfí
acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;0,f wHwm;r&Sd? um;vrf;azmufvkyfjcif;rjyK&ao;ay/ toGm;tvm
tpm;taomuf ,cktcgvdk vG,fulaygrsm;jcif;r&SdcJh/ ,cktcg awmifxdyfta&muf
um;vrf;azmuf oH;k xyfav;xyfwu kd af usmif; aqmufvyk x f m;NyD;jzpfí toGm;tvm
vG,f tpm;taomufaygrsm; wynht f iftm;rsm;jym;vsuf&&dS m ,cif ,ck uGmjcm;rIum;
rSef;qr&atmif jzpfcJhygonf/
a';cifawmifrS a&TapwD
t*Fvyd v f ufatmufa&mufcsdeu f a';cifawmifwef;ü omoedutaqmuftOD;
r&Sd? apwDykxdk;rsm; r&Sdao;? c&pfESpf 1880-1881 ckESpfu a';cifawmif ajryHka&;qGJ
aomtcg a';cifa&TapwD trSwt f om;udk awGUMu&onf/ wpfcsdef opfcw k o
f rm;
OD;uHay;onf opfckwf&if; þa';cifawmifay:odkY a&mufvmcJh&m awmifqkyfcefY&Sdaom
a&Tpif a&Tom;twd a&TapwDukd zl;awGU&onf/ xl;qef;tHMh ozG,jf zpfí awmifatmuf
tqif;c&D; opfyifwiG f "m;xpf ykqed o f mG ;jzifx
h pfí trSwt f om;jyKcJah vonf/ bD;vif;NrKd U
avomausmif;q&mawmfBuD;tm; tusdK;taMumif; avQmufxm;aomtcg avom
q&mawmfBuD; 0rf;omtm;&jzpfNy;D wynh'f g,umrsm;ESifh vSLzG,0f w¬Kypön;f ,laqmifvsuf
OD;uHay;tm; vrf;ñTejf yKapum trSwt f om;jyKcJah omvrf;twdik ;f wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
odaYk omf OD;uHay; trSwt f om;jyKxm;aomae&mrQom use&f pfawmhonf/ a&Tpif a&Tom;
apwDurkd l rawGU&awmhay/ avomq&mawmfBuD;ESihf wynh'f g,umrsm;onf ygvmaom
vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm;udk xdak e&mrSmyif tm½Hjk yK&nfp;l um zl;ajrm§ u
f efawmhMuvsuf awmcsKH rsm;
&Si;f vif;um jyefqif;cJMh uavonf/
'kwd,tBudrf zl;awGU&oltrnfudk pHkprf;r&ay/ rQpf&Sm xif;&Sm&ef a&mufvmcJh
onf/ xdak e&mrSmyif awmifqyk cf ef&Y dS a&TapwDukd zl;awGU&onf/ trSwtf om;jyKxm;NyD;
avomausmif;q&mawmfBuD;tm; taMumif;pHak vQmufxm;&m 'kw, d tBudrf vdu
k yf gcJ&h
jyefonf/ ,cifae&mrSmyif tm½Hjk yKzl;ajrmfum jyefc&hJ jyefonf/ a';cifawmifay:ü rMum
rMum a&TapwDz;l awGU&olrsm;vmonf/ avomq&mawmfBuD;onf xdak e&mü csHKEG,f
opfyifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;apNyD; qauo"mwk0if qauoxly0ifusrf;vm a&TapwD
408
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 409
ay:aygufvmrnfh xl;jrwfaomae&mjzpfayvdrfhrnf/ ewfaumif; ewfjrwfwdkYu edrdwf

jyjcif; jzpfayvdrfh/ udk;awmifjynhfapwD txdrf;trSwfwnfxm;Mu&rnf[k rdefYrSm
aomaMumifh 9-awmifjynhaf pwD wpfql wnfxm;cJMh uonf/ a';cifa&TapwD bGUJ awmfjzihf
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ acwfqdk;umvqdk;twGif; apwD awmcsHKzHk; opfyifrsm; aygufa&muf
aysmufu, G cf &hJ m apwDiw
k rf Quse&f í
dS xde;f odr;f olr&Sd jzpfvmcJo
h nf/ vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D aemuf
NrdKUrS q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm; nd§EIdif;wdkifyifum apwDawmfudk 9-awmifjynhf
wnfxm;NyD; tmPmydik t f zGUJ u a*gyuzGUJ pnf;ay;um xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smuf apcJo h nf/
,aeY a';cifapwDawmf
bD;vif;NrKd U\ taemufbufwiG f a';cifawmifwef;BuD;rSm NrKd U\ wHwikd ;f BuD;ozG,f
wnf&adS eonf/ awmifxyd 0f ,f a&S;oxHrk if;tqufquf ud;k uG,cf ahJ om a';cifa&TapwD
ESifh awmifwef;wpfavQmufwiG f omoedutaqmufttHrk sm; wnf&o dS nf/ vGwv f yfa&;
&NyD;aemuf NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrS jyKjyifcJhonf/ *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;BuD;
ay:aygufvmaomtcg Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ u ñTeMf um;vTm (36)udk xkwjf yef
cJo
h nft h wdik ;f bD;vif;NrKd Ue,f oHCem,utzGUJ onf tmPmydik t f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESifh ndE§ iId ;f
wdkifyifí apwDawmfa*gyutzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ a*gyuOuú|OD;oHcJonf
'kvb ’ &[ef; 0wf&mrS vlxu G jf cif;rjyKbJ a';cifapwDreD;ra0;wGif ,m,Dausmif;aqmufí
oD;jcm; bk&m;wpfqw l nfvsuaf exdik &f m wynh&f [ef;omraP? oDv&Si?f a,m*Drsm;jzifh
pnfum;aecJhonf/
a';cifapwDa*gyutzGUJ onf NrdKUe,ftmPmydik ?f NrdKUe,foC H em,utzGUJ wdUk \
BuD;MuyfraI tmufwiG f omoedutaqmufttHrk sm; aqmufvyk jf cif;? apwDawmf jyKjyifjcif;
wdu
Yk kd aqmif&u G af eaomfvnf; pnfpnfum;um;r&Sb d jJ zpfaeí NrdKUe,ftmPmydik f tzGUJ
tpnf;? &yfuu G of C H em,utzGUJ wdu Yk usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; 1352-ckEpS w f iG f
tyfEcHS o
hJ nf/ pepfwus a*gyuzGUJ pnf;jcif;rjyK&ao;rDtcsdeu f yif a';cifapwD0wåuajr
twGif;ü w&m;0ifaexdkifcGifhr&Sdaom &[ef;rsm;? usL;ausmfausmif; taqmuftOD
aqmufvyk af exdik v f mcJMh uonf/ oDv&Si?f a,m*D vloal wmfpak 0;aexdik jf zpfvmonf/
usL;ausmfausmif;? usL;ausmfZ7yf rsm;vmcJo h nf/ aexdik Mf uaom &[ef;rsm;rSm y&d,wdå
t&nftcsi;f r&Sad omaMumifh vly*k K¾d vfw\Ykd tBuHjyKcJo
h nft h wdik ;f ax&0g'Ak'¨ omoemjyK
ausmif; trnfcNH yD; omoema&;0efBuD;Xme? omoemawmfxeG ;f um;jyefyY mG ;a&;OD;pD;XmerS
409
KTS 15-11-14-1
aqmufvkyfxm;aomausmif;[k qdkif;bkwwf ifcJhMuonf/ (aemifomoema&;0efBuD;

trdet
Yf & zsuford ;f oGm;cJ&h onf/)
a';cifapwD 0wåuajrtwGif;ü usL;ausmftaqmuftOD;rsm;omjzpfaeonf/
a*gyutzGJU0if trsm;pku z,f&Sm;vdkMuí nd§EdIif;azsmif;zsNyD; xGufcGm&ef arwåm&yfcHMu
aomfvnf; rodusdK;uRHjyKvsuf qufvufaexdik Mf uonf/ onf;rcHEikd af om vli,ftcsdKU
onf tMurf;enf;jzifh z,f&Sm;&ef pDpOfjyef&m jyóemrSm ydkrdkcufcJvmonf/
a';cifawmifomoemajrrS usL;ausmfrsm;z,f&Sm;jcif;
c&pfEpS f 2003-ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mvukecf geD;tcsdejf zpfonf/ a';cifawmifay:
wGif w&m;r0ifaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom &[ef; 5-yg;onf oD;jcm;,m,DwJjzihf oDv&SifwdkY
onf oD;jcm;,m,DZ&yfjzihf aexdkifjcif;udk ta&;,l&ef nd§EIdif;yGJjyKvkyfonf/ vuf&Sd
NrdKUe,foHCem,urSm OD;paE´mbmo? tusdK;awmfaqmif ppfudkif;pmoifwdkuf OD;okE´&
jzpfí oHCem,u½Hk;wGif tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfMuonf/ a';cifawmif a&TapwDa*gyu
tzGUJ 0iftm;vH;k ? r,uOuú| OD;xGe;f xGe;f OD;? NrdKUe,f&rJ LS ; OD;atmifoef;OD;? w&m;a&;tzGUJ ?
Oya'tBuHay;tzGUJ ? &yfuu G af umifp0D iftm;vH;k wufa&mufMuNyD; a';cifawmife,fajr&Sd
usL;ausmaf exdik o f t
l m;vH;k z,f&mS ;&ef atmufazmfjyygtpDtpOfaqmif&u G &f ef oabmwl
qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;tNyD;wGif wufa&mufot l m;vH;k um;rsm; qdik uf ,frsm;jzihf awmif
ay:odwYk ufa&mufcMhJ uNy;D a';cifawmiftm½Hck w H efaqmif;twGi;f ae&m,lMuNy;D usL;ausmf
aexdik of t
l m;vH;k udk pHpk n
kH n
D aD c:,lawGUqHNk yD; qH;k jzwfcsuftwdik ;f aqmif&uG Mf uonf/
(u) &[ef;awmf(5)yg;vH;k omoem0ifrw S w
f rf;r&S?d 0gqdpk m&if;r&S?d ausmif;tjzpf
todtrSwjf yKjcif;r&S?d OyZÑm,fq&m edó,sn;f q&mr&So d rl sm;jzpfí a';cif
awmifrS 5-&uftwGi;f xGucf mG ay;&ef qH;k jzwf&m &[ef;(5)yg;vH;k p&dwf
axmufyv hH Qif ,aeYyif xGucf mG rnf[k ajymqdv k maomaMumifh oGm;vd&k m
c&D; rD;&xm; um;ay:wifay;Muonf/
(c) oDv&Sirf sm;rSmvnf; omoemEG,0f ifuwfr&S?d rSwyf w
kH ifr&So
d rl sm;jzpfaom
aMumifh a';cifawmifrS xGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwf&m oGm;vdkaomc&D;
twGuf &xm;ESihf armfawmf,mOfp&dwfaxmufyHhaiG&NyD;aomaMumifh
awmifay:rS xGucf mG oGm;Muonf/
410
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 411
(*) trsdK;om; trsdK;orD;wd\ Yk ud,

k af &;&mZ0ifukd &yfuu
G ?f NrdKUe,f tkycf sKyf
olrsm;? v0ut&m&S?d NrKd Ue,f&rJ LS ;wdrYk S ppfaq;ar;jref;&m acwåvma&muf
Muovdk eD;pyf&m &[ef; oDv&SifwdkY\ ta>ct&Hrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh
csucf si;f xGucf mG ay;&ef arwåm&yfc&H m tvG,w f ulawmifay:rS qif;oGm;
cJhMuonf/
(C) OD;oHco J nf aumifpaD cwfu a';cifawmifOuú|wm0ef,cl NhJ y;D 'kvb ’ &[ef;
b0jzihf a';cifawmifay:wGif oD;jcm;taqmufttHak qmufvyk af exdik f
cJhNyD; ZeD;jzpfolonfvnf; oDv&Sif0wfjzihf aexdkifcJhMu&m OD;oHcJ&[ef;
b0jzihf ysHveG o f mG ;cJo
h nf/ ZeD;jzpforl S ,ckxq d ufvufaexdik cf o hJ nf/
OD;oHcJonf &[ef;0wfNyD;csdefrSpí a';cifa*gyuOuú|tjzpfrS EIwfxGuf
NyD;jzpfonft h jyif ysHveG af wmfral omaMumifh a*gyutzGUJ ESifh oufqikd jf cif;
r&SEd ikd of vdk ZeD;jzpforl mS þa';cifawmifa&TapwDomoemajrydik q f ikd cf iG fh
r&Sad omaMumifh a*gyutzGUJ rS z,f&mS ;ay;&ef avQmufxm;jcif;udk ndE§ idI ;f
&m &efukefjyefvdkonf[kqdkaomaMumifh c&D;p&dwfusyf (3)odef;a*gyu
tzGJUrS vSL'gef;&m (15)&uftwGif; ajymif;a&TUrnf[kqdkí oabmwlMu
onf/ rMumrD &efukefodkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;cJhonf/
a';cifawmifxdyf&Sd apwDrSm c&pfESpf(1800^81)ajryHkajr&mZ0ift& *&ef
r&Sd tpdrf;a&mifjc,fomoemhajrjzpfNyD; a';cifa&TapwD[k azmfjyxm;onf/ awmifwef;
BuD;ay:ü a';cifapwD wpfqlomyg&Sdonf/ awmifajc0,f vlaea'or&Sdao;? a&tdkif
a&ueftjzpfom jyqdx k m;onf/ ,cktcg vlaetdraf wG jynhv f QHaeayonf/ a&S;a[mif;
omoemhajr? a&S;a[mif;apwD[k xif&Sm;aecJhonf/
usL;ausmfaexdkifcJhaom &[ef; oDv&SifESihf vltrsm;z,f&Sm;NyD; (1)ESpfcefYMum
q&mawmfonf awmifwufum;vrf;csUJ í uGeu f &pfcif;jcif; awmifxyd 0f ,f nDnmatmif
jyKvkycf ohJ nf/ ausmifawmif[ak c:aom ausmufw;kH tjyif0,f owåXmeyHak wmfrsm;udk
xm;&Syd al ZmfNyD; a':cifMunfaexdik af om tkwcf aH y:0,f tvsm; teH ay(30)odro f rkwf
um tmpDueG u f &pford t f aqmufttHu k kd aqmufvyk af ponf/ a';cifapwDteD; tm½Hck H
wduk ?f "r®m½Hk 2-xyfwu kd af usmif; rkcOf ;D paom taqmufttHrk sm;pGm aqmufvyk x f m;
ovdk a';cifapwDajc&if;txd armfawmfum;rsm; wufa&mufEikd cf o a<u;wifvQif
hJ nf/ ]]a<u;wif
a';cifoGm;;}} rkcodu k tf qd&k cdS o
hJ nf/ xl;jcm;aomapwDwpfqjl zpfonf/ a';cifawmif
a&TapwDyiG v fh if;pnfum;vmcJo h vdk bD;vif;NrKd Uonfvnf; at;csr;f om,mpnfyifaeayNy/D
411
KTS 15-11-14-1
jruRef;omapwD pkwfowfpkwfxdk;bk&m;
usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDawmifbufuu dk f (1000)cefY t&yfwiG f jruRe;f om
apwDEiS fh a&TuRef;OD;apwD 2-ql wpfqEl iS w fh pfql udu k f (150)ceft Y uGmwnf&o dS nf/
,cif 1351-ckESpfu EGm;pm;usuftjzpf xm;Mu&mrS q&mawmf\ñTefMum;rIjzifh apwD
ESpfqltjzpfwnfxm;cJhMuonf/ q&mawmf arG;zGm;&mNcH\ awmifbufreD;ra0;t&yf
jzpfonf/ q&mawmf oli,fawmft&G,u f ,if;apwD 2-qlrmS awmcsHKzH;k tkyx f m;aom
bk&m;ukef;ysuftjzpf&SdaecJhonf/ a&S;a[mif;apwDjzpfí *0Htkwfrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf
xm;&m ikww f tkd jzpf a&muf&v dS mNyD;aemuf t*Fvyd w f Ykd jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f weoFm&D
a'owpfcv k ;kH odr;f ydu
k cf &H onf/ armfvNrKd if rD;&xm;vrf; um;vrf;azmufvyk &f ef ausmuf
uefx½dkufrsm;u apwDikwfwdkrS *0Htkwfrsm;udk zsuf,lNyD;vrf;cif;cJhMu&mrS apwD 2-
qlvHk; ajryHkurltjzpfomusef&SdaecJhonf/ ntcg vomomtcsdef vlrsm; oGm;vm
ajymqdkoH jrif& Mum;&onf? aeYtcg bk&m;ikwfwdk csHKtwGif;rS pkwfxdk;oH pkwfowfoH
Mum;&wwfonf/ EGm;ausmif;om;wdYk wpfaeYwm jrL;wl;aysmfyg;pk½;kH um upm;uGi;f jzpfae
cJhonf/ ajrtus,f wpf{uausmf&SdNyD; t0if0 *0HausmufwdkifESihf rkcfOD; wpfyg;ae
ausmif; 2-aqmif? apwDawmfrSm tvsm; teH ay (20)? zdeyfcHktjrifh (15)ay?
ukvm;ausmif;cH ÓmPfawmf (9)ay&Sd apwDaygufxm;onf/ axmifh 4-ckü apwD&(H 4)ql
(4)rsufESm vdkPfrkcf *0Hqif;wkav;ql 'kwd,vdkPf 4-qifh rwf&yfawmfyHkav;ql
ywfvnfü *0HxD; *0Hyef;tdk;wdkY xm;&SdNyD; yef;rsdK;pHk oD;yif pm;yifrsdK;pHkjzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajy
&Sad eonf/ aumZmouú&mZf (1351)ckEpS ?f aqmif;&moDtwGi;f (9)&ufEiS t hf NyD; t"d|mef
wifí wnfxm;Ny;D ajrmufcahJ om apwDjzpfonf/ Opömapmihrf sm;? aMumufvefpY &m½kyyf rkH sm;?
BuD;rm;aom a>rBuD;rsm;udk awGUMu&onf/ q&mawmfrS apwDwnfaqmuf tapmifh
&[ef;xm; vlaetdrfrsm;csxm;ay;NyD;jzpfí &yfuGufvltrsm;\ aeYpOfukodkvfaumif;rI
yGm;rsm;&mae&mjzpfaecJhonf/ jruRef;omapwD pkwfowfpkwfxdk;bk&m;[k ac:a0:aeMu
onf/
a&TuRef;OD;apwD-awmufacgufoHMum;bk&m;
jruRef;omapwDrS ta&SUbufuu kd f (150)ceft
Y uGmü a&TuRef;OD;apwDukd zl;awGU
Edik o
f nf/ jruRef;omapwDEiS fh a&TuRef;OD;apwDrmS wpfaeYwnf; wpfcsdew f nf; yEéuaf wmf
wifí NydKifww l nfxm;aomapwDwjYkd zpfonf/ bk&m;y&d0P k tf 0if0 *0Hwikd rf mS 15-aycefY
rkcfOD;ygwnfaqmufxm;onf/ a&TuRef;OD;apwD[k bGJUrnfurÁnf;udkawGUMu&onf/
412
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 413
tus,frSm wpf{uausmf&SdNyD; zdeyfawmfcHk tvsm; teH ay (45) tjrifhay(36) ypö,m

2-qihf tay:ü usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDawmfyHk wnfxm;NyD; *0HapwD *0HxD;jzpfonf/
4-rsufESmü *0Hqif;wkav;qlylaZmfxm;&Sdonf/ apwDajrmufbufü tm½HkcHwefaqmif;
&So
d nf/ wnfxm;aomckEpS rf mS 1351-ckEpS f aqmif;wGi;f umvjzpfonf/ ,cifu apwD
ikww f u
kd kd vrf;cif;uefx½duk wf Ykd *0Htwk rf sm; ,laqmifomG ;aomaMumifh tkwyf kH ajryHk
udk csHKzkH;aecJh&m q7mawmfrS jyefvnfwnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ q&mawmf rdb 2-yg;
aetdrfESihf udkuftenf;i,frQom a0;í i,fpOfu oli,fazmfrsm;ESihf upm;&mae&m
EGm;ausmif;cJh&mae&mjzpfonf/ csHKtwGif;rS aeYtcg awmufcHoHMum;&wwfonf/
awmufacgufbk&m;[kac:cJhMuonf/ q&mawmfi,fpOfausmif;om;tjzpf ynmoifí
&Siof mraPb0 jzifah ecJah om anmifom,mbke;f BuD;ausmif;\ ta&SUbufwnfw h nfh
cJwpfjypfa0;t&yfü wnf&Sdonf/ aeYtcg ajy;wrf;vdkufwrf;upm;jcif;? wlykef;jcif;
upm;aomcsKH rsm; jzpfczhJ ;l onf/ awmufacgufoH pkwx f ;kd oH rMumcPMum;cJ&h onft h &yf[k
qdck o
hJ nf/ xl;jcm;aom yk*K¾d vfrsKd ;udv
k nf; awGU&wwfonf/ bk&m;ikww f Ekd iS fh a&SUwGi&f adS om
a&uefysuftMum; ul;oGm;aeaom ukvm;trsdK;tEG,f vltcsdKUudak wGUwwfMuonf/
ewfuem;ay;csdef? a&Tola|;uef trsdK;rSefawG<uyg[k zdwfvQif ukvm;pum;ajymvsuf
yl;0ifonfukd ,aeYwikd af wGUae&qJjzpfonf/
vGefcJhaomESpf 1351-ckESpf tcsdefu &efukefNrdKU? ajrmufOuúvmy? EG,feD 10-
vrf;rS "r®*Dwd aw;a&; aw;qdk OD;wdk;vIdif\ ZeD; ajrmufOuúvmy aq;½HkrS olemjyK
q&mr (xbDtpdr;f 0wf) a':jrifph ed f tm; þt&yfrS vl0ifpm;vdo k l uav; (30)ausmfukd
ESD;awmif;wGifvdkufygapNyD; a&Twd*HkapwD bdk;bdk;BuD;xH tyfESHapNyD; vl0ifpm;tjzpf
omoemjyKrnfo h rl sm;tm; tyfEcHS o
hJ nf/ xkv d 0l ifpm;rsm; ,aeY udsKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf
omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G v f yk u
f ikd af eMuNyD[k ,HMk unfcMhJ uonf/ a&Toal X;uefrmS
vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; (2500)ausmf ok0ÖPblrad ejynfawmfü olaX;BuD;wpfO;D aexdik &f m
t&yf toHk;jyKcJhaom a&S;acwfa&uefBuD;tjzpf ajymqdkavh&SdMuonf/ a&T aiG Opöm
aygrsm;aomae&m Opömapmihfrsm; &Sdaomae&m[k a'oaevlwdkY ,HkMunfcJhMuonf/
uav;aysmuf&SmyHkawmf
1355-ckEpS f 0guRwfcgeD;tcsdef vufywH ef;NrdKU 4-vrf;? OD;vS0if; a':ñGeaYf &Tw\
Ykd
ajr; udkMunfEdkif rcdkifwdkY\ om; rlvwef;ausmif;om; armifatmifBuD; trSwfrxif
413
KTS 15-11-14-1
aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhonf/ rdk;ukefcgeD;tcsdefjzpfí acsmif;a& ajrmif;a&wdk;vmaeonfjzpf&m

vufyw H ef;NrdKU uRef;uav; wHwm;rSm a&pD;oefvsuf&o dS nf/ armifatmifBuD;\ ausmif;
oGm;pOfu vG,t f w
d Ef iS fh zdeyfEpS zf ufrmS wHwm;ay:wGif awGUMu&onf/ vlum;&SmrawGU
Mu&? a&csKd ;&if; acsmif;twGi;f vdru hf sNy;D a&pD;ygoGm;jcif;jzpfrnf[k xifaMu;ay;Muonf/
awGUvdkawGUjim; ae7mtESHY acsmif;½dk;tqHk; vltrsm;ESihf&SmMuonf/ tpterawGU&?
tavmif;ay:vmavrvm;[k apmifah rQmMf uonf/ owif;rMum;&? bd;k bGm;rdbaqGrsKd ;rsm;
aomua&mufMu&onf/ aopm7if;roGif;bJ tcsdefudkapmihfae&onf/ jynfNrdKU a0ykv’
q&mawmfxH avQmufxm;Munhaf omtcg armifatmifBuD; rao a&ywfvnf0ikd ;f aom
awmifuek ;f rSm a&mufaeonf[k tajzay;vdu k o
f nf/ aA'ifta[muvnf; a&jcm;
ajrjcm; ta0;rSma&mufaeonf[q k o kd nf/ ewfar;aomtcg oDvorm"dtm;BuD;aom
q&mawmfu apmifah &Smufxm;onf[k qdjk yefonf/ pd;k &draf omu oufomaomfvnf;
owif;pum; tpter&í ,H&k cufaejyefonf/
t&G,if ,fojl zpfonfth jyif aiGaMu;ygroGm;í a0;vHaomt&yfomG ;jcif;rSm ,HEk ikd f
zG,f&mr&Sdjzpfonf/ a':ñGefYa&TrSm ajr;twGuf tajz&Smr&? usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY ESpfpOf
oGm;aeusjzpfaomfvnf; 3-ESpcf efY t"d|mefr0ifjzpfbJ &So
d nf/ 'DEpS f wefaqmifrek ;f vjynhf
yGaJ wmftrD t"d|mef0ifrnf[k q&mawmf"mwfyakH &SUrSm uwdjyKavQmufxm;avonf/
ykord Zf mwd a':usifNrdKifonf udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfjzpfvmrnfh OD;&aohtm;
Munfñakd v;pm;um om;orD;vifom;td;k tdru f ykd pfvsuf &moufyefov D &Si0f wfí ,ck
armfawmfum;½HkteD; ausmif;0,faexdkifcsdefjzpfonf/ &aohBuD; OD;pdk;0if;onf uefYaumf
ausmif;awmfü aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf/ wpfaeYwGif a':usifNrdKifausmif;a&SU uav;i,f
wpfa,muf a&mifcsmcsma&mufvmonf/ teD;uyfMunhfrS vufyHwef; a':ñGefYa&Tajr;
armifatmifBuD; jzpfaeí vufqGJar;&m pum;wHkYrjyefaMumifawmifawmifyHkpHjzpfonf/
q&mawmfxH oGm;a&muftyfESH&m &aohBuD;OD;pdk;0if;rS ac:,lxm;&efESifh 2-a,mufpvHk;
'Duav;taMumif; a&iHEk w I yf w
d af eMu&ef q&mawmfrS rdeMYf um;vdu
k o
f nf/ armifatmifBuD;
uHhaumfausmif; OD;pdk;0if;xH wpfvcefYaexdkif&avonf/
oDwif;uRwv f jynhaf usmf (8)&ufaeYonf auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwDrS 0gqd0k guyf
&[ef;awmfwt
Ykd m; uxdeof uFe;f uyfvLS aomyG&J ufjzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf armifatmif
BuD;tm; auvmoqHawmfuxdeyf o JG aYkd c:vmcJo
h nf/ oDv&Sit
f m;vH;k armifatmifBuD;
414
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 415
usef;rmatmif acgif;udk vufjzifw h pfBudrpf yD w

k Mf u[k ñTeMf um;í acgif;udyk w
k cf MhJ uonf/
owduif;rJo h vdk jzpfae&mrS pdwMf unfvifvmNyD; &,f&,farmarm pum;jyefajymcJo h nf/
wpfqifph um; wpfqifeh m;jzifh vufyw H ef;bd;k bGm; rdbxH owif;a&mufomG ;Ny;D a':ñGeaYf &T
ESihf rdom;pkrsm; t"d|mefOyko0f if&eftwGuf usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk apmapma&muf&v dS mcJMh u
onf/ aoonf&iS o f nfrod&? wpfvausmfMumaysmufq;kH aeaom armifatmifBuD;udk
awGU&vQif 0rf;om&Tiv f ef;pGm t"d|mef0ifMu&onf/
armifatmifBuD; yuwdpdwfjzpfvmcsdef tjzpftysufudk ajymMum;onfrSm-
armifatmifBuD; ausmif;wuf&eftvm t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif; (OD;ukvm;
wrDv)f Bu;D u zdeyfEiS hf vG,t
f w
d u
f x
kd m;cJNh y;D olyY cH;k ay:xrf;í blwm½Hak c:vmum rD;7xm;pD;
ac:cJoh nf/ &efuek af &mufvQif rD;&xm;jzifh awmifpeG ;f blwma&mufvmNyD; jrif;vSn;f jzifh
Zkuúvd&Gm jrodef;wefapwD&Sd&m awmifukef;awmifbufbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm ae&onf/
xrif;tpmpm;csed af &mufvQif tzGm;jzpfol a':ñGeaYf &TauR;avh&o dS nf/ vufyw H ef;rS Zkuvú d
ta&mufvrf;rSm OD;ukvm;BuD;u t7om&Sw d rhJ ek aYf wG auR;cJo
h nf/ olaecJah om taqmuf
tOD;rSm vSycefYnm;NyD; pm;p&mtjynhftpHkay;xm;onf[kqdkonf/ upm;azmf udk&if
2-yg;udk awGU&avh&Sdonf/ jrodef;wefbk&m;ay: bk&m;zl;oGm;avh&Sd&m tjcm;olwdkYESihf
pum;ajymvdí k rdwaf qGzUJG ayr,fh oluY jkd rif[efrwl ajymaompum;udyk if Mum;[efrwl[k
qdak yonf/ bke;f BuD;ausmif;rS opfo;D rkeu Yf kd ol,pl m;aomtcg bke;f BuD;u olu Y kd
rjrifbJ ud&k ifrsm;udo k m aigufirf;qlyal vh&o dS nf/
ntcg OD;ukvm;BuD; olu Y ukd sdKufx;D aqmif;nw&m;yGu J akd c:vmNyD; w&m;emvQif
tjyifrmS apmihaf e&onf/ vlrsm;udak r;jref;vQif rjrifovdk rMum;ovdak eMuonf/ tcsed f
Mumvmaomtcg pum;ajymcsipf w d rf &Syd jJ zpfaeonf/ w&m;emaeoltcsKd Uurl ausmif;pdr;f
ykqdk;0wf uav;wpfa,mufudk jrifawGUaomfvnf; b,fu b,folYuav;vJ[k
pl;prf;tMunhfjzifh MunhfaecJhonf/ OD;ukvm;BuD;um; armifatmifBuD; vdkorQ&atmif
vkyfay;aecJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif OD;ukvm;BuD; ZkuúvdrS jrif;vSnf;jzihf ac:vmNyD;
usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m; apmif;wef;xdyfa&mufvQif rif;'Dvrf;twdkif; bk&m;ay:
wufomG ;yg[k rSmí zGm;usiNf rKd ifausmif;teD; (xdt k csed u
f m;½Hk taqmuftODae&mjzpfonf)
a&mufvmvdkY vufqGJac:NyD; q&mawmfxHtyfcJhaMumif; jyefajymjyonf/
q&mawmfu rif;igeJYaervm;[k ajymvQif acgif;ndwfhcJhonf[kajymjyNyD; tbdk;
tbGm; rdbrsm;ESit
hf wlvu
kd yf gcJo
h nf/ 'Duav; pdwcf srf;omatmifxm;yg/ 'DwpfBudrf
415
KTS 15-11-14-1
aysmufcJh&if aemufjyefawGU&ef tcGifhta&;r&Sdbl;? rdom;pktm;vHk; ig;oHk;vDpnf;twdkif;

ae? tm;vH;k pdwcf srf;omud, k cf srf;om&SMd urSm[k rdeMYf um;cJoh nf/ OD;ukvm;BuD;rSm vuf
wpfzufryg[kqo kd nf/ armifatmifBuD;tm; ewfo'k g¨ vdk t&om&Sad om tpmrsm;auR;
cJholrSm tbGm;a':ñGefYa&TESifhwlaom trsdK;orD;jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ aerdZmwfwGif
aerdrif;BuD; wm0wðomewfjynfrSm MumjrifhpGmpnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;ç 0drme0w¬KwGif
vlom;ESihfa0rmedu Nydwåmrsm;ESihf ZeD;armifESHtjzpfaexdkifjcif;ç ukef;abmifacwf
qifjzL&Sirf if;vufxuf ppfoBl uD;wpfa,muf rif;jypfrif;'Pfa&Smif&ef yke;f atmif;aepOf
ewforD;ESifh qufqaH exdik cf jhJ cif; ponf '@m&DyjkH yifrsm;&Scd ohJ nf/ Zkuv ú jd rode;f wefapwDrmS
yif v ,f p yf ausmufawmifxdyfwGif&Sdonf/ bkrd®, (Opömapmihf)wdkY aygrsm;aom
bk&m;[kqck d Mh Juonf/ qauo"mwk0o H xly0ifusr;f ü owåem0duxlyapwDjzpfNy;D apwD\
rlv'g,umrSm 'rdVukefonf (wrDvf)rsm;jzpfaMumif;yg&Sdonf/ b0jyef vl0ifpm;
paompum;pOfrsm;udk owdxm;vsuf ,Hck sifow l ,Ykd MkH uí r,Hv k o
kd wl u Ykd m; yHjk yif[o
k m
rSwof m;&efjzpfygonf/ uav;aysmuf&mS yHak wmftaMumif;t&mrsm; trSejf zpfcahJ omfvnf;
tajzrSefay;Edkifol&Sdrnf rxifay/ jzpfpOfudk wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/
416
KTS 15-11-14-1
f rf; 417
t|rydkif;
Ak'ömoemawmfqdkif&mbGJUwHqdyf
aumZmESpf 1353-ckESpf? waygif;vqef;(6)&uf (24-3-1992)t*FgaeYwGif
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z omoemjyKqdik &f mbGUJ wHqyd u f kd
uyfvLS awmfrcl o hJ nf/ q&mawmftm; bGUJ wHqyd u f yfvLS &jcif;rSm q&mawmfonf Ak'-¨
omo0k¹k*d P k çf Ak'o ¨ moe[dw"&*kPçf Ak'o ¨ moemEk&udw © *kPçf r[max&*kPçf oDv
orm"d ynm*kPw f EYkd iS fh jynhpf akH wmfral omaMumifh qufuyfawmfr&l jcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfEpS f
(1988)ckESpf? pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeYrSpí AdkvfcsKyfBuD;apmarmif OD;aqmifaom
wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfonf/ rdk;ukwfçrdkif;&SL;paom &wemajrrS
wefz;kd jynfwefywåjrm; (e0wywåjrm;[kxif&mS ;aom)&wemrsm;tygt0if ausmufrsuf
&wemrsKd ;pHk azmfxw k &f &Sad ecsed jf zpfonf/ wyfrawmftpd;k &tkycf sKyfaecsed f Ak'o ¨ moemawmf
udk csD;ajr§mufvakd omqE´m"dywdjzpfaeonht f wGuf ,ciftcsdeu f ax&fBuD;0gBuD; ynm
*kPf BuD;rm;aom t&Sijf rwfwt Ykd m; t*¾r[my@dwbGUJ wHqyd ?f tbd"Zr[m&|*k½b k UJG
wHqyd f qufuyfco Jh nfrmS ESprf sm;pGmMumovdk acwftqufquf&adS eNyjD zpfí ,cifbUJG rsm;
qufuyfygu wpfEpS t f wGi;f (500)ausmfqufuyf&rnfjzpfonf/ Edik if aH wmfoC H r[m
em,utzGUJ omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tm; bGUJ wHqyd af wmf qufuyfEikd af &;
pDpOfay;&ef tBuHÓmPfawmif;cHavonf/ tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k t*¾r[my@dw pmcsbGUJ
(3)ck? "r®uxdubGJU (2)ck bGJUwHqdyfawmfudpörsm;udk omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS wm0ef,l
pdppfí omoemawmfxeG ;f um;jyefyY mG ;a&;OD;pD;XmerS tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® ZmwdubGUJ ç
t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"ZbGUJ ? r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"ZbGUJ ? o'¨ra® Zmwdu"ZbGUJ (4)ck?
ur®|memp&d,bGUJ (3)ck? vly*k K¾d vfwt Ykd m; trsdK;om;bGUJ (3)ck? trsdK;orD;bGUJ (3)ckwu Ykd kd
pdppfapum Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rS qufuyfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ yxrqH;k bGUJ wHqyd t f opf uyfvLS
&mü usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmftm; qufuyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
1353-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfaeYwGif wpfBudrf? ewfawmfvuG,faeYwGif
wpfBudrf? waygif;vqef;(6)&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf bGJUwHqdyfawmfrsm; qufuyfaMumif;
aMunmcJo h nf/ xl;jcm;aomESpjf zpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; bGUJ wHqyd f
aMunmonfh waygif;vqef;(6)&ufjzpfí bGJUqufuyf&efrSm waygif;vjynhfaeYjzpf&m
9-&uftMum qufuyfjcif;jzpfonf/ Edik if t H BuD;tuJrS auvmoawmifq&mawmf?
Zif;usKd ufawmifq&mawmf? usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfwu Ykd kd qufuyfoifah Mumif; rSmMum;
xm;&m xdq k &mawmf(3)yg;rSm usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfjzpfaeaomaMumifh pdppfrMI uefMY um
417
KTS 22-12-14
cJ&h onf/ xdt

k csed u
f oufawmf(63)ESpf 0gawmf(20)0g&csed jf zpfonf/ omoemjyKoufwrf;
(20)&Sd&rnf[k bGJUqufuyfa&;pnf;rsOf;ü jy|mef;xm;onf/ oufawmfESihf0gawmft&
pdppfvQif usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf ti,fq;kH [k qd&k ayrnf/ xl;jcm;rIyifjzpfonf/
tjrif h qH k ;omoemjyKbG J U wH q d yf a wmf
yxrwef;omoemjyKbGUJ t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Zudk aumZmESpf 1353-ckEpS f
u qufuyfcH&NyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;wnfaqmufrI (e0w)tpdk;&tjzpfrS
EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihfzGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD (etz)tpdk;&tjzpf ajymif;vGJvmcJhNyD;
aumZmESpf 1365-ckESpf? jymodkvqef;(13)&uf (4-1-2004)aeYwGif tbd"Zt*¾r[m
o'¨ra® Zmwdu[laom tjrifq h ;kH xdyw f ef;omoemjyKbGUJ wHqyd af wmfqufuyfc&hJ m xdt k csed f
u q&mawmfrmS oufawmf (75)ESp?f odum© awmf(32)0g&Sad eNyDjzpfum xdb k UJG tqihu f kd
oufawmf oufawmf(80)ausmrf S qufuyf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; q&mawmf\ omoemjyK
vkyfief;rsm;rSm wrlxl;jcm; tjcm;olaqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifatmifjzpfaeaomaMumifh
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS qufuyfvSL'gef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þbGJUonf oufawmf(80)jynhfrS
qufuyfavh&adS omfvnf; owfrw S cf surf jynhrf rD mS yif usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf&&Scd o
hJ nf/
bG J U cH t &nf t csif ; rsm;
tbd"ZbGUJ qufuyf&mü azmfjyyg*kPx f ;l 0daooudk tajccHxm;um &[ef; 5-
ode;f ta&twGurf S owfrw S cf sufEiS jfh ynhaf om r[max&frsm;udk qufuyfaMumif;
bGJUyHkawmf0,fyg&Sdonf/
(1) Ak'ömoemawmf wdk;wufjyefYyGm;a&;udk txl;aqmif&Gufawmfrljcif;?
0dod|Ak'ömoem0k¹dku&*kPf
(2) Ak'ömoemawmftusdK;pD;yGm;udk txl;aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;?
0dod|Ak'ömoe[dw"&*kPf
(3) Ak'ömoemawmfudk txl;apmihfa&Smufawmfrljcif;?
0dod|Ak'ömoemEk&ud©w*kPf
(4) oHCmawmfrsm;udk xl;jcm;pGmBuD;uJtkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;?
r[mem,u*kPf
(5) xl;uJaom 0dod| oDv orm"d ynm*kPfwdkY jynhfpHkawmfrlaomaMumifh
xdyfwef;omoemjyKbGJUjzpfaom tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu bGJUwHqdyfawmfudk
qufuyfjcif;jzpfonf[k yg&Sad vonf/
418
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 419
0d o d | Ak ' ¨ o moem0k¹d k u &*k P f

usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfoEÅmefü azmfjyyg*kP0do|d *kPf tjynft h pH&k adS eonfukd
azmfjy&efvt kd yfrnfjzpfonf/ Ak'o ¨ moem[laom ygVd\t"dymÜ ,frmS BuD;us,fonf/
us,f0ef;us,fjyefv Y suf&o dS nf/ trsm;odv, G af om tzGiu fh o kd mjyqdrk S wdw k Ekd iS vfh &kd if;
odEdkifrnf/ y&d,wdåç y#dywdåç y#da0" [k omoemoHk;&yfjyqdkxm;onf/ Ak'ä[mMum;
cJhaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk oif,ljcif;onf y&d,wdåomoem? pm&dwåoDv? 0g&dwåoDv
udk usijfh cif;? orxur®|mef;? 0dyóemur®|mef;w&m;rsm;udu k sijfh cif;? ynmwd;k yGm;atmif
usihjf cif;onf y#dywdo å moem? opömav;yg;udk trSejf rifum r*fzv kd u f kd rsufarSmufjyKNyD;
oEdo Å ck edAmÁ e"mwfukd od&cdS pH m;jcif;onf y#da0"omoem[k qd&k onf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfonf vltrsm;oEÅmefü Ak'o ¨ moemwnfEikd af &;twGuf teEÅig;yg;udk OD;xdyf
xm;aexdkifum tedrfhqHk; ig;yg;oDvudk vHkNcHKatmifaexdkif&ef qif jrif; uRJ EGm; 0uf
wdYk tom;udk &moufyefa&SmifMuOfaexdik &f ef tcgtm;avsmpf mG 8-yg;oDvudk &ufowfrw S f
t"d|mefxm; apmihx f ed ;f apum oufowfvw G t f pmtm[m&oH;k aqmifMu&ef qH;k ravh
&SNd y;D Ak'*¨ P
k af wmfymG ;rsm;&ef pdyyf w k ;D ESifh bk&m;&Scd ;kd pmtkyu
f kd ay;avh&o dS nf/ oDvvHNk cKH a&;?
teEÅig;yg; ½dak opGmaexdik af &; pOfqufrjywf qH;k ravh&o dS nf/ ñTeMf um;xm;onft h wdik ;f
vdu k ef moluo kd m wynht f jzpf owfrw S af wmfro l nf/ xdo k wl \ Ykd vkyt f m; ypön;f av;yg;udk
tvSLcH,o l nf/ ode;f *Pef;jzihf vma&mufvLS aomfvnf; ig;oH;k vDusihpf Ofurkd vdu k ef m
olwYkd tvSLudck , H al vhr&S?d (tusipfh &P&Srd &Sd raemr,ynm)pdwx f m;qifjcifum y,favh
&So d nf/ BuD;rm;aom tvSLjyKvdv k Qif trsdK;om;tm; t"d|mefov D ESi&fh [ef;odum© jzihf
&ufyikd ;f jzpfaeygrnf 0efcrH o S mvufco H nf/ trsKd ;orD;jzpfvQif 8-yg;oDvt"d|mefov D &Sif
0wf&ef 0efcHMu&onf/ tvSLcHXme? tvSLcHzvm;? tvSLcHjzwfydkif;? tvSL&SifurÁnf;
a&;xdk;cGihfrjyK? odef;axmifcsDvSLaomfvnf; *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;? urÁnf;qdkif;bkwfrsdK;
a&;om;cGihfrjyKbJ omoemawmftay: ,HkMunfjrihfrm;atmif aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf/
þonfrSm omoemawmfBuD;ay: &Sifvltrsm;av;pm;atmifjyKvkyfaexdkifjcif;rsdK;jzpfí
0k¹u kd &*kP&f iS [ f k qdEk ikd yf gonf/
0d o d | Ak ' ¨ o moe[d w "&*k P f
ig;oH;k vDusihpf Oftwdik ;f twdtusvdu
k ef mvsuf&adS om &[ef;&Siv
f l rnforl qdk
&[ef;b0jzifhjzpfap? vl0wfjzihfjzpfap vma&mufaexdkifNyD; &ufowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ
pm;0wfaea&;udk wm0ef,lxm;ygonf/ vpm &du©mtjzpf aiGaMu;r,l aeEdkifygonf/
419
KTS 22-12-14
pdwrf rSeo f rl sm;jzpfapumrl vufcx H m;aomaMumifh pdwaf jymif;um yuwdtwdik ;f vlaumif;

jzpfomG ;avh&o dS nf/ aq;pG?J t&ufpJG b0ysufvmolwo Ykd nf &moufyef&[ef;0wfjzihf
aexdik o f mG ;Muygonf/ xdo k w
l \
Ykd vkyt f m; tusihpf &Ptm;jzihf apwDawmfrsm; jyefvnf
jyKjyifjcif; teD;uyfaexdik jf cif;jyKMuaomaMumifh ,aeY usdKufx;D aqmif;omoemjyKpcef;
(67)Xme0,f &yfcH &GmcH a'ocHrsm; ig;oH;k vDwynh'f g,um 'g,dumrrsm;tjzpf a&mufap
Edik cf o
hJ nf/ þonfrmS xl;jcm;aom omoemjyKenf;jzpfí 0do|d Ak'o ¨ moe[dw"&*kPf
yifjzpfygonf/
0d o d | Ak ' ¨ o moemEk & ud © w *k P f
Ak'ä0,sç om0ua0ae,s [k a0ae,s(2)rsdK;&Sd&m ,cktcg Ak'ä0ae,swdkYr&Sd
awmhay/ Ak'v ¨ ufxufawmfu xdyw f ef;om0uBuD;rSpí pwkwo ¬ *H g,emtxd qVmbdn
y#dordÇ'gywårsm;txd a0ae,smrsm;pGm uRwfwef;0ifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH[k
ac:qdMk uaom ,aeYjrefrmajray:ü yk*aH cwf &Sit f &[Hrax&f txd uRwfwrf;0ifatmif
a[mMum;cJo h nfukd trsm;vufcMH uNyD;jzpfonf/ tvm;wl oa&acwå&m AdóEd;k [ef;
[if; waumif;acwfuvnf; xif&mS ;aom t&Sijf rwfwaYkd Mumifh uRwfwrf;0ifcMhJ uonf/
twdwfumv jrefrmajray:rSm ax&0g'Ak'ömoem tajccHxm;qHk;ra[mMum;cJhaom
ax&my&rÜ&odómEkoó d tqufqufwaYkd Mumifh Ak'o ¨ moemawmf ,aeYtxd wnf&dS
cJhonf/ xdkolwdkYa[mMum;qHk;rcJhaomaMumifh wpfb0ESihfuRwfwrf;r0ifEdkifao;vQif
aemifb0wpfckck0,f uRwfwrf;0ifcJhMu&onf/ þonfrSm om0ursm;rSwpfqihf "r®
a0ae,smtjzpf a&mufoGm;Mu&onf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfum; bk&m;&Sio f nf tem*wfomoemawmf (5000)
xm;cJo h nfukd tav;txm;,HMk unfco hJ nf/ bk&m;&Si\f yg&rDjznhb f ufwoYkd nf (Ómwd)
omoemawmf(5000)twGi;f uRwfwrf;0ifMu&rnf/ tcsdKU taqGtrsdK;wdYk tyg,f(4)yg;rS
tvG,w f ulrvGwEf ikd af o;aomfvnf; xm;&Scd ahJ omESp(f 5000)twGi;f vltjzpfukd &Mu
vdrrhf nf/ xdo k w
l oYkd nf Ak'"¨ r®ukd emMum;cGi&fh MuvQif wpfb0ESifh yg&rDrjynhí f vuf&dS
b0rSm uRwfwrf;r0ifcJhaomf "mwk "r® y&dabm* O'd´ó[laom apwDav;&yfudk
taMumif;jyKí yknud&d,m0w¬KjyKvkyfcGihf&Muum okp½dkufw&m;udk yGm;rsm;cGihf&MuNyD;
jzpfrnf/ apwDav;&yf omoemjrwfukd wnfxm;rI ud;k uG,rf I yg&rDaumif;rS aygif;pkum
vlUb0 ewfb0 ESpb f 0 oH;k b0 twefwefavmuf usiv f nf&Ny;D rSom uRww f rf;0ifMu
rnf/ xdaYk Mumifh apwDav;&yfux kd m;awmfrcl ohJ nf/ uRwfwrf;0ifrnfo h w l oYkd nf Ak'¨
420
KTS 22-12-14
omoem(5000)twGi;f rSmyif tuket f pif yg&rDjznhbf ufaqGrsKd ;wdaYk umif;usKd ;jzpfapjcif;?

(tEdÅrÓmww¬)aemufq;kH bdwf uRwfwrf;0ifatmif umvowfrw S x f m;jcif;jzpfonf[k
,HMk unfonf/ Ak'\ ¨ yg&rDjznhb
f ufwYkd ruRwfuRwfatmif ypön;f av;yg;axmufyu hH m
omoemudk apmihfaejcif;jzpfonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf pcef;aygif;(67)Xme&Sd apwDav;&yfukd teD;uyf
aexdik af pum aeYpOf qGr;f a&csrf; yef; qDr;D uyfvLS apí wnfxm;aomapwDav;yg;udk
ouf&Sdxif&Sm;bk&m;tvm;udk;uG,fapNyD; rysufatmif teD;uyfxdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf
onf/ apwD? bk&m;wnfxm;NyD; Oayu©mrIjzihf ypfy,fvspfvsLjyKavhr&Sd tapmihftae
xm;&Sdavonf/ awmawmiftoD;oD;&Sd apwDykxdk;[lorQ xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufap&ef
apwD,ygv(bk&m;apmihfolaezdkY taqmufttHk)ausmif;aqmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
þonfyif 0do|d Ak'o ¨ moemEk&udw © *kPyf if jzpfonf/
r[mem,u*k P f
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ ig;oH;k vDtqdt k qH;k traMumifh wynhrf sm;pGmwdYk
wpfpw d wf nf; wpf0rf;wnf&adS eMuonf/ pm;aomufa&;twGuf omrefwynhw f o
Ykd nf
qif jrif; uRJ EGm; 0uf tom;wdu Yk kd &moufyefa&SmifMuonf/ tcsKd U t"d|mefjzihf &ufMum
vMum oufvw G of ufy,fpm;Muonf/ teD;uyftwGi;f pnf;tjzpf aexdik o f w
l Ykd &moufyef
oufvw G o f ufy,f pm;Muonf/ teEÅig;yg; OD;xdyaf exdik jf cif; ig;yg;oDvapmihjf cif;udrk l
wynht f m;vH;k &moufyefvNkH cHKpGm xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufaexdik Mf u&onf/ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
Edik if aH ygif;pHk wynhrf sm;tm;vH;k a&jcm;ajrjcm; vlrsKd ;jcm;aomfvnf; tm;vH;k þig;oH;k vDukd
vdu k ef mMu&onf/ pcef;(67)Xme&Sd wynht f m;vH;k wpfaoG;wpfoH wpfred &Yf MdS uonf/
aeYpOf &[ef;(40)? oDv&Sif(40)? tvkyform;(80)wdkY\ eHeufpm? aeYvnfpm? npmudk
auR;arG;í omoemjyKvkyfief;udk pOfqufrjywf jyKvkyfatmif pDrHEdkifonf/ (67)Xmeü
&[ef; omraP oDv&Siw f o Ykd nf pnf;urf;udv k ukd ef maexdik Mf uonf/ q&mawmfEiS fh
(vuf&Sdtcsdefü) tudsK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dEónf pcef;tm;vHk;odkY wpfv 2-Budrf
oGm;a&mufpDpOf vdktyforQay;urf;avh&Sdonf/ q&mawmfESihf OD;em*dE´ wdkY <uvmvQif
rdzq&mtvm; ½dkaousdK;EGHpGm uefawmhMuNyD; tm;wuf&Tifvef;&SdaeMuonf/ pm;0wf
aea&; tqihw f xl m;jcif;? qH;k rrIwn l jD cif;? csD;ajr§mufrI cGjJ cm;rIrjyKjcif;aMumifh &[ef;&Sif
vl wynht f rsm; oabmxm; t,ltqruGJ wom;wnf;&Sad ejcif;onf y&dowfav;yg;
wdkYtay: jrifhjrwfaom tkyfcsKyfol r[mem,u*kPfyifjzpfonf/
421
KTS 22-12-14
*kPfxl;aqmifa'gufwm(Ph.D)bGJUtwGuf pHkprf;a&;vma&muf
aumZmouú&mZf 1375-ckESpf? jymodkvqef;(14)&uf? c&pfESpf 2014-ckESpf?
ZEé0g&Dv(14)&uf usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwD r[my|mef;usrf;&GwfzwfylaZmfyGJ
(42)Budraf jrmuf usif;yvsuf&&dS m t|raeYa&muf&adS ecsdejf zpfonf/ xdik ;f Edik if H r[mcsLvm
avmifueG w f uúov kd rf S ygarmu©q&mawmf (Dhaunakosjam)OD;aqmifum wuúov kd rf S
uxduq&mawmfrsm; urÇmAh 'k b ¨ momoDv&Sit f zGUJ csKyf Ouú| arcspD pH eD;ESifh {nho f nfawmf
(44)a,mufwYkd nae(6;30)em&Dtcsdef usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk a&muf&v dS mMuonf/ &[ef;
awmf(14)yg;? oDv&Si(f 1)yg;? wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ vlBuD;rsm; tygt0if trsdK;om;
trsdK;orD;(39)a,mufwYkd vdu k yf gvmcJMh uonf/
vma&mufMuaom udprö mS usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;tm; *kPx f ;l aqmif
(Ph.D)a'gufwmbGUJ qufuyfEikd &f eftwGuf avhvmpHpk rf;a&;tzGUJ tjzpf a&mufvmcJjh cif;
jzpfonf/ aemufaeY (15-1-2014)&uf? jymodv k jynhf Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeYwiG f usdKufx;D aqmif;
qHawmf&iS af pwDBuD;wGif wifvLS xm;aom a&Tx;D awmf iSujf rwfem;awmf pdezf ;l awmf
wdkYrSm ESpfaygif;(11)MumcJhNyDjzpfí avrkefwdkif;(em*pfrkefwdkif;)'Pf obm0&moDav'Pf
rd;k 'PfaMumihf a&Tjym;rsm;uGmMucJo h nf/ ,cky|mefyu JG sif;ycsderf mS pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;awmf
wdkYudk a&Tjym;xlxlcwfum &moDOwk'Pf BuHhBuHhcHEdkifatmif a&TrlvDrsm;jzihf tcdkiftrm
jyKvky&f ef atmufoyYkd ifah qmifxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ ,cifwyfqifvLS 'gef;xm;aom ausmufrsuf
&wemrsm;tjyif topfvLS 'gef;Muaom &wemrsm;udk xyfqihyf al Zmfco hJ nf/ ,cif a&Tx;D ü
a&Tcsed yf ód m(9)ydóm? iSuaf ysmzl;wGif (9)ydóm uyfvLS xm;&m ,ck MumarSmuf MumvSef
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J ;kH udyk g a&Tjym;cwfuyfvLS &m (32)ydómjzpfí tm;vH;k aygif; a&Tcsed f ydóm(40)jzpfonf/
vjynhaf eYü pdezf ;l awmf iSujf rwfem;awmfwu Ykd kd wifvLS &ef tcrf;tem;usi;f y&ef pDpOfxm;
cJhMuonf/
jymodkvjynhf Ak'¨[l;aeY eHeuf(7)em&Dtcsdef "r®pMumatmif"r®m½HktwGif; tcrf;
tem;jyKvkyfMuonf/ tcrf;tem;odkY xdkif;EdkifiH r[mcsLvmavmifuGefwuúodkvfrS
ygarmu©csKyf q&mawmf OD;aqmifaom &[ef;awmf oDv&SifESihf {nfhonfawmfrsm;
rGefjynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJUrS 0efBuD;csKyf OD;tkef;jrihf OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJU0efBuD;rsm;?
jynfe,f? c½dkif? NrdKUe,frS Xmeqdkif&mrsm;? tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu aus;Zl;&Sif
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ? ok"r®m*dP k ;f 0if ok0ÖPblrd qHawmf&iS f omoemjyK
taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z b'ÉeÅ m*dE´ OD;aqmifaom
422
KTS 22-12-14
pcef;(67)XmerS &[ef;awmfrsm;? a*gyutzGUJ 0ifrsm;? ig;oH;k vDwynh'f g,um 'g,dumrrsm;

pHknDpGmwufa&mufcJhMuonf/ pdefzl; iSufjrwfem;awmf yifhaqmifvmcsdef y|mef;ylaZmfyGJ
usif;yvsuf&Sdonf/ pdefzl; iSufjrwfem; wifvSLNyD;csdef0,f y|mef;atmifyGJusif;ycJhMu&m
{nfhonfawmfrsm; vGefpGm0rf;omtm;&jzpfoGm;Muonf/ ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmfrS
wuúov kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ xH tpD&ifcpH mwifjyrnf/ tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rS twnfjyKvufcyH gu
vmrnhf {NyDvwGif a'gufwmbGUJ qufuyfrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;cJMh uonf/
Ak'ä'oem*kPfxl;aqmif a'gufwmbGJUyifhavQmufvm
2014-ckEpS ?f {Nyv
D (21)&ufaeYpyJG gjzihf q&mawmfxH yihzf w
d af y;ydcYk o
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usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf b'ÉÅynm'Dy bk&m;
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwDawmfBuD;
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? rGefjynfe,f? jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
taMumif;t&m/ Ak'b
¨ moma'oempOft& *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ qufuyf
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r[mcsLvmavmifuGef&mZma'vsAk'¨wuúodkvfaumifpDtzGJUrS 2014-ckESpf?
rwfv(26) 1^2556^2014 tpnf;ta0;tqH;k tjzwfjzihf Ak'b ¨ moma'oempOf *kPx f ;l
aqmif a'gufwmbGUJ udk xduk w f efvyS gí ½dak oav;jrwfpmG qufuyfvLS 'gef;tyfEiS ;f ygrnf
bk&m;/
423
KTS 22-12-14
2/ xdb
k UJG ESi;f obif tcrf;tem;BuD;udk xdik ;f Edik if H t,k',
¨ NrdKU trfp,
D cl ef;raqmif&dS
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tm; ½dkaoav;jrwfpGm*g&0jzihf *kPfxl;aqmifa'gufwmbGJUtyfESif;vdkygonfbk&m;/
3/ q&mawmfb&k m;BuD; <ua&mufEikd yf g&ef ae&mxdik cf if; oDwif;oH;k jcif;ç qGr;f quf
uyfjcif;? um;tBudKtydkYvkyfjcif; tppjynhfpHkpGm aqmif&Gufay;vdkygonfbk&m;/
taMumif;jyefMum;csufudk ½dkaopGmarQmfvifhaeygonfbk&m;/
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a'gufwm &m b&mrefyl'pf
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bmaMumifh *kPfxl;aqmifa'gufwmbGJUqufuyf
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rS yxrtBudrf t*¾r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu"ZbGJUawmfESifh 'kwd,tBudrf tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdubGJUawmfudk
qufuyfcJhonf/ xdktcsdefu q&mawmf rdefYMum;aompum;rSm ]]'dkYrSm bk&m;ay;chJwJh
bGJUxl;*kPfxl;&SdNyD;om;}} þpum;udk jyefvnfowd&rdonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH r[mcsLvm
avmifueG Af 'k w¨ uúov kd uf Ak'b ¨ moma'oempOft& *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwm(Ph.D)bGUJ
qufuyfvakd Mumif; pma&mufvmaomtcg ]]vdck sifwmr&ao;bJ a'gufwmbGUJ u t&if
&aeNyD}}[k ya[Vdpum; rdeMYf um;jyefavonf/ q&mawmftvdck sifq;kH t&mudk rdro d ad omf
vnf; xdt k &mum; avmutvdk bGUJ wHqyd af wmhr[kwyf g/1 ig;oH;k vDwynhf &[ef;awmf
oDv&Sif a,m*D aou©rD 'g,um 'g,dumrtm;vH;k 0rf;omrqH;k &SMd uavonf/ q&m
awmfb&k m;onf rdrx d aH &muf&v dS molwikd ;f tm; Ak'a¨ 'oemawmfEiS t fh nD Ak'ç¨ "r®ç oHCm
ESifh trdtz q&mwdu Yk kd ½dak orI jyKí aexdik af tmif? olt Y oufowfr?I cd;k ,lr?I vk,ufr?I
olwpfyg;(om;orD;r,m;)tdr&f mvGeu f sL;rI? olt Y usKd ;,kwaf tmif vdrn f mrI? rl;,pfaq;0g;
oHk;pGJrI? ao&nfaomufoHk;rIwdkYudk a&SmifMuOfNyD; qif jrif; uRJ EGm; 0ufwdkY\ tom;udk
rpm;roH;k bJ tcgtm;avsmfpmG olt Y oufot Yl om; pm;oH;k rIukd a&SmifMuOf&ef qH;k rpum;
udk vltrsm;vdkufematmif a[mMum;&mü udk,fusihfw&m;qdkif&m oabmw&m;udk
1/ q&mawmf tvkcd sifq;kH t&mum; ,cktcsdef azmfjy&efroifah o;yg/
424
KTS 22-12-14
vufawGUusiafh pjcif; uRr;f usio f (l yg&*Fw)"r®yg&*lq&mwpfqjl zpfawmfral omaMumifh xdik ;f

Edik if H r[mcsLvmavmifueG Af 'k w
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csuft& (Ph.D)bGUJ awmfukd qufuyfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/
bef a umuf c &D ; pOf
arv 15-&ufaeYwGif q&mawmfESihftwl xdkif;EdkifiHodkY vdkufygrnfholrsm;rSm
OD;em*dE´? OD;ynmoD[(&efatmifat;)? OD;0dok'¨ (rSefulnDaemifausmif;)? OD;ynm0Ho
(&Gmv,fuvsmPD)? OD;0½kP(ukoed m½Hak wmif)? oDv&Siq f &mBuD; a':½lyod*?Ð q&m0efBuD;
a'gufwmpHv?S q&mr a':EGUJ ? OD;wifñeG (Yf usdKufx)kd ? udyk nk ? udak usmfqef;OD;? uduk ufeuf
yDav;? a&TjrAG'D ,
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k ef;xduk ?f OD;ausmf0if; (oCFe;f uRef;)?
aZurÇmukrÜPD Ouú|? jrefrmEdkifiH omoemEk*¾[A[dktzGJU Ouú|? t*¾r[moD&dok"r®
rPdaZmw"& 0ÖPausmx f if a'gufwmcifa&T OD;aqmifaom tzGUJ tm;vH;k vlO;D a&
(40)ausmf vdu k yf goGm;cJMh uonf/ tcsKd UrSm rdrt
d pDtpOfjzihf rdom;pkrsm;vduk yf goGm;Muonf/
befuefa&mufvQif q&mawmftm; orm;awmf q&m0efBuD;rsm;rS aq;ppfí vdt k yfaom
aq;ukorIjyKMuonf/ q&mawmfylaZmfyGJü yg0ifMurnhf apmif;ynm&Sifç tqdkawmfç
a'0g0if; &mZm0if;jzihf crf;em;pGmusif;y&ef 0wfpjkH ynhf vljynhaf c:aqmifomG ;&m aZurÇm
rdom;pkrS toGm;tjyefc&D;p&dwf aea&; pm;a&; tm;vHk; wm0ef,lvSL'gef;cJhonf/
a'guf w mbG J U tyf E S i f ; quf u yf j cif ;
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(5)&uf we*FaEGaeY aeYv,fydkif;tcdsef xdkif;EdkifiH r[mcsLvmavmifuGef t,k'¨,Ak'¨
wuúov kd wf iG f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;tm; *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ (Ph.D)
qufuyfvLS 'gef;yGu J si;f ycJ&h m wuúov kd \
f ygarmu©csKyf OD;aqmifaom 'kw, d ygarmu©csKyf?
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f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ ? bGUJ xl;*kPxf ;l qufuyfc&H
rnhf &[ef; oDv&Sif trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;rsm; jrefrmEdik if rH S Edik if aH wmfA[do k C H mh0efaqmif
tzGUJ \ Ouú|jzpfaom Aef;armfq&mawmf a'gufwmukrm&mbd0o H (tbd"Zr[m&|*k½?k
tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu)? &efukefwdkif; oHCem,utzGJU Ouú| r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu"Z b'ÉÅ£'d̈Av? a'gufwmcifa&T OD;aqmifaom wynhf'g,um 'g,dumr
rsm; wufa&mufMu&m y&dowfrSm (oHk;aomif;cefY)&Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;&avonf/ ajrvwf
rif;vGif oDuHk;a&;zGJUaom "r®aw;tcsdKUudk Zmwfrif;om; rEÅav;odef;aZmfESihf eef;0if;?
apmif;ynm&Sif a':cifrmoDwdkY wD;rIwfoDqdkylaZmfMuNyD; a'0g0if &mZm0if;jzihf BuD;us,f
425
KTS 22-12-14
xnf0gcHnh m;vSpmG usif;ycJMh uonf/ xdik ;f Edik if H ordik ;f ü þyGrJ sdK; 'DwpfBudro
f m awGUjrif
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usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmftm; *kPfxl;aqmifbGJU tyfESif;&jcif;taMumif;udk
ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmfrS atmufygtwdik ;f avQmufxm;cJo
h nf/
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Edik if u
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awmfb&k m;BuD;&JU y&d,wdeå yYJ wfoufvYkd cs;D jri§ jhf cif;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh a'gufwmbGUJ ay;tyf
ygw,f/ eHygwfEpS f jrefrmEdik if rH mS y#dywdeå yYJ wfoufNyD; av;pm;&r,fph nf;urf;awG&w dS ,f/
'gaMumifh a'gufwmbGJUay;tyfcsD;jr§ifhjcif;jzpfygw,f/
vGecf whJ EhJ pS f (400)ausmfu oD&v d uFmEdik if rH mS omoemxGe;f um;ovdk jrefrmEdik if H
rSm xGe;f um;vsu&f w dS ,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DbUJG udak y;tyf&jcif;jzpfw,f/ jrefrmEdik if rH mS t*¾r[m
o'¨r®aZmwdu"Z ay;ovdkrsdK; 'Dxdkif;EdkifiHrSmvnf; rSwfwrf;wif*kPfjyKbGJUay;tyfjcif;
jzpfw,f/ eHygwfo;kH pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;Oya't& a'gufwmbGUJ ay;jcif;jzpfw,f/ a'gufwm
bGUJ udk b,fupay;ovJqakd wmh 1440-jynhEf pS u f t*FvefEikd if H atmufpzdw Yk uúov kd f
upNyD; ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f/ bke;f BuD;awG vlawGygay;cJw h ,f/ oH;k bGUJ ay;Edik wf ,f/ a'gufwm
bGUJ &w,fqw kd m wpfurÇmvH;k u vufcx H m;wJh wuúov kd u
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f m urÇmu todtrSwjf yKvufcx H m;wJw h uúov kd jf zpf
w,f/ 'gaMumifh usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfukd a'gufwmbGUJ tyfEiS ;f jcif; jzpfygw,f/1
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS jyefvnfavQmufxm;onfrmS -
tckvkd omoemrI bmomrIukd a&S;½Ií jrefrmEdik if aH wmfeJY xkid ;f Edik if H bmomvnf;
wl omoemvnf;wlw,f? taMumif;awGqufpyfaewmwlcsi;f aMumifh ,aeY ,ck BuHKqHk
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h ay: 0rf;ajrmufz, G &f mtvGew f pf&maumif;ygw,f/ ,aeY ,ck þodYk BuHKqH&k wJh
tay: omoemeJY taMumif;qufaewJh tqifjh rifrh m;wJh t[kef *kPw f u Ykd kd ylaZmfMuwJh
taeeJY r*Fvm&Sdaom a'0g0if; &mZm0if;rsm;yg NcH&Hum aqmif&GufEdkifonfhtay:
þwuúov kd Bf uD;udk uGyu
f t J yk cf sKyfawmfrMl uaom Ouú|q&mawmfBuD;? 'kw, d Ouú|
q&mawmfrsm;? q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm; tm;vH;k 0rf;ajrmufpmG jzihf aus;Zl;wif&adS Mumif;
1/ t*Fvyd b
f momjyefukd Adv
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426
KTS 22-12-14
xkid ;f Edik if eH YJ jrefrmEdik if H Ak'b

¨ momcsif;wlnaD eonht f ay: xkid ;f vlrsdK; jrefrmvlrsdK; ESpEf ikd if H
tkycf sKyfaeaom rif;&mZmwdo Yk nfvnf; vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k Edik if t
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wdo Yk nfvnf;aumif;? ewfa'0gtaygif;wdo Yk nfvnf;aumif; ,aeY ,ck jyKtyfonfh
tay: 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzihf aumif;jcif;Ekarmf om"kac:qdkEdkifMuygapaomf .
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a'gufwmcsufcsdKif;u vufcHNyD; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;cJhavonf/
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jzpfonf/ obm0ab;'PfEiS fh vlom;wdYk usL;vGeaf om ab;'PftcH&qH;k [kqv kd Qif
rrSm;Edik /f qlemrDivsif ½d;k ½d;k ivsif rkew
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yihfaqmifcJh&onf/ p&dwfroufomay/ ,ckESpf y|mef;yGJusif;yEdkifa&; jrefrmEdkifiHrS
omoemEk*¾[toif; (A[dk) Ouú| a'gufwmcifa&Tu usyfodef;(2500)ausmf vSL'gef;
aomaMumifh tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu "r®yg&*l(Ph.D)*kPx f ;l aqmif a'gufwm
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf? ok0ÖPblrd qHawmf&iS yf 0g&Pmtkypf k omoemjyKtaxGaxG
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z b'ÉÅem*dEÉiS fh jrefrmEdik if rH S wdy#d u
q&mawmf(3)yg;? &[ef;(33)yg;? jrefrm{nho f nfawmf(44)a,mufwYkd wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
c&D;pOf tptqHk; ukefusp&dwfudk a'gufwmcifa&TrS wm0ef,lvSL'gef;cJhonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf y|mef;usrf;udk ESppf Oft"d|mefrysufusif;yylaZmf
cJo
h nf/ (43)ESpu f mvMumcJo h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif; auvmo jroydwf usdKufa';,sHK
ouúxyl rPdarcvmxly owåem0du t'du ¨ em0duxl ukoed m½Hk Zif;usdKuf tygt0if
wpfESpf y|mef;yGJaygif;(24)Xmeausmf ylaZmf&ovdk &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vHk; &moufyef
427
KTS 22-12-14
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428
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 429
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429
KTS 22-12-14
tjzpf owfrSwf&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh r[mcsLvmavmifuGefwuúodkvfaumifpDrS

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KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 431
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KTS 22-12-14
tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k a'gufwmb'Éu Å rk m&mbd0o H trSL;jyKaom r[mem,uq&mawmf

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432
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 433
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*kP0do|d ylZm"r®aw;jzihf toD;oD; wD;rIwo f qD Mkd uNy;D ok"r®m*dP k ;f 0if ok0ÖPblrd
qHawmf&Sif omoemjyKXme y0g&Pm*dkPf;csKyf taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmif t*¾r[m
o'¨ra® Zmwdu"ZrS om&PD,Mo0g'uxmrdeMYf um;jcif;? OD;pHoif;vIid rf S *kP0do|d ylZm
atmifMobmpmwrf;zwfMum;jcif;? usKd ufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;rS aumif;rItpkpk
twGuf a&pufcs trQay;a0jcif; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf Ak'ömoeH pd&H wd|wk oHk;Budrf
&Gwq f ukd m tcrf;tem;udk ½kyo f rd ;f cJo
h nf/ q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf jrifrh m;aom xD;wifyJG
433
KTS 22-12-14
jyKvkyv f Qif qif&wem jrif;&wemwdjYk zihf bk&m;&Siu f ,kd pf m; apwDyx

k ;kd rsm;wGif wifvLS rnhf
xD;awmfwu Ykd kd ylaZmfrjI yKchaJ omaMumifh ,ck*P k 0do|d ylaZmfy0JG ,f qif&wem jrif;&wem
wdjYk zihf ylaZmfc&H onf/ wlnaD omtusdK; cHpm;cGi&fh &Sad om Ak'a¨ 'oem avmu"r®wmt&
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf &wem(7)yg;udk tjynhft0&&SdrnfrSm {ueftrSefyifjzpfygvdrfh
rnf/ ck'úygXygVdawmf ed"u d @okweå 0f ,f-
ya'o&ZÆH £ó&d,?H puú0wdo å ck yH ,d /H
a'0&ZÆHrdÜ 'daAÁok? oAÁarawe vAÇwd [k
a[mMum;xm;aomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/
&efukef aZ,smoD&dAdrmefESihf usdKufxD;"r®pMumatmif"r®m½HktwGif; usif;yaom
*kP0dod|ylZmobifwdkYü aiGzvm; jzwfydkif;xm; edAÁmefaqmfudk wm0efay; tvSLrcH?
bke;f uHtavQmuf &&Sx d m;aom 0w¬KaiGrsm;udv k LS 'gef;cJo
h nf/ a&muf&v dS maom vly&dowf
wdkYtm; usyfwpfaxmifwpf&GufpD aiGrsm;taqmifjzihf csD;jr§ihfcJhonf/ þylaZmfyGJ 2-ck
twGuf ukeu f sp&dwu f yif ode;f 2-axmifcefY ukeu f scJo
h nf/
434
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 435
rsdK;ocifrSef&if ukd;bk&if cefYpmay;rnf

vlYtzGJUtpnf;"avh
vljY ynf vlaY vmuü vltjzpf&vmolwo Ykd nf &vmcJah omb0 wnfwchH idk Nf rJa&;
twGuf rdom;pk trdtz om;orD; tbd;k tbGm; nDtpfuadk rmifErS OD;BuD; OD;av;
baxG; a':BuD; ponf aqGrsKd ;pkjzihf pkzUJG aexkid Mf uNy;D tcsi;f csi;f rScD t kd m;jyKaexkid Mf uonf/
pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ponfukd pkaygif;aqmif&Gufum aexkdifMu&onf/ &&Sdvmaom
pD;yGm;a&;[lorQudk xH;k wrf;pOfvmtwkid ;f a0pkcu GJ m &,lcpH m;cGi&hf MdS uonf/ vlaY vmu0,f
tarGqufcHcGihfjyKavh&SdMuonf/ rQwaom pdwf aumif;xm;aom rdom;pktwGuf
tjiif;yGm;jcif;r&Sb
d J uk,d ahf 0pk ud,
k &f oiho
f nht f wkid ;f ,lomG ;Muonf/ rQwaompdwf
r&Sod l yg0ifvmygu cGaJ 0rIjyKMu&m0,f rausrvnf&u dS m trIjzpfNyD; &,lavh&MdS uonf/
vlbY 0 vlw"Ykd r®wmyifjzpfonf/
omoemh0efxrf;"avh
vlaY bmif vlb Yl 0udk NiD;aiGUNyD; Ak't
¨ qH;k trtwdik ;f aexkid Mf uolawGrmS vnf;
tpktzGUJ jyKum omoemhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifavh&MdS uonf/ ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moem "r®EiS fh
tnD aexkid Mf uolwo Ykd nf OyZÑm,fq&m edó,nf;q&m "r®mp&d,q&m ponfh q&m
trsKd ;tpm;&SNd y;D o'¨0d [
d m&du taEÅ 0godu "r®aEÅ0godu ponf[k cGjJ cm;Ny;D aeMu&onf/
Ak'¨vufxufawmfurl "kwifaqmifawG trsm;pkjzpfí aexkdif&mtaqmuftOD;
y&du&© mtoH;k taqmifrsm;ukd tarGcq H ufc&H mü jyóemay:aygufrI r&Sb d J aexkid cf MhJ u
onf/ BuD;rm;aom oHCmhtpktzGUJ jzihf aexkid v f mMu&m Ak'y¨ &deAd mÁ efjyKNy;D aemuf ESpu
f mv
rMumrD oHCm*kP d ;f awGujJG ym;NyD; tpktzGUJ awG ay:aygufvmMuonf/ 0denf;a'oem
okwåefa'oem tbd"r®ma'oemrsm;yif wpf*kdPf;ESifhwpf*kdPf; wlnDrIr&Sd uGJjym;oGm;cJh
onf/
wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;aemuf taomurif; ulnyD yhH ;dk rIjzihf uk;d wkid ;f uk;d XmeodYk
omoemjyKapvTwfcJh&m jrefrmEkdifiH\atmufykdif; rGefvlrsdK;pkwkdYaexkdif&m auvmo
awmifajc&Sd ok0ÖPblrdokdY &SifaomP? &SifOwå&? &SiftEk½k'¨g? &SifaomaP,s?
&Sifwdó*kwåwkdYtzGJU omoemjyK<ua&mufvmcsdefrSpí ,aeYjrefrmEkdifiH[k owfrSwf
xm;aom a'otESHY ax&0g'Ak'ömoem jyefYyGm;vmcJhonf/ ax&0g'[k owfrSwf
xm;aom 0denf;ig;usrf; okwfoHk;usrf; tbd"r®mckepfusrf; t*Fkwå&edum,f oH,kwå
edum,f ck'u ´ edum,f rZÑrd edum,f ygVdawmfusrf;pmtkyf (40)? t|uxmusrf; (51)tky?f
435
KTS 22-12-14
#Dumusrf; (28)tkyf? ygVd t|uxm #Dumusrf;rsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm; oiftHavh

usufvsuf xku d srf;pmrsm;yg tqkt
d rdetYf wkid ;f vdu k ef musiho
f ;kH aexkid cf MhJ uonf/ ok"r®m?
a&Tusif? rlv'Gg&? r[m'Gg&? taemufacsmif;'Gg&? a0VK0ef? *P0drkwf? iSufwGif;?
r[m&if*P dk ;f [k oHCm*kdPf; 9-*kdPf; trnfuGJjym;aomfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwf
awmfrSm wlnDpGmvufcHxm;Muonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf ok"r®m*kdPf;0ifjzpfcJhíwynhftm;vHk; ok"r®m
*kP
d ;f 0ifrsm; jzpfvm&onf/ oHCm0denf;pnf;urf;t& vdu k ef musifo h ;kH aexkid cf o hJ nf/
ypön;f av;yg;wGif aoemoe 0d[m&taqmuftOD;tm;vH;k rSm a&S;a[mif;omoemhajr
apwDyx k ;kd a[mif;trsm;pk jzpfaeonf/ oHCu d rwoEÅu Ak'o ¨ EÅutjzpf&adS ecJo h nf/
q&mawmfonf a&S;usNyD; jyefjyKjyif0Hholr&Sdjzpfae aom apwDykxdk; omoedu
taqmuftOD; "mwkapwD? "r®apwD? y&dabm*apwD? O'´dóapwDrsm;ukd jyKjyifNyD;
teD;uyfxed ;f odr;f xm;oljzpfí Ak'o ¨ EÅu oHCu d rsm;ukd xde;f odr;f ol &u©ua*gydw
yk*¾v 0daoo[k qkd&ayrnf/ Ak'¨tay: toufESihfcE¨m tyfESif;NyD; b0&Sifoefoljzpfí
'g,umwdv Yk LS vmaom ypön;f av;yg;tm;vH;k ukd Ak't ¨ m;vSL'gef;xm;oljzpfonf/ q&mawmf
tm;vSL'gef;vmaom ypön;f tm;vH;k onf Ak'o ¨ EÅu oHCoEÅursm; tvdv k jkd zpfavonf/
odómEkoó d qufcaH &;aqmif&u G f vdak omqE´ q&mawmfpw d f jzpfay:vmcJah v\/
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf 0denf;"r®uEH iS fh avsmfnaD om t&dyt f &mqufcrH jI yK&m0,f
wynht f csi;f csi;f oabmnDrQjcif;r&Syd gu wynhrf sm; pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;Ny;D wynh'f g,umrsm;yg
tkypf jk zpfavh &So d nf/ avmutjrifobm0usNy;D omoemh"avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmESin fh aD om
vTJajymif;rIrsdK;ukd jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfvmNyDjzpfí vlvkdewfvdk xD;vdkewfvdk t&dyft&m
qufcrH rI sdK;ukd aqmif&u G &f ef q&mawmf pDpOfvu dk o f nfrmS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&onf/
omoemjyKOD;aqmifrnhfol
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf aumZmESpf 1333-ckESpfwGif &[ef;b0
a&muf&cSd NhJ y;D aemuf qHawmf&iS af pwDawmfrsm; zGiafh zmfyiG v
fh if;a&; aqmif&uG cf &hJ m vlb
Y 0u
qGrf;0wfjyKukd;uG,fcJhaom 'DCbmPu tpkd;&"r®mp&d, *E¦0gpuy@dw bGJU&
OD;aombP? 1336-ckESpfwGif rdrdwynhf&if; OD;okE´&? 1338-ckESpfwGif &[ef;cHcJhaom
OD;em*dE´wkdYESihftwl a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm;pGmukd xdef;odrf;apmihf a&SmufcJh&m tqihfwl
wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ ESpu
f mvMumvmovkd &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif a,m*D
ypön;f av;yg; 'g,umrsm;pGm jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSrusef y&dowfpv kH ifvmonf/ wpfaoG;
436
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 437
wpfoH wpfrdefYjzihf xm;&mae ap&moGm; cdkif;wmvkyf auR;wmpm; aexkdifapcJhNyD;

ajcmufvmvQif raMumuf&? ajr§mufvmvQif rajr§muf&? aESmufvmvQif raemuf&?
acsmhvmvQif raysmh&[laom pnf;urf;rsm; owfrw S af exkid af pcJ&h m 1375-ckEpS t f xd
wynht f m;vH;k twdtus vdu k ef maexkid cf MhJ uonf/ rGejf ynfe,f? u&ifjynfe,f? yJc;l wkid ;f ?
&efuek w f idk ;f twGi;f &Sd NrKd UBuD;NrKd Ui,f awmifwef; awmifxyd &f dS a&S;a[mif;orkid ;f 0ifapwDyx k ;kd
odrf ausmif; Z&yf omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm;pGm &[ef;omraP oDv&Sifrsm;
tNro J wD if;oH;k &m pcef;BuD;aygif; (67)Xmetxd wd;k yGm;vmonf/ &[ef;awmf (150)ausm?f
&Sio
f mraP (40)ausm?f oDv&Sif (80)ausm?f tvkyo f rm; (150)ausm?f a,m*Daygif;rsm;pGm
ta>ct&HawG &SdvmcJhonf/ EkdifiHt0ef;rS tvSL&Sif jynfyEkdifiHrS tvSL&SifwkdYu
vSL'gef;xm;aom pufwyf,mOfrsm;&Sv d mcJo h nf/ tvGo J ;kH pm;jyKrI vlraI &;uk, d af &;uk, d w f m
toH;k jyKrIpaom udprö sm;rjzpfatmif vkyu f idk af paomaMumihf tukov kd rf jzpf ukov kd u f o dk m
jzpfapcJo h nf/ omoemawmftwGuf omoemjyKvkyif ef;twGuf tusKd ;&Spd mG toH;k jyKap&ef
Ak'o¨ EÅu oHCoEÅu[lorQ omoemawmfqidk &f mudpüö oH;k pGrJ jI yKrSom tvSL&Siw f Ydk
twGuf tusdK;rsm;pGm&SEd idk af yonf/
tvSL&SifwkdY o'¨gw&m; tjcm;olwdk\ txiftjrifao;rIukd z,f&Sm;vdkí
txufwiG jf yqkcd ahJ om &[ef;(3)yg;rS ti,fq;kH OD;em*dE´tm; teD;uyfaexkid af pvsuf
t&dyyf rmvku d yf gapNyD; usihpf Of pepf vkyif ef;udpt ö 00 q&m'um qufqaH &;rsm;rusef
od&adS ponf/ uk, d pf m;aqmif&u G af ponf/ tESp(f 30)umvwmMumatmif enf;edó,
rsm; cH,al ponf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ &[ef; wynhf vlwynht f m;vH;k u
MunfjzLpGmvufcv H mcJo h nf/ q&mawmf omoemjyKvkyif ef;twGuf rnfoq l ufcEH idk f
rnfenf;[k oHo,pdwrf sm;&Sad eolwu Ykd yif OD;em*dE´ wm0ef,q l ufcEH idk af om t&nf
tcsi;f &Sad eNy[ D k ,HMk unfvmMuonf/ xko d aYkd qmif&u G v f mcJ&h m 1367-ckEpS ?f e,kev f qkw?f
(3)&ufaeY OD;aombP b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfrcl NhJ y;D 1375-ckEpS ?f 0gqdv k jynhf n(15)&uf?
(22-7-2013)aeYwiG f OD;okE&´ b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfral vonf/ OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKcJMh uaom
t&Sifjrwf(2)yg; r&dSaomaMumihf OD;em*dEónf tvkdvdk OD;pD; OD;aqmiftjzpf
a&muf&v dS mcJah vonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif; q&mawmf rdeMYf um;avh&adS om Mo0g'pum;rSm-
]]tBuD;tuJ OD;pD;OD;aqmifae&m&&Sad &; y&dowfEiS fh tiftm;jy awmif;p&mrvd?k yg&rDy|mef;
taMumif ; quf j rih f r m;NyD ; omoemjyK rl v AD Z rsd K ;aph r S e f v Qif uk d ; bk & if u
yv’iftyfESif;ay;vdrfhrnf}} þMo0g'pum; rSwfom;p&myifjzpfonf/
437
KTS 22-12-14
omoemjyKolwdkY &&Sdonfh*kPf
vGefcJhaom 2003-ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;aeYwGif OD;em*dE´tm; EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;
om,ma&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDu r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"ZbGJUukd qufuyfcJhNyD; 2012-
ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;aeYwGif jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&u t*¾r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu"ZbGJUwHqdyfawmfukd xyfrHqufuyfcJhonf/ 2011-ckESpfwGif aejynfawmf½Hk;
pdu
k af om tpd;k &tzGUJ rS 0efBuD;rsm;? Ekid if aH wmfor®wBuD; OD;ode;f pde?f umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdifwkdYu yifhavQmufaomaMumihf or®wtdrfawmftygt0if
Ekid if t
H BuD;tuJw\ Ydk bk&m;cef;&Sd qif;wk½yk yf mG ;wdu Yk dk Ak'g¨ bdaou taeuZmwifyJG
paom tvSLyGt J rsKd ;rsKd ; <ua&mufc&hJ aomaMumihf q&m'um &if;ES;D rI&v dS mcJoh nf/ bD;vif;
NrdKUe,f *dP k ;f aygif;pHo k C H mhtzGUJ tpnf; rGejf ynfe,f oHCem,utzGUJ ? Edik if aH wmfoC H
r[mem,utzGJUrS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESihf or*¾oar®m'e tmrdoç "r®oarÇm*jyKrI
pOfqufrjywfqufqrH jI yKavh&adS omaMumifh qHawmf&iS o f moemjyKudp[ ö ol rQ vG,u f l
acsmarGUpGm aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;tm;aumif;vsuf&Sdonf/ aus;Zl;&SifusdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmfonf (1290)jynhfwGif zGm;jrifí ,ck (1375)ckESpf ta&muf oufawmf
(85)ESpft&G,fodkYa&muf&SdvmNyDjzpf? qHawmf&SifomoemjyKXmeBuD;udk pdwfoGm;wdkif;
udk,fygaqmif&GufEdkifrI tiftm;avsmhvmaomaMumifh rdrdudk,fyGm; udk,fpm; aqmif&Guf
EdkifrnhfolrSm OD;em*dE´[k odjrifxm;onf/ ESpfaygif; (30)ausmfumvtwGif; q&mawmf
t&dyfyrm teD;uyfvdkufygaqmif&GufcJh&m q&mawmftvdkus pdwfqE´jynhf0atmif
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&SdaeNyD;jzpfí rdrdudk,fpm; wm0efay;aqmif&Gufapa&;twGuf
wm0efay;tyf&ef toifah wmfq;kH [k owfrw S af wmfro l nf/ t&if;usus &[ef;ç oDv&Siçf
'g,umç 'g,dumr tm;vH;k uyg q&mawmfu, kd pf m; ud, k yf mG ; omoemjyKudpt ö 00
wm0ef,lEdkifol[k ,HkMunftm;xm;Muovdk rjriftyfaom omoemawmfqdkif&m
apmihaf &SmufrjI yKaeolwu Ykd vnf; OD;em*dEa´ qmif&u G af omudpt ö 00 tvG,Nf y;D ajrmufatmif
ulnaD pmihaf &SmufaeaomaMumihf cufcaJ omvkyif ef;rsm;udk vG,u f pl mG Ny;D ajrmufvmjcif;jzihf
oabmwl vufcaH eaMumif; ay:vGiv f suf&adS vonf/ azmfjyygtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
qifjcifoHk;oyfvQif omoemjyK&rnhf olwdkYü&Sd&rnfh tcsif;t*Fg*kPfrsm;ESihf jynhfpHk
aeaMumif;ay:vGifaeayonf/
rsdK;ocifrSefu udk;bk&ifjzpfrnf
1333-ckEpS rf S pwifziG afh zmfcahJ om ok0ÖPblrad 'otwGi;f &Sd qHawmfapwDrsm;pGmESifh
a&S;a[mif; omoedutaqmufttHk[lorQwdkY xnf0gcHhnm;rI&Sdí MunfñdkzG,f
438
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 439
jzpfvmcJhonf/ armfawmf,mOf tygt0if pufud&d,mrsm;pGm vkyfom;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk

toHk;jyKvsuf omoedutaqmufttHkwdkYudk aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ &[ef;omraP
oDv&Sif a,m*D &aohoal wmfw\ Ykd pm;0wfaea&;udk wm0ef,cl &hJ m wpfaeYwm toH;k
p&dwrf mS ode;f q,f*Pef;&Sí d wpfvvQif usyfoed ;f (860)cef&Y cdS o hJ nf/ apwDyx k ;kd ESifh
omoedutaqmufttHw k u Ykd kd vQyfppfr;D nvH;k ayguf toH;k jyKjcif;? oH0&def pwD;0&def
opfpuf ausmufBudwpf uf ajrwl;puf ajraumfpuf vrf;Budwpf uf armfawmf,mOfp;D a&
(40)ausmf twGuf toH;k jyKonfh pufo;kH qDz;kd tygt0if usyfoed ;f (1000)ausmf p&dw&f NdS yD;
wpfvvQif bdvyfajr tdwf (3000)ausmf toHk;jyKae&onf/ y&dowftkyfcsKyfrI?
aqmufvyk af &;toH;k jyKrI? pm;a&;twGuf pDrcH efcY rJG I ukeu f saiG pDppfcaJG 0rI? &aiGxed ;f odr;f rI
taqmuftODaqmufvkyfrI? npOf "r®yv’ifü a[m ajymqHk;rjcif;? q&mawmfudk,fpm;
t&m&mwm0ef,lpDrHcHhcGJjcif;rsm;udk OD;em*dEúyif wm0ef,laqmif &GufaecJh&onf/
q&mawmft&dyfyrmvdkyif jzpfaecJh&m q&mawmfESihf pdwfa&mudk,fyg wlnDrI&Sdae
ovdjk zpfonf/ pdwx f m;wlnD omoemtay:,HMk unfrI o'¨gw&m;wlnD a[majymqdq k ;kH r
jyKrIwn l ?D 0D&,d wln?D qE´m"dywd 0D&, d m"dywd pdwmå "dywd 0Dro H m"dywd wdYk xyfwl
eD;yg;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/
q&mawmfESihf OD;em*dE´wdkY ESpfudk,fwpfpdwfjzpfaeyHkudk trsm;odEdkif&eftwGuf
vGefcJhaom (2004- ckESpf)1365-ckESpfuyif OD;em*dE´tm; b'ÉÅem*'Dy [k q&mawmf
ac:qdkoHk;EIef;cJhonf/ q&mawmf\bGJUrSm b'ÉÅynm'Dyjzpfonf/ rdrd\bGJU wpfpdwf
wpfa'ojzpfaom ('Dy)udk (em*)aemufrmS xnhNf y;D b'ÉeÅ m*'Dy bGUJ trnfwyf ac:qdak vh
&So
d nf/ rdr\ d omoemjyKvkyif ef;t00udk qufcaH p&ef &nf&, G xf m;aMumif; BudKwifcefrY eS ;f
cJhMuonf/ ighudk,fpm; .[k oHk;EIef;ovdk igESihfxyfwl rSwf,lMu[k tBudrfBudrfrdefYMum;
aeonfukd Mum;cJMh u&onf/
em*'DybGJUudk y'apä' y'orÁE¨ o'áA'yk'fcGJNyD; o'´w¬=o'´genf;t"dyÜm,f
zGihfqdkvQif azmfjyygtwdkif; t"dyÜm,fodEdkifayonf/
&[EÅmt&Sijf rwfwu
Y k d k d em* [k ac:qdak Mumif; rZdrÑ edum,f rlvyÖPmo t|uxm
yxrwGJ ESm (157)ü zGijhf yxm;onf/ rif;uGe;f wdy#d uq&mawmfa&; r[mAk'0¨ ifq|rwGJ
yxrydkif; pmrsufESm (431)wGif jrefrmbmomjzihf zGihfjyxm;onfrSm-
(1) qE´m'D[d e*pä EDÅwdem*g=qE´m*wd a'go*wd arm[*wd b,m*wd
[k qdt k yfaom t*wdw&m;av;yg; rvdu k yf golukd em*/
439
KTS 22-12-14
(2) awe awe ra*¾e y[Dae udavao e*pä EDÅwdem*g xdkxdkr*fjzihf

y,ftyfNyD;aom udavomrsm; aemufxyfwpfzef rvma&mufoludk em*/
(3) emeyÜum&uH tm*Hk e ua&mEDÅwd em*g txl;xl;taxGaxG raumif;rI
awGukd rjyKvkyo f ul kd em*/ wnfMunfjrifjh rwfaom pdwx f m;jzihf &[ef;&Siv f tl aygif;udk
OD;aqmifrjI yKum xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfol 'Dy=H qDr;D wefaqmifyrmjyKrnho f ?l 'Dy=ok0ÖPblrd
ok0ÖP'Dy a&S;a[mif;uRe;f ajrtm;vH;k udk tpd;k w&&Srd nho f ?l a0ae,swt Ykd m; tqH;k r&Sd
oHo&mwnf;[laom 0JMoCarsmaeolwYkd twGuf rScD &kd muRe;f BuD;ozG,f tm;ud;k xdu k of ?l
csr;f omjcif;? qif;&Jjcif; avmu"Hw&m;jzihf arhajrmaeolwYkd todÓmPfynmtvif;jzmum
owd&aprnfhol? ZrÁL'DyguRef;vuf,mü xif&Sm;rnfholjzpfí 'Dyg? urÇmtESHY uRef;EdkifiH
tESHYtjym;ae&mrvwf ESHYpyfatmif xif&Sm;rnfholjzpfí 'DyH 'Dy 'Dyg 'Day taxGaxG
*kPaf qmifEikd o f jl zpfí 'Dy-yk'Ef iS fh em*-yk'w
f pJG yfum em*'Dy/ (b'ÉeÅ m*'Dy)[k tmp&d,awm
v'¨vOÆe*kPfjyKbGJUudk ac:qdkapcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfwpfyg;wnf; zGihfazmfcJhaomtcsdefu 'DCbmPu
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OD;aombPrSm c&pfEpS f 2005-cku b0 ewfxyH sHveG Nf yD; OD;okE&´ rSm aumZmESpf 1375-
ck? 0gqdkvjynhfausmf (1)&uf eHeuf (2)em&Dtcsdefu b0ewfxHysHvGefoGm;aomaMumihf
OD;em*dEw ´ pfyg;wnf;omusef&adS ecJo h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif; omoemjyKpcef; (67)ae&mudk
pDruH yG u
f t J yk cf sKyf&oljzpfí ]]ok"r®m*dkPf;0if ok0ÖPblrd qHawmf&Sify0g&Pm*dkPf;\
taxGaxGtudsK;aqmif}}}tjzpf wm0efay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS
OD;em*dE´ tm; ycHk;jzihfxrf;um wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aomaMumihf ]]rsdK;ocifrSefvQif
udk;bk&ifcefYpmay;rnf}} rkcodkuf0ifpum;ESihftnD udk;oxHk trsdK;awGpHkcsdef udk;e0if;
*kPfaqmifEdkifoltm; qdkif&mwdkYu a&G;cs,fay;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
ycH k ; xrf ; ajymif ;
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf qHawmf&iS of moemjyKpcef;(67)Xme tkycf sKyfa&;
tygt0if *½kbPf v[kbPf t&yf&yfukd 0denf;a'oemawmfEiS t fh nD aqmif&u G Nf yD;
vlavmuxH;k wrf;pOfvmt& vTaJ jymif;tyfE&HS ef qE´&adS wmfrcl o hJ nf/ q&mawmfonf
wynhf &[ef; oDv&Sif 'g,um 'g,dumrwdt Yk m; tusdK;awmfaqmifukd igeJxY yfwl
ighu, kd pf m; ighu,kd yf mG ; oabmxm;um ½dak oav;pm;Mu&rnf[k EIwrf S zGi[
fh rdeoYf vdk
440
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 441
um,uHajrmuftaejzihf oGm;twl vmtwlaexdik o f nf/ OD;em*dEt ´ m; ycH;k xufxrf;um

t&m&mudk ñTefjyaeyHkudk o½kyfazmfum yef;csDum;tjzpf a&;qGJapNyD; vljrifuGif;rSm
csdwfqGJapcJhonf/ 1375-ck E S p f ? 0gacgif v qef ; (5)&uf a eY wGif bD;vif;NrdKUe,f?
oHCem,u q&mawmftm;vH;k udk yihzf w d u f m t&if;tcsmwynhBf uD;rsm; a&SUarSmufrmS yif
EIw>f rufí qHawmf&iS of moemjyKqdik &f m *½kbPf v[kbPft&yf&yfukd q&mawmfrS
ok'Ed té jzpf ay;tyfovdk OD;em*dE´rS ok*[ ¾ wd tjzpf vufc, H v l suf 0dómo*¾[ t*Fg
&yfnDpGm vTJtyfawmfrlovdk bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? tcGefOD;pD;XmerS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;uvnf;
½Hk;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; tcGefwHqdyfacgif;pmcsKyfjyKvkyfvsuf vTJtyfol vufcHol
oufaotygt0if vufrw S af &;xd;k apum rSwyf w kH ifjyKvkycf MhJ uonf/ 0gacgifvqef;
(6)&ufaeYwiG f ok"r®m*dPk ;f 0if ok0ÖPblrq d aH wmf&iS rf sm; y0g&Pmtkypf k taxGaxG
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyftm; vTt J yfawmfro l nf/ txdr;f trSwt f jzpf q&mawmfrS tusdK;
awmfaqmiftm; ycHk;xrf;ajymif;vTJtyfyHk o½kyfazmfyef;csDum;udk azmfjy&ayonf/
ta&mf,lcsifvdkY taxmif;cHoGm;
c&pfEpS f 2008-ckEpS ?f arv (2)&ufaeY0ef;usifu em*pfrek w f ikd ;f wdu
k cf wfc&H aom
aMumifh {&m0wDwdkif;twGif; yifv,fESihfeD;uyfaomNrdKUESihfaus;&Gmrsm; tdk;ysuftdrfysuf
vltaotaysmuf&cdS o hJ nf/ jrefrmhordik ;f 0,f tqd;k qH;k tjzpf ordik ;f wifMu&onf/ 'ku©
yifv,fa0aecsderf mS yif jrefrmEdik if o H l Edik if o
H m;trsm;twGuf &mZ0ifwif&rnfh zGUJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'twnfjyKEdik cf o hJ nf/ taumif;xuftqd;k u rsm;cJMh uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmf\ ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm;twGurf mS vnf; omoemordik ;f 0,f rSww f rf;wif&rnfh
jzpf&yfrsm;&Sad ecJo h nf/ em*pfrek wf ikd ;f 'PfaMumifh opfyifBuD;rsm;NydKvJ taqmufttHt k csdKU
usdK;yJrh &I cdS ahJ omfvnf; BuD;rm;aom ysufp;D qH;k ½I;H rIrjzpfc?hJ q&mawmf tjrwfwEd;k &daS eaom
jroydwaf pwDawmfBuD;tm; tBuD;rm;qH;k jyKjyifrjI yKvkyEf ikd cf MhJ uonf/ bdvyfajr uGeu f &pf
xD;awmftpm; acwfrpD wD;vdu k pf wD;a&Ta&mifx;D udk pdww f ikd ;f usatmif jyKvkyw f ifvLS cGifh
&Muonf/ 1370-jynhEf pS ?f uqkev f qef; (11? 12)&uf? arv(14? 15)aeYwiG f xD;awmf
pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;awmfukd NcdrNhf cdro hf w J ifvLS Edik cf MhJ uonf/ xD;awmfwifyJG NcdrNhf cdro hf J usif;y
EdkifcJhMuí 0rf;omtm;&jzpfMu&rnfhtpm; pdk;&drfaomuyGm;cJhMu&jyefonf/ q&mawmf
qD;csdK aoG;csdK jrihfwufaejcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;a&m*grsm; tjyif;txefcHpm;&jcif;
aMumifh touftEÅ&m,fpdk;&drfae&jcif;? q&mawmfudk,fwdkif yGJawmfodkY <ua&mufEdkifrI
r&SdaomaMumifh 0rf;omtm;&&Tif&Tifjyjyr&SdEdkifMuay/ yGJawmfNyD;NyD;csif; rdepfydkif;tMum
441
KTS 22-12-14
&efukefodkY ta&;wBuD; aq;ukocH,l&ef<uoGm;í zl;ajrmfuefawmhcGihfr&MubJ

ndK§ ;i,fpw
d tf m;i,faeMu&onf/ arv(21)&ufaeY aq;ukorIc, H Nl yD; oufomvm
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f kd npOfusi;f yaeustwdik ;f q&mawmf
a[mMum;xm;aom uufqufacGrsm;udk zGiNfh yD; w&m;emMuonf/ n(12)em&DausmfvQif
q&mawmf aq;½HkrS zkef;jzihf w&m;xdkif w&m;emjcif;aqmif&GufrIudk tao;pdwfar;jref;
avh&o dS nf/ &[ef; omraP oDv&Sif a,m*Dtm;vH;k 0rf;omMu&onf/
arv (26)&ufaeYwiG f q&mawmfjyefvnf<ua&mufvmaomtcg &Tiv f ef;wuf<u
EIwq f uf&m;a[mMum;onf/ q&mawmf rdeMYf um;aom w&m;rsm;rS ]]zdzdk;jynf[def; tavsmf
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rMumrMuma&mufvmMuonf/ em*pfrek w f ikd ;f aMumifh wGaH w; aumhrLS ; uGr;f NcHuek ;f NrdKUe,f
rsm;twGi;f um;vrf;0J,m awmifuek ;f rsm;ay:0,fwnfxm;aom qHawmfBudKapwD(9)ql
tygt0if tBuD;rm;qH;k ysufp;D NydKusaerIwu Ykd kd wpfvtwGi;f jyefvnfjyKjyifxed ;f odr;f Edik f
aomaMumifh rd;k a&pD;0ifraI Mumifh NyKd usrnft h EÅ&m,fukd umuG,Ef ikd o f vdk rkew f ikd ;f 'PfaMumifh
NydKusaeaom aetdvJusaom opfBuD;0g;BuD; bk&m;NydK bk&m;ysufawGudk aeYa&mnyg
vltiftm;rsm;jzihf &Si;f vif;Ny;D Am;rJo h &P*Hk (30)&Gwq f okd nH v H su&f adS e&m aMumufvefpY w d f
BuD;rm;aeaom a'ocHwt Ykd m; &Tivf ef;wuf<uvmMuonf/ vkyt f m;ay;olwt Ykd m; aeYwu G f
usy(f 1000d)cs;D jri§ Nfh y;D tvum;vkyt f m;ay;jcif; cGirfh jyKcJ?h oufowfvw G x
f rif; pwk'o d m
auR;arG;? tcsdK&nf a&oefYbl; rkefYrsdK;pHk ukodkvfjyKMu&m vlaxmifcsDum vkyftm;ay;cJh
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apwem&Sirf sm;uvnf; pwk'o d m tpm;tpmaeYa&mnyg auR;arG;cJMh uonf/ xdik ;f Edik if rH S
Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;rsm; vkyif ef;&SiBf uD;rsm; r[mcsLvmavmifueG w f uúov kd rf S ygarmu©tygt0if
ygarmu©-uxdu wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm; av,mOfpif;vHk;iSm;um
qeftw d ?f ouFe;f tygt0if rkew f ikd ;f 'PfcH &[ef; vl&iS f trsm;wdt Yk wGuf oGm;a&muf
vSL'gef;cJMh uonf/ zsmyHek ,f? vyGwmå NrdKUe,fpaom rkew f ikd ;f 'PfcH avab;'kuo © nfwYkd
twGuf qeftw d f (3000)? ouFe;f tpH(k 7000)cef?Y xD;? t0wftxnf? 'eft;kd 'efcu G wf Ykd
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ausmfwdkYtm; oufaysmufqGrf;vSL'gef;um a&pufcs trQtwef;ay;a0cJhonf/ rdom;pk
442
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 443
tm;vH;k toufq;kH &GmvH;k uRwaf &atmuf toufaysmufow l t Ykd m; &nfreS ;f vSL'gef;Edik o f l

r&Sad o;csdef q&mawmfrS owdw&,ckuo hJ Ykd trQtwef;a0cJo h nf/ {&m0wDwikd ;f at;csrf;
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pDpOf ae&aomaMumifh tpfuBkd uD;uG,v f eG o f mG ;onfukd owdrxm; qGr;f oGwt f rQtwef;
ra0&jzpfc&hJ onfukd usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS ,ckvkd owdw& qGr;f oGwf ukov kd jf yK
trQay;a0onfukd tm;&0rf;omvSojzihf ajcovH;k zufí &Scd ;dk uefawmhum rsuf&nfus
aeonfukd jrif&vQif q&mawmf\ tajrmftjrif aqmif&u G af wmfryl u kH kd owdjyKrdco hJ nf/
aZurÇmukrP Ü D Ouú| OD;cifa&Tonf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH vma&muf
avQmufxm;onfrmS em*pfrek w f ikd ;f aMumifh ysupf ;D oGm;aom apwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmuf
ttHrk sm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&mü ukeu f saiG[o l rQvSL'gef;ygrnf? avmutwdik ;f twm
&mZmydik ;f qdik &f mtwGuf oabmwlatmifaqmif&u G o f mG ;ygrnf? omoedutaqmufttHk
qdik &f m tapmift h a&SmufjyKaeMuaom emrfavmuydik ;f qdik &f mudpö q&mawmfwm0ef,yl g?
aqmufvyk af &;udpt ö 00 tusKd ;awmfaqmif OD;em*dEr´ S wm0ef,al y;yg[k avQmufxm;um
Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uwGzJ uftudsK;awmfaqmif uav;0awm&q&mawmf b'ÉÅ
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cH,u l m aqmufvyk af &;udpt ö 00udk wpfEpS w f mtwGi;f tNyD; aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf MhJ uonf/
xkid ;f Edik if rH S bk&ifah qGawmfrsdK;awmf bk&ifw h yfrawmfrS Adv k cf sKyfBuD;tygt0if tkycf sKyfa&;
tBuD;tuJrsm;? vkyfief;&Sifrsm;yg q&mawmftm; ypönf;av;yg; pOfqufrjywf vSL'gef;
cJhMuovdk aq;ppf aq;uka&;udpö atmifjrifatmif ulnDay;cJhMuonf/ r[mcsLvm
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xD;wifyGJtNyD; xdkif;EdkifiHodkY aq;ukocH<ua&mufcJhaomaMumifh azmfjyygtcGihfta&;rsm;
&&Sjd cif; jzpfonf/ ]]tavsmf tavsmf,lcsifvdkY taxmif;cHoGm;cJhwmm}}[laom Mo0g'\t"dymÜ ,fukd
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xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufodkY yxrtBudrfaq;ppfcH<u
q&mawmfonf aq;ppfcH&ef xdkif;EdkifiHodkY <ua&mufrnfjzpfí q&mawmf\
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(12)em&DtcsdefwGif a&muf&SdaeMuonf/ q&mawmf<uvmNyD; bk&m;0wfjyK Ak'¨*kPfudk
443
KTS 22-12-14
tm½HkyGm; toHxGufylaZmfNyD; opömjyKqkawmif;t"d|mefjyKNyD;aemuf uefawmhcHum qHk;r

Mo0g'pum; rdeMYf um;onfrmS -
tm;vHk;awG tck xdkif;EdkifiHudk aq;ukcHzdkYr[kwfbl;? aq;ppfoGm;rSm aq;ukzdkY
qdkwm wpfjcm;r[kwf? rESpfu uqkefvjynhf (1370-jynhfESpf? uqkefvqef;(14 ESihf
15)&uf? 2008-ckESpf? arv (15)&uf iSufjrwfem; pdefzl;wifyGJtNyD;) jroydwfawmf
udef;cef;tjywfrSm jyeftoufqufcw hJ m? tck uqkev f rSm wpfEpS ?f 'DwpfEpS t f wGi;f rSm
tawmvIy&f mS ;&w,f? ae&vJjrwfjrwf? ao&vJjrwfjrwf? zd;k oke-f igusef;rma&; aq;ppf
oGm;&r,f? xdik ;f q&m0efawG olweYkd v YJ yk x f m;wJt h vkyaf wG? wpfyikd ;f u uHopöm? wpfyikd ;f u
jyefNyD; olwt Ykd oufqufxm;wm? rESpu f 'Dtcsdeq f kd jroydwaf pwDx;D wifyJG jyifqifNyD/
a&m*guvJ azmufw,f? 'um zd;k jynf[ed ;f bke;f BuD;rsm;aow,fq&kd if aow,fajym
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a&mufMuygw,fb&k m;? at;-'geJq Y ufNy;D vlaovljzpfqw kd ma&m? tJ'aD cwf 'D*P dk ;f awGukd
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atmif qd;k wJt h aumifawGMu ajratmuf(t0Dp)d atmif;oGm;rSm? 'gaMumifh qdik &f mawGu
aemufxyfvljyefjzpfatmif «tuk tukodkvftjypfawG rvGefusL;rD qdkif&mawGu pDrH
444
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 445
cefYcGJ&wm 'gusawmh b,folrS odzdkYrvG,fwJhudpö? tifrwefrS eufeJwJhudpöawG»

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jyef 'Dvjkd yefjyefNy;D jzpfwm vljyef &Sijf yef/ zd;k jynf[ed ;f 'daYk jymwm yd#uwfpmtqdek YJ em;axmif
vd&Yk &JUvm;¿ wynhaf wmf &ygw,fb&k m;/ at;-[kww f ,f? &r,fxifvYkd 'Dpum;udk
ajymwm? «bk&m;oufawmfxif&Sm;&dSwkef;u Ak'¨pu©KtjrifeJY a[mMum;avh&SdcJhygw,f
bk&m;/» NcHKiHkNyD;ajymvdkufawmh 'dkYwm0ef 'dkYacgif;rSmyJav;NyD; emrnfysuftzwfwifusefcJh
rSmaygh/ raeYuvm; wpfaeYuvm;¿ wynhaf wmf trTmyl;vdck sifvw Ykd ?hJ tJ'aD wmh 'dv Yk J
wpfqihf umAm,l&w,f/ at;-t*Fgaxmifh anmifyifu anmif½u k p© ;kd xHomG ;? 'Dvrkd sdK;
udpöawG&Sdw,f/
bk&m;trsdK;rSe&f if 'DomoemrSm r<uif;rusefcahJ umif;ygbl;? 'Dvkd r<uif;rusef&pf
atmif pDrcH efcY &JG wmu avmurSm wpfqifñ h eT rf LS ;awG ñTecf sKyfawG 0efBuD;uae ñTeMf um;
wmvdk? bdk;bdk;atmif? bdk;rif;acgif taetpm;? bk&m;&JU Asm'dwftwdkif; olYtrsdK;rSef&if
wHiga&m rkqdk;a&m uRwfwrf;0if&r,f? 'dkYvJ ig;oHk;vDusihfpOfpwifzdkY tajccHzGifhump
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qdw k m rodb;l ? ñTeMf um;wJt h wdik ;f vkycf &hJ wmyJ/ tcktcsdeaf &mufrS ig;oH;k vDtusihef YJ
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vGwEf ikd uf RwEf ikd x f u G Ef ikd wf ,f/ 'k*w ¾ b d bkH 0uae ok*wdbb kH 0ul;Edik w
f ,f/ t0dZmÆ e,fu
ae 0dZÆme,fudk ul;ajymif;Edkifw,f/
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ckeu ukov kd u
f v H rf;aMumif;eJY y|mef;quf? ud, k jf yKvmwJh bk&m;omoemeJY aqGE, G rf sdK;
EG,f awmfpyfygrS 'gawGMuawmh bk&m;Asm'dwt f wdik ;f aqGawG Ómww¬p&d, rusefrvyf
&atmifvYkd Munh½f pI pD Of a0[ifurÇm av,mOfomrS ynmpHck Munh½f pI pD Of&w,fq&kd mrSm
tbufbufMunh½f pI pD Of&wm vG,rf ,fxifovm;¿ rvG,yf gbk&m;/ at;-ajym&ifrqH;k
bl;? rqH;k ovdk rMum;bl; rodb;l wJph um;? 'dyYk &dowfawGu bef;omMuygw,f? 'gudk
odciG &fh Muw,f/ usefwt hJ ydik ;f uawmh 0dyw Ü aåd tmufuae orÜwu åd jkd yefu;l ajymif;Edik cf iG fh
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ÓmPfukd odjrifciG &fh Edik w f ,f? tJ'geJt Y nDtrQ r*fwm;zdv k w f m; uHxu kd o f l Oyapä'vdk
445
KTS 22-12-14
uHBuD; yOöEÅ&, d uHBuD;xdu k o f ?l tJ'u D u

H uif;vGwcf iG &fh Edik w
f ,f/ (Oyrm-tZmwowf
tazowfvYkd uHBuD;xdu k af eNy;D bk&m;eJaY wGUawmh &wemoH;k yg;udMk unfñ?kd o&P*Hw k nf?
ig;yg;oDvvHkatmifaevdkY t0Dpdi&Jrus&bJ tESpfajcmufaomif;*Pef;rQMumrJh avm[
ukrDÇi&J avmufuscJh&wmrsdK;) 'g[m 'dkYqDu ig;oHk;vDaemf taphu ao;ao;av;
t&dyaf umif;wJh anmifyifBuD;vdk tyifBuD;w,f/
'Dawmh 'gavmufajym&if 'dkYy&dowfawG tayG;jrif tyifudkod&w,f/ tyifudk
Munhw f wfrS toD;&JU MoZmt&omudk oH;k pGcJ iG &fh w,f/ tyGit fh &dyaf wG&UJ wefz;kd udv k J
odw,f/ t&dyjf ytaumifxif? tayG;jrif tyifo?d 'gaMumifh ,ckavmufajym&if rdrw d Ykd
0rf;omp&m auseyfp&mtm;ud;k p&m tvDvt D qifq
h ifh &wJt h cGit fh vef;udk rodoavmuf
[db k ufavmuu tukov kd f ausmyd;k uyfygvmovdk tukov kd pf ½du
k q f ;kd t0dZÆmrsdK;u
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rdrw d jYkd yKwJh ukov kd uf kd todÓmPfO;D aqmifEikd rf S aemifoo H &mtwGuf ud, k t hf wGuf pGNJ rrJ ,f/
todÓmPfryg&ifjzpfwmcP ysufwmcPyJ/ at;aygh-'DaeY c&D;wpfaxmuf xdkif;EdkifiH?
befaumufc&D;u a&jcm;ajrjcm; wdik ;f wpfyg;oGm;&wmu um,du'ku© *dvme/ odaYk omf
,cktcsdeftcgrSmawmh zdk;jynf[def; wpfcsdKUudpöawGu ighudpöawGu awmfawmf
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olwo Ykd ifxm;wJh ynmawGeYJ (M.B.B.S wd)Yk trsdK;rsdK; q&m0efawG[m urÇmt0Se;f avmu
twdkif;twmeJY olwdkYu (urÇmausmf)rif;rlNyD;aeMuwm? ½kyf0g'bufu odyÜHbufu
'Dvrkd if;rlaewJo h al wGukd ]c,}NyD; aus;Zl;wifygw,fvYkd aus;Zl;wif&r,ht f pm; a[h-
eifwYkd ukov kd v f ckd sifvYkd eifwv Ykd yk w
f m 'DMum;xJ ]]ighvmrvkyef }YJ } qdw k m (ukorIukd
vufrcHbJ jiif;qefcw hJ m)&Sad o;w,f/ wpfyikd ;f usjyefawmhvJ udk,fhusawmh olrsm;udk
ed A Á m ef b uf t aeeJ Y a&ay;NyD ; aq;tjzpf e J Y a&m*gawG a 0'emawG aysmuf u if ;
apcJhwmtrSefyJ/ ausmufcJav; aumufay;vJ aysmufuif;wmtrSefyJ? [db k ufus
awmhvJ odyyHÜ nm&Siaf wGukd 'l;axmufNy;D vkyaf y;yg? u,fyg? ,lyg oGm;vkyv f Ykd jzpfrvm;?
edAmÁ efbufuvleYJ odyb HÜ uftMum; ae&m b,favmufcufr,fxifovJ/
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aq;awGvufrcHv?Ykd odaYk omf omoemjyKum,uHtvkyaf wG Murf;vGe;f rsm;vGe;f awmh
446
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 447
ud, k u f m,yifyef;vGe;f awmh u&Zum,u rvdu k Ef ikd f um,csdKUwJch sdeaYJ ewmtrSeyf ?J

tckvkd aq;ukorI vufcw H thJ aetpm;u a'gufwmatmifoef;(oGm;bufqikd &f mausmif;
tkyBf uD; Mopaw;vsEikd if q H ikd &f moHtrwfBuD;)eYJ awGUwJt h cg apm'uwuf ykpmä xkww f ,f?
t&Sib f &k m;? wynhaf wmf ('g,umawG)u vSLw,fb&k m;? wwfwyhJ nmeJY t&Sib f &k m;
cE¨mud, k f usef;rmzdYk vSLwmuvJ tvGwrf [kwb f ;l ? wynhaf wmfwYkd ud;k uG,t f m;xm;&m
omoemawG t&Sib f &k m; aeYnrem;bJ vkyaf ewmudk MunhNf y;D MunfñNkdy;D vSLwmyg? at;av
cifAsm;vSLwm usKyfvufco H m;yJ? 'Dvpkd um;eJv Y ufcNH yD; bmrSvyk cf iG rfh ay;cJb h ;l ? aemufq;kH
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q&mZD0u aq;ukocd zH aYkd vQmufwmudk vufcw H m[kwyf govm;¿ tJ'gu jrwfpmG bk&m;eJY
q&mZD0u tck[mu bk&m;eJY EdiI ;f vdrYk &atmif tqihu f mG jcm;aewJh omrefbek ;f BuD;wpfyg;
'Dvakd wG tar;tajzvkyNf yD;rS aq;ukru I kd vufc&H wJt h aea&mufw,f? a&m*guvJ
jyif;xefawmh cE¨mud, k Ef rG ;f e,fazsmah wmhvYkd rvIy&f mS ;Edik f ½kyyf nwfrcdik o f &l UJ (tdk em ao)
ydkifeufu vGwfvdkYr&? 'dkYvGwfvdkY&rvm; zdk;jynf[def;? r&Edkifygbk&m;/ at;-ajymcJhwJh
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wpfpeG ;f tjrifoefoel YJ avmukw&å mwpfzufwpfpeG ;f tjrifoefow l Ykd xdyw f u kd 0f ifwt hJ cg
rvG,fbl;? zdk;jynf[def; jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rw&m;rSm wd[dwfyk*d¾Kvfygbk&m;? acwfpum;
odyÜHqefqefajymwJhtcgrsdK;Muawmh tpGef;a&muf0g' wpfzufwpfpGef;a&mufw,fqdk&if
b,fvdkvkyfrvJ? tpGef;rS ra&muf&if edAÁmefqdkwJh vlwdkif;qkawmif;wJhedAÁmef? r*fÓmPf
zdkvfÓmPfa&mufaumif;Edkifrvm;¿ «ud, k Ef iS t fh ouf pGev Yf w T t f m;xkwaf eaom tm&'¨
0D&d, y[dwwå pdwfxm;&Sdoludk &nfñTef;xm;onf/» wpfydkif;usjyefawmh rZdrÑ y#dy'g=
tv,ftvwfenf;eJu Y sihaf ygh? 'd[ G wd =f [db k ufwpf0uf 'Dbufwpf0uf? ajymwdik ;f ajym
wdik ;f w&m;vdu k pf m;olwt Ykd wGuf bk&m;w&m; bk&m;a[ma'oemrvGww f rf; vdt k yfwm
rsm;udk odEikd w f ehJ nf;ajymygw,f? usefwt hJ ydik ;f u b,fo&Ykd &dS dS udsKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f
puf&yd u f ckd v
kH &dI wm vlrajymeJ?Y t[dww f &d pd mä efawmifrS ukov kd yf |mef;qufu&kd zdYk oufom
csr;f om omom,m,m&aeygw,f/ vlom;pifppf bk&m;qH;k rxm;wJw h &m;twdik ;f vdu k ef m
oDv orm"d tusiefh v YJ J aexdik Mf uygw,f? 'do Yk x d m;oavmuf odEikd af tmif a&Smifoihw f hJ
t&m a&SmifEikd af tmif tukov kd [
f ol rQ avsmhyg;atmifaeMuovdk aqmif&r,hf aqmif
oifw h t hJ &mudv k nf; tvDvt D xyfxyf tqifq h ifw h ;kd jr§iafh tmif aqmifEikd Mf uygapukef
aomf/ (om"k om"k om"k (9)Budrf)
447
KTS 22-12-14
'Dvdkw&m;rsdK;awG eifwdkY aeYa&mnyg "r®yv’if tESpf(35)ESpf (40)eD;yg; emcJhMu

ayr,fh bmtpteav;awmif odciG rfh &bJ avmu"mwfp½du k ef YJ aewJo h al wGukd tvSnfh
ay;Ny;D awmh igvSnv fh nfNy;D vky&f ifaumif;rvm;¿ aumif;ygw,fb&k m;? jyefvm&if aumif;
rvm;¿ aumif;ygw,fb&k m;/
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w&m;vdyk J awmfvu kd Mf uygpd/Yk
2009-ckEpS ?f {Nyv D 27-&ufaeYu yxrqH;k tBudrf aq;ppfc<H uzdYk "r®yv’it f wGi;f
wynhrf sm;tm; uefawmhcNH y;D a[mMum;cJah omw&m; EIwq f ufw&m;jzpfonf/ nDrozG,f
jzpfaom r*Fvm'Hkprf;BuD;0&yfuGufae a':at;jrifhvGifrS w,fvzD ek ;f ([ef;qufjzih)f
toHzrf;,lNy;D vufa&;rljzihf rSww f rf;jyKpkEikd af &; (2009-ck? arv 1-&ufaeYu) vma&muf
ay;cJah omaMumifh ,ckvkd tjynht f pHw
k ifjyEdik cf yhJ gonf/ r*Fvm'Hpk rf;BuD;0&yfuu G rf S a':at;
jrifhvGiftm; aus;Zl;wifygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifygonf/
wpfjyeftoufESpfwefquf (xHkul;jcif;)
a&S;tac: wdu k u f v
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jroydwaf wmifü a&S;a[mif;apwDwpfqw l nf&cdS ohJ nf/ bk&m;&Si(f 8)0g&tcsed u f ok0ÖP
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þawmifoYkd acwå<uum awmifapmihef wforD;tm; jroydwt f wGi;f qHawmfwpfql
xnhu f m ud;k uG,&f mtjzpfay;oem;cJo h nf/ omoemESpf (235)ckEpS w f iG f &Sirf [marm*¾vd
ykww å ód rax&fEiS fh taomurif;wdYk tpDtpOfjzihf ud;k wdik ;f ud;k Xme omoemjyKapvTwf
cJ&h m þa'oodYk &Siaf omPESi&fh iS Of wå&wdYk <ua&mufcMhJ uonf/ þawmifteD;wpf0u kd f
awmifay:ajrjyefx Y uf0uf ok0ÖPblrjd zpfaMumif; omoemordik ;f rsm;uazmfjycJo h nf/
jroydwaf wmifonf twuftqif;ajyjypfonft h jyif ajrjyifnaD omaMumifh apwDyx k ;kd
ausmif; paom omoedutaqmufttHrk sm; aygrsm;vSonf/ jroydwaf wmif jroydwf
apwDtjzpfxif&Sm;cJhonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif þawmifodkY toGm;tjyefc&D;
wpfaxmufjyKcJo h vdk &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&wdo Yk nfvnf; tvm;wl <ua&mufcMhJ uaMumif;
"r®apwDausmufpmu urÁn;f wifco hJ nf/ apwDordik ;f tjynht f pHrk awGU&ay/ jroydwf
apwD jrovGeaf pwD jrbke;f &Sed af pwD jryv’iaf pwD[k apwDav;qlwnfxm;cJMh u jroydwf
apwDrmS xkxnfBuD;NyD; ÓmPfawmfvnf;jrifv h o S nf/ ivsif'Pf rkew f ikd ;f 'PfaMumifh
448
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 449
tBudrBf udrNf yKd usco hJ nf/ NyKd usaeaom iSuaf ysmzl;rSm BuD;rm;aeaMumif; &ifjyif0,f ,ckwikd f
awGUjrifEikd Mf uonf/ aumZm 1347-ckEpS w f iG f jroydwaf pwDawmfjyKjyifwnfaqmuf&ef
twGuf NrdKUe,f? jynfe,f oHCem,uwd\ Yk tpDtpOft& Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u
tzGUJ u usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; wm0efay;vTt J yfcohJ nf/ ypö,t H xd NyKd usaeaom
apwDawmfukd jyefvnfjyKjyifchJ 1356-ckEpS ?f wefc;l vqef;(9?10)? c&pfEpS f 1994-ckEpS ?f
{NyDv (19? 20)aeYwiG f uGeu f &pfx;D awmfBuD;wifvLS cJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu Edik if aH wmfoC H
r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; <ua&mufcMhJ uonf/
1370-jynhEf pS ?f uqkev f qef;(11)&uf? c&pfEpS f 2008-ckEpS ?f arv 15-&ufaeY
wGif acwfEiS t fh nD pwD;vdu k f pwD;a&Ta&mifx;D udk wifvLS &efppD OfcMhJ uonf/ tBudKaeY
uyif Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD; (5)yg; usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwD t*Fgaxmifh
ausmif;ü a&muf&SdaeMuonf/ aeYv,f(1)em&Dtcsdef rdrdESihf tusdK;awmfaqmifwdkYtm;
ac:,lum eHeufxD;wifyGJtpDtpOfudk us&mwm0efudkaqmif&GufMu&ef txl;ojzihf
Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm; qHawmfapwDz;l ajrmfjcif;? qGr;f a&; oGm;a&;
vma&; jynhpf akH tmif aqmif&u G &f eftwGuf rdeMYf um;ovdk tusdK;awmfaqmifuv dk nf;
xD;wifyu JG pd ö aqmif&u G &f ef ñTeMf um;cJo h nf/ q&mawmfonf uufquf 2-vH;k udk
zGihfovdk OD;em*dE´tm;vnf; ygvmaompufudkzGihf toHzrf;xm;&ef rdefYMum;NyD; rSwfwrf;
tjzpf xm;&ef ñTeMf um;avonf/ ]],cktcg 'Dae&m xD;'DyaH e&m [k oH;k acgufvu kd q f kd
apum om"k 9-Budrfac:&onf/ tcktcsdefupNyD; em*'Dyae&m[k oHk;acgufcsay;NyD;
om"kac:&onf/ [dkwkef;u zdk;jynf[def; ,ck a&Tjynf[def; em*'DyESihf tNrJwGJ&rnf [k
oH;k acgufvq kd &kd onf/ t"dymÜ ,frodaomfvnf; q&mawmfu OD;em*dE´tm; vTt J yfcw hJ m
[k odaecJo h nf/ rdepf(30)Mumpum;ajymNyD;aemuf q&mawmf ausmif;rSjyefvmNyD; r[m
em,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; teD;uyfa0,sm0pöaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
tBudKn 9-em&Dtcsdef q&mawmfusef;rma&;tajctaeudk orm;awmfBuD;rsm;u
ajymMum;onfrmS aq;ppfrt I aeeJY ESv;kH aoG;aMumusOf; touf½MI uyfa0'emcHpm;&ovdk
qD;csdK aoG;csdKwufEIef;rSm omref&dSoifhonfxuf wpfqeD;yg;a&mufaevdkY pdk;&drf&aom
tajctaea&mufaeonf[k qdo k nf/ reufjzefusi;f yrnhf xD;wifyrJG mS apwD,omoem
wGif t"duusaomapwDx;D wifyjJG zpfí ypön;f av;yg;'g,um t&if;tcsmwdYk 'kvb ’ &[ef;
0wfMurnfjzpfí y&dowfrSm usdKufxD;aqmif;ü tm;vHk;eD;yg;a&muf&Sdaeonf/ aZurÇm
ukrP Ü D Ouú| OD;cifa&Ttygt0if 'kvb ’ &[ef;avmif;rsm; ausmif;0if;jyifyü pd;k &drw f BuD;
&SdaeMuonf/
449
KTS 22-12-14
xdt
k csdeu
f m; usdKufx;D aqmif;ü armfawmf,mOfrsmm; pD;a&tenf;i,fom&So d nf/
awmifwufawmifqif;oGm;vmEdik af omum; &Sm;yg;aecsdejf zpfí arv (16)&ufaeY eHeuf
apmapmjroydwaf wmifoYkd wufa&mufaeMuonf/ awmifajc&Sad us;&Gmvltrsm;wufa&muf
vmaomaMumifh twuftqif;vltjynhjf zpfaeonf/ xD;wifyt JG crf;tem;odYk yifx h m;aom
Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uq&mawmf? NrKd Ue,foC H em,uq&mawmfwt Ykd m; tcrf;tem;
usif;yrnfhtm½HkcHtwGif; yifhaqmifae&mcsxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ eHeuf 9-em&DESihf 10-em&D
twGi;f tcrf;tem;usif;y&ef owfrw S x
f m;aomfvnf; q&mawmf<ua&mufvmjcif;r&Sí d
apmifhqdkif;aeMuonf/ OD;em*dE´ OD;aqmifaom &[ef;awmfrsm;? OD;jrifh&D OD;aqmifaom
tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf xD;awmfwifvLS jcif;udpt ö 00udk aqmif&u G cf &hJ m pdezf ;l wif&efom
usef&Sdawmhonf/ owfrSwfcsdefwGif tcrf;tem;udkpwifusif;yNyD; tpDtpOftwdkif;
aqmif&GufMuonf/ odkYaomf y|mef;&GwfzwfrIum; rNyD;qHk;ao;ay? xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&
y|mef;yGJ pdezf ;l wifyJG NydKifwjl yKvkyMf uonf/ ,ckx;D wifNyD;í tcrf;tem;yif ½kyo f rd ;f um
q&mawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;uyfNyD;avNyD? q&mawmf<urvmao;í apmihfarQmfaeMuonf/
11-em&Dausmfausmftcsdef q&mawmf<ua&mufvmNyD; y|mef;udyk al Zmfonf/ a&m*gjyif;pGm
cHpm;ae&aomfvnf; tm;wifumyif y|mef;ylaZmfjcif; taeuZmwifjcif; jyKawmfrlav
onf/ q&mawmftm; &efuek o f yYkd ifah qmif&ef pDpOfNy;D jzpfonft h wdik ;f yifrpwkypö,'g,um
OD;cifa&T(&[ef;0wfjzih)f vdu k yf gum &efuek o f Ykd yifah qmifomG ;avonf/ &efuek Nf rKd U awmif'*Hk
ajrmuf'*Hk vrf;qHkteD; yifvHkaq;½HkBuD;odkY yihfaqmifum aq;uko aq;ppfrIrsm;udk
jyKvkyMf uonf/ odaYk omf q&mawmfu ukorIrcHvjkd zpfaeonf/ aZurÇmukrP Ü OD uú|
OD;cifa&Tonf orD; raZZifvwf om;oruf udw k ;kd Edik rf ef;wdYk zGiv
fh pS x
f m;aom aq;½H0k ,f
uRr;f usiaf om orm;awmfBuD;rsm; jrefrmjynfwiG rf &Sad om aq;ypön;f rsm;udk puFmylEikd if rH S
em&Dydkif;twGif; &atmifrSm,lum ukoay;cJhonf/ q&mawmfum; vufrcHbJ OD;cifa&T
rodatmif usdKufx;D aqmif;jyef<u&ef um;jzihx f u G o f mG ;cJo h nf/ OD;cifa&Tov d Qif csufcsif;
a&mufvmNyD; q&mawmfa&muf&Sdaomae&modkY w,fvDzkef;jzifh&atmif&Smu q&mawmf
um;a&SUrS rwfwyf&yf um;acgif;a&SUrS q&mawmfjyefr,fqdku wynhfawmfudk um;eJY
wdkufvSJNyD;eif;oGm;rS&ygr,f? q&mawmf oufawmf&SnfrS qHawmf&Sifomoem[m ydkrdk
yGihfvif;rSmyg? 'gaMumifh aq;ukorIcH,lyg? q&mawmftwGuf wynhfawmf&JU touf
xuf0ufvLS ygrnf/ omoemjyKzdt Yk wGuf wynhaf wmftm; &[ef;b0jzihf q&mawmf
auseyfonftxd ouFe;f 0wfygrnf/ ,ckvLS aewJt h wdik ;f twmxuf wpfqwd;k vSL'gef;yg
450
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 451
rnf[k idkoHygaom avQmufxm;rIaMumifh uJ-'um jyKvdk&mjyKayawmh ZD0dwy&dpöm*

tjzpf 'umtm;ay;tyfygw,f[k ajymqdu k m OD;cifa&TtpDtrHtwdik ;f vdu k ef mum xdik ;f Edik if H
befaumufaq;½Ho k Ykd a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ arv (21)&ufaeYwiG f aq;ukorIc, H Nl yD; (26)&uf
aeY usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY jyef<uvmcJhonf/ ESvHk;aoG;aMum(4)acsmif;&Sd&m (3)acsmif;rSm
yvyfpwpfyu kd xf nfx h m;&aMumif; od&ygonf/1
q&mawmf jyefa&mufvQif "r®yv’iftwGif;rSm EIwfqufpum; rdfefYMum;cJhonf/
xdkEIwfqufpum; toHzrf;xm;jcif;r&Sdí wifjyEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? q&mawmf rSwfrSwf&&
wdw
k kd wkww f w k f rdeMYf um;aom pum;rSm ]]zd zdk;jynf[def; ta&mf,lcsifvdkY taxmif;cH
oGm;cJhwmm}}þpum;aMumifh 0rf;omyDwjd zpfc&hJ ygonf/ q&mawmf\ qdv k &kd if;t"dymÜ ,f
udk ay:vGifatmifodvdkygu 2009-ckESpf? {NyDv (27)&ufaeYu yxrtBudrf aq;ppfcH
oGm;&efqq J J EIwq f ufw&m;udk zwf½&I efwu kd wf eG ;f vdyk gonf/ jroydwx f ;D wifyJG rusi;f yrD
u ]]zd;k jynf[ed ;f xD;wifyv JG rJ D bke;f BuD;ysHyv
JG t J rD}} b,fvjkd rifovJ[ak r;&m tajzray;
bJ EIwfqdwfaecJh&onf/ q&mawmfudk,fwdkif 2008-ckESpf? arv? 1370-jynhfESpf?
uqkev f jynhf jroydwyf aJG wmf ude;f cef;tjywfrmS jyeftoufqufcw hJ m/ þtBudKpum;
twdik ;f wpfjyeftoufEpS w f efqufcjhJ cif; jzpfonfukd odciG &fh ovdk taxmif;cHNyD; ta&mf
awmif;cJhwm qdkaom q&mawmf Mo0g'udk tjyefjyeftxyfxyf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm-
ta&mf,lcsifvdkY taxmif;cHoGm; taxmif;cHNyD; ta&mf,l jrefrmwdkYoHk;EIef;
aom jrefrmpum;yHjk zpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf qHawmfomoem\ t&if;
usus aexdik &f rnho f al wGukd omoemwGi;f odr;f oGi;f &mü avmbBuD;olwt Ykd m; vd&k m
ay;urf;jcif;? a'goBuD;olwt Ykd m; arwåmxm; onf;cHciG v fh w
T jf cif;? arm[BuD;olwt Ykd m;
npOf"r®yv’ifü w&m;a[majymjcif;jzihf qGJaqmifEdkifcJhonf/ 0#fem uHem&SdolwdkYtm;
0#fab;'Pfab;r uif;vGwaf tmif 0efcsawmif;yefuefawmhapjcif; ponfjzihf uif;vGwf
oufomatmif ulnaD y;cJo h nf/ «r[mt0Dpid &Jusrnhf a'0'wfuykd if aemiftem*wf
0,f t|dó& yapöu Ak'¨gjzpfapEdkifaom tcGihf&oGm;apjcif;? tvm;wl tzowfusL;
1/ befaumufaq;ukorIc, H al &;aqmif&u G yf t
kH cuftcJrsm; BuHKawGUMu&yHk q&m0efBuD;wdu Yk
q&mawmf\a&m*grSm vH;k 0ukor&Edik af omtqihaf &muf&cdS yhJ ?kH tHMh ozG,&f m BuHKawGUMuyHk
paom pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mrsm;&Scd o hJ nfukd Mum;odaomfvnf; ud, k wf ikd v
f u
kd cf ahJ om c&D;pOfr[kwf
ovdk aq;pmqkid &f mrsm;udv k nf; zwf½cI sderf &aomaMumifh aq;ukorIyikd ;f udk tjynht f pHk
rSww
f rf;wifEikd jf cif;r&Sí
d þwpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D; rSww f rf;0,f ryg&So d nfukd cGiv
fh w T f
apvdyk gonf/
451
KTS 22-12-14
vGecf ahJ om tZmwowftm; t0Dpt d pm; avm[ukrÇDi&Jtqihf avsmusatmif a[m

ajymcJhjcif;udk owdjyKapvdkygonf/» a*gwrAk'ömoemxm;awmfrlcJhaom ESpfig;axmif
twGi;f ty,frusatmif ig;oH;k vDusihpf Oftwdik ;f vdu k ef maexdik Ef ikd af tmif 0#femuHem
&SdolwdkYtm; opöm t"d|mef arwå mpGrf;tm;jzihf a&ay;aq;jzpf paomenf;jzihf a&m*g
aysmufuif;atmifaqmif&u G af y;cJah om q&mawmfonf rdrdü pGJuyfaeaom a0'emudk
tjcm;olwdkYtm; ukocGihfay;cJhjcif;rSm rdrdü pGJuyfaeaom,m;em udk,fwGif txif
t&Sm; jrifaeMuvsuf ,m;emaysmufaq;a&mif;csolvdkjzpfaeovm; eovm;[k txiftjrif
&SdEdkifonf/
,ckpGJuyfaoma&m*gudk xdkif;EdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufukocHjcif;twGuf &nf&G,fNyD;
taxmif;cHNyD; tavsmf,l}}[laom pum;yHu
]]taxmif k kd rdeMYf um;jcif;rSm a&m*gaysmufuif;a&;
t"dur[kwf? azmfjyyg tusdK;awG&,lvdkaomaMumifh[k tajz&&SdcJhonf/ a&m*gtajc
taerSm orm;awmfrsm; ukr&Edik af omtajctaecHpm;ae&aomfvnf; touf&iS af eonf
udk awGUjrif&vQif txl;tqef;yk*d¾Kvf[k MunfñdkvmMuum omoemawmftwGif;
t&if;usus0ifa&mufcMhJ uonf/ yifrpwkypö,'g,umBuD;onf tudsK;awmfaqmif\
aqmif&Gufcsufudk pdwfcs,HkMunfvmonf/ tusdK;awmfaqmifonf 'Dwm0ef[m
igaqmif&Guf&rnf[k tcdkiftrmvufcHaqmif&Gufvkyfudkifonf? q&mxufwynhf
vufprG ;f jyovdk awGUMu&onf/ &[ef; oDv&Sif 'g,umrsm;onf q&mawmftay:
tm;ud;k tm;xm; jyKcJMh uovdk tusKd ;awmfaqmiftay: tm;ud;k av;pm;rIcikd rf mvmMuonf/
qHawmfBudK apwDtqlqlESihf usdKuf"EkwfqHawmf&SifapwDwdkYudk wnfaqmuf&mwGif
tusKd ;awmfaqmif\ pDrcH efcY v JG yk af qmifru h MoawGUjrifMu&onf/ &Gmem;bk&m;?
I kd wtHw
&Gmom;r½dkao? &Gmem;jruf &GmEGm;rpm; jrefrmpum;yHkudk ajymif;jyef &Gmem;bk&m;
&Gmom;wdkY vGefpGm ½dkaoav;pm;NyD; &Gm yrm Zkwfokwf&Gmom;wdkY tusdK;awmfaqmifay:
tm;ud;k tm;xm; q&mawmfudk,fpm; q&mawmfudk,fyGm; ,HMk unfav;pm;aeMuonf/
q&mawmfEiS fh tusKd ;awmfaqmifwYkd 2-yg;vH;k udk xyfw½l akd oav;pm; OD;xdyx f m;Muonf/
'D t usd K ;awG jzpf x G e f ; vmjcif ; rS m ta&mf , l j cif ; jzpf í a&m*guk o cH j cif ; um;
taxmif;cHjcif;wlvSayonf [k pOf;pm;rdonf/
452
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 453
e0rydkif;
Asm'dwfawmf0if tbdaour*FvmyGJqifETJ
"mwf a ygif ; umvtp
1370-jynhEf pS ?f wydw Yk vJG jynhf (9-2-2008) wevFmaeY eHeuf 10;30-em&Dtcsed f
auvmoqHawmf&iS f ESpw f pfywf t"d|mefy|mef; ylaZmfNyD;qH;k onf/ txufypö,aH y:
q&mawmf wufa&mufMunh½f &I m apwDcykH pö,rH sm;tMum; a&pD;aMumif; tufaMumif;rsm;
awGU&onf/ apwDt&Snw f nfwhH cdik cf &hH ef enf;vrf;rsm;ukd uRrf;usifaom tif*sife, D m
rsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;&m ypö,HcHk cdkeef;csdK; 5-qifh yxrqifh &SpfrsufESm&Sd&m
wpfrsufEmS t&Snf 48-ay? 'kw, d qifw h iG f 46-ay tus,fwiG f axmifah 'gufwidk f 2-
wkdif? tv,f 2-wkdif ykdifwkdif½kduf tmpDuGefu&pfwHk; 18-vufr avmif;&ef?
usefoHk;qifhwGif 12-ay? 10-aypDwHk;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef? atmufajcaxmifh 8-axmifhrS
txufacgif;avmif; cg;pnf;txd tmpDueG u f &pfw;kH jzifch sKyf&ef cefrY eS ;f acs oHyifoaH csmif;
12-wef? bdvyfajrtdwf (1600) jyKjyif&efumvrSm 3-vcefY rdk;rusrD tNyD;
aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/
vmrnfh aumZmouú&mZf 1371-ckESpfonf omoemawmfESpf 2553-ESpf
a&mufrnfjzpfí 'kvb ’ &[ef; 2553-yg;jzihf auvmoqHawmf&iS f bufpakH tmifyu JG si;f y&ef
n"r® yv’iw f iG f rdeMYf um;onf/ aemufaeYwiG f aZurÇmOD;cifa&T a&mufvmvQif q&mawmfrS
vmrnhfwaygif;vwGif "mwfaygif;umv Zmwfaygif;umv waygif;vudef;t&
atmifyGJusif;y&ef tpDtpOf&SdaMumif; rdefYMum;onf/ OD;cifa&TrS q&mawmf pdwfwkdif;us
pDpOfaqmif&Gufyg? ukefusaiGtm;vHk; vSL'gef;ygrnf? rkd;rusrD auvmoapwDjyKjyif&ef
bdvyfajrtdwfESifh oHyifoHacsmif;ESifh vkdtyfaiGukdyg wpfywftwGif;vSL'gef;ygrnf[k
0efco
H nf/ owfrw S &f uftwGi;f aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f rsm; a&mufvmcJo h nf/ aocsma&&m
aZurÇmtrnfEiS hf uku d n
f oD jl zpfonf/
3-vtcsdef ukd;ESpfvDESihf NyD;cJh
waygif;vqef;wGif uRrf;usifvyk o f m;rsm; pka0;a&muf &Sv d monf/ tif*sife,
D m
OD;ode;f atmifEiS fh qHawmf&iS f vkyo
f m;tzGUJ acgif;aqmif OD;jrih&f w
D Ykd 2-OD; auvmoawmifü
453
KTS 22-12-14
pcef;cspDrHonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf omoemjyKudpöt00ukd omoemh

tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´tm; vTJtyfawmfrlonf/ auvmoapwD omoemjyK
pcef;wm0efcH OD;0D&d,(c)OD;Zif;ausmuftm; teD;uyfBuD;Muyfaponf/ q&mawmf\
ig;oHk;vDwynhf &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif a,m*D t"d|mefOykofonf? awmifajc&Gm
toD;oD;rS vkyt f m;ay;rsm; aeYa&mnyg vkyu f idk Mf uonf/ ,mOfarmif;tzGUJ u vkt d yfaom
aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f rsm;ukd ykaYd qmifa&;um;rsm;jzihf o,faqmifay;Mu&m (18)&ufcefjY zifh
apwDjyKjyifjcif;vkyif ef; Ny;D pD;cJh onf/ vkytf m;ay;olrsm; aeYpm npm wpfaeY qefwpfwif;cGJ
csufauR;&onf/ awmifajc&GmrS tvSL&Sifrsm;uvnf; toD;tESHazsmf&nf? pm;aomuf
zG,f&mrsdK;pHk vSL'gef;cJhMuonf/ rem;raetvkyfvkyf? qmvQifpm;? a&qmvQif azsmf&nf
aomuf tvum;rae&[laom aqmify'k u f dk rjywf&w G q
f v
dk yk u
f ikd Mf uaomaMumihf (3)v
vkyaf qmif&rnfv h yk if ef; (18)&ufEiS t fh NyD; owfcahJ vonf/
a>rESifhe*g; <uufESihfusm;
auvmoawmif x d y f ü Ak ' ¨ A sm'd w f 0 if aom@,ajrr[D a&T a pwD u d e f ;
r[mtbdaour*Fvm r*Fvmtcrf;tem;BuD; usif;yEkid af &; or®mqE´ a&SUoGm;jyKvsuf
aumif;jrwfaomtBuH tpnf n§Ed idI ;f rIrsm; jyKcJMh uonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\
Mo0g'ukdcH,lNyD; qHawmfapwDç a&S;a[mif;y&dabm*apwD tygt0if apwDav;&yfukd
teD;uyfxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf aexkid Mf uaom &[ef;rsm; pcef;cGJ (50)ü wm0efu, dk pf jD zihf
aqmif & G u f a eMuonf r S m vl t if t m;xuf vk y f i ef ; yrmPu yk d v suf & S d o nf /
u&ifjynfe,fwGif *sdKif; r[mrked jr0wDNrdKU? jrrOÆLapwDç rGefjynfe,f aygifNrdKUe,f
Zif;usdKufawmif qHawmf apwDç rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;awmifapwDç *rHk;awmifwef;apwDç
uuGef&Gm Am;rJhykxkd;ç oJjzLaus;&Gmtkyfpk okd;us&Gm ousrked apwDç usdKufxkdNrdKUe,f
jrpdrf;awmifwef; twGif;jrpdrf;ç tjyifjrpdrf;apwDç &efukefwkdif;? wGHaw;NrdKUe,f
armifwD;apwDç r*Fvm'HkNrdKUe,f O,smOfNrdKUawmf ZrÁKUOaoQmif"mwfaygif;pkapwDç
a&Twd*HkapwDtaemufbufapmif;wef; xD;'DyH"r®m½Hk? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f ukodem½Hkawmif
a';cifawmif? &efatmifat;apwD? usKd ufa';,sHKESpx f yf Muufrif; a&Tpnf;cHk aZ,syAÁwç
auvmoç auvmozç jroydwfawmif? usm;wpf&mç a&Tpm&Hç jrpm&Hç &mZrkedç
a&TAsKd if;jzLapwD? aumhu'Gwf Zkuv ú jd rode;f wefç uef&mG ZGu
J vmç 0dik ;f ywf&mG ç ouúapwDç
a&v,fazmifawmfOD;apwDç jrusdKif;awmifç e0*kPodrfukef;ç yOörkcç ausmufukef;ç
jrbke;f a&mifç e*g;½Hak pwDç &Gmv,fuvsmPDord af wmfç wyfawmfO;D ç a&TuRe;f OD;ç jruRe;f omç
454
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 455
a&wGi;f uke;f ç qifrif;apwDç usm;rif; apwD tygt0if pcef;cGJ (67-Xme)wGif jyKjyifrrI sm;
ESpfwpfywf t"d|mefy|mef;yGJrsm; usif;yMu&m tm;vyfae&rnhf&uf r&Sd jzpfaecJhonf/
1333-ckESpfrS ,aeYtxd (45)ESpfwmumv twGif; rem;rae aeYnrxm;
0D&,d pGr;f tm;jzihf apwD, omoemawmf jyKjyifwnfaqmufc&hJ onf/ omoemjyKvkyif ef;
pwif&m 1333-ckEpS u f mvrSm rdrw d pfyg;wnf;ESihf e,foC
H m 99-yg;ESifh tm;NyKd ifc&hJ onf/
,cktcg usdKufxD;aqmif;rS 99-yg;? tjcm;rS wpfyg;om&Sdaeonf/ qefYusifbuf
jyKcJhMuaom bkef;awmfBuD;ESifh vl'g,umrsm; b0wpfyg;ajymif;oGm;Mu&m ¤if;wdaYk e&m
tpm;0ifvmMuaom bke;f awmfBuD; vli,f'g,umtrsm; usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfxH
ulnDvmMuonf/ EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u? jynfe,foHCem,u? NrdKUe,f
oHCem,tzGUJ toD;oD;uvnf; twGi;f ususod&adS eNyD;jzpfí omoemjyKvkyif ef;wGif
twGi;f usus yg0ifaqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ wpfausmhjyefomoem csdet f cgwGif txGwf
txdyo f Ykd a&mufvmNyD[k qkEd idk af yonf/ yZÆKEéxyl 0ifusrf;vm &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;wd\ Yk
Asm'dwaf wmf(4)cGe;f ESit fh nD auvmoawmifxyd üf r[mbdaour*Fvm tcrf;tem;
usif;ycsdef a&muf&SdvmNyDjzpfonf/
wm0eD"aoo umav? Ak'¨ó omoeu©&m/
ouúa'a0e ,mpdwH? tyÜrma'e &u©dóH/
a>rESifhe*g; <uufESihfusm; a&mufjim;aomcg omoem a&mif0gaevxGef;vwåHU-
[laom ewfpufa&mifEiS hf Zm*½kou dk x
f uG t
f & a>re*g;onf paeoauFw okn (2)vH;k ?
<uufonf Mumoyaw; oauFw (5)? usm;onf wevFmoauFw (2) jzpfonf/
oauFwtu©&m ocsFmonf (2500)jzpfvmonf/ omoemESpf 2500-csdet f cg0,f
'g,umonf wevFmom; OD;cifa&T (2)? OD;aqmifq&mawmf usdKufx;D aqmif;t&Sijf rwf
onf Mumoyaw;om; OD;ynm'Dy (5)? tusdK;aqmifol OD;em*dE´? t&Sifem*'Dyonf
paeom; oauFw oknESpf (00) aygif;qHMk uaom tbdou d rf *FvmyG[
J k tqk&d cdS &hJ m
xkod w l \Ydk OD;aqmifrjI zihf rvG{J uef atmifycJG EH idk rf nf[k ,HMk unfMuonf/
wpf a usmh j yef [ l o nf
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dS nf[k ,HMk uonf/ &mZ0ifb;D
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"mwfrsm; ay;oem;cJhpOfu ig;&mhig;q,fb00,f yg&rDjznhfbufjzpfcJhaomfvnf;
omoemESpf 2500-a&SUydkif;umv tyg,fav;yg; usa&mufaeolwdkY omoem wpf0uf
455
KTS 22-12-14
ausmfNyD; vlYb0wpfBudrf jyefqHkMurnf? xkdtcg qHawmf"mwfudef;&m apwDrsm;ukdylaZmf

Murnf[k Asm'dwfpum;rdefYMum;cJhonf[k qdkonf/ ukd;oxHk aqGrsdK;pkqHkMurnf[k
,H k M unf c J h M uonf / usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf o nf BuD ; rm;aom vl p k v l a 0;
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qHak wGUMu&m0,f oHo&mwpfauGU awGUMujyef&m0,f}}[k tqH;k owfavh&o dS nf/ Ak'\¨
Ómww¬wYkd ,cktcsdef pka0;aeMujyefNyD[k qdv k adk yonf/
auvoawmifxdyfü Ak'¨ 8-0g&csdefu qHawmf"mwfrsm; a0iScsdef wpfBudrf
qHck MhJ uonf/ Ak'¨ y&deAd mÁ efjyKNyD;aemuf omoemESpf 235-ckwiG f wwd,o*Fg,emwifNyD;
ok0ÖPblro d Ykd &Siaf omPESihf &SiOf wå&wdYk omomemjyK<uvmpOf jA[®Zmvokwu f dk
a[mMum;aomaMumihf &[ef;a,musfm; 3500? trsdK;orD; &[ef;r 1500? vlaygif;
6-aomif; tuRwfw&m; &cJo h nf[k yg&mZdut|uxm Am[d&ed'geuxmü &Sirf [m
Ak'a¨ Cmo rSww f rf;xm;cJo h nf/
&Sifr[mAk'äCmo oD[dkVfuRef;rS yd#uwfawmfrsm; yifhaqmifcJhNyD;vQif
auvmoawmifxdyfrSmyif yd#uwfylaZmfyGJ usif;ycJhonf[k tqkd&SdcJhonf/ oD[dkVf
&[EÅmrsm;jyKpkcJhaom r[m0Housrf;wGif omoemawmfESpf 372-ckESpf? 0gqkdvjynhf
aeYwiG f 'k|*grPdrif;BuD;onf r[mapwD yEéuaf wmfwifyJG jyKvkyaf omtcg ok0ÖPblrd
omoemjyKXmerS t&Sio f &l ,
d *kwå &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBuD;onf aemufyg&[ef; (96000)ESifh
<ua&mufcJhaMumif;-
ol&d,*kawåm r[maxa&m? auvmorSm 0d[m&awm/
qEé0kwdo[ómed? bdu©L tm'g, t*rm t*rm-
[k rSwfwrf;xm;cJhavonf/ &SifaomP? &SifOwå& rax&fESpfyg; omoemESpf 252?
wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfaeYwGif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlonf/ r[mapwD yEéufwifyGJrSm 372-
ck? 0gqkv
d jynhaf eYjzpfí ESpaf ygif; 120-rQom uGma0;onf/ ok0ÖPblrüd omoemawmf
rnfrQxeG ;f um;vsu&f adS Mumif; cefrY eS ;f Edik af yonf/ oD[Vkd u
f Re;f ü &[EÅmaygif; 960000000
(uk;d q,haf jcmufuak #) <ua&mufco hJ nf/
,ck omoemawmfEpS f 2553-ck? aumZmESpf 1371-ck? waygif;v0,f aqGrsKd ;rsm;
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vmrnfhwaygif;vra&mufrD auvmoawmifxdyfü usif;yrnfh r[mtbdaou
456
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 457
r*FvmyGJawmf atmifjrifpGmusif;yEkdif&ef BudKwifjyifqif&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;ukd pwif

aqmif&Gufavonf/
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auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwDBuD; omoemawmf 5000-txd wnf&adS p&ef tm;jznfh
oHuu l eG u
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apwD&&H pS q f al e&mwGif apwD&H (10)ql jyifqifwnfxm;Ny;D apwDcu kH dk *0Hausmufw;kH rsm;jzifh
jyKvkycf &hJ m awmifrsuEf mS rS awrd,Zmwfawmfvm t"du Zmwf0ifcef; (3)ck xkvyk o f nf/
r[mZeuúZmwfwiG f tvm;wl (3)cef;? ok-ae-r-bl-pH-em-0d-a0-[laom &ifrh m
(10)b0 yHak wmf vuf,m&pfwnfxm;onf/ &ifjyifay:&Sd Zmwku d rf sm;ukd a&mifawmfziG jfh cif;?
urÇmvHk; xD;arQmfewfarQmf wHcGefwdkifukd jyKjyifjcif;? rkcf0pdefawmifrsm; a&mifawmf
zGihfjcif;jyKvkyfonf/ vlwpf&yfcefYjrifhaom atmufajc&Sd *0HausmufwHk;jzifhjyKvkyfaom
tcef;tuGurf sm;wGif ig;&mhig;q,fvm Ekrmb0jzpfaom BudK;MumiSuf? cg? cdk-paom
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uRwfwrf;0ifap&ef &nfoefvsuf r[mtbdaour*FvmyGJ usif;yjcif;jzpfaMumif;
obm0usus t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf x
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t&S i f o l & d , *k w å & [EÅ m ausmif ; awmf
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jrrsu&f iS tf m½Hck wH efaqmif;? aom@m,ausmufpm½Hw k efaqmif;? awmifyidk q
f &mawmfrsm;
ausmif;aqmif? a&Tw*d ykH w kH al pwD? r,fawmf tm½Hck w
H efaqmif;? av;ql tm½Hck w H efaqmif;?
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OD;ausmuf oDwif;oHk;&m ESpfxyfaqmifwdkYukd topfeD;yg;jyifí aq;okwfonf/
anmifyifBuD;\ paeaxmifw h iG f pwk'o
d mauR;arG;aeusr@yfae&m0,f tmpDueG u f &pf
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bd k ; awmf t m½H k c H u k d topf a qmuf v k y f o nf / anmif y if a jc0,f tk w f y v’ i f u k d
vSypGmjyKjyifonf/ auvmoz (aemifawmfBuD;)apwDuv dk nf; xD;awmf csNy;D jyKjyifonf/
auvmozodrfESihf auvmoodrfudk jyKjyifaq;okwfonf/ auvmo qHawmf
457
KTS 22-12-14
apwDra&mufrD uke;f wuf ,mbufwiG f ausmufawmifpeG ;f wpfc&k o dS nf/ 1365-ckEpS cf efu Y

apwDypö,aH jrom;NydKus&mwGif rd;k wGi;f umv awmifqif; awmifwuf tcuftcJ&í dS
oJMurf;&vdk&jim; tqdkygausmufpGef;udk bufzdk;pufjzihf ausmufwHk;rsm;wGef;csonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmufum; reD;ra0; odrftaqmuftOD;twGif; acwårdk;cdkae&m pufarmif;
udkzdk;xl;onf pufjzihf ausmufwHk;rsm;wGef;cscsdef pufysufoGm;onf/ pufEkd;a&;
jyKjyifvsuf&Sdonf/
rdk;usJusJwzGJzGJusvmNyD; rkd;BudK;ypfoH ESpfcsufMum;vdkuf&onf/ ukdzkd;xl;rSm
bufz;kd ay:wGif owdvpfomG ;cJo h nf/ bke;f BuD;ausmufcE¨muk,
d rf mS vQypf ;D vdu k o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/
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d nf[k ,lqum ausmufw;kH NzdK&eftpDtpOf
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wpfem&DtcsdeftwGif; q&mawmfa&mufvmNyD; ]]zkd;ausmuf bmawGvkyfaevJ? csufcsif;
&yfvu dk }f }[k trde&Yf o
dS nf/ tusdK;taMumif;ar;jref; avQmufxm;vQif 'Dausmufuek ;f u
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txdr;f trSwaf usmif;awmf aqmuf&rnf[k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
vGefcJhaom 1369-ckESpfrSpí ausmufpGef;ay:ü ausmufwHk;rsm;ukd cGJpdwfNyD;
jyifnDatmifjyKvkyfonf/ ajrom; ausmufom;ckdifcefYatmif 2-ESpf 2-rdk;xm;NyD;
tmpDuGefu&pfjzifh &SpfrsufESm tvsm;teH 18-ay? tjrihf 15-ay uGefu&pf
ausmufrdk;jym;tay:wGif apwDaygufí ausmif;awmfwnfaqmuf&m 1371-ckESpf?
jymokdvjynhfaeYwGif tNyD;owfcJhonf/ omoemESpf 2553-ck? aumZmESpf 1371-
ckESpf? c&pfESpf 2009-ckESpf[k ausmufpmurÁnf;rsm; xm;&SdcJhonf/ omoemordkif;
usrf;rsm;ü auvmoawmifxdyf0,f oDwif;oHk;cJhaom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;wdkY\
ausmif;awmf&mtjzpf azmfjyavh&Sdonf/ r[m0Housrf;q&mum; t&Sifol&d,*kwå
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omoemawmf wpf0ufausmfNyDrdkU
rif;c&D;&,fu uokdPf;bm0emudkrSD
t&dyfat;r,fy twdwfa&S;tcgu
oD[dkVfrax&fausmf Munfapta0;uarQmfvdkY
458
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 459
a&TqHawmfajcmufqlqdkwJh orkdif;&,fu
rGefwdkYjynf oxHkwkdif;rSmv
*k d P f ; zG J U umyl a Zmf M ur,f w J h
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ud e f ; qk d u f v d k Y v mcJ h N yD /
taMumif;arQmf pmvTmoygvdkY
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auo0wDqdkwJh &yfXmeDrSm
usrf;eJYtnD eef;wufumolwnfr,fwJh
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pdefa&Tjrawmif wdrfa&mifxkd;vdkY&,f rdk;xda&Tausmif;/
tBudKumv jyifqifMu
1371-ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; (11)&ufaeYrS vjynhfaeY txd ig;&uftwGif;
auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwD\ (26)Budraf jrmuf ESpw f pfywft"d|mef toHrpJ r[my|mef;
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tNyD;owfaqmufvkyfjcif;? y|mef;atmifyGJaeYjzpfaom wydkYwGJvjynhfaeYwGif auvmo
apwDç a&Tw*d kH yHak wmfrsm;apwD 2-qludk t&efapwDrsm;ESiw fh uG xD;awmfwifvLS cJo h nf/
auvmoapwDawmf\ pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem;ta[mif; jyefcsNy;D t&efapwD(10)ql? Zwdu k rf sm;rS
apwD&efrsm;tygt0if xD;tm;vH;k ukd pwD;vdu k pf wD;xD;awmfrsm; topfwifvLS cJo h nf/
waygif;vjynhyf rJG mS BuD;us,pf nfum;rnfjzpfí BudKwif xD;awmfrsm;wifvLS jcif;jzpfonf/
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t"d|meftvkyfrsm;? 10-yg; yg&rD jznhfusihf&mwGif pd&umvt"d|mefç ed&EÅ&t"d|mefç
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f siafh eolrsm;
jzpfonf/ tem;,lcsdef tm;vyfcsdefr&Sd[k qkdEdkifavonf/
459
KTS 22-12-14
waygif;yGaJ wmftwGujf yifqif&efumvrSm wydw

Yk v
JG qkwf (1)&ufrS waygif;vqef;
(10)&uftxd &ufaygif; (24)&ufrQomjzpfí waygif;vqef; (11)&ufrS waygif; vqkwf
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pkaqmif;jcif; tygt0if tcrf;tem; jyifqifjcif;rsm;udk BudKwifnEd§ idI ;f vkyu
f idk Mf u&onf/
10-bD;um;? 12-bDum;rsm; toHk;jyKvsuf &efukefrS y&du©&m 8-yg;? 3000- ausmf?
zsmacgif;tHk; olawmf0wfpHk xrif;aygif;tkd; yef;uef aumfaZm vkdufumrStp
tcrf;tem;oHk;ypönf;rsdK;pHk tacgufacgufo,fMu&onf/ &[ef; 2555-yg; owfrSwf
xm;aomfvnf; &Siaf vmif; 3600-ausm?f oDv&Sif 414-yg; pm&if;t& owfrw S Of ;D a&xuf
ausmfaeNyDjzpfonf/ wpfoufwpfcg 'DomoemtwGif; 'DwpfBudrf qHk&cJwmyJ[k
,HMk unfaom ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm;\ awmif;yefvmaomaMumifh uefo Y wfO;D a&rxm;bJ
cGijfh yK&avonf/ &Si&f [ef; 3600-qGr;f uyfa&;twGuf pDpOf&mwGif aemufygtNcHt&HrmS
4-q&Sdrnfjzpfí OD;a& 15000-twGuf pm;a&;aomufa&;ukd xnhfpOf;pm;Mu&onf/
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(3) ukodem½Hke,fajrtwGuf ppfukdif;y&d,wåd pmoifwkdufü &[ef;avmif;
&Sifavmif; vufcH&ef?
(4) a&Tw*d q kH aH wmfapwDe,fajrtwGuf r*Fvm'Hk O,smOfNrdKUawmf &[ef;avmif;
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,m,Dr@yfaqmuf&m usyfodef; (500)? tvm;wl bD;vif; ppfukdif; ausmif; vl
460
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 461
(1000)qHh r@yf odef; (300)? Zif;usdKuftwGuf odef; (300) aqmufvkyfaponf/

csujf yKwfa&; {nhcf aH uR;arG;a&;twGuf use;f rma&;ukd OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u
G Mf uovkd rdvm’
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tjyma&mif? &efuek Xf metwGuf yef;umvmta&mif cGjJ cm;jyKvkyNf yD; BudK;jzifh pDppfa&;uwf
qGx J m;Mu&onf/ y&dowfrsm;rnfh auvmopcef;ü 2-vufrcef&Y dS pmvH;k ygeHygwfjym;ukd
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Mu&onf/
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14-&uf? 15-&uf yGaJ wmfusif;yrnf/ waygif;vqkwf 1-&ufaeYwiG f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
461
KTS 22-12-14
rdrda'oodkY jyef<urnf/ ,cifESpfrsm;u &efukefNrdKU urÇmat;üusif;ycJhaomaMumihf

yifhaqmifa&; cufcrJ rI &Sad omfvnf; ,ckEpS f ae&mtajymif;tvG&J í dS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
yihaf qmif&ef rvG,u f [ l k ,HMk unfMuonf/ q&mawmfurl r[mem,u tenf;qH;k
9-yg;ESifh 15-yg;&atmifyifyh g[k rSmMum;cJo h nht
f wkid ;f yihpf mrsm;ukd ½kud Ef ydS x
f m;cJ&h onf/
yifhxm;aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm tcuftcJ&Sdaeonf/ q&mawmfBuD; 2-yg;url
usef;rma&;tajctaet& aejynfawmfr<ubJ usdKufx;D aqmif;yG<J urnf[k tmrcHxm;
cJhonf/1
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qHawmf&iS f omoemjyKtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf b'ÉeÅ m*dE´ <ua&mufvmcJo h nf/ xD;awmf
wifvSLyGJodkY omoema&;0efBuD;XmerS t&m&SdtcsdKU wufa&mufvm&m aejynfawmf
waygif;yGJtaMumif; pHkprf;&m 'DESpfbGJUcHyGJ&ufa&TUxm;aMumif;od&onf/ ta&;ygolwdkY
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f m[k ,HMk unfo'g̈yv dk monf/ apwemo'g̈w&m;
wkd;vmcJh&onf/ q&mawmfESihf ig;oHk;vDwynhfwdkY r,HkEkdifatmifjzpfMu&onf/
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omoemhOaoQmifjzpfco hJ nf/ aemufyg&[ef; uk;d aomif;ajcmufaxmif (96000)ESit hf wl
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oD[Vkd rf w
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ylaZmfvkdaomaMumihf Asm'dwf0ifr[mbdaour*FvmyGJawmfBuD; jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf b0rsm;pGm yg&rDq,fyg;ukd jznhfusihfNyD;rS Ak'¨tjzpfa&mufcJh&onf/
bkef;uHBuD;rm;aom bk&m;&Sif\ xm;&SdcJhaom omoemawmfukd xkdufxkdufwefwef
ylaZmfcGihf&olrSm tbufbufrS bkef;orÇmESihf xufoefaomapwem&SdolwdkYom
ylaZmf&rnfjzpfonf/ taxmuftxm;rSm-
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tyÜyknu&[pd? y*¾PSdwk r0do,m/ /
[k O'gef;*gxmpDMuavonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS hf yifr'g,um aZurÇmrdom;pk?
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1/ Edik if aH wmfoC
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awmfaqmif uav;0awm&pmoifwu
kd q
f &mawmf 2-yg;yifjzpfonf/
462
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 463
Munfñkdav;pm;aejcif;? bkef;orÇm ppfrSefxufoefaom apwemo'¨gw&m;ukd

ay:vGiaf paomyGBJ uD;[kqv dk Qif trSew
f &m;udk ajymqkjd cif;[k vufcMH urnfjzpfonf/
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awmf0ifuo k v
kd yf jGJ yKrnf[k ajymqkad euspum;twkid ;f q&mawmf\qE´ jynhpf ckH ahJ vNyD[k
rSwwf rf;jyK&avonf/ omrefy*k Kd¾ vfwYkd jyKvkycf iG rfh &aom omoemjyKyG[ J o
k m ,HMk unf
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xif&Sm;apcJhonf/ tajctae t&yf&yfum; usdKufxD;aqmif;u tm;omaecJhavNyD/
xrif;&nfacsmif;pD; armif;wD;auR;aomtvSL
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f m;[efr&S[ d k ,lq&atmifyif toGm;
tvmjyKaecJhonf/ yGJawmftwGuf jyifqifrIum; tbufbufwGifjynfhpHkvmovkd
waygif;vqef;(10)&ufta&muf &[ef;avmif; &Sifavmif; vkyftm;ay;olrsm;
q&mawmfxH a&muf&Sdvmavonf/ &GmcH &yfcHjzpfaom Zkwfokwf&GmnDaemifrS a*gyu?
&GmtkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef&Sdolrsm; aeYa&mnyg bk&m;ukef;ay:ü &SdaecJhMuonf/ t&G,f
a&mufolrsm;tm;vHk;yif ouFef;0wf oDv&Sif0wf&ef pm&if;ay;Muovkd trsdK;om;
trsKd ;orD; BuD;i,ftm;vH;k vkyt f m;ay;cJMh uonf/ qGr;f csu½f kH pwk'o d mauR;½Hük vltNrpJ nf
um;vSonf/ tNrJae &[ef; omraP oDv&Siu f dk qGr;f aqmif? 'kvb ’ &[ef;rsm;ukd
ESpu
f syd &f pS qf "l r®m½H?k 'kvb ’ &Si&f [ef;rsm;ukd awmifay:ausmif;ü t½kPq f rG ;f aeYqrG ;f uyf&ef
owfrw S x f m;onf/ q&mawmfEiS fh tusdK;awmfaqmif OD;em*dE´ 2-yg; auvmoawmif?
bD ; vif ; uk o d e m½H k ppf u d k i f ; ausmif ; ? aygif N rd K U Zif ; usd K uf e ,f a jrod k Y eH e uf y d k i f ; ç
naeydik ;f tcsed <f ua&mufNy;D vdt k yfcsu[ f o
l rQ ñTeMf um;í vdt k yfaiGrsm;xkwaf y;aponf/
n"r®yv’iu f m; 11-em&DrpS wifum oef;acgif,H (1)em&Dxd usif;yNrJ jzpfonf/ ESpyf g;vH;k
&Tivf ef;pGmoGm;vmaeMuonfrmS jrif&olwynhrf sm; 0rf;omyDwjd zpfMu&avonf/ t*kw F &å
edum,fvm a0vmrykÖPm;BuD;\ xrif;&nfacsmif;pD; tvSLyGBJ uD;ukd jrifa,mifvm&onf
txd BuD;us,fvsuf&o dS nf/
q&mawmftiftm; wynhfrsm;
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uGeyf sLwmynm&Sirf sm;uvnf; pDppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;ukd "mwfykH uk,
d af &;&mZ0ifyg xnhof iG ;f
jyKvkyMf u&m pDppfa&;uwf axmifcso
D mG ;avonf/ aiGaMu;qkid &f m pm&if;rSwwf rf;jyKvky&f ef
463
KTS 22-12-14
tcsuftvufrsm;ukd aeYn jyKpkMuNyD; a&TjrAD'G , D ½dk u

dk u
f ;l a&; OD;ausmfatmiftzGUJ uvnf;
ae&mrvyf ½kduful;rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ ,mOfarmif;tzGJUuvnf; wm0efauspGm
awmifay:awmifatmuf teD;ta0; ajy;qGcJ MhJ uonf/ um;jyif pufjyif opfpuf yef;&ef
vuform; 0&def yef;csD yef;yk aq;jc,f aq;okwf vrf;cif; wHwm;jyif r@yfaqmuf
pwD;oHyef;oHwHcg; yef;xdrftzGJUrusef rdrdwdkY us&mwm0efukd ausyGefatmif vkyfukdif
cJMh uonf/ yGaJ wmfBuD;atmifjrifpmG NyD;a&; ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm; wufnv D ufnD aqmif&uG f
cJMh uonf/ wynht f rsm; pGr;f tm;onf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;\ tiftm;[k
qkdEkdifayonf/ q&mawmfonf t0ef;t0dkif;ESifhom ukodkvfyGJjyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/
wpfOD;aumif;wpfa,mufaumif;ukd t"duxm;avhr&Sd/ wynhftm;vHk; yg0ifaom
ukodkvftvkyfrsdK;jyKavh&Sdonf/ waygif;vjynhfyGJtwGuf ukefusrnfhaiGtm;vHk;ukd
wm0ef,v l LS Ekid af omfvnf; q&mawmf\tvdu k stwdik ;f o'¨gESihf 0w¬KpGr;f tm;tavsmuf
yg0ifvLS 'gef;cGijfh yKcJí
h aZurÇmrdom;pku q&mawmf wynhrf sm;tm; yg0ifvLS 'gef;cGiahf y;cJNh y;D
upm;orm; a0g[m&jzihf oHk;EIef;vQif ]]xkd;om;rpm;vQif 'kdifupm;rnf}} rdrdwdkY
wwfEikd of rQvSL usefwmtm;vH;k jznhpf u G v
f LS 'gef;rnfo h rl sm; jzpfonf/
Zif;usdKufESihf ukodem½Hk aygif;qHk
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rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;apwD pcef;xdef; OD;t*¾oD&d? uwGefaus;&Gm rSefulnDaemifpcef;xdef;
OD;0do'k ?¨ aygifNrdKUe,f? oHCem,utzGUJ Ouú| a&T'*Fg;ausmif; q&mawmf OD;aumov’?
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Zif;usdKufapwD a*gyutzGJU? NrdKUe,faus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&; &JwyfzGJUtygt0if wynhfrsm;
n§Ed iId ;f vsuf 'kvb ’ &[ef;omraP oDv&Sirf sm; 'kvb ’ yGjJ zpfap&ef aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? oHCem,utzGUJ rS avomausmif; q&mawmf OD;paE´mbmo?
Ouú|q&mawmf ppfuikd ;f ausmif; pmoifwu dk f y"meem,u? NrdKUe,foC H em,utzGUJ
tusdK;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;okre? ukodem½Hk qHawmf&Sif pcef;xdef; OD;a0ykv’
OD;aqmifaom q&mawmfrsm;? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f r-,-u? &yfuu G f aus;&Gm &-,-u?
jynfolY&JwyfzGJU? rD;owf? usef;rma&;qdkif&m q&m q&mrrsm; tygt0if NrdKUol
NrKd Uom;rsm;uvnf; 'kvb ’ yGjJ zpfajrmufatmif ulnaD qmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;
qHawmf&SifapwD a*gp&*grf? ouúxlyqHawmf&Sife,fajr 0dkif;ywf? om,mukef;?
rPdarcvm a*gp&*grf? ZGJuvmqHawmf&SifapwD\ a*gp&*grf? Zkuúvd? aumhu'Gwf?
464
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 465
awmifpeG ;f ? uif;&Gm? awmifBuD;&Gm? 0if;u&Gm a*gp&*grfrS wynhrf sm;uvnf; tvm;wl

'kvb
’ &[ef;cHyJG udpö t00 aqmif&u G cf MhJ uovkd te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS ig;oH;k vD wynhrf sm;
wuf<upGmjzihf us&mwm0efudk ausyGeaf tmif aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
vlolawmf (3600)ausmfwdkY pk½Hk;
yGaJ wmfudk waygif;vjynhaf eYü auvmoawmifxyd 0f ,f 'kvb ’ avmif;rsm;pka0;í
tpDtpOfrsm;uku d si;f y&ef owfrw S xf m;aomaMumihf tBudKaeYnae auvmoawmifajc?
awmifBuD;&Gm e,fedrdwftwGif; tvsm; (300)ay? teH (200) ay&Sd r@yfBuD;twGif;
oHCmpifrsm;jyifqifjcif;? xrif;auR;½Hk? xrif;csuf½Hkrsm; aqmufvkyfxm;ovdk
oefYpifcef;aygif; (70) ausmf? a&csdK;cef;rsm; toifhjyifqifxm;cJhMuonf/ vkyftm;ay;
rsm;udk ac:,l&m (1148)a,mufwYdk waygif;vqef; (10)&uf aeYwiG f usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk
a&muf&v dS mMuonf/ auvmoawmifay:ç awmifajcç usdKufx;D aqmif;pcef;rsm;ü cGaJ 0
wm0efcsxm;Ny;D oef&Y iS ;f a&;udp?ö qefqt D ygt0if csujf yKwf&ef ypön;f rsm; xkw,f &l efupd ?ö
awmifay:ç awmifatmufç usKd ufx;D aqmif; pcef;rsm;odaYk &muf&v dS morQ BudKqkad uR;arG;&ef
tpktzGUJ acgif;aqmiftm; uGyu f pJ rD aH ponf/ waygif;vqef; (14)&uf yGaJ wmftBudKaeY
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a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
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qHawmf&SifapwD tay:ypö,H0,f olawmftm;vHk; ae&mcsxm;&m &ifjyifay: jynhfvQH
oGm;avonf/ auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwD pdezf ;l iSujf rwfem; topf wifvLS &efjzpfí
apwDvHk;ywfukd a&TouFef;uyfvSLxm;onhftjyif t&efapwDtygt0if auvmo
awmifwpf0u dk &f dS apwDtm;vH;k ukd xD;awmf? pdezf ;l awmfwifí a&Taq; a&mifpHkaq;rsm;
topfjc,fxm;aomaMumihf tjzLa&mif0wf vlolawmfrsm;ESifh apwD0ef;usifrSm
MunfE;l zG,&f m jrifuiG ;f tjzpf awGUMu&onf/
anmifAk'ä[yiftdk t&dyfatmufrSm
aZurÇmOD;cifa&T? ZeD; a':pef;pef;<u,f? om; ukdaZoD[ESihf reE´mvIdif?
ukdwdk;Edkifref;ESihf raZZifvwfrdom;pkrsm;? xkdif;EkdifiHrS r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"ZbGJU&
465
KTS 22-12-14
a':arcsDppH eDEiS hf {nho f nfawmfrsm;? q&mawmfBuD;\ wynh'f g,um 'g,dumrrsm;onf

auvmoawmifxyd &f dS &mausmfoufwrf;Mum anmifA'k a¨ [ yif&yd af tmuf0,f pHpk n kH nD D
a&muf&SdaeMuonf/ yif&dyfaumif;vSaom anmifyifBuD;rSm bk&m;&Sif t|r0g &csdefu
jrifuiG ;f ç omoemjyK &Siaf omP? &SiOf wå& &[EÅmrsm;<upOf jrifuiG ;f twkid ;f awGU&onf/
us,f0ef;aom obm0r@yf t0ef;t0kdif;BuD;? rD;a&mifpHkxGef;n§dNyD; omoemhtvHawmf
i,frsm; yifvHk;jynhfcsdwfqGJxm;&m MunfEl;zG,f&m jzpfaecJhonf/ anmifAk'ä[yifajc
tkwfyv’iftvSqifí anmif&dyf0,f aumfaZmeD aumfaZmpdrf;rsm; tjynhfcif;xm;
aomaMumihf obm0yef;csDjzifh tvSqifxm;ovkd awGUjrifMu&onf/
eHeuf (8)em&DtcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKU? urÇmat;ukef;ajrrS <ua&mufvmaom
EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u q&mawmfBuD; (9)yg; anmifAk'ä[ tkwfyv’if0,f
ae&m,lMuovkd usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfEiS hf wynh&f [ef;rsm; owfrw S af e&mwGif
oDwif;oHk;Muonf/ y&dowfrsm;jym;aomaMumihf awmifurf;yg;,Htxd y&dowf
jynhfaecJhonf/ ab;rJhMuufrsm;rSm ajr0,f ajcrcsEdkif? [dkyifonfyiful;í ae&m,lMu
&onf/ MuufysHruspnfum; awmifvHk;nTwfcref; tHhbeef; vlpkvla0;BuD;tjzpf
awGUjrifMu&onf/ qauo"mwk0HoygXfü Ak'Äsm'dwfawmf av;cGef;wGif yxrAsm'dwf
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tusKd ;awmfaqmif ykÖPm&mraps;ausmif;q&mawmf b'ÉÅ Moo"mbd0o H rS Mo0g'uxm
rdeMYf um;? Edik if aH wmfoCH r[mem,utzGUJ q&mawmfBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifaom oHCmawmfrsm;
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tjzpf cH,cl yhJ t kH aMumif;t&mrsm; avQmufxm;jcif;? tvSL&Sirf sm;rS pdezf ;l ESifh iSujf rwfem;awmf
vSLzG,fypön;f rsm; vSL'gef;jcif;? usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS qkyw¬emjyK trQtwrf;
ay;a0jcif; jyKawmfrlonf/
466
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 467
auvmoawmifxdyf&Sd qHawmf&Sif anmifAk'ä[yifonf wpfawm0,f

wpfawmif? wpfawmifüwpfyif[k tqk&d adS om ayg&mPuxm jzpfco hJ vkyd if wpfyifrmS
wpfyiG hf toD;wpfv;kH t"dutusqH;k qdx k ;kH ESit
fh nD rsufarSmufacwftcsdeüf wpfyiG hf
wpf v H k ; yrm t"d u usol u m; usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf [ k tod Ó mPf 0 ,f
xifjrifMu&onf/
vlolawmftm;vHk; anmifAk'ä[yiftdkatmuf0,f pk½Hk; BuHKqHkMuNyD;aemuf
e0*FoDv0EÅaqmifoltjzpfrS 'o*FoDv0EÅ &SifomraPtjzpfodkY cH,lcJhMuonf/
Zket f vdu k ?f a'otvku d f tkypf ck v
JG suf &Siof mraPtjzpf cH,cl MhJ u&m ylZ0EÅuefawmh
csdK;? ouFe;f uyf? ouFe;f awmif;? ouFe;f 0wf½?kH oDvawmif;? oDvcH,?l OyZÑm,f,jl cif;
t*Fgvu©Pm pHak phpmG jyKvkyí f omraP&yAÁZrÆ *FvmyGJ qifEcJT MhJ u&m ESpf 2500-oufwrf;&Sd
anmifA'k a¨ [yiftadk tmuf EkysdKi,f&, G f tm;opftoG,o f ,G f &Sad om omoem\tarGcH
omuD0ifEG,frsm; opfvGifaom 'kv’b&[ef;rsm; aygufzGm;vmcJhNyD[k 0rf;omyDwd
jzpf&MdS u&ayonf/ Ak'a¨ vmif;vsm EkpOftcgu twlwuG yg&rDjznfch o hJ w
l Ykd tukov kd rf I
jyKrdMuojzihf tyg,fav;yg; usa&mufae&mrS uRwfcsdefvGwfcsdefwefí wpfausmhjyef
omoemwGif vlUbHk vlUb0 &MuNy;D aemuf trSew f u,fb"kH avhb0rSmuG,f jyefvnf
qHak wGUMu&m0,f oHo&mwpfauGU awGUMujyef&m0,f 'kvb ’ &[ef; (3600)jzihf pka0;BuHKqHk
&jcif;um; yg&rDprG ;f tm; jynhrf D olwYkd 'Db0rSmyif yuwdom0utjzpf uRww f rf;0ifciG &fh Ekid f
ayonf/ ig;oHk;vDtusihfukd &moufyefusihfaqmifolwdkY 'k*¾wdab; uif;a0;vsuf
ok*wdb0 jyefvnfMu&vQif oyÜL&doyl -edó, uvsmPrdwEå iS fh awGU&í uRwv f w G cf iG hf
omoem ig;axmifcsdeftcg a&mifawmfjyefyGJ twlETJMuvQif uRwfcGifhwpfzef &Ekid o f nf/
yg&rD&ifhusufjcif; r&Sdao;vQif t&darawå,s Ak'¨\ t*¾om0u? r[mom0u?
yuwdom0utjzpfjzifh rvGrJ aoG edAmÁ e"mwf oEÅo d ck tNrdKuf"mwfudk cHpm;cGifh &Ekid Mf u
ayonf/
ok0ÖPblrd NrdKUoxHka'oü atmifyGJcH
jrefrmAk'b
¨ mom0ifwoYkd nf omoemawmfEiS fh BuHKqHck u kd f &Edik cf aJ om 'kvb
’
&[ef;omraP oDv&Sib f 0jzifh &ufyikd ;f vydik ;f jzihf aeavhaex&SMd uonf/ emrnfausmf
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; wynhfwdkYonf ausmif;ydwf&uf&Snf ½Hk;ydwf&uf&SnftcsdefwGif
pkaygif;vsuf 'kv’b&[ef;cH&SifjyKyGJjyKvkyfMuaomtcg 0denf;awmfESihftnD aqmif&Guf
ay;cJhMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H y&dowfrsm;aomaMumihf 0denf;pnf;urf;ESihf vGJacsmfjcif;
467
KTS 22-12-14
&SdcJhMuonf/ 'kv’b&[ef;tjzpfrS &moufyef&[ef;b0 cH,lMuaomtcg 0de,*½k

jyKawmfrMl uaom q&mawmfrsm;rS 'kvb ’ &[ef;tay: 0de,ukuKú pö &Sw d wfMuonf/
jrefrmEdik if üH oHCmh*P dk ;f (9)*kP
d ;f jzpfay:vm&onfrmS 0denf;uHaqmifaom udpaö Mumihf
uGjJ ym;vm&onfudk owdjyKMu&onf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf 'kvb ’ &[ef;cH
udpöudk txl;owdxm;avh&Sdonf/ &[ef;avmif; (3000)ausmfwkdYtm; OyorÜ'uH
aqmif&mü 0denf;uHESifhtnDjzpfzdkY txyfxyfrSmMum; Mo0g'pum; rdefYqkdaomaMumihf
qHawmf&SifomoemjyK tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´taejzihf wdusaompDrHudef;
csrSwfaqmif&GufapcJhonf/ waygif;vjynhfaeY auvmoawmifxdyf0,f &SifomraP
0wfNyD;olwdkYtm; owfrSwfxm;aom aygifNrdKUe,f? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? r*Fvm'HkNrdKUe,f
oHCem,utzGUJ q&mawmfrsm;u ausmif;cGJ oHCmcGv J suf &[ef;cHay;Mu&ef naeydik ;f tcsed f
qkdif&ma'oodkY jyefaponf/
NrdKUe,foC H em,utzGUJ onf rdrw d x
Ykd H a&muf&v dS maom &[ef;avmif;wkt Yd m;
0denf;uHEiS t fh nD OyorÜ'uH aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af jcawmf&if;
OyorÜ'uHaqmif&eftwGuf Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD; (9)yg; yifah qmifí
waygif;vjynhaf usmf (1)&uf (28-2-2010)aeY eHeuftcsed w f iG f ay:awmfr&l [EÅmodraf wmf
BuD;ü usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;? omoemhtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´?
aus;&GmoHCem,utzGUJ Ouú| OD;okE&´ ? auvmoqHawmf&iS f pcef;wm0efcH OD;0d&, d wdt Yk m;
odum© xyfr*FvmjyKvkyMf uonf/ 0denf;awmfEiS t fh nDaqmif&u G ef nf;udk nTejf yonht f aeESifh
Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm; uk, d af wmfwidk f OyorÜ'uH aqmif&u G cf hJ
Muonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rsm; uHaqmifjcif;udpNö yD;ajrmufvQif usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f
ajcawmf&if; vuf,m&pf <uawmfro l nf/ &[ef;avmif;tygt0if oHCm (1400)ausmw f Ykd
rd;k BudK;wHcg;rSxu G Nf y;D ,uúe;f pifausmif;awmf? &Si*f 0Hywdjycef;? eef;OD;apwD? uefawmfrck Of ;D ?
OD;okbdEée*&atmifajrurÁnf;wkdif? atmifpMum"r®m½HkBuD;twGif; <ua&mufae&m,l
Muonf/ tcrf;tem;jyKvky&f mokYd Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD; (9)yg;?
rGejf ynfe,f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh zGUH NzKd ;a&;aumifpD Ouú| ta&SUawmifwidk ;f ppfXmecsKyf
wkid ;f rSL; Advk cf sKyf oufEidk 0f if;? omoema&;0efBuD; Akv d rf LS ;csKyfo&l jrihaf rmifEiS hf jynfe,f
c½kdif NrdKUe,frsm;rS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? xkdif;EkdifiHrS {nhfonfawmf oDv&Sif arcsDpHpeD;
OD;aqmifaomtzGJU 'kv’b&[ef;rsm; oDv&Sifrsm;jzihf jynhfvQHoGm;cJhonf/
tcrf;tem;rSm Edik if w H umtqifrh aD tmif jyifqifxm;aomaMumihf &ifoyf½aI rm
tHhMobeef; awGUjrifMu&NyD; q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? wkdif;rSL;ESifh 0efBuD;tygt0if
468
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 469
aZurÇ m OD ; cif a &T \ omoema&;qk d i f & mavQmuf x m;csuf w k d Y r S m jynh f p H k v S o nf /

oDjcm;azmfjyrSom t"dymÜ ,f&rdS nfjzpfí oD;jcm;wifjyygrnf/ &[ef;cHyNJG y;D ajrmufaomtaejzihf
usdKufxD;aqmif;wGif yxratmifyGJusif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ vjynhfausmf(2)&ufaeY eHeuf
(9)em&DtcsdefwGif aygifNrdKUe,f? Zif;usdKufqHawmf&Sifawmifajc tm½HkcHwefaqmif;ü
usif;yovdk (3)&ufaeY eHeuf (9)em&Dtcsdef ukodem½HkqHawmfe,fajrjzpfaom
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? ppfukdif;y&d,wådpmoifwkdufü usif;y&m 'kv’b&[ef;omraP
oDv&Sirf sm;? aZurÇmrdom;pk OD;aqmifaom ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm; wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
oufqidk &f moHCem,ursm; wm0ef,l OD;aqmifusi;f yaomyGjJ zpfí tpp pnf;vH;k nDnw G f
pkaygif;aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonfudk awGUMu&onf/
oxHkrSonf '*Hkac: &efukefNrdKUawmfokdY
oHo&mwpfywfvnfonf? &mZ0ifb;D wpfywfjyefvnfonf[al om tqku d dk
wpfausmhjyefacgif;pOfjzihf zGiq
hf jdk ycJNh yD; jzpfonf/ (ESm-453)/ waygif;vjynhaf usmf (3)&uf?
n(7)em&D tcsdef bD;vif;NrdKU usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwD y&d 0 k P f t wG i f ;
vma&mufBudKqkad om xkid cf kH (50)ausmfyg ta0;ajy;um;BuD; (56)pD;wdYk wef;pDxm;onf/
6-em&DrSpí aygifNrdKUe,f? bD;vif;NrdKUe,fZkefESifh usdKufxD;aqmif;rS 'kv’b&[ef;ESihf
oDv&Sirf sm;a&mufvmMuNyD; ae&m,lMuonf/ owfrw S cf sdew f iG f um;wef;BuD; &efuek o f Ykd
OD;wnfckwfarmif;vmMu&m pepfwus &SdvSonf/ omoemh0efxrf;rsm;pGm a'opm&D
<uawmfro l nfudk jrifawGU&olwYdk 0rf;omtm;& Munfño dk '¨gjzpfymG ;Mu&onf/
vGefcJhaom omoemawmfESpf 1601-ckESpf? aEG&moDtcsed f oxHrk S &[EÅmaygif;
(1000)ausmf? twwfynm&Siaf ygif; axmifcsD? &wemyef;awmif;ü udef;0yfaeaom
"mwfawmf arGawmf tpHk (30)aom yd#uwfawmfwdkYukd qifjzLawmftpD; (35)pD;jzifh
wifaqmifvsuf tnmaygufuHjynfodkY yifhaqmifoGm;cJhzl;onf/ xkdtcsdefumv
tcrf;tem;wGiyf g0ifMuol rsm;jym;vSonf/ ok0ÖPblrrd S t&dr'ý&l aygufut H xd
avScsif;xd jrif;csif;xd vlcsif;qufrQ yg0ifcJhaMumif; omoem0if &mZ0ifusrf;wdkYü
azmfjycJMh uavonf/ ok0ÖPblrd (oxH)k omoem tnm (yk*)H okYd qefvrd rhf nf[al om
udef;cef;qkdufcsdef MuihfzG,fpEkd; qif(10)rsdK;wdkY OD;nGwf&mXmaerS bk&m;omoemawmf
(5000)c&D;qefYcsdef0,f yifhaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdolwdkY (aygufuHjynfrS ppfolBuD;rsm;) 0rf;om
rqH;k &SMd uaomfvnf; apwDyx k ;kd Xmyemwku d [
f if;vif; yd#uwfwu dk rf sm; a[mif;avmif;
Mum;0,f use&f pfco hJ l ok0ÖPblrd (oxH)k jynfow l uYkd m; ½Iu d o f rH jywf idak <u;rqH;k
469
KTS 22-12-14
twGif;pdwf0,f BudrfrD;tHk; &Sd&pfMuonf/ wpfausmhjyef omoemESpf (2500)txd

apmifh&pfMu&ayOD;rnf[k pdwfa0'em cHpm;Mu&onf/ ,ck &[ef;oHCm omoemh
EG,0f ifrsm; tygt0if yihaf qmiforl sm;um; ud, k af &mpdwyf g &Tiv
f ef;wuf<upGmjzihf '*Hak c:
&efukefNrdKU&Sd a&Twd*HkqHawmf&SifapwD&Sd&mokdY OD;wnf<uaejcif;jzpfí [kd,cifESihf ,aeY
jcm;em;rIum; OyrmnTefjyr&atmif uGmjcm;aeayonf/
'*HkESihfoxHk aygif;qHkyJG
9-oxHk trsdK;awGqHk&rnf? "r®*Dwdukd vGefcJhaom 1347-ckESpf? waygif;
vjynhf0ef;usifu ysHUESHUcJhonf/ ,ck 1371-ck? waygif;vjynhfaeY0ef;usiftxd (25)ESpf
a&mufvmcsdefwGif '*Hka'oESifh oxHka'o&Sd omoemtrsdK;rsm; qHkcJhMuNyDjzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfa'otoD;oD;rS ig;oHk;vDwynhfrsm; &Siftjzpf &[ef;tjzpf oDv&Siftjzpf
tvSL&Sit f jzpf vkyt
f m;ay;tjzpf BuHKqHMk u&m ok0ÖPblrad 'o auvmoapwD&ifjyifü
zkd;olawmf0wf &SifomraP0wf oDv&Sif0wfjzihf qHkcJhMuNyD; ,aeY 1371-ckESpf?
waygif;vjynhaf usmf (4)&uf? (3-3-2010) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY eHeuf (4)em&Dtcsed wf iG f &efuek Nf rKd U?
a&Tw*d akH pwDajcawmf&if; a&muf&cdS MhJ uonf/ oxHEk iS 'hf *Hk aygif;qHEk idk af &; aqmif&u G &f m0,f
&efukef a&Twd*HkapwDa*gyutzGJUrS (3600)ausmf &[ef; omraP oDv&Sifrsm;
taemufbuf pufavSum;twuf tqif;? "mwfavSum; twuftqif; OD;b&D
tm½Hck w
H efaqmif;ü tcrf;tem;ae&m atmifajrae&mü rSwfwrf;"mwfyHk½kduf&efae&m
&ifjyifawmfywfvnf aumfaZmcif;jcif;? ywfvnfyef;tkd; jyifqifay;jcif;? toHcsJUpuf
toH;k jyKjcif; paom vdt k yf&mrSeo f rQ aqmif&u G x f m;Muonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf?
omoemhtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´? EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU tusdK;awmf
aqmif anmifwek ;f q&mawmf OD;Moo"mbd0o H ? 'kw, d Ouú| oCFe;f uRe;f ppfuidk ;f y&d,wåd
pmoifwkduf q&mawmf OD;"r®meE´? wGJzuftusdK;awmfaqmif em*vIdPf*l uav;0
q&mawmf OD;Zm*&mbd0o H ESifh c&rf; ukid ;f uke;f q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu? aiGMum&Hq&mawmf
OD;a&0w? ajcmufxyfBuD; OD;acrdE?´ r&rf;uke;f acsmw f iG ;f uke;f OD;0dvmo? a&OD;NrKd Uq&mawmf
OD;OwårÓmPmbd0Ho? &Srf;jynfawmifykdif; tif;av; [J,m;&Gmr a&TbHkomq&mawmf
OD;a0ykv’mbd0Ho? aZurÇmrdom;pk? usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ wynhf 'kv’b&[ef;
(3600)? ig;oHk;vDwynhfrsm;onf OD;b&Dwefaqmif;a&SU apwDawmf\ we*FaEGaxmifhü
ae&m,lvsuf &Scd ;kd ylaZmfjcif;? arwåmydjYk cif;? omoemawmfBuD; (5000) umvMumwnfa&;
qkyw¬emjyKjcif;? vuf,m&pf (3)ywf &Scd ;kd ylaZmfjcif;? trQay;a0jcif;? atmifajrae&mrSm
470
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 471
pkaygif; "mwfy½kH udk f rSwwf rf;wifjcif; jyKvkyMf uonf/ omoemhordik ;f wGif a&Tw*d akH pwDü
&[ef; 3600-jzihf &Sdckd;ylaZmfjcif;rSm a&S;u r&Sdzl;ao;/ aemiftcsdefü pkaygif;&ef
tvm;tvm enf;aeayonf/ wpfomoem wpfBudro f m jyKcGi&fh aom o'¨ro ® ;kH jzm
omoem Bwd&wem*kPw f ifyGJ jzpfavonf/
uk;d oxHk trsKd ;awGqí kH &efuek Nf rKd U a&Tw*d akH pwD ajcawmf&if;aygif;qHyk w
JG iG f "r®&mZm
oHC&mZmax&r[m a'0&mZm abm*&mZmwkYd twlwuGqckH MhJ uonf/ a&Tw*d akH pwD
&ifjyif0,f rif;av;yg;qHak omyG[ J k qkEd idk o
f nf/ tem*wf omoemawmf ig;axmifumv
txd &SnMf umap&ef t"d|mefqak wmif;yGu J m; acsmarmpGmNyD;qH;k cJo
h nf/ eHeuft½kPq f rG ;f
twGuf Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm;
a&mifawmfziG t hf oif;wnf&m xD;'Dy"H r®m½Hük qufuyfNy;D 'kvb ’ &[ef;rsm;tm; rdrw d pYkd ;D eif;
vmaom armfawmf,mOfcakH y:rSmyif MumqefaMumfqrG ;f jzifh uyfvLS Muonf/
rif;av;yg;qHk&m a&Twd*HkrSm
eHeuf (8)em&Dtcsed w
f iG f r*Fvm'HNk rKd Ue,f? O,smOfNrKd UawmftwGi;f wnfxm;tyfaom
ZrÁLUOaoQmifjrwfbek ;f acgif "mwfaygif;pkapwDteD;&Sd r[m*E¨m½Hak usmif; odraf wmfBuD;0,f
&efukef r*Fvm'HkZkef\ tvSLawmfatmifyGJukdusif;y&m usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf?
EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,uq&mawmf? r*Fvm'HkNrdKUe,f oHCem,uq&mawmf
trSL;&Sdaom yifhoHCm(36)yg;wdkY wufa&mufí &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf
0if;jrifh? omoema&;0efBuD;? aZurÇmrdom;pk? ig;oHk;vDwynfhrsm; pHknDpGmvma&muf
MunfñkdMuNyD; vSL'gef;rItpkpkwdkYtwGuf a&pufcs qkawmif; arwåmydkYtrQa0vsuf
omoemjyKatmifyBJG uD; qifEcJT MhJ uonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm; oDv&Sifrsm;tm; aeYqGrf;uyfvSLNyD;aemuf &efukefNrdKUrS 11-
em&D xGufcGmí usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sifajc&if;odkY nae 3-em&Dtcsdef jyefvnf
a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ c&D;a0;rSvma&mufMuaom Zif;usdKufZkefrS ,mOfwef;onfvnf;
nae 5-em&Dtcsdef rdrdwdkYpcef;cs&mZkefodkY jyefvnfa&mufcJhMuonf/ waygif;vqef;
(12)&uf r S waygif ; vjynh f a usmf (7)&uf t xd (11)&uf t wG i f ; usif ; ycJ h a om
]]Ak'Äsm'dwfawmf0if r[mbdaour*FvmatmifyGJBuD;}}rSm acsmarmatmifjrifpGm
NyD;qHk;cJhavonf/ yGJawmf&uftwGif; vlaygif;axmifcsDí pka0; aqmif&GufMu&mü
xdcdkuf&Semr&Sd? &efcdkufa'gouif;&Sif;? 0rf;ysuf0rf;avQma&m*g wpfpHkwpfckrjzpfyGm;bJ
tm;vHk;acsmarmpGm atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhMuonfrSm xl;jcm;tHhMozG,fyifjzpfonf/
471
KTS 22-12-14
ewfa'0gwdkY ewfyef;jzifhylaZmf
auvmoawmifxyd &f dS qHawmfapwD tjrihaf y (116) &So d nf/ waygif;vjynhaf eY
(10)em&DtcsdefwGif pdefzl;ESifh iSufjrwfem;udk a&Tpifa&Tjym; e0&wf 9-yg;jzifh jyKvkyfNyD;
wifvLS Muonf/ jirf;qifíwifvLS jcif;r[kw?f taemufbuf wpfrsufEmS rS pdezf ;l txd
oHyu dk vf ;kH avSum;jzihf wufa&muf&onf/ &JprG ;f &So d w
l oYkd m wufEidk of nf/ ,cif xD;
pdezf ;l wifvLS &m0,f jirf;xk;d íwifvLS onf/ pufavSum;jzihf wifvLS onf/ yef;&xm;jzifh
wifvLS onf/ ,ck wifvLS onfrmS rwfapmufaom avSum;rS wufa&mufwifvLS &onf/
aZurÇmOD;cifa&T\ cE¨mudk,ft&G,ftpm;jzihf rwfapmufaom oHykdufavSum;rS
wufa&mufwifvLS jcif;jzpf&m ZD0dwy&dpöm* 'geyg&rDjznfq h nf;jcif;[k owdjyKrdMuayonf/
omoema&;qkid &f mavQmufxm;&mü &ifwiG ;f &Sd pum;rsm;ukd EIww f u
dk af vQmufxm;onf/
acsmarmajyjypf jynhfpHkaeonf/ tvSL&Sifrdom;pkwdkY\ o'¨g apwemr[mcef;
awmf0iftvSL[k todtrSwjf yKonfyh rm tcgr[kwf rk;d vH;k 0r&Gmao;csed f ½k;d wefajzmifw h ef;Ny;D
wpfawmifcefY&Sdaom ydawmufyef;pnf;ukd rdrdNcHwGif;rS ydawmufyif wpfudkif;wnf;rSm
xl;qef;pGmyGifhaevdkY q&mawmftm; vma&mufvSL'gef;ygonf/ q&mawmf vufa&muf
uyf v S L ay;yg[k trsd K ;orD ; t&G , f E k y sd K ol ay;tyf v monf / yef ; vS L ol t m;
awGUjrifvakd Mumif; toHcsJUpufjzifh zdwaf c:aomfvnf; vma&mufjcif;rjyK/ vltyk t f Mum;
aysmufu, G o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ anmifA'k a¨ [yifxufrS trnfrod yef;yGihf (opf*rke;f yef;) wpfyiG hf
aZurÇmOD;cifa&TEiS hf ZeD; a':pef;pef;<u,fwEYkd pS Of ;D tMum; a<uusvmonf/ vlUavmuwGif
rawGUrjrifzl;aom (rE´m&0) ewfyef;jzifh *kPfjyKvmonfrSm xl;jcm;rIyifjzpfonf/
þyGJawmfBuD;um;-
{uo® ð apwd a , r[mowå A E¨ d , H b0d ó wd - ES i f h wawmy&H
r[mylZmouúma&m b0dówd-
[laom qauo"mwk0o H ygVd yg'*wH tyd'k f (3)ü jyqkx d m; aom Asm'dwaf wmfEiS t hf nD
usi;f ycJah om tbdou
d cf yH aJG wmftjzpf owfrwS Ef ikd af yonf/ bk&m;&wemç w&m;&wemç
oHCm&wem þ&wemjrwfo;kH yg;ukd tjrihq f ;kH *kPw f ifaomyGjJ zpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfonf þyGu J dk ]]o'ö'¨r®oHk;jzm omoem Bwd&wewifyGJ}}[k ac:qdck o hJ nf/
r[mylZmouúma&m b0dówDwd Asmumod-qauo"mwk0Ho-vm tqdkudk Ak'¨
Asm'dwfawmf0if r[mtbdaour*FvmyGJ[k jrefrmjyefqkdcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
472
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 473
rEÅav;awmifajc&Sd oxHka&Tpm&Hausmufpmrsm;
rif;wkef;rif;ESihf yOöroH*g,em
uke;f abmifrif; (11)qufwiG f 'orajrmufrif;rSm rif;wke;f rif; jzpfonf/ &wemyHk
rEÅav; aejynfawmfudk aumZmouú&mZf 1221-ckESpfwGif pwifyEéufcs&mwGif
(7)Xme&So d nf/ r[mavmurm&Zdef ukov dk af wmfapwDonf wpfct k ygt0if jzpfco hJ nf/
rif;wke;f rif;onf yd#uwfawmftm;vH;k udk yOöroH*g,emwifcahJ omaMumifh yOöroH*g,emwif
rif;w&m;BuD;[laom *kPfyk'fwpfck&&SdcJhonf/ oH*g,emwifrl yd#uwf ygVdawmfrsm;udk
pusifawmifrSausmufrsm;udk acsmaeatmifjyKjyifapí ausmufjym;wGif pmvHk;rsm;tjzpf
xGi;f xkaponf/ xdpk usifausmufpmawmfcsyfrsm;udk r[mavmurm&Zdeaf pwD y&d0P k üf
pdkufxlxm;&Sdaponf/ rif;wkef;rif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm bk&m;&Sif\ EIwfuygXfawmf
Ak'o¨ moemonf urÇmwnfatmif t&Snt f Mum wnfwchH ikd Nf rJap&ef &nf&, G cf sufjzihf
ausmufxuftu©&mwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
ausmufpmawmfrsm;udk aumZmESpf (1222)ck wefaqmifrkef; vqef; (1)&uf
(1860)ck rS 1230 ck uqkefvqef; (14)&uf (4-5-1868)aeYtxd (7)ESpf ajcmufv
wpfq,fah v;&ufMumcJo h nf/ oHCmawmf(2400)wdYk &Gwzf wfí yOör oH*g,emwifco hJ nf/
xdkodkY ausmufxuftu©&mwifNyD; (3)ESpfMum 1233 ckESpf? wefcl;vjynhfausmf (11)&uf
paeaeY (15-4-1871)rS awmfovif;vjynfah usmf (14) &uf t*FgaeY (12-9-1871)txd
(5)vESi(fh 3)&ufMumatmif ausmufcsyaf & (729)ESifh ordik ;f armfueG ;f oHyikd ;f (1)csyf pkpak ygif;
ausmufcsyf (730) &So d nf/ rif;wke;f rif;\ yOöroH*g,emwifrt l jzpf vufcyH cYkd scMhJ uonf/
&aoh B uD ; OD ; cED Å
rEÅav;wdkif;? &rnf;oif;NrdKUe,fwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom OD;cEDÅonf &[ef;b0rS
&aohtjzpf ajymif;vTJNyD;aemuf omoedutaqmufttHkrsm;udk jyKjyifxdef;odrf;jcif;
vkyfief;aqmif&GufcJh&m rEÅav;awmifudk 1269-ckESpf waygif;vqef; (1)&ufaeYupí
apwD½kyfyGm; bk&m; qif;wk Z&yf wefaqmif; apmif;wef; a&wGif; a&uefrsm;udk
jyKjyifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1275-ckESpf uqkefvrSpí yd#uwfoHk;yHk tzGifh t|uxmESihf
#Dumusrf;rsm;udk tjynhftpHk ausmufxufwGif tu©&mwifapum pE´mrkedbk&m;
y&d0Pk wf wH ikd ;f twGi;f ü pdu
k x
f cl &hJ m ausmufpmcsyaf ygif; (1772) ordik ;f pm(2)csyf pkpak ygif;
(Oa'w,H= 1774) &Scd o hJ nf/
473
KTS 22-12-14
oxHkNrdKUa&Tpm&HapwDausmufpm
&aohBuD;OD;cEDÅonf rif;wkef;rif;BuD;\ yOöroH*g,emwif yd#uwfoHk;yHk
ygVdawmfrt l wdik ;f omoemawmf pwifa&muf&&dS m oxHNk rdKUü pusifausmufpmcsyfrsm;udk
pdkufxlylaZmf&ef qE´jyif;jyvmcJhonf/ omoemESpf (2465)ck aumZmESpf (1283)ckESpfrS
pí ausmufpmrsm;udk a&;wiful;,lxGif;xkNyD; oxHkNrdKUodkYay;ydkYcJh&m csyfa& (585)
oxHka&Tpm&HapwD r[m&HwHwdkif;twGif;a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfvmí
usefausmufpmrsm; rEÅav;awmifajc r[mousrm&Zdef ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;
r[m&HwHwdkif;twGif; jyefYBuJNyD; oxHkNrdKUodkY rydkYEdkif vufprowfEdkifbJ&SdaecJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; a&mifpHkolykefrsm; EdkifiHtESHY qlylvmí qufvuf aqmif&Guf
Edik jf cif;r&Sad wmh/ oxHak 'otwGi;f ü vlrsdK;pkvufeufuikd rf sm; tEÅ&m,f&adS eí ay;ydaYk &;
c&D;ydwfqdkYaeonf/ &aohBuD; OD;cEDÅusef;rma&;csdKUwJhvmí oxHkodkY ausmufpmydkY&ef
tpDtpOf &yfqikd ;f cJNh yD; 1310-ckEpS w
f iG f &aohBuD;ysHveG af wmfro
l mG ;cJo
h nf/ xdt
k csderf pS í
oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&HapwDü yd#uwfawmfylaZmfjcif;udpö jywfawmufoGm;cJhavonf/
OD;atmifol\ o'¨g apwemay:vGif
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrqifh EdkifiH*kPf&nf 'kwd,qihf? ydkYaqmif
qufo, G af &;0efBuD;Xme rEÅav;wdik ;f OD;pD;rSL;(tNird ;f pm;) yd#uwfo;kH yHak usmufpm okawoD
OD;atmifol(c)oHrPdarmifarmifonf rEÅav;awmifajc&Sd ukokdvfawmf bk&m;?
pE´mrkedbk&m;(2)ql a*gyuOuú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ ausmufpmawmfrsm;udk
jyKjyifxdef;odrf;cJh&oljzpfí bk&m;a[m yd#uwfoHk;yHk "r®u©E¨mawmf (84000)
t&Snw f nfatmif jyKvkyaf om ukov kd [f k tav;teuf od&cdS iG &fh cJo h nf/ jrefrmEdik if H
t&yf&yf&Sd ae&maygif;(24)XmeodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJholjzpfonf/ oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&H
bk&m;odkY yxrOD;pGm avhvmcJh&m 1359-ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; (2)&uf (13-2-98) aeY
jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ xdktcsdef OD;atmifol toufrSm (78)ESpft&G,f &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
&aohBuD; OD;cEDÅ oxHka&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkY ydkYaqmifvSL'gef;aom ausmufpmcsyf (585)udk
omawGU&NyD; vdkaeaomusrf;rsm;udk pdppf&m ,rdkufusrf;ESihf y|mef;usrf;rsm; usef&Sdae
aMumif;avhvmod&SdcJhonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUodkY jyefa&mufvQif usef&Sdaeaom ausmufpm
csyfrsm;udk &SmazG&m (4-3-98)aeYwiG f ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; r[m&mrfww H ikd ;f twGi;f ü
awGU&Scd ohJ nf/ y|mef;usr;f (83)csy?f ,rdu k u f sr;f (18)csy?f oDvu©eyf gVdawmfeó d , (21)csy?f
0dbif;usr;f yk*v ¾ ynwfusr;f "r®y'usr;f (1)csypf D pkpak ygif; pmxkxiG ;f Ny;D (125)csyjf zpfonf/
oxHka&Tpm&Hbk&m;ydkY&ef ausmufpmrsm; jzpfaMumif; od&SdcJh&onf/
474
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 475
OD;atmifolonf oxHka&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkYydkY&ef&Sdonhf ausmufpmrsm;udk EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,utzGJU Ouú| a'gufwmb'ÉÅukrm&mbd0Ho tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k?
tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu Aef;armfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD; trSL;&Sad om rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd
oHC r[max&fBuD;rsm;udk OD;xdyx f m;vsuf vdt k yfaeaom ausmufpmrsm;udk xkxiG ;f
apí jyifqifrt I 00udk aqmif&u G af ecJo
h nf/ oxHNk rdKU a&Tpm&HapwD a*gyutzGUJ xH
qufoG,faqmif&Gufvsuf&dSonf/ 1372-ck jymodkvwGif OD;atmifoltoufrSm
(91)ESpfjzpfí touft&G,fESihf ausmufpmudpöaqmif&GufaerIrSm o'¨gapwem
xufoefaMumif; xif&mS ;vsuf&odS nf/
rlvomoemp&m usdKufxD;apwDwGif yifhaqmif&efpDpOf
tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf onf 1333-ckEpS f
uqk e f v jynh f a eY r S p í ok 0 ÖPbl r d a 'otwG i f ; oxH k N rd K Ua[mif ; (9)ae&m&S d
bk&m;&Sifay;oem;cJhaom qHawmf"mwfrsm; udef;0yf&m apwDtygt0if "mwkapwDç
"r®apwDç y&dabm*apwDç O'dó ´ apwD omoedutaqmuf ttHrk sm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif
xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufvsuf&o dS nf/ topfwnfaqmufjcif;r[kwb f J a&S;a[mif;apwD
ykxdk;rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhonf/ vGefcJhaom 2-ESpfcefYu OD;atmifol
ausmufpmudpö aqmif&GufaerIudk Zmwfrif;om; rEÅav;odef;aZmfrS avQmufxm;&m
vdkvm;pGmjzihf 'dkYusdKufxD;aqmif; vSLvQif xdkufxdkufwefwefylaZmfxm;&Sdrnf[k
rdeMYf um;cJzh ;l onf/ rEÅav;ode;f aZmfrS OD;jynf[ed ;f tm; pum;pyf ajymvmcJo h nf/ 1372-
ck E S p f ? wef a qmif r k e f ; vü OD ; jynf [ d e f ; rS usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf b k & m;tm;
rEÅav;awmif &aohBuD; OD;cEDÅu oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&HapwDodkY vSL'gef;xm;aom
]]rEÅ
,rdkufusrf;? y|mef;usrf; tygt0if ygVdawmfausmufpmrsm;? oxHka&Tpm&H bk&m;
vSL'gef;xm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ae&mtcuftcJaMumifh vufcHvdkjcif; r&Sdjzpfae
ygaMumif; avQmufxm;&m &aohBuD; tNyD;owfaqmif&GufcGihfr&cJhaom ausmufpm
rsm;udk usdKufxD;aqmif;rSm vSL'gef;atmif aqmif&Gufygg}}[k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
a&Tpm&HapwDa*gyutzGJU Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;ESihf a*gyutzGJU Ouú|xH
ausmufpmrsm;udk &aohBuD;OD;cEDÅrS rlvomoem tp oxHka'oudk vSL'gef;cJhonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDonf rlvoxHk tppftrSefjzpfí yihfaqmifudk;uG,fcGifhjyK&ef
avQmufxm;cJ&h m Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;ESifh c-,-u? r-,-u? a*gyutzGUJ tzGUJ 0if
tm;vH;k u oabmwlaMumif; jyefMum;cJo h nft h jyif Edik if aH wmf oHCr[mem,utzGUJ
475
KTS 22-12-14
Ouú | Aef ; armf q &mawmf E S i h f 'k w d , Ouú | oxH k N rd K Uv,f 0 ef q&mawmf w d k Y u yg

oabmwlpGmjzihf vuf&Sd xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufaeaom rEÅav;NrdKUae OD;atmifolxH
arwåm&yfccH &hJ m oabmwlaMumif; jyefMum;vmí usKd ufx;D aqmif; q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;ESifh
qHawmf&iS o
f moemjyK taxGaxGomoemh tusKd ;aqmif OD;em*dEw ´ x Ykd H avQmufxm;cJo
h nf/
OD;jynf[def;? Zmwfrif;om; rEÅav;odef;aZmf? OD;cspfOD;eDwdkYtm; yPmrpHkprf;a&;
tjzpf rEÅav;NrdKUodaYk pvTwo
f nf/ rEÅav;awmifajc r[mousrm&Zdeaf usmufawmfBuD;
bk&m;0if; &m[kaxmifh ausmufpm½HkteD; xm;&Sdaom ausmufpmcsyfrsm; tajctaeç
t&G,ftpm;ç wefcsdef ponfhodoifhaomtaMumif;t&mrsm; avhvmjcif;? vuf&Sd
ausmufpmrsm; xdef;xm;aom rEÅav;NrdKU r[mousrm&ZdefausmufawmfBuD; a*gyu
Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfrsm;? a*gyutzGUJ 0ifrsm;\ oabmxm; ponfwu Ykd kd avhvmNyD;
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh qHawmf&iS f omoemjyKtaxGaxG tusKd ;awmf aqmifwt Ykd m;
wifjyavQmufxm;&m &aohBuD; OD;cEDÅ\ rlvqE´tjrefjynh0f ap&ef vrf;ñTerf jI yKcJo h nf/
"r®uE© m¨ ausmufpmawmfrsm;? rEÅav;rS usdKufx;D aqmif;ta&muf yihaf qmifa&;
twGuf aZurÇmukrÜPDvDrDwuf a'gufwmcifa&Trdom;pkwdkYrS yifr'g,umjyKí
yihfaqmif&mü ukefusp&dwf ausmufpmawmfrsm;xm;&Srd nhf ausmufpmwdu k t f vsm; teH
ay (90+60)&Sd bHk 5-qihf taqmufttHu k kd vSL'gef;&ef ausmufpmrsm; wifaqmifrnhf
12-bD ; armf a wmf , mOf tvS L &S i f r sm;rS wm0ef , l M uNyD ; OD ; jrih f & D OD ; pD ; aom
um,ÓmPvkyo f m;tzGUJ u ausmufpmcsyf xdcu kd u
f yJG sufrrI &Sad tmif aowåm½du k çf wifcs
vkyfief; wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMuonf/ a&SUajy;tzGJU vkyfief;tzGJU tcrf;tem;
jyifqifa&;tzGUJ OD;aqmiftzGUJ rsm; zGUJ pnf;wm0efay;xm;onht f wdik ;f aqmif&u G af pcJoh nf/
q&mawmfBuD;ESihf &[ef;25 yg;? oDv&Sif 15 yg;? aemufyg 'g,um (50)OD;
wdkYtm; &efukefNrdKU atmifr*Fvmta0;ajy;um;*dwf eef;xdkufpH armfawmf,mOf
c&D;oGm;ydkYaqmifa&;tzGJU? jroHk;vHk;c&D;onf ydaYk qmifa&;vkyif ef;ydik &f iS rf o d m;pk nDtpfukd
armifErS wdu Yk wm0ef,v l suf pm;a&;aea&;oGm;vma&;udprö sm; aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
OD;cspfOD;eD acgif;aqmifaom (rkefY[if;cg;)tzGJUwdkYuvnf; pm;aomufa&;twGuf
csufjyKwfauR;arG;jcif;? ausmufpmcsyfrsm; aq;aMumjcif;? aowåm½dkufjcif; paom
udpt ö 00wm0ef,l vkyu f ikd af y;Mu&m um,ÓPvkyo f m;rsm;twGuf ylyif aMumifMh u&efr&S?d
vkyif ef;tm;vH;k aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf MhJ uonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUü aqmif&u G &f ef &Sad om tcrf;tem;
usif;yjcif;? ax&fBuD; 0gBuD;rsm; yifhzdwfjcif;? wdkif;rSL;tygt0if rEÅav;NrdKUay:&Sd
476
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 477
*kPo f a&&Syd &dowfwYkd zdwMf um;jcif;? {nhcf jH cif;? wydw

Yk v
JG qkwf (1)&ufaeY tBudKumv
pdefwifhvGifqdkif;jzihf {nhfcHa&;? t½kPfqGrf;avmif;vSLjcif;? yihfoHCmrsm;tm; vSLzG,f
0w¬KuyfvSLjcif;? BudKydkYjcif;paomwm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef Zmwfrif;om; rEÅav;
odef;aZmfESihf rdwfo*F[rsm; a*gyutzGJU vlBuD;rsm;rS wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufay;cJhMu&m
pnfum;odu k Nf rdKufrI &Sv
d o
S nf/
wydw Yk v JG jynhaf usmf (11)&uf 1-3-2011 t*FgaeY eHeufyikd ;f wGif atmifajromZH
NrdKUe,ftwGi;f &Sd oHCmawmf (108)yg;wdt Yk m; oufowfvw G 'f aH ygufqrG ;f avmif;vSLí
{nfyh &dowf(1000)wdt Yk m; 'Haygufxyk af y;a0onf/ aeY 1-em&Dtcsdef r[mous rm&Zdef
ausmufawmfBu;D bk&m; *Eü#k w d u
kd af &SU0,f "r®uE© m¨ ausmufpmawmfrsm; tyfEyHS t JG crf;tem;
usif;y&m Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ Ouú| tbd"Zr[m&|*k½çk tbd"Zt*¾r[m-
o'¨ra® Zmwdu b'ÉaÅ 'gufwm ukrm&mbd0o H Aef;armfq&mawmf? Edik if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,
tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu b'ÉÅomoembd0Ho jrawmif
q&mawmf? tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu b'ÉyÅ nm'Dy usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
qHawmf&iS of moemjyKtzGUJ taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmif b'ÉÅem*dE´ (t*¾r[mo'¨r-®
aZmwdu"Z)? ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;a*gyutzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;? rEÅav;wdik ;f
a'oBuD;rS 'kwd,wdkif;rSL;ESihf wdkif;c½dkifNrdKUe,frS Xmeqdkif&mrsm;? ausmufawmfBuD;
a*gyutzGUJ 0ifrsm;? usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfb&k m;\ wynhf 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;
wufa&mufMuNyD; "r®u©E¨m ausmufpmawmfrsm; vTJtyfpmcsKyfudk wdkif;rSL;ç a*gyutzGJU
vlBuD;wdYk qufuyfcMhJ uonf/
aysmfyGJjzihf atmifyGJcH
ausmufpmawmftm;vH;k 12-bD;um; 9-pD; 10-ay 9-vufr ÓmPfawmftjrif&h dS
pusifqif;wkawmfwpfqu l kd 12-bD;um; wpfp;D wifvsuf edAmÁ efaqmfum;? toHrpJ
y|mef;&Gwyf al Zmfrnhf &[ef;awmf tyg;(20)pD;um;? "r®pMumy&dwaf wmf &Gwzf wf ylaZmfrnfh
oD v &S i f (15)yg;pD ; um; tygt0if "r® u © E ¨ m yih f a qmif a &;vma&muf M uaom
ig;oHk;vDrdom;pk um;tpD;(20)ausmfwdkYudk ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;\ taemufbuf
um;vrf;wGif tqifoihw f ef;pDxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ nydik ;f wGif usdKufx;D aqmif;ig;oH;k vD
vli,frsm; wD;0dkif;tzGJUrS wD;cwfNyD; rEÅav;NrdKUrS obiftzGJUrS tqdkawmfrsm;? rrEdkif
½kyfpHk ½kyfao; tygt0if rEÅav; Zmwfrif;om;odef;aZmftzGJUwdkYu {nhfcHazsmfajzMu&m
477
KTS 22-12-14
rEÅav;awmifajcteD;wpf0dkuf y&dowfrsm; vma&muftm;ay;cJhMuonf/ "r®u©E¨m

ausmufpmawmfyihfaqmifyGJum; ausmufawmfBuD; bk&m;ordkif;ü tpnfum;qHk;
vltrsm;pdw0f ifpm;aomyG[ J k ajymqdck MhJ uonf/ r[mousrm&Zdef ausmufawmfBuD; bk&m;
a*gyutzGUJ Ouú| OD;pdeÓf mPfonf a*gyuwm0efukd tESp(f 25)ESpf xrf;aqmifchJ oljzpfí
ausmufpmawmfrsm;udk 12-bD;um;rsm;ay:wifaqmifxm;&m bk&m;y&d0kPf twGif;
[mvm[if;vif;tjzpfawGU&vQif toJESvHk;ü [maeovdkcHpm;ae&aMumif;? n(7)em&D
½Hk;qif;aeusjzpfygvsuf tdrfrjyefEdkif ausmufpmawmfwifum;teD;rS rcGmEdkif rsuf&nf0J
pum;ajymrxGuf £aÈ´r& pdwfvIyf&Sm;aeovdk a*gyuvlBuD;rsm;ESihf ausmufawmfBuD;
bk&m;teD;ae vltrsm; ESajrmwojzpfaeaMumif; awGUjrif&onf/ a&S;vGefcJhaom
(953)ESpcf efY t&dr'ý&l (yk*)H jynf taemf&xmrif;onf ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfrS
&wem yef;awmif;0,f ylaZmfxm;&Sad om arGawmf "mwfawmf yd#uwfawmf tpHk (30)udk
qifjzLawmfww Ykd iG f wifaqmif t&d,moHCm (3000)? todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sif
tm;vH;k ESifh rEl[mrif;rdz&k m; aqGawmfrsdK;awmf tm;vH;k pk½;kH ac:aqmifomG ;csdef usef&pfol
jynfot l rsm; cHpm;Muaom 0rf;enf;rIukd pmempdwjf ziho f cd MhJ uonf/ yihaf qmifomG ;olwYkd
aysm&f iT Mf uaomfvnf; ausmufawmfBu;D a*gyutzGUJ vlBu;D rsm; 0rf;omvdv Yk m;? ESajrmvdv
Yk m;
cGJjcm;r&aom aomua0'em &if0,f &SdaecJhMuonf/
OyÜgwoEdÅapwDzl;ajrmf
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f vsu&f adS om apwDawmfav;&yf twGuf
yifr'g,umtjzpf ig;oH;k vDro d m;pkwuYkd todtrSwjf yKvufcx H m;aom aZurÇmukrP Ü D
OD;cifa&T a':pef;pef;<u,f rdom;pkwdkYonf EdkifiHawmftwGuf ta&;BuD; aom
aqmif&GufzG,fudpörsm;jzihf rtm;vyfonhfMum;rSyif aejynfawmfrS rEÅav;odkY
a&muf&v dS mNyD; q&mawmfvt kd yf&mrSeo f rQ aqmif&u
G jf cif; ausmufpmawmfyifah qmif&m
Bud K qd k j cif ; q&mawmf E S i h f tusd K ;awmf a qmif OD ; em*d E ´ w d k Y t m; aejynf a wmf & S d
OyÜgwoEdÅapwDawmf zl;ajrmf&ef yihfaqmifí omoema&;qdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf
awGUqH&k efppD Ofjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G í
f q&mawmfuse;f rma&;twGuf &efuek o f Ykd yihaf qmifNy;D
vdktyf&mrSeforQ pDpOfay;cJhonf/ yJcl;wdkif; yJcl;NrdKUe,f bk&m;BuD;aus;&Gm armfvNrdKif
um;vrf;qHük wpfnwm&yfem;Ny;D aemufaeYeeH uf yifah qmiforl sm;udk apmihBf udK&ef jzpfonf/
bk&m;BuD;&Gmwpfnwm
wydkYwGJvjynhfausmf (12)&uf 2-3-2011 Ak'¨[l;aeY eHeuf (7)em&DtcsdefwGif
"r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmfrsm; yihfaqmif&ef usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf qHawmf&Sif
478
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 479
omoemjyK tusKd ;awmfaqmifcsKyf b'ÉeÅ m*dE´ (t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z) OD;aqmifvsuf

pDpOfxm;&Sad om um;wef;BuD; ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;udk vuf,m&pfí rEÅav;awmifajcrS
pwifyihaf qmifMuonf/ a'0g0if; &mZm0if;cif;vsuf ausmufawmfBuD; bk&m;ta&SUrkc0f rS
ta&SUawmifusKH ;axmifh awmifbufusKH ;ab; 26-vrf; (79)vrf; rEÅav;rD;&xm;blwmrS
csrf;jrompnf vrf;rBuD;ç jrpfi,fç ykvdyfç wHwm;OD;avqdyfç pum;tif;wdk;*dwf
ta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;twdik ;f yihaf qmifMuonf/ um;ppfaq;a&;*dwt f a&muf eHeuf(10)em&D
ausmfNyD;jzpfí &[ef; oDv&Sif Oykofonf wdkYtm; xrif;bl;ç a&oefYbl;ç rkefYxkyfrsm;
qufuyfapNyD; armfawmf,mOfay:rSmyif tm[m&udpö NyD;aponf/ ta0;ajy;
um;vrf;opftwdkif; yihfaqmifMu&m yJcl;wdkif; yJcl;NrdKUe,f bk&m;BuD;&Gm armfvNrdKif
vrf;qHt k eD; "r®&dyfom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; BudKqdak &;r@yfoYkd n(9;30)em&D a&muf&dS
Muonf/ &efukefNrdKUrS xD;'DyH"r®m½Hkapmihfa&Smufa&;tzGJUOuú| OD;oef;a&T? twGif;a&;rSL;
OD;pdejf rih?f ig;oH;k vDro
d m;pkwu
Ykd npmxrif;? tcsdK&nf rkew
Yf jYkd zihf {nfch aH uR;arG;Muonf/
wpfnwm&yfem;MuNy;D aemufaeYeeH uf (3;30)em&D yihaf qmifa&;,mOfrsm; ae&m,lMuonf/
tm½HkqGrf;uyf eHeufpmrsm;jzihf auR;arG;Muonf/
oxHkrS crf;em;pGmBudKqdk
rGejf ynfe,fEiS fh yJc;l wdik ;f e,fjcm;ppfawmif;wHwm;opfrS apmihq f ikd ;f aeMuolrsm;ESifh
(7)em&Dtcsdef ta&mufBudKqd&k ef owfrw S x
f m;onht f wdik ;f bk&m;BuD;&GmrS qufvuf
yihfaqmifcJhMu&m owfrSwfcsdeftwdkif; wHwm;teD;odkYa&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ rGefjynfe,f
at;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD Ouú| wdkif;rSL; AkdvfrSL;csKyf xGef;aevif;
OD;aqmifaom jynfe,f^c½dik ^f NrKd Ue,frS Xmeqdik &f m wm0ef&o dS rl sm;? wyfrrSL; wyf&if;wyfzUJG rS
t&m&Srd sm;? usKd ufx;D aqmif; ig;oH;k vDro d m;pkrsm;rS toifah pmihq f ikd ;f MuNy;D ppfawmif;wHwm;
taemufxyd rf S ta&SUxdyt f xd 0J,mü a'ocHrsm;NcH&v H suf yd#uwfawmf ylaZmfxm;aom
&wemuvmyfukd oxHrk if; yk*rH if; 2-yg; yihaf qmify0kH wfprkH sm;jzihf crf;em;pGmyihcf MhJ uonf/
a'0g0if; &mZm0if;cif;jcif;? ½d;k &m0wfpjkH zihf rGet f rsKd ;om; rGet f rsKd ;orD;rsm;? u&iftrsKd ;om;
trsdK;orD;rsm;u uckev f suf usdKauúmNf rdKU w½kwb f akH usmif;tzGUJ u e*g;tutzGUJ jzihf
BudKqdck MhJ uonf/ usKd ufxNkd rKd U bD;vif;NrKd UrS Xmeqdik &f mrsm;? NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm;u {nhcf rH @yf
BudKqdq k ikd ;f bkwf rsm;jzihf yifah qmifvmoly&dowftm; pm;aomufz, G &f m tat;bl;?
a&oefYbl;wdkYjzihf {nhfcHBudKqdkMuonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmta&muf ausmufpmawmfrsm;udk
&GmtwGi;f vrf;rBuD;rsm;twdik ;f vSnv fh nfyal ZmfMuNyD;aemuf usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDukd
479
KTS 22-12-14
vuf,m&pf ylaZmfum jrOD;awmifaAGtcsuftcsmaomhwGif;&Sd&m "r®u©E¨m ausmufpm

ylaZmfxm;&Srd nhf r*Fvmr@yfoYkd a&mufMuonf/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS a&muf&MdS uolwt
Ykd m;
atmif"r®pMum "r®m½HktwGif;ü aeYvnfpmjzihf auR;arG;{nhfcHMuonf/
ajroefYr*Fvm
12-em&DtcsdefwGif "r®u©E¨mausmufpmylaZmfyGJusif;yrnhf r*Fvmr@yftwGif;ü
wdkif;rSL; OD;aqmifaom wdkif;^c½dkif^NrdKUe,frS wm0ef&Sdolrsm; usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf\wynhf ig;oHk;vD rdom;pkrsm; a&mufMuNyD;aemuf omoemhtusdK;awmf
aqmifcsKyf trSL;jyKaom oHCmawmf 9-yg;wdkYu ajroefYr*Fvm y&dwfur®0g
&Gwzf wfawmfrMl uonf/ "r®uE© m¨ ausmufpmawmfyal Zmfyq JG ikd &f m ukov
kd af umif;rItpkpk
udk a&pufcstrQtwef;ay;a0MuNyD;aemuf omoemhtusdK;awmfaqmifEiS fh wdik ;f rSL;wdu Yk
tbd"r®y#d u y|me ygVdawmf "r®uE© m¨ ausmufpmawmf trSw(f 1) pusifausmufjym;udk
pwifpu kd x f í
l tarT;eHo Y m atmifoajyyef;jzihf yufzse;f Ny;D atmif*gxmudk &Gwq f Mkd uonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf &Sif&aohb0jzihf avQmufvSrf;cJhaom r[m*E¨m&DusihfpOf
armf u G e f ; urÁ n f ; ausmuf p mwd k i f u d k pd k u f x l M uonf / yih f a qmif c J h a om pusif
½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfudk yv’ifae&mcsxm;jcif;? "r®u©E¨mausmufpm awmfrsm;udk
armfawmf,mOfay:rS u&def;um;jzihf pepfwuscsxm;&m 2-em&DtwGif;NyD;pD;onf/
teD;0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;&Sd &[ef;&Sif vlwdkY aeYa&m nyg "r®u©E¨m ausmufpmawmfwdkYudk
vma&mufz;l ajrmfMu&m MuufysrH uspnfum;vsu&f o dS nf/ taemf&xmyihaf qmif oGm;cJah om
yd#uwfawmfrsm; jyefvnf&&SdonhfES,f 0rf;om&Tifvef; aysmf&TifaeMuonf/
pdkufxlylaZmf"r®apwDawmf
ÓmPfawmftjrihf 10-ay 9-vufr a&mifvQHawmf 1-ay&Sd tb,rkj'myHk
pusifqif;wkawmfBuD;udk BudKwifjyKvkyfxm;aom ausmufyv’if0,fae&mcsxm;NyD;
yv’iftwGif; Xmyemawmfrsm; xnhfoGif;vsuf ,m,DoHydkufr@yfaqmufvkyfonf/
r[m*E¨ m &D u sih f p Of armf u G e f ; urÁ n f ; ausmuf p mud k v nf ; ausmuf c H k 0 ,f x m;&S d N yD ;
,uúef;pifawmifudk,fyGm; *0Hrwf&yf½kyfwkudkvnf;xm;&Sdonf/ OD;cEDÅxkqpfcJhaom
ausmufpmcsyf (104)csyu f kd wpfwef;vQif 10-csyf 10-wef; usef 4-csyf (tydw k pfcsy)f ESifh
OD;atmifol vufxuftpm; xkqpfausmufpmcsyf (65)csyfukd wpfwef;vQif (12)csyfpD
pdkufxlxm;&Sdonf/ pkpkaygif; ausmufpmcsyf (170)ausmfudk (3)nESihftNyD; wef;pD
ae&mcsxm;í oHydkufr@yfudkyg aqmufvkyfMuonf/ ausmufpmcsyftm;vHk;udk
480
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 481
acsmarGUatmif pmvHk;rSdefaeonfudk a&Taq; oabFmaq;eD rSifeufaq;jzihf pmvHk;

xyfMuonf/ ausmufpmcHk r[m&efwHwdkif;udkvnf; ntcsdefvltrsm;vkyftm;jzihf
wnfaqmuf&m (15)&ufESihftNyD; a&mufMuonf/ &Gm&Sdvlukef uav;vlBuD;rusef
vkyftm;ay;MuNyD; tat;aumfzD vbuf&nf aygifrkefY udwfrkefY taMumfpHk xrif;aMumf
aumufni§ ;f aygif; rsKd ;pHjk zihf auR;arG;vSL'gef;MuonfrmS 'geyGBJ uD;tvm; pnfum; avonf/
"r®u©E¨mausmufpmrsm; pdkufxlí "r®apwDtjzpf ylaZmfMuaom yGJBuD; jzpfaeayonf/
rdk;-av-ae-v oufaojy
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf ok0ÖPblrad 'otwGi;f rS qHawmfjrwf ude;f 0yf&m
apwD y k x d k ; bk & m;&[EÅ m wd k Y oD w if ; oH k ; cJ h & m omoed u taqmuf t OD ; rsm;ud k
aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg;tajcrS jyefvnf jyKjyif&m0,f odMum;rif; rdk;ewfom;tygt0if
vl0dZÆm ewf0dZÆm t&d,m 0dZÆm blrd,tEG,f a'0ga'0Drsm; tultnDjzihf aqmif&GufcJh
aomaMumifh t&m&matmifjrifpGmNyD;jynhfpHkpGm atmifjrifavh&Sdonhf tjyif rdk;ewfom;?
avewfom;? aeewfom;? vewfom;wdYk oufaojycJo h nf/ ,aeY 1372-ckEpS f wydw Yk JG
vjynhaf usmf (13)&uf 2011-ckEpS ?f rwfv (3)&uf Mumoyaw;aeY aeYvnf (2)em&Dcsdef
a&pufcstrQ ay;a0NyD;onfEiS fh aEG&moD tcsdeftcgr[kwfbJ rdk;wdrfrsm;wufvmNyD;
uk e f ; awmf w pf c k v H k ; a&ajrmif ; tjynh f r Q &G m oG e f ; Nzd K ;cJ h o nf r S m xl ; jcm;vS o nf /
ausmufpmpdkufxl&m teD;&Sd uHhaumfyifrsm;rS yef;a0qmpGm yGihfNyD; oD;yifrsm;rSm
tpktNyHKvdkufoD;í "r®u©E¨mausmufpm "r®apwDrsm; ylaZmfrIjyKMuonfrSm xl;jcm;
vsuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ukef;awmf0,f a&ajrmif; jynhfvQHatmif rdk;&GmcJhaomfvnf; 2-
zmvHk c&D;tjyifü rdk;aygufruscJhonfrSm xl;jcm;vsuf&Sdavonf/
pusifawmifajc
omoemawmfESpf 2554-ck? aumZmESpf 1372-ck wydkYwGJ vjynhfausmf 3-
&uf r S 12-&uf a eY t xd rEÅ a v;Nrd K U rEÅ a v;awmif a jc r[mousrm&Zd e f
ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;0if;twGif; a*gyu½Hk;ü pcef;csaexdkifvsuf &aohBuD; OD;cEÅDrS
oxHka&Tpm&Hbk&m; bk&m;0if;twGif; xm;&Sd&ef "r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmfrsm; ESpfaygif;
(90)eD;yg; Mumatmif yihfaqmifEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;0if; twGif;&SdaecJh
onfukd bD;vif;NrdKU Zkwo f wk &f mG usdKufx;D aqmif; bk&m;y&d0P
k tf wGi;f yihaf qmif&ef
pDpOfaecsed jf zpfonf/ vdt
k yfaeaom ausmufpmrsm;udk tpm;xk;d jcif; vdt k yfaom Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;
&[EÅmt&Sijf rwfç vl0Zd mÆ ewf0Zd mÆ apwD bk&m;'g,umrsm; yHw k x
l vk yk f ud;k uG,&f eftwGuf
481
KTS 22-12-14
pusifawmifajcodkY avhvm&efvdktyfaeonf/ vqkwf 6-&uf c&pfESpf 2011-ckESpf?

azazmf0g&Dv 24-&ufaeY eHeuf (7)em&Dtcsdef ausmufawmfBuD; bk&m;rS bifum;jzihf
c&D;pwifcJhMu&m OD;cspfOD; OD;pdk;EdkifwdkY vdkufygcJhMuonf/
rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; rwå&mNrdKUe,f pusifawmifajc pusif&GmodkY 8;30 em&D
tcsed af &mufcMhJ uonf/ &GmteD;0,f pusif ausmufawmifrsm; pDwef;vsuf awmifajc0,f
&Gmwnfaxmifxm;&m tdrw f ikd ;f &Gm&Sv
d u
l ek f yef;warmhvyk if ef; vkyu
f ikd af eonf[k ,lq
&onf/ tdraf &SUrSm pusifausmufw;kH ½kyyf mG ; ½kyx f t
k BuD; ti,f rsdK;pHak wGUjrifae&onf/
ra&mufzl;aoma'ojzpfí vbuf&nfqdkifwGif acwå0ifum tem;,lMuNyD; aumfzD
vbuf&nf rSm,laomufMu&m aps;EIe;f csdKvSonf/ yef;warmhvyk if ef;qdik &f m tajctae
udkavhvmpHkprf;&m vl&G,fwpfOD;u teD;&Sd yef;warmhvkyfief;ydkif&Sif OD;armifBuD;tm;
ac:,lrdwfqufay;&m odvkd&mt00 ar;jref;Muonf/ pdwf&SnfpGmajzMum;vkyfief;
taetxm;rsm;udk od&MdS u&aomtcg tquftoG,jf yKvky&f ef w,fvzD ek ;f eHygwf vdypf m
qufoG,f&ef vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk rSwfom;Muonf/ pusif&Gm pusifawmifonf
,uúe;f pifawmifq&mawmf OD;Mobmo Zmwd&mG teD; a'ojzpfaeonf/
pusif&mG teEÅ*P k yf ef;warmhvyk if ef;ydik &f iS f OD;armifBuD; a':wifaxG; zke;f eHygwf
09-2007446 ESihf qufoG,frdMuNyD; avhvma&; udpötwGif;ususodMu&onf/
yif&if;pusiaf wmifrmS yif vdt
k yfaeaom ½kyx f k ½kyv f ;kH ordik ;f armfueG ;f pmrsm; ausmufpmESifh
pusifjzihf jyKvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ tudsK;awmfaqmiftm; avQmufxm;í
aqmif&u G &f efom vdt k yfonf/
ord k i f ; rS w f w d k i f p d k u f x l & ef
aus;Zl;awmf&Sif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfxH0ifa&mufNyD; a&SUaqmif&Guf&rnhf
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk avQmufxm;Muonf/ qHawmf&iS f omoemjyKtaxGaxG tusdK;awmf
aqmifcsKyf OD;em*dE´(t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z)? OD;jynf[def;? OD;cspfOD;(cspfOD;eD)wdkYtm;
rdeMYf um;onfrmS - ]]'Dupd ö zd;k jynf[ed ;f u wifjyavQmufxm;yg}}[k trde&Yf aSd omaMumifh
a&Tausmif;awmfBuD; tm&mrftwGif;rSm pusifyd#uwfawmfrsm; xm;&Sdjcif;? q&mawmf
*E¨m&DusihfpOf ordkif;0ifarmfuGef;xm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh "r®apwDtjzpf jrifawGUMu&ygNyD?
qHawmf&SifapwDrsm;ordkif;rSm uvsmPDausmufpmrSm&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
ygVdvdka&;xm;onfudk pusifausmufwGifa&;xdk;jcif;jzihf bk&m;&Sifu &aohwdkYtm;
qHawmfay;oem;cJhyHk ygVdta&;tom; pusif½kyfwkrsm; xkvkyfjcif;? bk&m;&Sif 4-0g&
482
KTS 22-12-14
tcdsef t&SiftEk½k'¨g OD;aqmifaom &[EÅm(6)yg;wdkY qHawmfrsm; yifhaqmifvmNyD;

xly0ifapwD wnfxm;MuyHk ygVda&; qauo"mwk0ifygVdawmfESihf &[EÅm 6-yg;ESihf
apwD'g,um 6-OD;wdkY ½kyfwk ½kyfvHk; wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;aemuf t&Sifr[m
arm*¾vyd w k w
å ó
d u t&Siaf omPESifh t&SiOf wå&wdu Yk kd ok0ÖPblrad 'oodYk omoemjyK
apvTwcf &hJ m þa'orSmjzpfvYkd yg&mZduPf t|uxmvm ygVd? uvsmPDausmufpmygVda&;
&mrna'o omoem0HoygVd &mrn&|apwd,0HoygVdudk tajccHxm;NyD; ygVda&;
ausmufpm a&;xd;k jcif;? ok0ÖPblrd omoemjyKtzGUJ pwif<uvmNy;D p okwEå yÅ #d u
'DCedum, jA[®Zmvokweå u f kd a[mMum;&m uRwfwef;0ifol ajcmufaomif; (60000)?
trsdK;om; oHk;axmifig;&m (3500)? trsdK;orD; wpfaxmifhig;&m(1500)? &[ef;abmif
0ifMuaMumif; jyqdkxm;onhftwdkif; jA[®ZmvokwfygVdawmfESihf ½kyfvHk;½kyfwkxm;&Sd&ef
wifjyavQmufxm;&m zd;k jynh[ f ed ;f pmayvkyif ef;udk wm0ef,Nl y;D pmrljyKpkyg[k rdeMYf um;onf/
tusdK;awmifaqmifcsKyfu rEÅav; oGm;vma&;udpö ukefusrnhfaiGyrmP wm0ef,l?
'DrSmxm;&Sdrnhf taqmufttHk BudKwifNyD;aqmufvkyfyg/ cspfOD;eDu tusdK;awmif
aqmifet YJ wl oGm;vm&mvdu k yf gNy;D pusiaf wmifupd ö Ny;D pD;atmif aqmif&u G Mf u? tem*wf
omoemordik ;f rSww f ikd f pdu
k xf w l mvdYk rSw,
f al qmif&u G yf g[k ñTeMf um;awmfrcl o hJ nf/
ausmufpmESihf ½kyfwkyHkawmfrsm;
1373-ck 0gqdkOD;tcsdef tusdK;awmfaqmifESihf OD;cspfOD;wdkYonf rEÅav;wdkif;
jyifOD;vGifc½dkif rwå&m NrdKUe,f pusif&GmodkY <ua&mufMuNyD; vdktyfaom ausmufpm
yHak wmfwuYkd kd xkvyk af ponf/
(u) qauvmor[m"mwk0o H uxmESifh ok0ÖPblrd omoem0Ho?
( c ) bk&m;&SiEf iS fh &aoh 6-yg; jroydwrf ,fawmf a'0uk@v rPdu@ k v
pusif½kyfwk
( * ) qauom"mwk0if ygVd+jrefrmausmufpm (8)csyf (16)rsufESm ed'gef;
(2)rsufESm
(C) blrdzórkj'm &[EÅm (6)yg; 'g,um (6)OD;
( i ) a'opm&D rkj'mAk'ÿHkESihf &[EÅmt&SifjrwfyHkawmf
( p ) jA[®ZmvokwåygVdESihf tzGihfuxmausmufpm (21)csyf (42)rsufESm
483
KTS 22-12-14
(q) q&mawmfESihf tusdK;awmfaqmif ax½kyÜwdå jrefrm t*FvdyfESpfbmom

ausmufpmcsyfBuD; (2)csyf (4)rsufESm
(Z) q&mawmf r wf & yf ç xd k i f ç &aoh y H k (3)tusd K ;awmf a qmif xd k i f y H k
ZrÁKem,u0dZÆmESihf blrdem*a'0D yHkawmf
ausmufpmrsm;rSm ygVdbmom ta&;tom;jzpfí pmvH;k a&;xH;k trSm;r&Sad tmif
yHkawmfrsm; vdktyfcsuftwdkif; xkvkyfEdkifa&; twGuf OD;cspfOD;? OD;rdk;? OD;pdk;EdkifwdkYtm;
pusi&f mG OD;armifBuD; rdom;pkyikd f teEÅ*P
k f yef;warmhvyk if ef;wGif (3)veD;yg; aexdik af pNy;D
ud;k yg;oDv tNrJxed ;f odr;f Muum vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/
xl;jcm;aom atmifjrifrIrsm;
pusif&GmteD;wGif awmifwef;BuD;wnf&SdNyD; yef;warmhvkyfief;ESihf bdk;bGm;
tpOftquf toufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfudkifolrsm;onf udk,fydkifNcHus,fBuD;rsm;
&SMd uonf/ rdryd ikd Nf cHtwGi;f rS ausmufv;kH ausmufw;kH rsm;udk cGpJ w d íf vdt k yfaom ½kyv f ;kH
½kyfwkrsm; wl;azmf xkvkyf&onf/ tjcm;olydkifNcHrS wl;,lcGihfr&Sday/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf tvdk&Sdaom ausmufpmcsyfrsm;rSm vG,fulrIr&Sd[k xifrSwf&onf/
teEÅ*kPfyef;warmhvkyfief;ydkif&Sif OD;armifBuD;ESihf a':wifwifaxG;rdom;pktm;vHk;onf
rdrw d x
Ykd rH mS ,lxm;aom pusif ½kyw f k ausmufcsyrf sm;&&Sad &;twGuf &SmazGMu&mü q&mawmf
rSmMum;aomtwdik ;f rdom;pktm;vH;k ig;yg;oDv vHNk cKH atmif xde;f Mu &onf/ bk&m;&Sit f m;
qGrf; yef; a&csrf; tNrJuyfvSLMuNyD; teEÅ ig;yg;udk ½dkaopGm &Sdcdk;aexdkifMuonf/
qifjrif;uRJEmG ;0uf tom;wdu Yk kd a&SmifMu&onf/ OD;armifBuD;onf rdrEd pS o f ufaom
,rumESifh tom;aMumfwu Ykd kd a&SmifMuOfum e0*Fov D udk apmihx f ed ;f t&[H *kPaf wmfukd
t"d|mefxm;í ykwD;pdyfonf/ awmawmifapmihfewf &yf&Gm apmihfewfpaom rd½dk;zvm
ewfrsm;udk arwåmydt Yk rQa0um tultnDawmif;cHNy;D vdt k yfaompusiu f pd u
ö kd aqmif&u G f
avonf/ rdrNd cw H iG ;f ü&Sad om ausmufw;kH rsm;udk azmfxw k xf q
k pfaomtcg rxifrw S af om
ausmufcsyfrsm; vG,u f pl mG ay:ayguf vmavonf/
(u) tvsm;teH(12)ay xk(wpfaycGJ)&Sd pusifausmufcsyf &&Sd&m ESpfbuf
acsmNy;D ygVdbmoma&; ok0ÖPblrd omoem0HouxmESifh wpfbuf0,f
qauor[m "mwkapwD,uxm ausmufpmawmfjzpfonf/ a&Tjynf[ed ;f
pmrlMurf;jyKpkí EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf
484
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 485
t*¾r[my@dw t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z &efuek f A[ef; ajcmufxyfBuD;

q&mawmf pDppfjyifqifNyD; ausmufpmurÁnf; a&;xdk;onf/
( c ) tvsm; teH 9-ay 8-ay xk w pf a ycG J & S d ausmuf c syf ü
jrefrmt*FvdyfESpfbmomjzihf q&mawmf\ ax½kyÜwdå armfuGef;pm/
( * ) tvsm; teH 8-ay xk wpfaycGJ&Sd ausmufcsyfü jrefrm t*Fvdyf
ESpfbmomjzifh qHawmf&Sif omoemjyK tusdK;awmfaqmif OD;em*dE´\
ax½kyw Ü åd armfueG ;f pmwdu
Yk kd OD;cspOf ;D onf ynm&Sirf sm;tultnDjzihf pmrljyKí
a&;xdk;onf/
(C) vH;k ywf (156)vufr? wpfq,fo;kH ay&Sd 6 ajr§mihf 6axmifh tjrih(f 7)ay&Sd
(5_3=15)ig;oHk;vD (3_3)oHk;oHk;vD ausmufwHk;BuD;ü usifhpOfudk
OD;cspfOD;pmrljyKpka&;xdk;onf/
( i ) yg't&Sifjrpusifajcawmf&myHkausmufcsyfrSm tvsm; (8)ay teH (5)ay?
xk(3)ayjzpfNyD; vuf,majcawmf&mtjzpf xkvyk x f m;onf/ BuD;rm;aom
pusif a usmuf c syf B uD ; rsm;rS m tom;acsmarG U tjypf t emtqmr&S d
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaomaMumifh rdrdydkifjcHajrtwGif;rS &&SdonfrSm
OD ; armif B uD ; \b0wmwG i f tH h M ozG , f & mjzpf c J h & onf / xl ; jcm;aom
atmifjrifrjI zpfaMumif; *kP, f 0l if<h um;pGmjzihf ajymqdpk &m tawGUtBuHKjzpfchJ
avonf/ þausmufcsyf ausmufw;kH (5)ckum; &cJvaS om tcGit fh a&;rsKd ;
jzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&ayonf/
pusifajrrS usdKufxD;aqmif;odkY yihfaqmif
1373-ckESpf? waygif;vjynhfausmf (12)&uf (19-3-2012) wevFmaeY nae
6-em&Dtcsdef rwå&mNrdKUe,f pusif&GmrS qHawmf&Sif omoemjyK tusdK;awmfaqmif
OD;em*dE´ OD;aqmifum &[ef;awmfç oDv&Sif q&mBuD; q&mav; ig;oHk;vDwynhf
rsm;wdoYk nf pusi½f yk w f k ½kyyf mG ;ausmufpmrsm;udk (10-bD; 12-bD;) um;rsm;ü wifaqmif
xG u f c G m cJ h M uonf / rEÅ a v;r[mjrwf r k e d t aemuf b uf ausmuf q pf w ef ; rS
usyfodef;wpf&mhudk;q,fwefzdk;&Sdaom wefcsdef (20) tjrihfay (14)ay teH (11)ay&Sd
blrdzórkj'mpusifqif;wkawmfBuD;udk wifaqmifum [dkif;a0;(&efukef rEÅav;
ta0;ajy;vrf;)vrf;r wHwm;OD;NrdKUe,f pum;tif;wd;k *dwüf um;BuD;rsm;udk ntdyaf pNyD;
usef&[ef;omraP oDv&Sif wynfhrsm;udk pufrIZHk&Sd OD;rsdK;jrihf nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;
485
KTS 22-12-14
NcH0,f ntdyf&yfem;MuNyD; aemufaeY tm½kPfqGrf;uyfNyD; c&D;qufMu&m n(8)em&D

tcsdef yJcl;wdkif;? yJcl;NrdKUe,f? abmeyfBuD;wGif tBudKa&muf&Sdaeaom usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmftm; zl;ajrmfuefawmhMuum acwå&yfem;Muonf/ q&mawmfOD;aqmif
c&D;qufMu&m usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk oef;aumif,H (1)em&Da&muf&MdS uonf/ "r®yv’iw f iG f
tm;vHk;pka0;um qkywåemjyK trQa0um yihfaqmifyGJ ½kyfodrf;cJhMuonf/
yg'trGef jr*0HESihf yg't&Sif jrpusif 'Dyajcawmf&m
bk&m;&Si(f 8)0gajrmuf r[mouú&mZf (111)ckwiG f &Si*f 0Hywdukd taMumif;jyKum
ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd <ua&mufawmfrNl y;D &aohwt Ykd m; qHawmf"mwfukd
ay;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ Zkwo f w
k af 'orS a'0uk@v rPdu@ k v nDaemifwt Ykd m;
vnf; tvm;wl qHawmf "mwfay;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nfth jyif tem*wfomoemawmf
þa'oü yGiv fh if;rnfuo kd ad wmfral omaMumifh ud, k af wmfwikd f <ua&mufcNhJ y;D zvormywf
0if p m;awmf r l a om (13)XmewG i f wpf c k t ygt0if j zpf í Ak ' ¨ u d k , f a wmf w d k i f
ajcawmf&mcsaomae&mjzpfonf/ uvsmPDausmufpmü ]]wawm b*0g &mrn a'ao
tem*aw omoe|dwd,m owåmeH [dwokcg,p aw&ook r[m|maeok
zvormywåð ormyZdÆwmG }}[k ygVdbmomjzihf rSww f rf;jyKxm;onht f wdik ;f bk&m;&Sif
ajcawmfcs&mae&mudk txdr;f trSwx f m;&Sv
d akd om qE´jzihf vGecf ahJ om tESpf (40) 1336-
ckESpfuyif *0Hausmufom;wGif ajcawmf&mjyKvkyfí tvsm;(8)ay teH(5)ay xk(2)ay&Sd
yg'trGef jr*0Htjzpf xkvkyf ylaZmfxm;&SdcJhonf/ 1373-ckESpfwGif rEÅav;wdkif;?
rwå&mNrdKUe,f pusif&GmteD; pusifawmifrS pusifausmuf tvsm; (8)ay? teH (5)ay?
xk (3)ay? Mumyv’ifcH e*g;nDaemifNcH&Haom wpf&m&SpfuGuf pufvu©Pm tpHkygaom
yg'apwDukd yg't&Sif jrpusiftjzpf xkvyk yf al Zmfum usdKufx;D aqmif; qHawmf&iS af pwD
we*FaEGt&yfü jyom'faqmifaqmufvkyfxm;&Sdonf/
ig;oHk;vD urÁnf;ausmufwdkif
tjrifh (7)ay? tvsm; teH (6)ay&Sd pusifausmufwHk; ajcmufajr§mifh
ajcmuf a xmih f j yKvk y f í wpf a jr§ m if h t us,f ( 26)vuf r tuG u f t uef Y jyKvk y f N yD ;
yxrig;oH;k vD? 'kw, d ig;oH;k vD? wwd, ig;oH;k vD? oH;k uGuo f ;kH uef?Y yxroH;k wpfvD
&wemoH;k yg;? 'kw, d oH;k wpfvD y&d,wdo å moem y#dywdo å moem? y#da0"omoem?
wwd,oH;k wpfvD yd#uwfo;kH yHu k kd ruG,yf atmif xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufjcif;? oH;k ajr§mifh
oH;k uefY urÁn;f armfueG ;f pmwifxm;onf/ ausmufw;kH xdy0f ÓmPfawmf(5)ay&Sd pusif
486
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 487
Asm'dwaf y;yHak wmfukd ylaZmfxm;&So

d nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwD\ taemufawmif
apwD zdeyfc0kH ,f pdu k x
f xl m;&Sad vonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f omoemawmf
jrwfBuD;\ t"du "r®ig;oHk;vDtusifhjrwf armfuGef;urÁnf; ausmufpmawmftjzpf
tcrf;tem;yGJ jyKvkyf pdu k xf x
l m;&Sad vonf/
t"du& aomhcsufae&m
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwD teD;0ef;usifrSm 1340-ckESpf tcsdefu
awmh c sH K zH k ; aecJ h o nf / arS m f b D OD ; ol a wmf [ k a c:qd k a eMuaom OD ; ausmf 0 if ; onf
qHawmf&iS af pwD\ ta&SUajrmuf,eG ;f ,Ge;f udu k (f 300) cefaY e&m0,f tpOftvm tm;jzihf
bke;f BuD;ysH r,fawmfysH bk&m;'g,um ausmif;'g,um uG,v f eG af omtcg rD;oN*ØK[f&m
ocsØKif;ukef;yrm jzpfaeonf/ uRJ EGm; 0ufowf&m t½dk;pGefYypf&m Xmevdkjzpfaeonfudk
oef&Y iS ;f a&;vkyaf e&m q&mawmfrS qufvuf &Si;f vif;&ef wm0efay;cJah omaMumifh aeYpOf
0wfxm;um awmcsHKudk &Si;f aeonf/ y&d0P k w f pfcv k ;kH *0Hausmufw;kH ausmufzsm;rsm;jzihf
jynhfaecJhonf/ *0HausmufwHk;wpfckrSm ajrom; atmufig;aycefYwGif tacgif;ygaom
aomhwyH kH jzpfaeonf/ aomhwaH cgif;atmuf 5-ay cef&Y dS apwDawmf&&dS m OD;wnfaeaom
OrifvP kd *f al wGU&onf/ wGi;f atmufyikd ;f ü vlwpfa,mufxikd u f m auG;í tdyv f &Ykd aom
tus,ft0ef;&So d nf/ xdwk iG ;f aygufxJ t½d;k aygif;pHyk pfcsxm;Muonf/ OD;ausmf0if;onf
tqdyk gwGi;f aygufukd oef&Y iS ;f atmif t½d;k rsm;udak zmf,pl eG yYf pfum wGi;f aygufukd oef&Y iS ;f cJ&h m
aomhwGif; aomhaygufyHk awGUvm&onf/ xdkae&mudk oefY&Sif;&m0,f t½l;tayg
t"d|mefvm0ifolawGudk acsmharmhum oefY&Sif;cJh&onf/ xdkwGif;udk 0dZÆmaomhcsuf
"mwfyeufwiG ;f [k trnfopf jzpfvmcJo h nf/ 1352-ckEpS ?f wefaqmifrek ;f vjynhu f
9-aycefY tmpDwikd af xmifh (6)wdik ?f tay:ü apwDyjkH yKvkyu f m aomhwiG ;f awmifbuf
o&ufyifatmuf0,f awmifyikd b f ;kd awmfyx kH m;&Scd ohJ nf/ 1372-ckEpS u f tqdyk gaomhwiG ;f udk
pwD;oHyef; oHwHcg;jyKvkyfí aomhwGif;rS e*g;BuD;rwfwyfxaeyHk ½kyfwk? OD;acgif;ay:ü
0dZÆm½kyfwk jyKvkyfonf/ awmifydkifewfeef;udkvnf; tvsm; teH (22)ay tmpDwdkuf
aqmufvyk u f m twGi;f ta&SUbufe&H üH vGecf ahJ omtwdwu f mv0,f em*'Day e*a&
jzpfcNhJ y;D em0dZmÆ rif; xD;eef;pd;k pHcyhJ ukH kd e*g;yg;ysO;f rd;k ovGeaf wmf0,f bk&ifBuD;xdik af wmfrv l suf
oufawmfapmihrf sm; ppfoBl uD;ESpaf ,muf ynm&St d rwfBuD;ESpaf ,mufwjYkd zihf nDvmcH
usif;yaeyHk 0dZÆmem*rif;\ teD;0,f oefvsufrw S pfyg; tjcm;toH;k taqmifrmS awmcsHK
&Sif;vif;í omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef vufeufud&d,mxnhf
487
KTS 22-12-14
awmif;BuD;udak wGU&ovdk ypöKyÜaEéo0k ÖP'Day ok0ÖPblrNd rKd Uawmfa[mif;ae&m0,f

usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f a&TapwDukd aemufjyKum usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf yHak wmfukd
awGU&NyD; ajrmufbufü bdk;odMum;? awmifbufü awmifydkifbdk;bdk;BuD;? rdausmif;rif;?
jcaoFrh if;? 0dZmÆ aZmf*sDEiS fh ,u©yakH wmfwu
Ykd kd awGUjrifMu&onf/ 1372-ckEpS u f qHawmf&iS f
omoemjyKtusdK;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;em*dEónf bm;tHNrdKUrS OD;wifrif;vwftm;
awmifydkifbdk;awmfewfeef;udk xnf0gcHhnm;vSypGm aqmufapcJhonf/ aus;Zl;&Sif
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;onf xnf0gcHn h m;aom awmifyikd ef wfeef;udjk rif&aomtcg
tusdK;awmfaqmifa& 'Dua&SU aeYa&mnyg tvkyfrtm; aqmif&Guf&awmhr,f?
]]tusd
tem;,l c sd e f r&awmh b l ; }}[k rdefYMum;avonf/ xdktcsdefaemufydkif; ausmufpm
o,f,ljcif; "EkwfapwDawmf jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; tygt0if rsm;pGmaom
omoedutaqmuftODrsm; wpfcNk yD;wpfck ay:aygufcahJ vonf/
rd k ; xd a &T a usmif ; awmf
aomhwiG ;f tygt0if ,cka&Tausmif;awmfBuD; wnf&&dS m {&d,mrSm ta&SU taemuf
awmifajrmuf (2){ucefY&Sd ajruGufay:ü aygufa&mufaeaom csHKrsm;udk &Sif;vif;í
0g;½Hkyif? o&ufyif tygt0if NcHpnf;½dk;um&Hum ajrjyifnDnmpGm jyKvkyfxm; onf/
1338-ckESpfrSm 0g;&mZrwfum 0uFbmyg jyKvkyfNyD; oDwif;uRwfumvwGif qDrD;
xGe;f yGjJ yKvkyMf uonf/ 'kw, d ESpf wwd,ESpüf opfom;wef;0uFbm jyKvkyMf uonf/
oHk;ESpfaphaomtcg NcH0if;\ axmifh 4 axmifhü uHhaumfyifwpfyifpD 0uFbmae&mü
uHah umfyifpu kd í
f Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfEiS fh opfom;ausmif;aqmifaqmufvyk x
f m;&Sd ylaZmfonf/
NcHaxmifh uHhaumfyifrsm;rSm jzpfxGef;jcif;r&SdbJ A[dkcsufuHhaumfyif wpfyifom
&SifoefvmcJhonf/ iGg;iGg;pGef;pGef; rdk;xdk;rnfyrm BuD;xGm;vmonf/ yifrif; uHhaumf
rdk;udkajr§mfonf/ or®morÁK'¨ arawå,s}}[k toHedrdwfay:xGufvmonf/ tem*wf
umv0,f yGiahf wmfrrl nfh bk&m;&Sirf mS t&darawå,s jzpfonf/ aAm"dyifrmS uHah umfyifjzpfí
xdkbk&m;&Siftm; ylaZmfaomtaejzihf þyifrif;uHhaumfyifudk t"d|mefjyK pdkufysdK;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
rD;xGef;0uFbmyGJ0,f vltrsm;pdwf0ifwpm; vma&muf Munhf½IcJhMuonf/
bk&m;ausmif;ajrae&m0,f *0HausmufwHk;rsm; pDum (10)ay tjrifh*0Hwdkifudk jyKvkyfí
&[EÅm*0H½kyfwkudk ylaZmfxm;&m xdk*0H½kyfwkudk ,uúef;pifawmifq&mawmf? tcsdKUu
usdKufxD;aqmif; q&mawmf[k ajymqdkcJhMuonf/ tay:0,f ausmufxD;jzLrdk;um
488
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 489
xD;atmuf0,f ½kyw f rk wf&yfyx kH m;&So d nf/ wdik af jc0,f wdPoD[ç umVoD[ç y@KoD[ç
auo&oD[ç ajcoFh 4-rsKd ; ½kyw f ck x H m;onf/ jcaoFw h oYkd nf tiftm;oH;k rI ,kwaf vsmjh cif;
r&Sdovdk yg&rDq,fyg;udk jznhfusihf&m0,f 0D&d,"mwfavsmhayghrIr&SdbJ wpfpdkufrwfrwf
usihfaqmifavh&SdaMumif; om"uaqmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tptqHk; OD;wnfcsuf
ajymif;vGjJ cif;r&Sb d J aqmif&u G v f yk u f ikd af eaMumif; yHak zmf xm;jcif;jzpfí eufeaJ om ya[Vd
0uFbmykpmä rsdK;jzpfonf/ yef;0uFbm ykpmä tjzpf xif&mS ;aeonf/ xdyk ifrif;uHah umfonf
yifpnfBuD;xGm; jrihrf m;í tcuftvuf tñGeYf zGUH NzdK; t&dyt f m0go BuD;vmovdk
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm; wpfaeYwpfjcm; jrifrh m;vsuf &So d nf/
(u) yifrif;uHhaumf? ig;qlajr§mf? or®morÁK'¨ arawå,s?
( c ) ig;oHk;vDrSmtajcp? ig;oHk;vDESihfjynhfajrmuf&?
( * ) oHk;ESpfydkif;jcm;? twdkif;xm; ESpfoHk;t<uif;jy? oHk;ESpf&/
yxroH;k ESpf yuwdom0u (aomwmyef? ou'g*grf) tqih?f 'kw, d oH;k ESpf
(tem*grf)tqihf? wwd,oHk;ESpf (t*¾om0u r[mom0u)tqihf? pwkw¬oHk;ESpf
(yapöuAk'g¨ )tqih?f yOöroH;k ESpf (or®morÁK'¨)tqihEf iS n fh rD Qaomyg&rD(10)yg;? tqihq f ihx
f m;
jznhfusifh aqmif&GufcJhNyD; ,cktcg tjrihfqHk;tqihfvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJh&m
t&m&mudkatmifjrifNyD;ajrmuf&nfrSef;xm;aom yef;wdkifodkY a&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
þuHah umfyifrmS ,ck 1375-ckEpS ?f jymodv k twGi;f ü tjrifah y (36)rQ&SNd yD; tzl;tyGirfh sm;
tcuftvufwdkif; tyGifhtzl;rsm; a0a0qmqmzl;yGihfvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cifESpfrsm;url
tcsdeftcgr[kwfbJ zl;yGihfjcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; vwdkif;vdkvdk (15)yGihfcefYom &moDra&G;
yGicfh zhJ ;l onf/ tjrifah y (36)rQ &SNd yD; yxr? 'kw, d xyfrmS tmpDueG u f &pf wwd,xyfrmS
pwD;xkyaf vQmuf trd;k rS rSeaf &mifpt kH rd;k omoemh tvHawmfyakH zmf a&mifprkH eS f txyf(9)qihf
tay:0,f tjrifhay(9)&Sd pwD;a&TapwDESihf &wemrsdK;pHk pDjc,faom iSufjrwfem;
pdefzl;awmfwdkYjzihf ylaZmfxm;onf/ ajrnDxyf (10)ay? 'kwd, wwd,xyf tvm;
(10)aytjrihf oH;k xyfaygif; ay(30)&So d nf/ jyom'faqmifEiS fh apwDx;D txd(45)ayjrihaf om
bHkaqmifwdkYjzihf aqmufvkyfNyD;xm;onf/ trnfrodpmqdk&Sifu &[EÅmodkuftwdkif;
oDu;kH xm;onfrmS ]]taMumif taMumif;ajr§mf pmvTmoygvdkY? tavmif;awmf omoemvif;rSmrdkY?
auo0wDqdkwJhNrdKUXmeDrSm? usrf;eJYtnD eef;wufcg olwnfrnfwJh? bkr®[Dtv,frS
"r®&mZmpdk;NyDrdkY? wdkYArmawG bkef;orÇmuvnf;? rnd§K;awmhaybl;? rSwfavmhtwnf?
"mwfaumvD tcgqef;csdefrSm? pdefa&TjrawmifrSm wdrfa&mifawGxdk;vdkY&,fuG,f
rd k ; xd a &T a usmif ;}}/
489
KTS 22-12-14
ausmif;awmfBuD;ywfvnfrS ordkif;0ifjyuGuf
a&Tausmif;awmf0if;BuD; (2-{u)rQ us,f0ef;NyD; (9)ay tcef;aygif; (84-
cef;)ywfvnf tmpDueG u f &pfwikd t f Mum; pwD; oHyef;rsm;jzihf um&Hxm;onf/ ta&SUxdyw f iG f
atmifjcif;&Spyf g;teD; rkcOf ;D ? taemufbufü awmifyikd b f ;kd bd;k eef;teD;rkcOf ;D ? ajrmufbufü
blrzd órkj'm½kyyf mG ;wefaqmif;teD; rkcOf ;D oH;k ck rvG,af ygufxm;&SNd y;D ta&SUjcrf; (2)ayguf?
awmifbufjcrf;(1)ayguf? taemufbuf (3)ayguf xm;&So d nf/ we*FaEGaxmif0h ,f
blrdzórkj'm½kyfyGm;? atmifjcif; (8)yg;½kyfwk? awmifbufjcrf;ü OD;cEDÅausmufpmwdkuf
wef a qmif ; rsm;? taqmuf t OD r sm;&S d & m atmif j cif ; (8)yg; jyom'f a qmif ( 8)ck ?
ausmufpmwdkufjyom'faqmif(3)ckrSm a&Ta&mif pwD;wdkYjzihf 0if;0if;ajymifvsuf&Sdonf/
paeaxmih0f ,f ÓPfawmftjrihf 10-ay 9-vufr a&mifvQHawmf 1-ay&Sd ½kyyf mG ;awmfukd
tvsm; teH (18_22) rSev f pkH wD;wefaqmif;jymom'f? taemufajrmufaxmihüf rEÅav;
r[mjrwfrked yHkwlBuD;qif;wk (7)ay ½kyfyGm;awmfudef;0yf&m tvsm; teH (24_18) ay
tmpD*Eük#dausmif;awmfrsm;wnf&Sdonf/
usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf B uD ; *E¨ m c&D ; usif h p Of ausmuf p m awmf r S m
rSepf wD;urÇmvH;k twGi;f xm;um (23_25)aytus,f&dS tmpDtm½Hck H taqmuftOD;jzpfí
½IrnD;atmifvyS wifw h ,fvsuf &So d nf/ ajrmufbufjcrf;wGif qauor[m"mwk0o H
wefaqmif;ü tvsm; teH (12_12)xk 6 vufr ausmufpmcsyfü qauor[m
"mwkapwd,uxm? ta&SUbufjcrf;ü ok0ÖPblro d moem0Houxm? ygVdbmomjzihf
a&;xdk;pdkufxlxm;NyD; ausmufpmcsyf\ ajrmufbuf tpGef;ü &Sif*0Hywdrwf&yfyHk?
awmifbufpGef;ü jroydwfr,fawmf? tv,fü &aoh 6-yg;? aemufwef;0J,mü
a'0uk@v? rPdu@ k v ½kyw f rk sm; xm;&So
d nf/ ygVdynm&Sirf sm; avhvmEdik &f ef a&;xd;k
pdu
k x f x
l m;jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;yGiafh wmfrrlru D mv yGiNhf y;D umv ok0ÖPblrt d ajctae
omoemyGiv fh if;awmfryl ?kH usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmfqufcH omoemjyKyHrk sm; yg0if&m
pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ pmrsuEf mS ( )ü ordik ;f rSww f ikd f pdu
k x
f &l ef
acgif;pOfrSm zwf½I&efjzpfonf/
qauoxly0ifygVdvmordkif;
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf &mZN*dK[fjynf a0VK0efausmif;ü oDwif; oH;k csdef t&Sit
f Ek½'k g¨
OD;aqmifaom t&Siaf ombdw? t&Siyf 'krw k &å ? t&Si*f P
k om*&? t&SiÓf mPy@dw?
t&Siaf &0wwdYk qE´wn l pD mG jzihf bk&m;&Siw
f oYkd nf owå0gtcsdKUtwGuf yg&rDq,fyg;
490
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 491
tjym;oHk;q,fwdkYudk jznhfusihfcJhonfr[kwfbJ owå0gtrsm;twGuf jznhfusihfcJhjcif;

jzpfonf/ teD;ae wpfb0wnfaeolwo Ykd mru b0rsm;pGmuGmjcm; yifv,f &yfjcm;t&yfü
vljzpfMurnho f al wGtwGuyf g jznhu f sihcf jhJ cif; jzpfonf/ xdo
k w
l tYkd wGuf bk&m;&Sit f m;
ud,k w
f ikd zf ;l cGirfh &bJ b0rsm;pGm jcm;aeolawG ylaZmfciG &fh Ny;D uRwwf ef;0ifEikd zf Ykd ylaZmfz,
G &f m
0w¬Kxm;ay;&ef avQmufxm;cJhMuonf/ xdkrax&f 6-yg;tm; qHawmf wpfqlpD
ay;oem;awmfrlcJhonf/ &SiftmeE´mrS avQmufxm;onfrSm xdkqHawmfrsm; yifhaqmif
oGm;rnft h &yfü Ak'¨ "r® oHC [k rodMuolwYkd aexdik &f mt&yfjzpfí xdak 'oaeolwYkd
o*¾EÅ&m,f r*¾EÅ&m,f uif;Edik yf grnfvm;[k avQmufxm;&m bk&m;&Sif rdeMYf um;onf/
(u) xdak 'oü igbk&m;omoemtESpf (5000)wnfrnf/
(c) qHawmf"mwfrsm;udk a&SUydkif;omoemESpf (2500) twGif;0,f ylaZmfjcif;
rcH&bJ&adS ernf/
(*) omoemESpf (2500)ausmfNyD;aemufumv0,f BuD;pGmaom ylaZmfrjI yKMu
vdrfhrnf/
(C) qHawmfapwDwpfqlwGif vlpkvla0;BuD;aexdkifMuNyD; qHawmfrsm;udk
ylaZmfMuvdrrhf nf[k Asm'dwaf wmf rdeMYf um;cJah Mumif; qauoxly0Ho
ygVd0,f jyqdx k m;cJo
h nf/
omoemawmfEpS f (2515)ckEpS ?f uqkevf jynhrf pS vsuf rGejf ynfe,f? oxHck ½dik ?f
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? Zkwfokwf&Gm? usdKufxD;aqmif; qHawmf&SifapwDajcawmf&if;0,f
xdk&GmZmwdom;jzpfaom aemifwGif tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu *kPfxl;aqmif
a'gufwm(Ph.D) qufuyfjcif;cH&aom usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf b'ÉÅynm'Dyonf
bk&m;&Sif Asm'dwaf wmfEiS t
fh nD qHawmf 6-qlapwDEiS fh &aohwYkd ylaZmfcahJ om qHawmf
apwDtqlqludk yGihfvif;atmif aqmif&Gufawmfrl&m qHawmfapwDtm;vHk;eD;yg;
BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm ylaZmfaecJhavNyD/
Asm'dwftwdkif; ylaZmfaeMuonf
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf omoemESpf 2519-ckESpfwGif odMum;rif;ESihf
t&SiftEk½k'¨gwdkY wnfxm;cJhaom ouúxly qHawmf&Sif apwDudk pwifzGihfazmfylaZmf
EdkifcJhonf/ usefqHawmf 5-ql udkvnf; tvm;wl zGihfazmfylaZmfcJh&m ,aeY 1375-
ckESpfwGif ESpfpOf t"d|mefxm;í ylaZmfaeaom toHrpJy|mef;usrf;jrwfylaZmfyGJ xD;awmf
491
KTS 22-12-14
wifyBJG uD;wdjYk zihf awmifñw G o

f vdk urf;NydKawmhrvdk MuufysHrus Muufaep&mr&Sad tmif
pnfum;vsuf&Sdonf/ a&Tpifa&Tom; &wem ckepfyg;? e0&wfudk;oG,f pDcs,fxm;aom
pdezf ;l iSujf rwfwjYkd zihf ta&mifwzsyzf syf aea&mif[yfvQif va&mif[yfvQif a&mifpjkH zmxGuf
aeayonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmfapwDukd A[djk yKum touf tom;vGwt f m[m&udk
pm;oHk;? e0*FoDvudk t"d|mefxm; aqmufwnfol? &moufyef o&P*HkoHk;yg;NrJí
ig;yg;oDv apmihfxdef;ol qifjrif;uRJEGm; 0uftom; ig;rsdK;pm;oHk;rIrjyK ig;oHk;vD
usihfolwynhf&maygif;rsm;pGmjzihf qHawmfapwDrsm;udk ylaZmfaeMu&m Ak'Äsm'dwfav;cGef;
twdkif; jzpfay:aeayNyD/ þtaMumif;t&m tjynhftpHkudk oD[dkVfygVd ta&;tom;
jrefrmjyefrsm;udk ausmufpm ausmufcsyfwGif a&;xdk;xm;&Sd ylaZmf xm;onfudk
avhvmEdkifayonf/
jA[®Zmvokwåefw&m;awmfudk zwf½IavhvmEdkif
a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrd ok"r®0wD oxHjk ynfoYkd &Siaf omPESifh &SiOf wå&wdYk
OD;aqmifaom omoemjyKtzGUJ onf omoemawmfEpS f (235)cku <ua&mufco hJ nf/
xdt k csed uf ok0ÖPblrEd ikd if H rif;aoG;i,fukd a&apmihb f vD ;l wdYk arG;zGm;vmwdik ;f zrf;,l
pm;aomufavh&o dS nf/ omoemjyKtzGUJ a&mufvmcsed üf vltrsm;u bDv;l \ tazmftjzpf
rSwf,lum vufeufrsdK;pHkudkifaqmifvsuf 0dkif;xm;Muonf/ &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkYu
&efjyKolrsm;r[kwaf Mumif; &Si;f vif;jyí vufcMH uonf/ xdt k csed rf mS yif ork'&´ mrS bDv;l rwdYk
wufvmonf/ t&Sijf rwfwu Ykd t"d|med'jd̈ zihf aMumufvefzY , G ef mem½kyuf kd zefqif;NyD;
bDvl;tm;vHk;udk 0dkif;&HESifxkwf&m ork'´&mtwGif; a0;vHaomt&yfwdkifatmif
ydaYk qmifNy;D aemuf tEÅ&m,frjyKEdik af tmif y&dwt f &Htwm; jyKxm;cJo h nf/ a&mufvmaom
rif;ESihfwuG jynfolwdkYtm; okwåEÅyd#u 'DCedum, oDvu©E¨0*¾vm jA[®Zmv
okwaf wmfukd a[mMum;awmfr&l m vlaygif;ajcmufaomif; tuRwfw&m;&&SMd uNyD; rif;nD
rif;om;rif;rsdK;tEG,f trsdK;om;(3500)ESihf trsdK;orD;(1500)wdkY &[ef;jyKcJhaMumif;
oDvu©0*¾t|uxmü jyqdx k m;onfrmS bk&m;&Sif jA[®Zmvokwf a[mMum;awmfrcl sdef
62-yg;aom t,lrmS ;wdu Yk kd a[mMum;&m 'd|t d ,lwpfck a[mNy;D wdik ;f ajrvIy&f m (62)Budr?f
&Sirf [dE´ oD[Vkd uf Re;f aZmwd0eü a[mcsed f uvsmPDausmif;ü yd@yd gwd,ax&f a[mcsed ?f
avm[yg om'ü 'DCbmPuax&f a[mcsdefwdkYü ajrvIyfaMumif; zGifhjycJhavonf/
jA[®Zmvokwaf wmfukd þok0ÖPblrad 'oü omoemjyKtzGUJ a[mMum;cJo h nf/
,ck t cg jroyd w f a wmif a y:üjzpf a Mumif ; ? a&S ; q&mpOf q uf rd e f Y M um;cJ h o nf /
492
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 493
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh qHawmf&iS o

f moemjyK tusdK;awmfaqmif OD;em*dEw
´ o
Ykd nf
&SifaomP &SifOwå& t&SifjrwfwdkY omoemjyKcJh&m ae&mXmewdkYü qufcH xdef;odrf;um
apwDav;&yfomoemudk jyKpkzGifhazmf aeaomaMumifh xdk&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkYtm;
ylaZmfaomtm;jzihf tm½HkcHtaqmuftOD twGif;ü bk&m;&Sif\a'opm&DyHkawmf?
&Sifr[marm*¾ykwåwdórax&f rwf&yfyHkawmf? &SifaomP &SifOwå&rax&fwdkY\
xdkifvsufyHkawmf? jA[®ZmvokwfawmfygVd jrefrm 2-bmom ausmufcsyfa& (20)?
a&SUrsufESm ausmrsufESmyg(40)wdkYudk xm;&SdylaZmfavonf/ omoemordkif; tjynhftpHk
od&SdcGihf&ovdk jA[®Zmvokwfudk avhvmzwf½IvdkolwdkY tvG,fwul Munhf½IEdkif&ef
xnf0gcHn h m;pGm pdu
k x
f x
l m;avonf/
"r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmfwefaqmif;BuD;
rEÅav;awmifajc r[mousrm&Zdepf usifqif;wkawmf y&d0P k tf wGi;f ESpaf ygif;
(99)ESpMf umxm;&Sad om &aohBuD; OD;cED\ Å ukov kd af wmf"r®uE© m¨ ausmufpmrsm;tygt0if
oHrPdOD;armifarmif tpm;xdk;xm;aom ausmufpmcsyfrsm; (65)csyfudk rdk;xda&Tausmif;
awmfBuD;\ awmifbufwGif ta&SU taemuf ay(100) 9-cef;? awmifajrmuf ay(60)
tcef;( 6)cef;? oHwikd o
f x H yk f oH,ufr oHtcsif; oGyf av;rsufEmS ywfvnf oHyef;rsm;
um&Hxm;Ny;D jymom'faqmif (3)aqmifjzihf aqmufvyk x f m;&Syd al Zmfxm;&m txufpmrsuEf mS
(474)wGif jyqdkcJhonhftwdkif; OD;cEDÅausmufpm (125)csyf? oHrPd OD;armifarmif
tpm;xd k ; ausmuf c syf ( 65)csyf w d k Y u d k tcd k i f t rmxm;&S d N yD ; jzpf í pusif " r® u © E ¨ m
yOöroH*g,emwifrl "r®apwDawmfudk tjrwfwEdk; ylaZmfaeMuayNyD/
a&Tausmif;awmfESihftaqmuftODaqmufolrsm;
OD;jrif&h OD ;D aqmifaom yef;&HtzGUJ ? ½kyw
f ½k yk v
f ;kH xkvyk af om OD;bke;f vIid Ef iS fh yef;yktzGUJ ?
oHpDoHauG; oHwdkif oHxkyf 'dkif;jr§m; oGyfrdk;jcif; aqmif&Gufol OD;&cdkif ac: OD;ausmfñGefY?
OD;oef;rif;ESifh ewfyef;csDtzGUJ ? pwD;qdik &f maqmif&u G o f l OD;xifausmfEiS pfh wD;tzGUJ ? OD;rd;k rif;
OD;aqmifaom jrefrmrItzGUJ wdjYk zpfonf/ teD;uyfBuD;Muyf ñTeMf um;aom ok"r®m*dP k ;f 0if
ok0ÖPblrq d aH wmf&iS f y0g&Pmtkypf k qHawmf&iS o f moemjyK taxGaxG tusKd ;awmfaqmif
t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z b'ÉÅem*dEónf aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfawmfrlaom tbd"Zt*¾
r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu bGUJ wHqyd af wmfEiS fh xdik ;f Edik if H r[mcsLvmavmifueG w f uúov kd rf S
qufuyfvLS 'gef;aom *kPx f ;l aqmif a'gufwm(Ph.D)bGU&J usdKufx;D aqmif; q&mawmf
b'ÉyÅ nm'DyxH aeYpOf Mo0g'cH,u l m aqmufvyk rf u I pd t
ö 00udk teD;uyfñeT Mf um;cJo h nf/
493
KTS 22-12-14
taqmuftOD;twGuf vdktyfaom aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf

ay;cJhMuolrsm;rSm ausmuftao;tBuD;&&Sda&; aqmif&GufMuaom OD;Zif;zdk;xdef\
ausmufpuftzGJU? OD;ausmfjr OD;aqmifaom opfpuftzGJU? yef;NcHoefY&Sif;a&;ESihf
yef;tvSpdkufysdK;a&; wm0efcH OD;pdEdÅw? Zkwfokwf&GmBuD;ESihf &Gmav;rS a*gyutzGJUESihf
&yfuGuf(10)&yfuGufrS 0wftoif;rsm;ESihf t"d|mefjzihf aqmif&GufcJhMuaom oDv&Sif
q&mBuD; q&mav;rsm; a,m*Drsm;wd\ Yk vkytf m; rsm;jzihf yl;aygif;um xnf0gcefn Y m;aom
a&Tausmif;awmfBuD;tygt0if ausmufpmwdkuf? *Eük#Dwdkuf? awmifydkifewfuGef;?
qHawmf&iS o f rdik ;f ausmufpm ½kyv
f ;kH ½kyw
f k xm;&Sd taqmuftODrsm; Ny;D ajrmufc&hJ ayonf/
vkyif ef;BuD;rm;aomaMumifh ynm&Siaf ygif;pHk pkaygif;aqmif&u G rf o
S mNy;D ajrmufEikd rf nfjzpf&m
yk*K¾d vf\ twwfynm? o'¨g qE´ apwemudt k ajccHum ñTeMf um;rIjyKcJah om tusdK;awmf
aqmif q&mawmf\ o'¨g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm [laom Akdvf(5)yg;? qE´ 0D&d,
pdwå 0DrHom [laom t"dywdw&m;(4)yg; jynhf0rIaMumihf tcuftcJr&Sd ,cktcg
NyD;ajrmufcJhavNyD/
a&Tausmif;awmftxGwftjrwfapwD
2015-ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvtwGi;f ü a&Tausmif;awmfa&mifprkH eS t
f rd;k xdy0f ,f usdKuf
xD;aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwDypkH w H l (yef;wifcHk tvsm;teH (8)ay? ÓmPfawmf tjrifh
(9)ay&Sd a&Ta&mifpwD;apwDawmfukd) wifvLS ylaZmfcMhJ uonf/ teD;ta0;rS Munh½f I
olwrYdk mS rd;k aumif;uifwrd w
f ukd tf Mum;rS ay:xGuvf maom a&TapwDuzdk ;l &onht f vm;
xifjrifMu&onf/ ok0ÖPblrrd [me*&HpVl mrPdapwd,yÜ#rd @dwouúom&ocFgwH
ok'óet,kZyÑ &l a'0e*&H0, d twdaombdw1H = a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrEd idk if aH wmf
twGi;f qHawmf&iS af &TapwDrsm;jzihf xGe;f vif;vsuf&&dS m odMum;rif;pHaysmf&m &efo[ l ol rQ
ESdrfeif;Ekdifaom ok'óet,kZÑ, ewfNrdKUawmfBuD;ukd jrifawGU&ovkd xifrmS ;vkvk
ta&mifrsdK;pHk awmufyaeaom a&TapwDukd zl;jrifMu&avonf/
1/ "r®y'#Dum ed*reuxmvm ygVdjzpfonf/
494
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 495
a&TMum aiGMum rodk;ouFef;&ufNydKifyGJ

usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwDwGif A[dkr@dKifjyKí qHawmf&SifapwDrsm;pGmESihf
apwDawmfwu Ykd kd teD;uyfxed ;f odr;f apmihaf &Smuf&ef pcef;cGaJ jrmufjrm;pGmü &[ef;omraP
rsm; oDwif;oH;k aeapcJo h nf/ aus;Zl;&Siu f sKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf oDwif;0gvuRwf
vQif pcef;cGJ(67)ckü yk&dr0guRwfawmfrlaom &[ef;awmfwdkY uxdeftmedoHo&&Sdap&ef
uxdeo f uFe;f qufuyfyu JG si;f yapcJoh nf/ A[drk @dKiftjzpf owfrw S x f m;aom Zkwo f w
k &f mG
usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS b f &k m;BuD;ausmif;wdu k t f wGi;f 0,f bHu k xdeo f uFe;f qufuyf
vSL'gef;yGJudk BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGmusif;ycJhonfrSm aumZmESpf 1374-ckESpfwGif (42)Budrf
jynhfajrmufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
aus;Zl;&Siq f &mawmfb&k m;BuD;\ oufawmfrmS (84)ESpt f &G,&f NdS yDjzpfí Z&m'kAv Á
jzpfaeaomfvnf; wuf<u&Tiv f ef;vsufz;l awGU&onf/ usef;rma&;t& ESpv f ;kH aoG;aMum
ydwaf &m*gcHpm;&jcif; tqkyw f iG f a&0ifEeI ;f rsm;jcif;aMumifh "mwfaiGUydu k jf zihf av rMumrMum
½Iaeonf/ qHawmf&iS o f moemBuD; t&Sncf chH hH wnfwv hH suf pnfyifjyefyY mG ;wd;k wufap&ef
aeYa&mnyg tm;xkwfaeqJjzpfonf/ ig;oHk;vDwynhftrsm;rS aeYa&mnyg vma&muf
zl;ajrmfuefawmhMuonfuv kd nf; iJn h maxmufxm;um zl;awGUcGiafh y;ae&onfrmS wm0ef
BuD;wpfcjk zpfvmonf/ vlaygif;rsKd ;pHk ud, k t f eYrH sKd ;pHk &SL½du
I &f jcif; tqdt k qH;k rpum; rdeMYf um;
&jcif;aMumifh rdepf(30)wpfem&DtcsdeMf umNyD; ausmif;cef;twGi;f a&mufvQif atmufp*D sif
&SLoGif;ae&jyefonf/ t½kyfBudK;jywfjzpfum armyef;a0'emcHpm;&avonf/ wynhfrsm;
uvnf; rdbq&mESifh teD;uyfz;l awGU&rSauseyfMuonf/ tcsKd Uurl rdbq&muse;f rma&;
OD;pm;ay;um ta0;rS &Sdcdk;OD;wifum tvdkufodpGm aevdkufMuonf/
ax&fBuD;0gBuD; trsm;tm;jzihf t&G,fawmft& a0'ema&m*gtaet& tem;,l
avh&MdS uonf/ q&mawmfum; ESppf Ofusi;f yaeus yGaJ wmfrsm;udk rysurf uGuu f si;f yaeqJ
jzpfonf/ teD;uyfBuD;MuyfñeT Mf um;qJjzpfonf/ q&mawmftm; rdbq&m t&m tav;jyK
um q&mawmfu, kd pf m; udpt ö 00vpf[if;rIr&S&d atmif aqmif&u G af eolum; t*¾r[m
o'¨r®aZmwdu"Z b'ÉÅem*dE´jzpfonf/ omoemjyKpcef; (67)ck? &[ef;omraP(150)
ausmf? oDv&Si(f 50)ausmf? t"d|mef0ifo?l omoedutaqmufttHk aqmufvyk o f l
tvkyform; (150)ausmfwdkY\ pm;0wfaea&; tygt0ifpDrHcefYcGJjcif;? wpfvukefusaiG
ode;f (200)ausmf? aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;oH;k bdvyfajr wpfv(3000)ausmf oH;k pGEJ ikd af &;
aiGaMu;rsm;udk pDraH y;&onf/ qHawmf&iS f omoemjyKudpt ö m;vH;k wm0ef,&l aomaMumifh
495
KTS 22-12-14
qHawmf&iS o f moemjyKXme\ taxGaxGtudsK;awmfaqmifcsKyfq&mawmf[k owfrw S cf hJ

Muonf/
,ckEpS f uqkev f qef;(1)&uf (21-4-2012)paeaeYnaeydik ;f tcsdef &efuek w f ikd ;f
a'oBuD;? awmifyikd ;f c½dik ?f 'vNrdKUe,f? "Ekwaf us;&Gm&Sd a&S;a[mif;ordik ;f 0if usdKuf"Ekwf
qHawmf&iS af pwD y&0PftwGi;f odYk tusdK;awmfaqmifq&mawmf OD;em*dE´ OD;aqmifaom
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifrS &[ef; omraP oDv&Sifaqmufvkyfa&;tzGJUwdkYonf
NydKysufaeaomapwDawmfBuD;udk pwif&Sif;vif;jcif;jyKNyD; vqef;(2)&ufaeYwGif yxr
ypö,mrS pwifwnfaqmufcMhJ uonf/ q&mawmf aeYcsif;jyef<ua&mufum pDpOfñeT Mf um;
jcif;? y|mef;usrf;awmf&GwfzwfylaZmfjcif;jyKí zGihfyGJusif;ycJhMu&m 0gacgifvjynhfaeYwGif
iSufaysmzl;txd tkwf½dk;pDNyD;cJhMuonf/ oDwif;ruRwfrDyif yef;&Hvkyfief;NyD;pD;cJhonf/
xD;awmfwifvLS &eftwGuf tacsmowfvyk if ef;rsm;NyD;pD;cJNh yD;jzpfí wefaqmifrek ;f vqef;
umv wynht f m;vH;k usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk jyefvnfa&muf&adS eMuonf/ wefaqmifrek ;f
vjynhaf eYwiG f rodk;ouFef; a&TMum aiGMum ouFe;f uxdeo f uFe;f uyfvLS yGJ qDr;D
ylaZmfyrJG sm; ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f uvdk pnfum;odu
k Nf rKd ufpmG usi;f y&efjyifqifcMhJ uonf/ aESmif;vl
wdkY odap&ef rSwfwrf;a&;om;tyfygonf/
&ufuef;&ufNydKifyGJpwifcJhMu
rod;k ouFe;f &ufuef;cwfNydKifyu
JG kd vGecf ahJ om 1335-ckEpS u f píusif;ycJMh uonf/
xdktcsdefumvrSm Zkwfokwf&Gmonf zGHUNzdK;rIenf;jcif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJjcif;?
&ufuef;piftygt0if ud&, d mrsm;udk &efuek Nf rKd U txnfpuf½rkH S ypön;f rsm;iSm;&rf;? uRr;f usif
ol &ufuef;ynm&Sirf sm;ac:,l&jcif;aMumifh tvky½f w I f u&duxrsm;NyD; p&dwBf uD;rm;vS
onf/ 3-ESpfcefYusif;yNyD;aemuf uwåDygpay:wGif a&Ta&mifpuúLuyf 0denf;awmfvm
twdik ;f wvkyaf jrmif; twdt k &Snf tuefaY zmfí Mumzl; MumyGiyfh u kH yf ouFe;f a&Tjcnf
aiGjcnfjzihf vufuGufazmfouFef;rsm; csKyfNyD; ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; txl;ojzihf "r®yv’if&Sd
aMu;qif;wk? apwDtm½Hk 4-ck&dS ½kyw f ?k ESpu f sdy&f pS q
f t
l m½Hck t
H wGi;f &Sd ½kyw
f k ,ufuef;pif
awmifausmif;awmftwGif;&Sd ½kyfwkawmfrsm;udk uyfvSLcJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;ü
&ufvkyfcsKyfNyD; uwåDyga&TMum aiGMumouFef;rsm;udk 0,f,lvSL'gef;aom tvSL&Sifrsm;
ay:aygufvmaomaMumifh pcef;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom auvmo? jroydwf? usdKufa';,sHK?
ukodem½Hk? Zif;usdKuf? ouúxly? Zkuúvd? jrodef;wefapwD&Sd ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk vSL'gef;
cJhMuonf/
496
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 497
odrDorQazmfjy&vQif a'gufwmatmifoef;ESihf a':cifarat;? urÇmat;rS

OD;vSaomif;? oCFe;f uRef;rS OD;BuD;a&T? OD;wifO;D ? OD;ausmfZif? awmifOuúvmyrS OD;0if;cspf
tygt0if usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ wynhf 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm; pkaygif;nDnmpGm
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ c&pfESpf 1993-ckESpf? aumZmESpf (1354)u '*HkoxHkwdkif;ESpfpHk
omoemaygif;ul; "r®rmru "r®&udw © tzGUJ ay:aygufvmaomtcg tzGUJ \ OD;aqmifrjI zihf
a&TMum aiGMumouFef;uyfvSLjcif;? uxdefouFef; uyfvSLjcif;? qDrD;(9000)xGef;nd§
ylaZmfjcif; udprö sm;udk aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/ ig;oH;k vDwynhaf jrmufjrm;pGm wd;k yGm;vmovdk
vSL'gef;ol tvSL&Sifrsm;pGmay:aygufvmaomaMumifh a&TMum aiGMumouFef; xnfa&
(100)cefY? uxdefouFef; &mcsDvSL'gef;EdkifcJhMuonf/
qDrD;(9000)xGef;nd§ylaZmf
qDr;D tvSLrSm wpfyv JG Qif wpfayygrS ,cktcg ayygig;vH;k txd wd;k yGm;vmcJo h nf/
xl;jcm;onfrSm tNidrf;pm;'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;,kvGif a':cifav;[efrdom;pkrS ayygvdkuf
wpfO;D wnf;vSL'gef;chjJ cif;jzpfonf/ ,cifEpS af wGuvdyk if ,ckEpS w f iG f wefaqmifrek ;f vqef;
(14)&uf? vjynhaf eY? vjynhaf usm(f 1)&uftxd (3)&uf(3)n aeYa&mnyg qDr;D rjywfyal Zmf
onf/ rdk;NyJ',ftdk;eD;yg;&Sdaom pwD;ZvHkEIwfcrf;em;wGif pwD;ydkufvHk;(5-rl;)vHk;wyfNyD;
rD;pmjyKvkyu f m qDjznhaf y; aeYnylaZmfonf/ rD;cGupf wD;ZvH(k 33)vH;k zdeyfcykH wfvnfwiG f
xm;&Syd al ZmfcohJ nf/ þenf;pepfukd toH;k jyKcJah omaMumifh qDtavtvGiEfh pS n f pfnrf;rI
r&Sd c&D;a&mufonf/ ZvHkudk pwD;ydkuf a&tdk;pifyrmjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ xl;jcm;aom
rD;ylaZmfjcif;jzpfonf/ qDtvSL&Siw f o
Ykd nf ESpMf umNyDjzpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f
apwDajcawmf&if; pwifoDwif;oHk;cdsefu ajrqDrD;cGufudktoHk;jyKí qDrD;(1000)xGef;nd§
ylaZmfcJhonf/ 1363-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfyGJawmfrSpí pwD;qDrD;cGufi,frsm;udk tpm;xdk;
toHk;jyKcJhonf/ qDrD;(1000)rS (9000)txd wdk;csJU&mü cGufa&rsm;NyD; todrf;tqD;cuf?
tavtvGiafh ysmufysufr&I v dS maomaMumifh 1370-jynhEf pS rf pS í pwD;ZvHw k iG f rD;pmwyf
aom pepfukd ajymif;vTyJ al Zmfco hJ nf/ cGuif ,ftoH;k jyKrIavsmhcsEdik cf o
hJ nf/ qDr;D cGujf yKvkyf
xm;yHkpepfrSm wpfrlxl;jcm;vsuf&Sdonf/
uxd efouFef; uyfvSLyGJ
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf &efuek af &Tw*d q
kH aH wmf&iS af pwDukd 0gqdOk ;D wpfBudrf
0guRwfwpfBudrf <ua&mufzl;ajrmfavh&Sdonf/ vGefcJhaom aumZmESpf(1330)jynhfESpfu
a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfBuD; ajcawmf&if;ü t"d|mefjyKcJoh nfrmS - a&Tw*d akH pwDtwGi;f bk&m;&Sif
497
KTS 22-12-14
qHawmfppfued ;f 0yfpyH ,fovdk rGejf ynfe,f? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? Zkwo f w k &f mG teD;&Sd usdKufx;D
aqmif;apwDtwGi;f rSm bk&m;&Siq f aH wmfued ;f 0yfawmfrol nf/ wpfqw l nf;aom bk&m;&Si\ f
OD;acgif;rS qHawmfcsif;wlvQif *kPfawmfvnf;wlnDygonf/ rSefaompum; aMumifh
usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwDuv kd nf; a&Tw*d akH pwDvkd t&[H*P k af wmfEiS t fh nD ylaZmf cGi&fh atmif
aqmif&u G &f mü atmifjrifr&I ygvd\k / þt"d|mefaqmif&u G cf &hJ m t"d|mefjynhf cJah omaMumifh
,ckvdk 0g0if 0guRwf vma&mufzl;ajrmfaejcif;jzpfonf/ &efukef&Sdwynhf 'g,um
'g,d u mrrsm;onf q&mawmf <uvmwd k i f ; 0gqd k o uF e f ; uxd e f o uF e f ; wd k Y u d k
qufuyfcMhJ uonf/ udsKufx;D aqmif;uxdeu f vkd nf; ESppf Ofrjywf &efuek t f zGUJ rS OD;aqmif
um usi;f ycJMh uonf/ a'gufwmatmifoef;ESiafh ':cifarat;rdom;pkwu Ykd OD;aqmifraI y;cJh
Muonf/ wp wp vufqihu f rf;vSL'gef;cJMh u&m tvSL&Sit f rsm;ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/
Zkwo f w
k &f mG a*gyutzGUJ ESifh tvSL&Sirf sm;uvnf; ulnyD yhH ;kd rIjyKcJMh uonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;a*gyutzGJUrSwm0ef,l
aumZmESpf 1367-ckESpfrSpí usdKufxD;aqmif;a*gyutzGJUrS OD;aqmifjyKvsuf
uxdeyf aJG wmfukd usi;f yum uxdeo f uFe;f uyfvLS cJMh uonf/ teD;&Sad us;&Gmrsm; Zkwo f w k &f mG
BuD; &Gmav;rS &yfuGuftvdkuf rdom;pktvdkuf tpktzGJUjzihf ya'omyifrsdK;pHkjyKvkyfí
uxdefvSnhfyGJ? aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm;udk crf;em;pGmusif;yay;cJhMu&m wpfEdkifiHvHk; aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ
rusi;f yEdik ?f usi;f ycGirfh &cdserf mS pOfvmrysuu f si;f yEdik cf oJh nfrmS xl;jcm;vSonf/ aAsmuft;kd
razmuf&Jaomtcsdef aAsmuftdk;rsdK;pHk ypfazmufum aysmf&TifcJhMuonf/ tpnfum;qHk;
uxdeyf aJG wGjzpfvmcJo h nf/ &GmwGi;f vSnv fh nfyuJG kd yHrk eS t
f m;jzihf vqef;(14)&ufEiS fh (15)&uf
aeYnrsm;wGijf yKvkycf MhJ uaomfvnf; 1370-jynhEf pS f rd;k OD;uswGif (2-5-2008)aeY jrefrm
Edik if o
H rdik ;f ü xl;jcm;qef;jym;vSaom 0rf;enf;zG,&f m obm0ab;qd;k BuD;jzpfay:cJo h nf/
wm0ef&o dS w l u
Ykd BudKwiftoday;rIaemufusjcif;aMumifh tumtuG,jf yKcGit fh csderf &jcif;?
jzpf½dk;jzpfpOfr[kwfí &&SdaomtcsdeftwGif; jyifqifumuG,frIrjyKMujcif;? rjzpfavmuf
ygbl;[k ayghavsmhomG ;vmjcif;wdaYk Mumifh obm0ab;BuD;udk tvl;tvJ&ifqikd Bf uHKawGU
&jcif;jzpfonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fjyifrmS tajcjyKay:aygufcahJ om rkew f ikd ;f rSm wjznf;jznf;
tiftm;BuD;rm;vmNy;D rxifrw S bf J {&m0wDa'oudk OD;wnfvmaeonfukd acwfrD ud&, d m
od y Ü H y nmenf ; pepf j zih f Bud K wif o d M uaomf v nf ; jynf o l w d k Y t m; tod r ay;
umuG,af &;pepfray;aomaMumifh tav;rxm;oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;aeMuonf/ rkew f ikd ;f 0if
a&mufrI eD;uyfvmcsed rf S em&Dyikd ;f omodciG &hf MuNy;D tawGUtBuHKvH;k 0r&Sad omaMumifh qd;k qd;k
498
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 499
&Gm;&Gm; avrkefwdkif;'PfcHvdkufMu&onf/ {&m0wDwdkif;? &efukefwdkif;twGif; tdk;tdrf

tysuftpD; awmtkyf opfyif NydKvJc&hJ ovdk vltaotaysmufrsm;jym;vSonf/
a&T[oFmazmifawmfvSnhfvnf
em*pfrek w
f ikd ;f BuD;onf {&m0wDwikd ;f ? &efuek w f ikd ;f ESifh rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f 0ifa&muf
wduk cf &hJ m tysut f pD;qH;k ½I;H rIrsm;vSonf/ auvmoawmif? jroydwaf wmif? usKd ufa';,sKH
awmif&Sd opfyifopfawmxuf0ufausmfNydKvJcJhonf/ auvmoawmifajcpcef;ü
oufwrf;&Snf unifyifBuD;NydKvJco hJ nf/ vH;k ywfBuD; tvsm;&Snf ajzmifjh zL;onfrmS
&Snv f sm;aom pwD;ydu k v f ;kH BuD;vdjk zpfaeonf q&mawmfonf awmf0ifopfawmtjzpf
owfrw S af pNyD; tvH;k vdu k ,f al qmifum opfxiG ;f [oFmavSjyKvkyx f m;avonf/ tvsm;
(36)ay? vH;k ywf(9)ay&So d nf/ 1370-jynhEf pS ?f wefaqmifwikd yf w JG iG f tqdyk g [oFmazmif
udk tvSqifapum armfawmf,mOfaemufwaJG y:wifvsuf uEkwyf ef; rD;tvSqifNyD;
q&mawmfu yJph ifraS evsuf yJx h ed ;f tjzpf ae&m,lum t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z b'ÉÅ
em*dE´tm; avSOD; a&SUydkif;rSaeum yJheif;BuD;tjzpf ygcJhyHkudk ay:vGifaponf/
tqdyk g a&T[oFmazmifawmfukd Zkwo f wk f ZGu
J vm om,muke;f 0dik ;f ywf rkoif
aumu'Gwf awmifpeG ;f 0if;u t&ufor txd npOfvn S vfh nfcMhJ uonf/ ESpaf ygif;
rsm;pGmjyKvkyfusif;yaom bk&m;&SifESihf&[EÅmrsm;a'opm&D <ucsDawmfrlyHk ½kyfwkrsm;um;
yg&SdaeMujzpfonf/ ,ck 1374-ckESpf? c&pfESpf 2012-ckESpf? wefaqmifwdkifyGJawmf0,f
[oFmazmifawmfOD;rS odMum;rif; bdkbdk;atmif yJhpifr bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgif aZmf*sD
(12)a,mufukd NrKd U&Sif t0wftpm;rsm;0wfqif o½kyaf zmfum a'opm&D<ucsyD kH bk&m;&SiEf iS fh
&[EÅmrsm;udk yifah qmifvn S v fh nfcMhJ uonf/
NydKifyGJpnf;rsOf;owfrSwf
1374-ckESpf? uxdefyGJawmfü ESpfpOfyg0ifjyKvkyfaom rodk;ouFef;yGJyg0ifcJhonf/
,ckEpS qf v kd Qif 6-Budraf jrmufjzpfonf/ &ufuef;yGt J wGuf pifjyKvkyjf cif;? csnfpak qmif;
&SmazGjcif;? uRrf;usiftrsdK;orD;rsm;pkpnf;jcif; ponfBudKwifvkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ &ufuef;cwfNydKifyGJjyKvkyf&mü owfrSwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm jynhfpHk
vsuf&o dS nf/ tcrf;tem;yGw J ikd ;f ü a*gyuOuú|u aMunmavh&o dS nf/ wefaqmifrek ;f
vqef;(13)&ufaeYwiG f &ufuef;pifawmfrsm; tqifoifjh yifqifxm;&rnf/ pifawmf(5)pif
&S&d m pif(1)ckwiG f &ufuef;cwfol (2)OD;? MumwHqyd cf wfEydS o f (l 2)OD;? aygif;(4)OD;yg0if&rnf/
pifwpfcw k iG f oDv&Siq
f &mBuD;wpfyg; uGyu f pJ rD ñ
H eT Mf um;&rnf/ aevH;k aysmufcsdef nae
499
KTS 22-12-14
(6)em&DESihf(7)em&DtwGif; oihfavsmfaomtcsdef pwifzGihfvSpfrnf/ usif;yaom&ufrSm

vqef;(14)&ufnjzpfí aemufaeYvjynfhaeYodkY tm½Hkrul;rD cefYrSef;(3)em&D0ef;usiftNyD;
&ufvyk Mf u&ef? tm½HOk ;D wGif owfrw S xf m;aom "r®yv’it f wGi;f &Sd aMu;qif;wkawmfEiS fh
4-rsufESm&Sd ½kyfyGm;awmfwdkYudk tm½HkqGrf; yef; a&csrf;uyfvSLNyD; MumouFef;uyfvSL&ef?
&ufuef;cwfNydKifol trsdK;orD;rsm;vdkufem&rnfrSm-pif(5)pifudk uJprf;rJpepfjzihf rJEIduf
Mu&rnf/ bk&m;&Siftm;vHk;&nfrSef;ylaZmfrI ukodkvfjyKMurnfjzpfí NydKifyGJ0ifrnhfolwdkif;
ig;oH;k vDpnf;0ifjzpf&ygrnf/ wwfEikd v f Qif 9-&ufoufowfvw G pf m;oH;k í aexdik &f ygrnf/
9-yg;oDvxde;f vQif wdu k w
f eG ;f ygonf/ NydKify0JG ifotl m;vH;k 0wfpq kH ifw0l wfvsuf rdrw d Ykd
us&m &ufuef;pifawmftrnfa&;xdk;xm;aom pvG,frsm;udk 0wfqif&ygrnf/ tzGJU0if
rsm; wefaqmifrek ;f vqef;(13)&ufaeYwiG f BudKwifí "r®yv’it f m½Hck t H wGi;f ü 9-yg;oDv
cH,laqmufwnfMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;aeYnrSmyif tBudK(tprf;)NydKifyGJjyKvkyfygrnf/ pifawmf
rsm;rSm qHawmfapwDEiS fh oufqikd af om r,fawmfw\ Ykd trnfuo kd wfrw S &f mwGif jroydwf
qHawmfapwD jreef;a'0Dpifawmf? auvmoqHawmf&SifapwD bkrd®em*a'0Dpifawmf?
usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS af pwD ok0ÖPrmvma'0Dpifawmf? ukoed m½Hq k aH wmfapwD?
oD&pd E´ma'0Dpifawmf? ouúqaH wmf&iS af pwD? ouúpE´ma'0Dpifawmf[k pifwidk ;f ü urÜn;f
a&;xk;d xm;onf/ rduspifawmfü tqifoihaf e&m,lNyD; owfrw S cf sdeaf &mufvQif wpfNydKif
wnf; &ufuef;cwfMuygrnf/ xkt d csdew
f iG f &wembdou d o f pH w kH ;D vH;k wD;uGuf om,m
emaysmzf ,G f &wemjrwfo;kH yg; teEÅig;yg;ESifh qufpyfou D ;kH zGUJ qkx d m;aom aumif;uifBudK;
a'0gBudK; aw;*DwwD;vHk;jzihf zGihfvSpfMu&ygrnf/ NydKifyGJpnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfygonf/
qktrSwfay;a&G;cs,fpepf
yxrqihf &ufuef;cwfpwifcsdefrS n 9-em&DrS oef;acgif,H 2-em&DtwGif;
tNy;D xm;&m owfrw S cf sed t
f wGi;f Ny;D pD;&efjzpfonf/ tcsed af usmv
f Qif trSwaf vsmEh idk o
f nf/
owfrSwfxm;aom trSwf(80)jzpfonf/ &ufcsdefESihf NyD;qHk;csdef? twdkif;twmrSefuefrI?
tem;aooyfrI? tom;aumif;rI? csnfacsmfuif;pifrI? tom;tem;aumif;rI? tom;
taygufenf;yg;rI? csnftjywfuif;pifrIwkdYjzpfNyD; (10)rSwfpD ay;xm;onf/ &ufuef;ol
tm;vHk; uRrf;usifolrsm;jzpfí owfrSwfcsdefrjynhfrD &ufuef;cwfNyD;avh&SdaomaMumihf
(10)rSwpf &D &Scd MhJ uonf/ twkid ;f twmrS tayguf? tjzwftxd (7)csufü tm;vH;k wlnrD I
r&dSbJ uGJjym;avh&SdcJhonf/ 1374-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (14)&uf (27-11-
2012) t*FgaeYnwGifusif;yjyKvkyfaom (a&TMumaiGMum rokd;ouFef;&ufcwfNydKifyGJwGif
500
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 501
NydKify0JG ifpifawmftvku d f qk&pm&if;rSm &ufuef;cwf&mwGif ukoed m½Hq k aH wmf&iS f oD&pd E´m

a'0DpifawmftzGUJ u &rSw(f 77)jzihf yxr? usKd ufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f ok0ÖPrmvma'0D
pifawmftzGJU &rSwf(75)jzihf 'kwd,? jroydwfqHawmf&Sif jreef;a'0DpifawmftzGJU &rSwf
(74)jzihf wwd,? ouúOD;aoQmifqHawmf&Sif ouúpE´ma'0DpifawmftzGJU &rSwf(73)jzihf
pwkw?¬ auvmoqHawmf&iS f bkred® m*a'0DpifawmftzGUJ &rSw(f 73)jzihf yOötqifh qk&&Scd hJ
MuNyD; a&TMuaiGMum wHqyd u f yf? wvkyaf jrmif; tuGut f uefY pufcsKyf&mü owfrw S cf sdef
twGif;NyD;pD;rI? tuGufazmf&mü aooyfrI? twkdif;txGmrSefuefrI? tuGufazmf&mü
aooyfrI? Mumyef;Mum&Gufrsm; pepfwusxm;&SdrI? csKyf½kd;aumif;rGefrI? csKyf½kd;vkdif;ajzmihf
wef;rI? aooyfr?I oef&Y iS ;f rI[k tcsuf(8)csuf trSw(f 80)owfrw S cf &hJ m tzGUJ vkud f
qk&&Srd rI mS auvmoqHawmf&iS f bkred® m*a'0DpifawmftzGUJ &rSw(f 77)jzihf yxr? usKd ufx;D
aqmif;qHawmf&iS f ok0ÖPrmvma'0DpifawmftzGUJ &rSw(f 74)jzihf 'kw, d ? ouúO;D aoQmif
qHawmf&Sif ouúpE´ma'0DpifawmftzGJU &rSwf(74)jzihf wwd,? ukodem½HkqHawmf&Sif
oD&dpE´ma'0DpifawmftzGJU &rSwf(71)jzihf pwkw¬? jroydwfqHawmf&Sif jreef;a'0Dpifawmf
tzGJU &rSwf(70)jzihf yOör&&SdcJhMuonf/ 'kdifvlBuD;rsm;rSm OD;cifarmif? OD;wifjrihf? OD;wif
armif? OD;xGef;odef;? OD;ausmfjidrf;wkdYjzpfonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfausmf(2)&uf odkYr[kwf (3)&ufaeY n(7)em&DrSm qkay;yGJ
usif;yavh&&dS m "r®pMumatmif"r®m½Hk okrYd [kwf ESpu f sdy&f pS q
f "l r®m½Hw k iG f jyKvkycf MhJ uonf/
,ckEpS üf &ufuef;cwfNydKifyEJG iS fh uxdeo f uFe;f qufuyfvLS 'gef;yGo J Ydk rGejf ynfe,ftpd;k &tzGUJ
0efBuD;csKyf OD;tke;f jrifEh iS fh tpd;k &tzGUJ 0ifrsm;? aZurÇmukrP Ü OD uú|jzpfaom t*¾r[moD&d
ok"r®rPdaZmw"& 0ÖPausmx f if a'gufwmcifa&T? ZeD; a':pef;pef;<u,f? armifw;kd Ekid rf ef;
ESihf ZeD; aZZifvwf rdom;pktm;vHk; vma&mufMuNyD; ouFef;ESihf vSLzG,f0w¬Kypönf;
vSL'gef;cJMh uonf/ &efuek w f idk ;f a'oBuD;? 'vNrdKUe,f usdKuf"Ekwq f aH wmf&iS f jyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&mü usyfodef;(1000) a&Tom; (25d)om; vSL'gef;Muonf/ 'ge0w¬K 'ge
apwem wlnDap&ef tvSL&SifwkdYtm; 'kv’b&[ef;cHyGJyg jyKvkyfapcJhonf/ oHC&mZm
avmu&mZm "e&mZm a'0&mZmwkYd aygif;pHck sdejf zpfí aumif;usdK;rsm;pGm yGm;rnf[k rderYf mS
cJhonf/
aeYv,fydkif;wGif 0gqkd0guyfNyD; uxdem&[jzpfawmfrlaom oHCmawmfrsm;tm;
uxdeo f uFe;f qufuyfum uxdecf if;awmfrMl uonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS b f &k m;
Bu;D ausmif;wku d f awmifay:ausmif;? ykAmÁ ½Hak usmif; ausmif;Bu;D ausmif;av;? r[muvsmPd
odrfausmif;? a&TuRef;OD;jruRef;om anmifom,musm;rif;ausmif;? a&Ga'gif;vHausmif;?
501
KTS 22-12-14
wyfawmfOD;ausmif;? ESpfusdyf&Spfqlausmif;? e0*kPodrfukef; yOörkcausmif;? o&P*kP

ausmif;? jrusdKif;awmifausmif;? a&TwiG ;f uke;f ausmif;rS oHCmawmftm;vH;k u uxdecf if;
apum uxdet f medooH tjzpf vSLzG,yf pön;f qufuyfMuavonf/
vqef;(12)&ufaeYrS vqkw(f 1)&ufaeYtxd npOf rD;yH;k ysHrsdK;pHk rD;usnfr;D yef;rsdK;pHk
za,mif;wkid rf ;D qDr;D xGe;f n§yd al ZmfMuNy;D aysmyf &JG iT yf rJG sm;jyKvkyu
f m atmifyu
JG si;f ycJMh uonf/
,ckEpS f aumZm 1374-ckEpS x f d (42)ESpf umvtwGi;f tpOftvmrysufapbJ bkrH [m
uxdeyf JG usi;f ycJMh uonf/ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;ay:aygufpOfumvrSmyif uxdeyf aJG wmf rjywf
rawmufatmif aqmif&u G cf MhJ uonf/
502
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 503
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf "r®yv’ifü usif;yaom

19-Zlvdkif rarhEdkif tmZmenfaeY tcrf;tem;
c&pfESpf 1992-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19)&uf 1354-ckESpf? 0gqdkvjynhfausmf (5)&uf
we*FaEGaeYjzpfonf/ eHeuf tm½HkwufcsdefrwdkifrD &[ef;awmfESihf oDv&Sifq&mBuD;
q&mav; a,m*Drsm; "r®yv’if ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;tm; MumZHaMumf opfoD; (9)rsdK; yef;
a&csrf; za,mif;wdkif tarT;wdkif vQyfppfrD;rsm;jzihf ylaZmf tm½HkqGrf;uyfvSLMuonf/
q&mawmf <ua&mufvmNy;D aemuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm;tm; a&pufcstrQtwef;ay;a0um atmifpnfatmifarmif;wD;cwfMuonf/
n 10-em&Dtcsdew f iG f npOf"r®yv’iu f sif;y&m0,f q&mawmfrS tmZmenfw\ Ykd
taMumif;udk a[mMum;awmfro l nf/(oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/) tqdak wmf udjk rBuD;\
toHrmS igwdjYk refrmjynf0,f rdzwdik ;f u&,f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk ol&aJ umif;rsm;arG;Mu
&rnf qdak om oDcsi;f arvNrKd ifoq D akd om oDcsi;f rsm;pGm zGijfh y&m ½dak opGm pl;pdu k ef m;axmif
Muonf/ Mum;n§yí f a&S;u jrefrmhtoHrS vTix fh w k cf ahJ om pum;jywfjywfw;kH wdwd
MoZmoHygaom Adv k cf sKyfred cYf eG ;f rsm;udk em;axmifMu&onf/ q&mawmf use;f rma&;aumif;
aomt&G,f oufawmftm;jzihf (64)ESpt f &G,jf zpfí &Tiv f ef;wuf<utm;&yg;& a[mMum;
cJhaomw&m;udkyg emMum;&onf/ w&m;a[mNyD; acwåem;csdef ]]zd zdk;jynf[def; 'dkYudk
b,fvdkjrifovJ}}[k ar;cGe;f xkwcf o hJ nf/ aus;Zl;w&m;udk odwwfwo hJ w
l &Ykd UJ vrf;pOf?
bk&m;a[mawmfrcl w hJ hJ uwñky*k K¾d vf uwa0'Dy*k K¾d vfrsm;[m avmurSmawGU&cJw,f
qkdwJh 'kv’vyk*d¾KvfrsdK;vGefpGm&Sm;aMumif;? t*Fkwå&ygVda'oemt&jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
q&mawmf&UJ 'DaeYw&m;[m a[moifah [mxdu k w f w hJ &m;yg? wynhaf wmftjrifukd avQmuf
xm;ygw,f/ q&mawmf &efukefrSm 'DvdktvkyfrsdK; 'Dvdkvlpkvla0;eJY 'Dw&m;a[mNyD;
'DocD si;f 'Dred cYf eG ;f zGichf &hJ ifawmh 'Dy&dowf roufomygbl;? xde;f odr;f cH&wJt h xJ q&mawmf
twlygoGm;rSm aocsmw,fb&k m;[k avQmufxm;cJo h nf/
zd;k jynf[ed ;f -'du Yk Adv k cf sKyftygt0if tmZmenfawGukd Zlvikd v f 19-&ufaeY
a&mufwdkif; trQtwef;a0NyD; 'Dvdk vkyfcJhwm 1333-ckESpfu ckqdk ESpftm;jzihf (22)ESpf
MumcJNh yD/ 'Dvv kd yk w f m 0denf;"r®ut H & tjypf&EdS ikd v f m;? r&Syd gaMumif;avQmufxm;cJo h nf/
&efuek t f ygt0if a'otm;vH;k ay:ay:xifxif rvky0f ahH omtcsed jf zpfovdk bke;f awmfBuD;
ausmif;rsm; apwDawmfa*gyutzGUJ rsm; vkyaf vhvyk x f r&SMd uay/ 1990-jynhEf pS rf S 2014-
ckESpftxd usdKufxD;aqmif;wGif 19-Zlvdkif rarhEdkif tmZmenfaeY trQtwef;a0aom
tpOftvm ysufuu G jf cif;r&Sad y/
503
KTS 22-12-14
usdKufxD;aqmif;ESihf tmZmenfaeY
19-Zlvdkif rarhEdkifqdkwJhaeY Zlvdkif 19-vdkY Ak'¨bmom jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY Zmwdrmef
ZmwdaoG; xufoefaomaeY xdkYaMumifh 19-Zlvdkif rarhEdkifvdkY 'Dvdkqdkygw,f/
b,ftaMumif;aMumifh rarhaumif; rarhtyf rarh&m rarhEdkifovJ- 'dkY Ak'¨bmom
jrefrmEdik if H 'Dtcsdetf cgrSm b,fo&Ykd &dS dS 'l;raxmuf vufrajr§muf tnHrh cH t½I;H ray;qdw k hJ
jrefrmwd&Yk UJ Zmwdrmef ZmwdaoG; tJ'gudk tajc tjrpfrv l pwJh Edik if ?H igwdzYk cifvvYkd q J v kd &Ykd wJh
Edik if aH wmfukd jyKjyifomG ;wJh Edik if AH od u k mvdYk qdv
k &Ykd w,f/ 'Dvykd J ,aeYxufwikd t f xd
jrefrmvlrsdK;wdik ;f Mum;,Hrk Qjzihf tav;*½kjyKí t½dt k aotav;tpm; tJ'v D kd ,HMk unf
ud;k pm;tm;xm; tJ'pD w d uf kd arG;Muw,f/ Edik if \H zcif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw fh uG tmZmenf
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; rarhaumif; rarhtyf rarh&m rarhxu kd af om olaY us;Zl; tJ'aD e&mrSm
Mum;jzwfí w&m;eJYvJ rvGwfwrf; &mZ0ifvJ rcRwf "r®a'oemvJ rvGwf tm;vHk;
vdkufqdkMunhfMuyg/
aysmufaomol &Sm&ifawGU? aoaomol MumvQifarh? aoaomol MumvQif
arh? aysmufaomol &Sm&ifawGU? tJ'aD qmify'k u f jrefrmwdaYk &SUpum;tpOfeYJ aqmify'k jf zpf
w,f/ a&S;ynm&Sdrsm; xm;cJhwJh csefcJhwJhpum;/ odkYaomf 0daooESihf 0d0g'&Sdw,f/
aoaomol Mum&ifarhqw kd m wpfbufwpfvrf;u &Sad ew,f? rSeo f vdvk ykd ?J wpfbufuvJ
aoaomol Mum&ifarh Mumayr,fh b,favmufMumMum rarhaumif; rarhtyf rarh
xdkufbl;/ 'Dvdk&Sdw,f? aoaomolMumvQifarhvdkYqdkvQif 'dkYteEÅig;yg; *dkPf;0ifrSmygwJh
trdawG tbawG bd;k awG bGm;awG q&morm;awG aoaomol MumvQiaf rhqw kd thJ wdik ;f
arhaysmufr,fq&kd if 'gqefu Y sifbufyu©/ 'geJY wpfzufqv kd Qif aoaomolMum&ifarhukd
arh&r,f? tJ'gbmvJq&kd if b,ftay:rSmvJ- wdik ;f usKd ;jynfusKd ; bmrSrodb;l ? ud, k v hf rl sKd ;
bmom omoemtusdK;vJ bmrSrodb;l ? tJ'gawGukd rod,rkH u tusdK;,kwf qkw, f w k f
atmif ysufjym;atmifjyKwJhol? wpfydkif;u bk&m;a[mMum;wJh w&m;eJYqdkaomf
tukov dk ef w
YJ nfw[hJ mrSeo f rQ jzpfNy;D &if ysu&f w,f/ arhjypf&w,f/ xdt k wl tukov kd u f kd
arhypf&w,f/ ukov dk uf akd wmh arhrypf&bl;? xyfumwvJvJ owd&atmufarh&w,f/
EdkifiHawmf&JU zcifvdkY od&SdNyD; owd&Mu&r,f? rMumjrihfao;bl; tESpf(50)txuf
rausmfao;bl;? jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;r&cif [db k ufwikd ;f wpfyg; rdpmä 0g'D vlrsdK;awG&UJ
z0g;atmufrSm 'dkY[m bk&m;xl;cHrsdK;awG[m rdpäm0g'DvlrsdK;awGudk bk&m;xl;ae&w,f/
tJ'gawGukd tifrwef cHjyif;w,f? emusnf;w,f/ olrmS ygvmwJh ADZeJY b,fo&Ykd &dS dS
504
KTS 22-12-14
Ak'b ¨ momjrefrmvlrsKd ; 'dEYk ikd if H 'db Yk mom 'do Yk moem ud, k x hf ;D ud, k ehf ef; ud, k Mhf uiSe;f jzpfatmif
BudK;pm;r,fqw kd phJ wd /f BudK;pm;w,fqw kd m yg;pyfajymeJY BudK;pm;vdrYk &bl;? tvkyo f abmeJY
('DjrefrmEdkifiHrSm) BudK;pm;vdkYr&bl;? wdkif;wpfyg;om; olwdkYuRefcHpepfeJY zdESdyfcsKyfjc,fNyD;
xm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh wdik ;f wpfyg;awGeYJ qufqH qufo, G Ef ikd af tmif urÇmpHcsderf jD zpfwhJ
wuúov kd yf nmawG rwwfwwfatmif oifMum;BudK;pm; 'Dvv kd yk &f w,f/ 'Dvv kd yk Nf yD;rS
wdik ;f wpfyg;awGeYJ qufo, G q f ufqH 'gwifruao; [d*k syefEikd if t H xdomG ;Ny;D ppfynmawG
wdkif;a&; jynfa&; EdkifiHa&;ynmawG trsdK;rsdK; oufpGefYqHzsm; tJ'Dvdk oGm;a&muf
qnf;yl;avhvmoifMum;Ny;D rS ud, k whf ikd ;f jynf ud, k Ehf ikd if u H jkd yefNy;D wdik ;f wpfyg;z0g;atmufuae
uRefoabmufuae vGwfvyfa&;&atmif aqmif&GufcJhw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DtcsdeftcgrSm
ud, k vhf rl sKd ; ud,k b hf mom ud, k o hf moem ud, k rfh if;ud, k cf si;f ud, k x hf ;D ud, k ehf ef; aecGi&fh aeMu
w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aovdYk b,favmufEpS af wGMumMum rarh&bl;? tJ'g aoaomol
Mum&ifarh qdw k phJ m&if;xJrmS rygbl;/ wpfyikd ;f u jyefMunh&f if wdik ;f jynfEikd if u H kd a&SUaqmifrjI yK
oGm;wJh vGwv f yfa&;&atmif a&SUaqmifenf;ay;vrf;jyoGm;wJh p&d,0g' tmp&d,*kPf
xJrmS vJygw,f/ wpfyikd ;f uae wdik ;f jynfEikd if H ud, k v hf rl sdK; ud, k b hf mom ud, k o hf moemawG
xde;f odr;f apmihaf &SmufEikd af tmif usef&w dS hJ aemufvu kd t f aetpm;awG om;orD;awGvykd J
wdkif;jyK jynfjyK wdkif;cspf jynfcspf yk*d¾KvfawGudkvJ arG;zGm;ay;oGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
EdkifiHawmf&JU zcifvq Ykd w
kd ,f/ tJ'v D kd jyKjyifvmcJv h Ykd 'DaeY 'Dtcsderf mS 'Dvt kd ajcwnf&NdS yD;
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK EdkifiHjyKvdkY 'Dvdkqdkw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'dkYu tvG,fajymaewmr[kwfbl;?
'DvdkaeYa&muf&if 'DrSm eHeufuqdk&if rkefY[if;cg;qGrf; acgufqGJqGrf; MumZHaMumf pwJh
vSLzG,af wGeYJ bk&m;rSmuyfvLS &[ef;omraP a,m*D oDv&Sif olawmfpifawGukd
auR;arG;vSL'gef;cJw h ,f/ vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf wGrmS vJ 'Dvjkd yKvkycf w hJ ,f/ ud, k w hf ikd ;f ud,k jhf ynf
udk,fhvlrsdK; bmom omoemawGeJY tajctjrpf&Sdatmif &mZordkif;vrf;aMumif;vJ
rysufraysmuf aumif;wm? Mum;zl;em;0 &Sdatmif tNrJwrf; Edk;Mum; a[mjyay;w,f/
ajym½Hkruao;bl;? qGrf;pwJh vSLzG,fawGeJY uyfvSLNyD; 'Dvdkntcsdefa&mufwJhtcg
atmifpnfatmifarmif; ½du k af pmfanmif;Ny;D xdx k akd om wdik ;f jynfEikd if u H kd jyKjyifíoGm;Muaom
tmZmenf y k * d ¾ K vf t m;vH k ; wd k Y E S i h f w uG tBuD ; trS L ;jyKaom Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;
a&muf & mb0 vm;&m*wd 'd k Y o moem bmom pnf ; urf ; twd k i f ; trQtwef ;
ay;a0on
ay;a0onf/ xdkYaMumifh 'Dtcsdef 'Dtcgü tm;vHk;awG vGefcJhaom ESpfuvdk jyefíowd&
Ed;k Mum;vIy&f mS ;í ud, k pf u D , kd if &SMd uwJh bmomomoem\ tESpjf zpfwhJ oDv orm"d
505
KTS 22-12-14
ynm t"d|mef cEDÅ opöm arwåm yg&rDuo k vkd t f vDvD tpHt k nDwEYkd iS w
fh uG ,aeY
Zlvikd v f 19-&uf 'DaeY twdik ;f twmtm;jzihf ud, k pf u D ,kd if jyKMu&aom aumif;rI
ukov kd af wmft00ESifh wdrYk sm; xD;jrwfqaH wmf þomoemawmfraS eí xD;c½dik f r@dKif
zGivfh pS o f nhf yrmPqHawmf&iS yf |mef; omoemtcef;cef;ü jyK&mrSeo f rQ ukov kd af wmf
t00udk trQtwef;ay;a0iSonf &Muapaomf a&muf&Sdapaomf a&muf&mb0
vm;&m*wdrSaeí þukodkvfwdkYonf wpfxpfwdk; zGihfNzdK;Edkifonf &SdMuapaomf/
cRefxufvufeufc, J rf;rD;ayguf tajrmuf Oyapä'uuHwrYkd S vGwaf jrmufMuapaomf/
wdik ;f jynfEikd if H omoem bmomtusdK; o,fy;kd aom ukov kd wf aYkd Mumifh xdx k akd om
rvdkvm;tyfaom tukokdvfuHwdkYrSvJ jywfawmufuif;vGwfjcif;&SdMuygapukefaom/
Mum;&m BuHK&m qH&k mESiw fh uG ,aeY ,ck þtcsdet f cg xD;jrwfqaH wmf þapwDawmf
jrwfBuD; ajcawmft&if; "r®yv’it f m½Hck t
H wGi;f ü BuHKí BuHKqHMk u&Sm oDv0EÅ yk*K¾d vfrsm;pGm
ol a wmf p G m taygif ; o[mwd k Y tm;vH k ; tm;vH k ; tm;vH k ; wd k Y trQ trQ trQ
,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vmh/ om"k om"k (9)Budrf ac:onf/
olol igigwdYk vdv k m;awmif;wMuwJh ukov kd wf o Ykd nf aumif;&m aumif;usdK;wdYk
tay:ü &nfajrm§ u f ;kd MuwJh aumif;aomukov kd w f o Ykd nf zGUH jzKd ;wd;k wufjcif;&Sí d qd;k npfaom
tukov kd 0f yd guf ab;'Pf&eftEÅ&m,ftaygif;wdrYk S ausmfvmT ;oufomcGi&fh NyD; uif;vGwf
a0;uGmMuygap/ (ay;wJhqkeJY jynhf&ygvdk\ t&Sifbk&m;/)
at;aygh-apmpGmta&SUutydkif;u Zlvdkif-19/ 19-ZlvdkifrarhEdkifqdk'geJY ,aeY
tJ'Dtydkif;udk zGihfazmfí &mZvdkif; &mZ0ifvdkif;ac:w,f/ &mZvdkif; &mZ0ifvdkif;qdkwmyJ?
bmomvdik ;f vdv Yk aJ c:w,f/ tck aemufqufwzJG iG rfh mS u omoemvdik ;f "r®vikd ;f &mZvdik ;f rSm
zGihfwmu aysmufaomol&Sm&ifawGU? aoaomol Mum&ifarhqkdayr,fh Mum&ifvJ
rarhaumif;bl;qdkwm zGifhjywm/
tck omoem"r®vikd ;f bufu zGizhf Ykd ed'gef;u tm;vH;k vdu k qf Mkd u? wpfvkyfpm;zl;
olYaus;Zl;? t&dyfcdkzl; olY*kPfxl;? wpfyg'xl; emMum;zl;/ wpfvkyfpm;zl; olYaus;Zl;
rarhrl;ap&/ t&dyfcdkzl; olY*kPfxl; rxdefjrL;ap&/ wpfyg'xl; emMum;zl; teEÅ
*k P f x l ; od a p&/ 'gudk teD;uyfodapzdkY ajymr,fqdk&if wkdif;wmqHk;rjyr,fqdk&if
wpfvyk pf m;zl; olaY us;Zl;qdw k ahJ e&mrSm b,fo&Ykd &dS dS iwfrw G q f mavmif rGwo f yd w
f t hJ cgrsdK;
wu,f um,EGrf;e,fwJhtcgrsdK; wpfvkyfwpfqkyfpm;&zl; olYaus;Zl; uHum,du
ÓmPfapwodu ÓmPtwGufat;aygh r*ft&om zdkvft&om? aemuf t&dyfcdkzl;
506
KTS 22-12-14
olY*kPfxl;? tJ'Dawmh c&D;vrf;aMumif; yljyif;aom t&yftaeu t&dyftm0gocdk&vdkY

aemufwpfrsdK;u oligtrsm; wdkY avmu&JU0#fqif;&J avmu"HMurf;wrf;aom
'ku©qif;&JtwefwefwdkYu omoemudk a&mufMuw,fqdk&if omoemht&dyftm0go
olawmfaumif;wd\ Yk tavhtxaeMu xdik Mf uw,f/ ck0d ifem;Mu&w,fq&kd if t&dycf zkd ;l
ol*Y P k x f ;l / wpfyg'xl; emMum;zl; aumif;&maumif;usdK; tusdK;jzpfxeG ;f w,f/ raumif;
tukov dk tf jypf 0#f'u k a© b;wdu Yk uif;vGwzf Ydk wpfceG ;f wpfyg'udk teEÅ*P k x f ukd w
f ,f/
tJ't D jyifukd jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif qdq k ;kH rwJh a&S;bk&m; &[EÅmt&d,mt&Siw f \ Ykd xH;k ESv;kH rlí
,ckvkd oD0EÅOykoo f v D t"d|mefcsí aexdik u f sifoh ;kH Mu/ wpfbufu tJ'v D kd ur®|mef;&JU
tm&r® P d u tm½H k r sm;jzpf a y:vmzd k Y twG u f q&mtrsd K ;rsd K ;tjzpf p&d , 0g'ud k
tqdq k ;kH rudyk cYkd swJq h &m? rdrw d uYkd todÓmPfajymif;aom olawmfaumif;wd\ Yk vrf;pudk
&aom tJ'DwpfcGef;wpfyg'rSpí wpfyg'xl;emMum;zl; teEÅ*kPfxl; tJ'Dvdkqdkygw,f/
at;aygh-tJ'gaMumifh "r®a'oemtpOf udkomvQif þodkY todÓmPfESihf,SOfí wdkif;wm
a0zefoHk;oyfqHk;jzwfMuw,f/ aemufwpfck tav;teufxm;ítwdkif;twmeJY
rdrw d o Ykd ad pzdYk b,ftay:rSmvJ? [dv k eG cf ahJ om þomoemawGziG Nfh yD; (3)ESpt f "d|mefjynhw f hJ
aemufydkif;rSm igtrSwfxifxif ESpfBudrfavmuf tckvdk tmZmenfaeYeJYqHkwJhtcg
a[mcJw h ,f/ a[mwJt h cg twdik ;f twmeJY a[mcJw h ,f/ twdik ;f twma[m&if;eJY igBuHK;0g;í
[de;f a[mufí þuJo h Ykd zGiafh zmfa[mMum;w,f/ b,ftay:rSmvJ Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdYk
wpfEikd if v H ;kH udk uReo f abmufvkd wdik ;f wpfyg; olwYkd z0g;atmufuae xGuv f &Ykd vmw,f?
vG w f v yf a &;&atmif v k y f w m Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; xd k t wl y J usd K uf x D ; aqmif ;
qHawmfapwDEiS w fh uG tckvkd qHawmf&iS af wG zGiafh zmfvif;aewJt h ay:rSm ok0ÖPblrd
'DqaH wmf omoemawGukd awmwGi;f uaexGuEf ikd zf Ykd zGiafh zmfí jyKEdik cf w hJ m[m ok0ÖPblrd
þomoemawGudk tajcpí jyKjyifcJhwmigyJ/ 'Dvdk BuHK;0g;vdkY yGihfvif;apcJw h ,f/
xktYd wl Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw fh uG a&S;aqmifjyKwJh acgif;aqmifBuD;awG aoG;opöm
t"d|mefcsw,f/ av;ql"mwfyakH &Tw*d b kH &k m;BuD;&JU paeaxmifEh iS w
fh uG uefawmfrif yef;Nc?H
xdkYtwlyJ 'DomoemawG yGihfvif;a&;twGuf t"d|mefcswm usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m;
BuD;ESihfwuG paeawmifbuf,Gef;,Gef; bdk;&[ef;ausmif;ae&m? xkdYtwlyJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; wdik ;f jynfukd vGwv f yfa&;&zd&Yk m wpfcgwnf; 'DrmS wifvyk v f rYkd &? wdik ;f Edik if aH wG
vSnv f h nfí enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;&SmNy;D aemufq;k H *syefjynfrmS aeí tzufzufu enf;e, taxmuf
tulu&kd í 'Dvkd ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfEikd if u H kd jyefNy;D uReo f abmufb0vGwaf tmif jyKEdik cf o hJ nf/
507
KTS 22-12-14
igonfvnf; ,ckvdk ok0ÖPblrd omoemqHawmf omoemawGzGihfazmf&mü

'Dtwdkif; ½dk;½dk;av;eJYr&bJ wyousihfpOf psmeusihfpOf *E¨m&DusihfpOf awmpOf
awmifpOf pcef;pOfawGeJY txGufpcef; tusihfpcef;awGeJY trsdK;rsdK; vSnhfvnf
t"d|mefyEéufudkcsNyD;rS udk,fhwdkif;jynfEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&zdkYtwGuf [dkwdkif;wpfyg;
*syef E d k i f i H u d k o G m ;NyD ; tif t m;awG pk a qmif ; arG ; jrL&ovd k igvJ 'D t vk y f a wG
vkyfzdkYtwGuf tJ'DvdkusihfpOf pcef;pOfeJY awmawmifa&ajr pcef;awGtrsdK;rsdK;
aemufqHk; t½l;pcef; Or®wåuBudK;rif;q&mpcef; &mZBudK; awmawmifpcef; psmeBudK;
tJ ' D v d k usih f p Of a wG e J Y trsd K ;rsd K ; vS n h f v nf u sih f B uH t m;xk w f N yD ; rS 'D u sd K uf x D ;
aqmif;uaeNyD; yEéufcsNyD;jyKcJh&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh wpfydkif;u jyefwdkif;NyD; a&Twd*HkrSm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tajcpNyD;jyKcJhovdk ,ck EdkifiH[m aemufwdk;aemufwufawG[m
ZmwdaoG; ZmwdrmefeJY wdkif;jynfEdkifiH bmomomoemawGeJYwuG ,ckvdk pnfyifjyefYyGm;
'do
Yk moemawGvJ usKd ufx;D aqmif;u tajcpNy;D tckq&kd if Asm'dw0f ifqaH wmf&iS af wGcsn;f yJ
(9)e0if; 9-ql yEéuf tvnftvwf qHawmf&iS af wG awmpOfawmifpOfpcef;pOfawGeYJ
a&ajrpcef;awGeJY tm;vHk;odMuwJhtwdkif; xD;yEéufyGJawG NcdrfhNcdrfhoJatmifyGJcHw,f/
tvDvt D xyfxyf/ xdaYk Mumifh ,aeYn þrQomvQif rSwcf surf w S &f m twdik ;f twmvJjzpf
tm;vH;k rsm;awGonf rSwx f m;Mu/
yxr ud, k t hf aMumif;udk Munhw f wfzv Ykd wkd ,f/ odwwfzq Ykd w kd ahJ e&mrSm ud, k v hf rl sKd ;
ud, k b hf mom ud, k o hf moemodwwfrS ud, k t
hf aMumif;odr,f/ ud, k t hf aMumif;udk Munhw f wf
odwwfrS bmom omoemudk Munhw f wf odwwfr,f/ Munfw h wfow d wfrS ud, k bhf mom
omoem wdkif;jynf vlrsdK; EdkifiHudk cspfjrwfEdk;wJhpdwfjzpfaumif;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk
jzpfaumif;wJholwdkYrS twdwfuHESihfwuG bkef;&Sif uH&Sif orÇm&SifwdkY jzpfxdkufw,f/
jzpfaumif;w,f/ tJ'v D jkd zpfro
S m &mZmvdik ;f qdv k &Ykd &dS ifvJ bmomESiw fh uG xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
jrihfjrifhrm;rm; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;jzpfaumif;w,f/ omoemvdkif; "r®vdkif; tJ'Dvdkqdk&ifvJ
tazbk&m; owfrSwfxm;cJhwJh omoemtarG oEÅdokccsrf;omcHpm; pHpm; cdkvIH
cHpm;aumif;w,f/ tJ'g owday;ygw,f/ xdaYk Mumifh tm;vH;k wdo Yk nf ,aeYn omoem
bmom xdEk pS jf zmüvnf;aumif;? &mZm"r®m xdEk pS jf zmudw k ikd ;f wmí zGiafh zmufwikd ;f wmxkwjf y
qdq k ;kH ronft h ay:rSm tm;vH;k wdo Yk nf Mum;&,Hrk Q em&,Hrk Q od&,Hrk Q tm&r®Pu d -
tm½Hrk aemwdo Yk nf xufoefaom pdwaf pwemo'¨gudk arG;jrLwwfMuorQ ud, k pf u D , kd if
vdv k m;awmihw f Muygukeaf om/ aumif;jrwfaom ukov kd tf [kef *kPw f EYkd iS w
fh uG bke;f orÇm
508
KTS 22-12-14
tp&Sad om tcGit fh vrf;wdo Yk nf yGiv

fh ef;Muí tm;vH;k wdo Yk nf þtcsdef þtcgrSpí
rdrw d o
Ykd nf þodYk qnf;yl;yGm;rsm;avhvmvdu k pf m;Muygukeaf om/ omoemawmfrt S ajcpí
ud, k pf u D ,
kd if qnf;yl;yGm;rsm; txyfxyfavhvmvdu k pf m;Muovdk bmomwnf;[laom
aeMuxdik Mf u&wJh orkwo d pöm uHw\ Ykd twdik ;f twmtjzmjzmonf ukov kd u f w H oYkd nf
yGiv fh if;atmifjrifjcif;&SMd uí qd;k npfaom tukov kd f rvdv k m;tyfaom tukov kd af b;'Pf
&eftEÅ&m,f cyfodrf;wdkYrS uif;vGwfNidrf;rItrSefpkí tNrJxm0&tav;*½kjyKí od&SdMu
&onfrmS um; omoem[lonf tjrpfyrmPa&aomufjrpf obm0 bmom omoem
o'¨gw&m;xm;wwfMuorQ aumif;uifü aeeJv Y yrmPrQonft h ay:rS eu©ww f m&m
N*dK[foGm; N*dK[fvmESihfwuG &moDOwkwdkYrS rQwí þrSjyKaom "r®yw¬emqkonf
jynhfjynhf00&&SdcHpm;EdkifMuygapaomf/
509
KTS 22-12-14
tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH Ak'¨bmomnDtpfukd
armifESrrsm; tvSLawmf
NrdKUe,foHCmnDnGwfa&;
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf bD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGi;f &Sd *kP d af ygif;pHk oHCm
nDnGwfa&;ukd vdkvm;awmfrlonfjzpfí NrdKUe,fomoemhAdrmefawmfBuD; jzpfay:vm
a&;twGuf ulnaD y;cJNh yD;jzpf onf/ vpOfusif;yaeMuaom y|mef;yGJ pcef;toD;toD;&Sd
uxdeyf pJG aom tcrf;tem;? xD;wifyJG tcrf;tem;rsm; usif;yaomtcg qkid &f m &yfuu G f
oHCem,u? NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJUrsm;tm; yihfzdwfvSL'gef;cJhaom tpOftvm
&SdaecJhonf/ oHComr*¾D oar®m'ge or*¾&ojzpfatmif aqmif&GufcJhonfrSm umv
MumcJNh yjD zpfonf/ vGecf ahJ om (1360)ckEpS f rwkid rf u D aygifNrKd UtwGi;f Zif;usKd uf qHawmf&iS f
apwDukd usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS jyKjyifxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufaerIukd awmifajc&Sd
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;rS q&mawmfrsm;ESihf tcsdKUaom oHCem,utzGJU0ifrsm;u
qefYusifaecJhMuonf/ NrdKUe,foHCem,uq&mawmfBuD;url Zif;usdKufqHawmf&Sifukd
rdrdwdkYNrdKUe,frS jyKjyifEkdifpGrf;r&SdbJ usdKufxD;aqmif;rS vma&mufjyKjyifaevdkYom
apwDMunfñzdk , G f zl;cGi&fh ayonf[k tm;wuf&iT v f ef;pGm axmufcaH ecJo h nf/ wefc;l
vjynhfaeY y|mef;yGJ Ak'ÿlZed,yGJrsm;ukd um;jzihf awmifay: ta&mufyihfNyD; vSL'gef;jcif;?
apwDawmf a*gp&*grf&mG rsm;rS oufBuD;rsm;tm; ylaZmfyjJG yKvkyv f LS 'gef;jcif;udk aqmif&u G f
ay;Ny;D Zif;usKd ufapwDawmfteD; 0dZmÆ nDaemiford ?f rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;awmiford ?f ulweG rf eS f
ulnaD emiford f (3)vH;k odrEf w k yf JG odro f rkwyf uJG dk aygifNrdKUe,f oHCr[mem,utzGUJ rS
OD;aqmifvsuf oDrmorkwu d ?H oDrmorl[uHwu Ykd dk aqmif&u G af y;&ef arwåm&yfcí H
NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJUrS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/ þodkY tmrdooarÇm?
"r®oarÇm*wkaYd Mumihf oHCmnDnw G af &; &&Sv
d mcJyh gonf/ bD;vif;NrdKUe,f oHCem,u
tzGUJ (*kP
d ;f aygif;pHt
k zGUJ )ukd tvm;wl aqmif&u G af y;apjcif;jzihf oHCmnDnw G af &;&cJyh gonf/
oHComr*¾Djzpfa&;
q&mawmfonf jynfwiG ;f jynfy wynht f rsm;vSL'gef;xm;aom ypön;f av;yg;rSm
oH;k rukef atmif&o
dS nf/ wpfaeYwmtoH;k p&dwrf mS ode;f csDuek v
f suf&o
dS nf/ wpfaeY qef
(18)jynf csuf&onf/ cefYrSef;ajc (6)odef;txuf ukefusonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;pcef;
510
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 511
twGuf avmydwvQyfppf"mwftm;crSm (12)ode;f txuf&o dS nf/ auvmoawmifEiS fh

jroydwaf wmif 2-cktwGuf rDwmc tvm;wl ukeu f sonf/ pcef;aygif; (67)cktwGuf
ukefusp&dwfukd cefYrSef;EkdifNyDjzpfonf/ rdrdwm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;onf
rdom;pkwpfpktwGuf r[kwf? rdrdaexkdifaom &yf&GmtwGufomr[kwf? qHawmf&Sif
omoemjyKXmersm;ESihf qufpyfaom &[ef;&SSifvl ukokdvf&&Sda&; aqmif&Gufovdk
qHawmf&iS f apwDrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí uk;d uG,q f nf;uyforl sm; ukov kd &f apvkad om
qE´jzpfonf/ rGefjynfe,f? u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;rS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESihf urÇmat;rS
Ek d i f i H a wmf q &mawmf B uD ; rsm;uk d yih f z d w f í tcrf ; tem;rsm;pG m ü vS L 'gef ; cJ h o nf /
rdrjd yKjyifxed ;f odr;f aeaom y&dabm*apwDtygt0if "mwkapwD "r®apwD y&dabm*apwD
O'´ó d apwDrsm;&S&d mokYd uk, d yf ikd t
f pDtpOfjzihf bk&m;zl;yku
Yd m ukovkd ,f cl o
hJ nf/ &yfuu G ?f
jynfe,f? wkid ;f Ekid if aH wmftqifh ax&fBuD;0gBuD;rsm;wkYd tav;*½kjyKovdk wynh&f [ef;rsm;
udv k nf; tmrdoarÇm*? "r®oarÇm* jyKapcJo h nf/ oHCmpnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; aqmif&u G jf cif;
jzpfonf/
NrdKUe,ftqihftcrf;tem;jyifqif
2013-ckESpf? ZGefvtwGif; tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHrS &[ef;awmf 2-yg;ESihf OD;0if;azwdkY
bk&m;zl;tzGUJ usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk a&mufvmMuonf/ q&mawmftm; vGepf mG Munfñpdk w d f
jzpfomG ;Mu&m qHawmf &Siaf pwD omoemjyKXmersm;ü oDwif;oH;k aom &[ef;awmfrsm;ukd
vlolta&mufenf;yg;aom awmifxdyf awmtwGif;0,f zl;jrif&ovdk apwDykxdk;
omoedutaqmuftODrsm; xnf0gcefn Y m; Munfñdk o'¨gyGm;oGm;atmif jyKjyifapmihaf &Smuf
xm;Muonfudk tHMh oMu&onf/ ypön;f av;yg; axmufyhH vSL'gef;pdwf jzpfay:oGm;Muonf/
oihaf vsmaf om&ufü tvSLyGBJ uD;F jyKvkyvf ydk gaMumif; avQmufxm;oGm;Muonf/ rMumrDyif
oHCmtyg; (300)twGuf vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm; BudKwifa&mufvmcJo h nf/ pwD;oydwEf iS fh
oydwftdyfç ouFef;'GdpHkç zdeyfç udk,fokwfwbufç rsufESmokwfwbuf tygt0if
ypönf;rsdK;pHkjzpfonf/ tvSL&SifrSm OD;0if;azESihf tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS &[ef; 2-yg; 'g,umrsm;
jzpfonf/ jynfwGif; jynfy arwåmpifwmtzGJU? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH Ak'¨bmomnDtpfukd
armifErS rsm;\ pkaygif;tvSLjzpfonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS o f moemjyK&eftwGuf
vSL'gef;jcif;jzpfonf/ bD;vif;NrKd Ue,ftwGi;f &Sd y&d,wåpd moifwu dk rf sm;ESifh ax&f*P
k 0f g*kPf
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; vSL'gef;ygu tvSL&Sirf sm; o'¨gw&m; xyfryH mG ;rnf/ NrKd Ue,ftwGi;f
q&mawmfrsm; ypönf;av;yg; jynhfpHkoGm;rnf[k qifjcifawmfrlNyD; q&mawmfonf
511
KTS 22-12-14
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf b'ÉÅem*dE´tm; tpDtpOfNyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef

wm0efay;avonf/ q&mawmfqE´twkid ;f NyD;ajrmuf&eftwGuf tusdK;awmfaqmifonf
bD;vif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd jynfe,ftqifh NrdKUe,ftqifh oHCem,ursm;? NrdKUe,f
tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;? pnfyifom,m? &JwyfzUJG tygt0if Xmeqkid &f mrsm;? &yfuu G t
f yk cf sKyfa&;rSL;?
bmoma&;toif;tzGJUrS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf awGUqHkn§dEIdif;um tvSLyGJjzpfajrmufa&;
pD p Of a vonf / Nrd K Ue,f o H C em,u? Nrd K Ue,f t wG i f ; Xmeqk d i f & mrsm;uvnf ;
NrdKUe,fomoemhAdrmeftwGif; usif;yEkdif&ef tcrf;tem; jyifqifjcif;? ae&mxkdifcif;?
vrf;rsm;om,ma&;tygt0if vHNk cKH a&;tp bufpu kH nl cD MhJ uonf/ tvSLyGJ &ufudk 1375-
ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynhaf usmf (3)&uf? (26-6-13)? Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY rGe;f vGJ (1)em&D usif;yjyKvky&f ef
owfrSwfMuNyD; usdKufxD;aqmif; qHawmf&SifomoemjyKpcef;rsm;rS tBuD;tuJ (50)yg;?
NrKd Ue,foC H em,urS wm0ef,yl ifah qmif&rnhf &[ef;(250)yg; tcsed rf D omoemhArd mefoYdk
<ua&mufa&; yifah qmifchJ Muonf/ rk;d &moD rd;k rsm;aom&ufjzpfí rd;k vHrk @yfrsm;twGuf
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyfrS wm0ef,lcJhonf/ tvsm;ay(40)? teHay(20) ykdufvHk;wdkif;
wmvywftrdk;r@yf (12)vHk;? wpfvHk;vQif iSm;&rf;c (35000d^-) wefzdk;&Sd qGrf;avmif;
r@yfrsm;ukd aqmufvyk af y;avonf/ pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDrS rD;puftultnD,í l
omoemhAdrmef0ef;usif uwå&mvrf;rü oefY&Sif;a&;? a&n§drsm; rD;owfum; a&ydkufjzihf
oef&Y iS ;f a&;? &Jpcef;rS tcrf;tem;jyKvkyaf epOf ,mOftoGm; tvmtygt0if pepfwus
tcsdefowfrSwfay;xm;aomaMumihf ½IyfaxG;rIr&Sd tqifajyacsmarGUvsuf&Sdonf/
NrdKUe,foHCmrsm; *kPfazmfxkwf
aeYv,f (1)em&Dtcsdef NrdKUe,ftwGif;rS Xmeqkdif&mtm;vHk; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf
rGefjynfe,f tpdk;&tzGJUrS 0efBuD; OD;ouf0if; OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJUrsm; wufa&muf
vmMuonf/ AdrmeftwGi;f oHCmpifEiS fh xkid cf (kH 300)wGif yihof C
H mrsm; trSwpf Oftvdu k f
<ua&mufae&m,lMuNyD; tcrf;tem; zGijhf cif;? usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS Mo0g'uxm
>rufMum;jcif;? NrdKUe,foHCem,u ppfukdif;y&d,wåd pmoifwkduf q&mawmf OD;okE´&rS
ig;yg;oDvcsD;jr§ifhjcif;? q&mawmfrsm; y&dwfawmfrsm;&GwfyGm;jcif;? tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf
OD;em*dE´rS omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm; rdefYMum;jcif;? 0efBuD; OD;ouf0if;? tvSL&Sif OD;0if;az
OD;aqmifaom {nho f nfawmfrsm;? q&mawmfBuD; (9)yg;ESifh tvSLyGjJ yKvky&f jcif;taMumif;
avQmufxm;jcif;? vSLzG,frsm;qufuyfjcif;? usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS qkyw¬emjyK
trQa0 a&pufoGef;csjcif;? tcrf;tem;½kyfodrf;jcif; jyKvkyfMuNyD; tvSLcHr@yftwGif;ü
512
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 513
yiho f C
H m(300)tm; eHygwfpOftwdik ;f vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm; avmif;vSLMuonf/ pwD;oydwEf iS fh
tdwçf ouFe;f 'dpG çkH zdeyfç wbufç qefqrD sm;udk tvSL&Sirf sm;u vSL'gef;Muonf/
ig;oHk;vDwynfh'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;? Xmeqkdif&mrsm;rS vSLzG,fypönf;rsm; avmif;vSL
cJMh uonf/ q&mawmfrS qefqpD aom ypön;f jrefrmusy?f tar&duef a':vm? xkidk ;f bwfaiG
rsm;ukd xyfqifv h LS 'gef;jznhpf u
G af y;awmfro
l nf/
tvSL&Sifrsm; o'¨gyGm;
bD;vif;NrdKUe,f oHCem,u? NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU? Xmeqkdif&mrsm;rS
tbufbufrS vSL'gef;yGJ atmifjrifa&;twGuf yHyh ;dk ulnrD ?I usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
tusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyfwrYdk S jznhpf u G f vSL'gef;rI? ig;oH;k vDro d m;pktm;vH;k yg0ifvLS 'gef;rI?
omoemh A d r mef a wmf B uD ; ü crf ; em;pG m usif ; yjyKvk y f r I aMumif h tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;Ek d i f i H r S
Ak'¨bmom0ifrdom;pkESihf jynfwGif;jynfy omoemjyKarwåmpifwmtzGJU acgif;aqmif
jrefrmEkid if aH x&0g'Ak'o ¨ moemjyKtzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;0if;azESifh tvSL&Sirf sm;rS ESpaf xmif;
tm;& jzpfcMhJ uonf/ q&mawmfBuD;\ ]]MunfñNkd yD;olwt Ykd m; xyfrMH unfñrdk yI mG ;ap&ef?
rMunfñadk o;olwt Ydk m; tm;usMunfñrkd jI zpfap&ef=yoEémeH bda,sm bm0g,? tyoEémeH
yom'g, jrwfA'k v ¨ rf;nTecf o
hJ nht
f wkid ;f cs;D ajrm§ ufru
I dk ajymírqH;k &TiNf yKH ;um o'¨gw&m;
yGm;cJhMuonf/ q&mawmfonf NrdKUe,ftwGif; ax&fBuD;0gBuD;rsm;ESihf y&d,wåd0efaqmif
q&mawmfrsm;udk tmrdooarÇm* "r®oarÇm* rQwpGm qufqaH vh&cdS yhJ u kH dk rSww f rf;wif
xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
513
KTS 22-12-14
qHawmfBudKapwD,omoem
a&TxD;awmfwifr*Fvmtcrf;tem;wGif avQmufxm;tyfaom
omoema&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;
AkdvfrSL;csKyfol&jrihfarmif\ omoema&;qkdif&mavQmufxm;vTm
Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf

trSL;jyKaom q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;ukd zl;ajrmf&ojzihf rsm;pGmyDwdjzpf&ygaMumif;
a&S;OD;pGm avQmufxm;tyfygonfb&k m;/
jrefrmEkid if aH wmf\ omoemhorkid ;f wGif tOD;qH;k jzpfaom a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfjrwfBuD;
aMumihf jrefrmEkid if aH wmfBuD;onf urÇmt h v,fwiG f 0ifxh ,fvsuf&adS Mumif; Ak'b ¨ mom0if
wkid ;f vufcx H m;MuNy;D jzpfygonf/ a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfjrwfBuD; orkid ;f rSpí yk*aH cwf? tif;0
acwf? yif;,acwf? ukef;abmifacwf ponftm;jzihf omoemhorkdif;ukd q&mawmfrsm;
od&aSd wmfrMl uNyD;jzpfygonfb&k m;?/ &Sit f &[Hrax&fjrwfBuD; vufxufawmfrpS í ,aeY
txd omoemawmfBuD; vQrf;vQrf;awmuf yGiv fh if;cJah om orkid ;f aMumif;ukd vltrsm;
od&MdS uaomfvnf; yk*aH cwfrwdik rf D omoemawmfonf vloed nf; arS;rSed v f suf&ydS gonf
bk&m;/
ok0ÖPblro d moemtp? tv,f? tqH;k oH;k yg;aomordik ;f aMumif;t& a&Tw*d Hk
rwdik rf aD cwfu qHawmfBudKapwDawmf(9)ql&cdS &hJ m ,cktcg em*pfrek w f ikd ;f \ tysuftpD;
rsm;Mum;rS tjynhftpHk&SmazGawGU&Sdojzihf omoemordkif;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfEdkifojzihf
trsdK;bmom omoemtwGuf BuD;pGmaom &vm'fBuD;udk &&SdcJhNyD;jzpfí OD;aqmifzGihfazmf
aom usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;ESiu fh av;0q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;wd\ Yk Mo0g'
vrf;ñTerf rI sm;udv k nf;aumif;? y"me'g,umBuD;jzpfaom aZurÇmukrP Ü D Ouú| rdom;pk
tm;vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifrdygonfbk&m;/
a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;ocifonf c&pfray:rD(589)bDp?D r[mouú&mZf 103-ckEpS f
wGif Ak'¨tjzpfodkYa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf wzkó? bvd’unDaemifwdkYtm; aemifwGif
a&Tw*d b kH &k m;wnfxm;Xmyemawmfrrl nhf qHawmf&iS (f 8)qlukd bk&m;&Siu f ,kd pf m; ud;k uG,&f ef
ay;oem;awmfro l jzihf yihaf qmifawmfr&l m 'vawmBuD;wef;wpfavQmuf? ,ck uGr;f NcHuek ;f
NrdKUe,frStpjyKí aumhrSL;NrdKUe,fjzwfNy;D yifah qmifawmfr&l m vrf;wpfavQmufwiG f wdik ;f ol
jynfom;taygif;wdu Yk qHawmfBudKapwD(9)qlwnfxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ omfvnf; ESpaf ygif;
514
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 515
(2550)twGif; ay:csnfwpfcg rSdefcsnfwpfvSnhf jzpfae&mrS 2008-ckESpf? arvwGif

em*pfrkefwkdif;'PfaMumifh ysufpD;cJh&onfudk taMumif;jyKí bk&m;wefaqmif;? odrf?
ausmif;? "r®m½Ht k p&Sad om omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;? a&Tx;D awmf
rsm; wifvSLjcif;ESihfwuG aumif;rIawmftpkpkwdkYudk aZurÇmukrÜPDvDrdwufrS y"me
'g,umjyKvkyNf y;D vQif trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f mwftjynht f 0jzihf trsKd ;bmom omoemtwGuf
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonfbk&m;/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf omoetp ok0ÖPblru d [laom
pum;twdik ;f omoemtpydik jf zpfaom ok0ÖPblrd qHawmf&iS o f moemawmfBuD;udk
wpfausmjh yefziG afh zmfcahJ om &[ef;xl; &[ef;jrwfwpfyg;jzpfygonfb&k m;/ ¤if;tjyif ESpaf ygif;
wpfaxmiftwGi;f rnforl Q&SmazGrawGU&Scd ahJ om qauo"mwk0if qHawmfapwD(6)qlukd
vnf; omoem(2500)ausmfí OD;pGmyxr omoemhordik ;f wGif wdwu d sus ae&mXmeESifh
wuG ñTefjyEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom q&mawmfBuD;vnf;jzpfygonfbk&m;/ q&mawmfBuD;onf
ok0ÖPblrw d pfciG wf iG f apwDawmfaygif;(200)ausmw f nfxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ om q&mawmf
BuD;jzpfygonfb&k m;/ Edik if aH wmftaejzihv f nf; þuJo h aYkd om q&mawmfBuD;\ omoemjyK
vkyif ef;rsm;wGif a&SUwef;uyg0ifNy;D trsKd ;? bmom? omoemudk cspjf rwfE;kd í trsKd ;om;a&;
pdw"f mwf tjynht f 0&Sad om aZurÇmOuú|uJo h aYkd om yg&rD&iS f tvSL&Sirf sm; trsm;tjym;
ay:aygufygap[k arQmfvifhqkawmif;rdygonfbk&m;/
usKd ufa';ygv(ac:)tif;*vHak pwDawmfBuD;wGif &ifjyifawmftopfcif;jcif;? vH;k awmf
jynhf a&TouFe;f uyfvLS jcif;rSpí xD;awmftopfrsm; wifvLS jcif;wdaYk Mumifv h nf;aumif;?
qyk*HapwDawmfBuD;udk &ifjyifawmftopfESihfwuG a&S;rlrysuf r[m&HwHwdkif;cwfí
a&mifawmfziG jfh cif;? xD;awmftopfwifjcif;rSpí bufpjkH yKjyifjcif;wdaYk Mumifv h nf;aumif;?
usdKufa';uaemifapwDawmfBuD;udk iSuaf ysmzl;awmfrpS í jyKjyifrrG ;f rHjcif;? xD;awmftopf
wifjcif;? a&TouFe;f uyfvLS jcif;? qHawmfBudK(9)qlEiS w fh uG omoedutaqmuftODrsm;udk
EdkifiHawmfESihfjynfol MunfjzLvufwGJí q&m? 'umnDñGwfpGmjyKcJhaom aumif;rItpkpk
wdaYk Mumifh Edik if aH wmfwpf0eS ;f vH;k at;csrf;om,mygapownf;? jynfojl ynfom;taygif;
wdkYonfvnf; udk,f\usef;rmjcif;? pdwf\csrf;omjcif;ESifhjynhfpHkygapownf;? <ua&muf
vmaom q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;rsm;ESiw fh uG tvSLU'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm;vnf; usef;rm
csr;f omygapownf;[k wynhaf wmftaejzihf qkawmif;arwåmydo Yk tyfygaMumif; avQmuf
xm;&if; wynhaf wmf\avQmufxm;vTmtm; ed*;kH csKyftyfygonf q&mawmf? oHCmawmf
t&SifoljrwfwdkYbk&m;/
515
KTS 22-12-14
qHawmfBudKomoem wpfausmhjyefyGihfvif;vm
&efukefwdkif;? wGHaw;? aumhrSL;? uGrf;NcHukef; NrdKUe,f(3)cktwGif;&Sd qHawmfBudK
apwDawmfrsm; 2008-ckEpS ?f arv(2)&ufEiS (fh 3)&uf wdu k cf wfcahJ om em*pfrek w f ikd ;f 'Pf
aMumifh apwDawmfrsm;vHk;0eD;yg; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;odef;pdefonf
omoema&;0efBuD;tm; apwD? ykxdk;? omoedutaqmuftODrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;
oifah vsmaf omtpDtpOfcsrw S af qmif&u G &f ef vrf;ñTecf ohJ nf/ aZurÇm OD;cifa&TEiS fh rdom;pk
onf apwDykxdk;rsm;jyKjyif&mü apwem o'¨gw&m;xufoefolrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;aom
aMumifh ysufpD;oGm;aom apwDykxdk;rsm;jyKjyif&ef arwåm&yfvmonf/
apwDyx k ;kd rsm; jyKjyif&efoifrh oifh usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh uav;0awm&
q&mawmfwx Ykd H csO;f uyfí Mo0g'cH,cl o hJ nf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf a&S;a[mif;
apwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm;udo k m jyKjyifavh&o dS nf/ topfapwDyx k ;kd udk
wnfxm;avhr&Sad y/ apwDyx k ;kd jyifvQif toufygwwfonf[k vltrsm;xifrw S xf m;NyD;
jyKjyifjcif;r&S?d ypfy,fxm;aomapwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmufttHrk sdK;udk vydik ;f ? &ufyikd ;f
twGif; NyD;pD;atmifaqmif&Gufonf/ rlvtvSL&SifwdkY\ tvdkqEúdk jynhf0atmif
aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom q&mawmfjzpfonf/ q&mawmfxHwGif yef;csD? yef;yk? yef;&H?
yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;warmh? AdokumvufrIynmonfrSm wwfuRrf;olvkyfom;rsm;
tqifoifh&Sdonf/
em*vIP d *f l uav;0awm&q&mawmfonf y&d,wdt å &mwGif t*¾r[m*E¦0gpu
y@dw? t*¾r[my@dw? 'Gyd #d u"&? 'Gyd #d uaum0d'? rlvtmbd"rdu ® bGUJ wHqyd af wmf
&&Sxd m;onf/ y#dywdt å &mwGif t*¾r[mur®|memp&d,bGUJ wHqyd f v,fw0D yd óemusipfh Of
udk uRrf;usifwwfajrmufaom q&mawmfjzpfonf/ Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ
wGJzuftusdK;awmfaqmif &efukefNrdKU&Sd apwDawmfrsm;\ Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmftjzpf
yg0ifvsuf&adS omaMumifh apwDyx k ;kd rsm;jyKjyif&mü twdr;f tapmif;trSm;t,Gi;f r&Sad tmif
vrf;ñTefjyEdkifaomq&mawmfjzpfonf/
aZurÇmrdom;pkonf o'¨gw&m;xufoeforl sm;jzpfí uH?uH\tudsK;udk ,HMk unfol
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf omoemjyKvkyif ef;twGuq f v kd Qif rnfrQ
ukefukef &ufa&mpGmvSL'gef;Muolrsm;jzpfonf/ o'¨gw&m;xufoefpGmvSL'gef;jcif;? uH?
uH\tudsK;udk ,HMk unfjcif;wdaYk Mumifh wlnrD Qaom tusdK;udck pH m;Mu&onf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf? uav;0q&mawmfEiS fh 'g,um OD;cifa&TwYkd awGUqHk
MuNyD; atmufygtwdik ;f tpDtpOfcsrSwcf MhJ uonf/
516
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 517
(1) wGHaw;? aumhrSL;? uGrf;NcHukef; um;vrf;ab; 0J,mwGifwnf&Sdaom

qHawmfBudK(9)qlEiS fh tNcHt&HapwDyx k ;kd rsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifí a&Tx;D awmf?
iSufjrwfem;awmf? pdefzl;awmfrsm; wifvSL&ef/
(2) apwD(8)rsufESmü N*dK[fcGif? N*dK[fwkdif? ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;xm;&Sd&ef/
(3) apwDawmfESihf ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd a&Taq;ouFef;okwf&ef/
(4) apwDy&d0P k tf wGi;f &Sd odr?f ausmif;? "r®m½H?k tm½Hck w H efaqmif;? a&wGi;f ?
a&uef jyKjyifjcif;? topfaqmufjcif;rsm; vkt d yfonfrsm;ukd jyKvky&f ef/
(5) NydKusaomopfyifrsm;? awmcsHKrsm;? jrufawmrsm;? trIdufo½kdufrsm;
&Sif;vif;&mü a'ocHrsm;tm; vkyftm;cay;í &Sif;vif;&ef/
(6) apwDajc&if;ta&muf um;rsm;wufa&mufEidk &f ef vrf;? wHwm;azmufvyk f
&ef/
(7) apwem&Sifrsm;? o'¨gw&m;tavsmuf vSL'gef;cJhvQif vufcHNyD; qkdif&m
apwDyx k ;kd twGuf xnh0f if&ef/
(8) &yfc&H mG cH a*gyursm;zGUJ pnf;xm;Ny;D apwDyx k ;kd toD;oD;wGif aeYn wm0ef,l
apmihaf &Smuf&ef/
(9) toHcsUJ pufjzihf tvSLcHjcif;rjyK o'¨gtavsmuf vSL'gef;jcif;uko d m vufcH
&efEiS fh taxGaxGuek u f sp&dwt f m;vH;k tm; aZurÇmrSvLS 'gef;jcif;ukd cGijfh yK
&ef paom tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfcJhMuonf/
em*pfrek w f ikd ;f 'PfaMumihf NydKysufomG ;cJah om apwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmuftOD
rsm;ukd tcsderf jD yKjyifjcif;r&Sv d Qif rd;k wGi;f ü xyfrNH ydKysufrnht f EÅ&m,f&jdS cif;aMumihf tcsdew f kd
twGi;f jyKjyif&ef vkt d yfvsuf&ydS gonf/ Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u? wkid ;f oHCem,u?
NrdKUe,foCH em,u? &yfâus; oHCem,uwk\ Yd vrf;nTerf u I ,
dk í l Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &?
a'oqkid &f mtzGUJ tpnf;tqihq f ih\ f oabmwlnrD u I &kd ,l&ef 1370-jynfEpS ?f e,kef
vqef;(6)&uf? (2008-ckEpS ?f ZGev f ? 9-&uf? we*FaEGaeY)wGif wGaH w;NrdKUe,f bk&m;BuD;
aus;&Gm qHawmfBudKapwDuek ;f awmf&dS tm½Hck "H r®m½Hw k iG f Mo0g'cH,yl u JG sif;y&m &efuek w f idk ;f
twGi;f &Sd Ekid if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,? Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,utzGUJ tusdK;awmfaqmif
anmifwek ;f q&mawmf b'ÉÅMoo"mbd0o H ? usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf? qHawmf&iS f
omoemjyKtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyf? usdKufx;D aqmif;wdu k tf yk q f &mawmf? Edik if aH wmfoC H
r[mem,utzGUJ ? wdik ;f oHCem,utzGUJ ? NrKd Ue,foC H em,utzGUJ ? &yfâus; oHCem,u
tzGUJ q&mawmfrsm;? wdik ;f ? c½dik ?f NrKd Ue,frsm;rS tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mwm0ef&o dS rl sm;? omoema&;
517
KTS 22-12-14
0efBuD;ESihf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? vlrIa&;toif;tzGJUESihf a*gyutzGJUrsm;? wynhf'g,um?

'g,dumrrsm; wufa&mufMuNyD; em*pf'Pfc&H aomapwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmufttHk
rsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;twGuf aZurÇmrdom;pk\ tvSLawmfudkvufcHcGihfjyKaMumif;
omoema&;0efBuD;? tm;um0efBuD;wdkY\ vrf;ñTefBuD;MuyfrIjzihf a*gyutzGJUESihf tvkyf
orm;rsm;u oabmwlwm0ef,cl MhJ uonf/ obm0ab;'PfaMumifh ud, k af &mpdwyf g
tm;i,faeMuaomolwt Ykd m; cGet
f m;wufapNy;D wrvGeb f 0odYk a&muf&cdS MhJ uolwYkd ukov kd f
aumif;rItzdkYbm*udk arQmfvifhawmihfwaeolwdkYtm; trQay;a0Mu&m om"kac:qdkoH
txufb0*fxd vQHcahJ vonf/
em*pfrek w
f ikd ;f 'PfccH &hJ aom apwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmufttHrk sm;wnf&&dS m
aus;&Gmrsm;rS tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfysufpD;í pdwf"mwfusNyD; aomuw&m;pdk;rdk;cHaeMuonf/
udsKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihfwynhfrsm;u vltm; aiGtm;jzihf aeYnrjywf jyefvnf
jyKjyifwnfaqmufay;aomaMumifh pdwpf rG ;f tm;rsm; jrifw h ufvmMuonf/ q&mawmftm;
,cifu rawGUjrifz;l olrsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf; rdrw d \ Ykd rdbozG,f xifrw S Mf uvsuf ajczrd;k
xdí idak <u;uefawmhMuonf/ q&mawmfxrH S arwåm"mwfuckd , H Ml uonf/ q&mawmf\
wynhrf sm;tiftm;(300)ausmfjzihf NydKysufaeaomapwDyx k ;kd omoedutaqmufttHk
rsm; jyifqifaejcif;udk 0rf;omyDwjd zpfvsuf vkyt f m;ay;cJMh uonf/ aZurÇmukrP Ü D OD;cifa&T
rS vkyftm;caiGaMu;ay;í olwdkY\pm;0wfaea&; ajyvnfapcJhonf/ Am;rJho&P*Hk(30)
&Gwyf mG ;ylaZmfí ukov kd af umif;rIrsm; vkyu f ikd vf sufrrd w d BYkd uHKqHck &hJ aom rkew f ikd ;f 'Pfukd
arhaecJMh uonf/ &wemoH;k yg;*kPaf wmfaMumifh raumif;qd;k 0g; rdpmä ygytaESmuft,Suf
rsm; uif;a0;oGm;NyD[k vlwikd ;f cHpm;xifjrifaeMuonf/ olawmfaumif;wd\ Yk arwåm"mwf
vTrf;NcHKjcif;aMumifh owå0grsm;pGm pdwfa&mudk,fygcsrf;omvsuf&SdMuonf/
jyefvnfjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; aeYnuefYowfrIrjyKbJ aqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifMu&m &ufaygif;(60)twGif; NyD;pD;cJhonhf a'ocH&[ef;&Sifvltrsm; o'¨gw&m;
wd;k yGm;ap&ef &nf&, G í f qHawmfBudK bk&m;apwD? armif;wD;apwD? usdKufwefc;kd xG#af cgif
apwD? apwD(3)qlukd 0grqdrk x D ;D wif&efaqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
bk&m;BuD;\ wynhf &[ef;? omraP? ynm&Sif 'g,umrsm; ud, k w
f ikd u f ,kd u f s aeYn
rem;bJ t"d*ro'¨gw&m;rsdK;xm;&Sdí jyKvkyfcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
apwD(3)ql\ a*gyuvlBuD;tm;vH;k 'kvb ’ &[ef;0wfcMhJ uonf/ aZurÇmrdom;pkrS
&[ef;cHukefusp&dwf? rdom;pkrsm;tm; qef? qDESihf aiGaMu;rsm; axmufyHhay;cJhonf/
yGJawmf&ufrsm;wGif <ua&mufvmMuaom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? {nhfy&dowfrsm;tm;
518
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 519
'efaygufoufowfvw G af uR;arG;onf/ &GmvH;k uRwrf ;D cd;k wdwf xrif;a&acsmif;pD; tvSLBuD;

jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
r[mem,uA[d0k efaqmif? wdik ;f ? jynfe,f? &yfâus; oHCem,uq&mawmfrsm;?
omoema&;0efBuD;? tm;upm;0efBuD;? c½dik ?f NrdKUe,frS Xmeqdik &f m wm0ef&o dS rl sm;? &yfcH
&GmcHrsm;? usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ wynhf &[ef;? omraP? oDv&Sif? &aoh?
a,m*D tygt0if ig;oH;k vDro d m;pkrsm; wufa&mufMunfñMkd uonf/ Zlvikd v f (14)&ufaeY
eHeuf(9)em&Dtcsdew f iG f bk&m;BuD;&Gm qHawmfBudKapwD? nae(3)em&Dtcsdew f iG f armif;wD;
apwd? (15)&ufaeYwiG f usdKufwefc;kd xG#af cgifapwDukd xD;awmfwifvLS cJMh uonf/
apwDawmfrsm; xD;awmfwifvLS &mwGif vlwikd ;f EIw0f ,f o&P*Hk 3-yg;? bk&m;
*kPfawmf 9-yg;? "r®*kPfawmf 6-yg;? oHC*kPfawmf 9-yg;? Ak'¨jrwfpGm omoem
a&mif0gaev vif;ygap tpcsDaom arwåmydv Yk uFmrsm;? tmumoaumif;uif,rH S b0*f
xdatmif qlno H mG ;cJo
h nf/ aetvif;a&mifaysmufí ntarSmifa&mufvQif apwDawmf
rsm;rS a&mifjcnfrsm; uGejYf rL;awmfral v&m ukov kd af y: ukov kd q
f ifah om 'óem Ekw&å , d
ukodkvfxl;&&SdcJhMuavonf/
qHawmfBudKapwDrsm; xD;awmfwifyGJrSwfwrf;
1/ usKd ufa';uaemifapwDonf uGr;f Ncu H ek ;f NrKd Ue,f? usKd ufa';waemf&mG ü wnf&o dS nf/
2008-ckEpS ?f arv (2^3)aeY wdu k cf wfcahJ omrkewf ikd ;f aMumifh azmif;&pfxufxd NyKd usco hJ nf/
t&HapwDtm;vH;k vlwpf&yfcef&Y dS ½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm; Oau©mif;awmfjywf? omoedu taqmuf
ttHEk iS fh xef;yif opfyifrsm; NydKvJco hJ nf/ (27-6-2008)&ufaeYu pwifjyifqifco hJ nf/
(22-12-2008)&ufaeYwiG f xD;awmfwifvLS cJo h nf/
2/ usdKufa';ygv[kac:ovdk t*FvakH pwD usdKuftcH vGe;f apwD[k ac:qdMk uonf/
uGr;f NcHuek ;f NrdKUe,f t*Fv&kH mG ü wnf&o dS nf/ yifrapwDawmf t&HapwDawmfrsm; xD;awmf
ajrc qif;wkawmfrsm; Oau©mif;awmfjywf taqmufttHk opf 0g;yifrsm; NydKvJcJhonf/
(22-12-2008)&ufaeYwiG f xD;awmfwifvLS onf/
3/ qy*HapwDukd usdKufvmS y*H[ak c:qdak eMuonf/ apwDawmfrmS qy*H&mG teD;wGif
wnf&adS omaMumifh bk&m;0ef;usif0,f vlaetdrrf sm;0dik ;f &Hwnfaqmufaexdik Mf uonf/
a&S;acwf qyfoifuef1trnfjzihf a&uefw;l azmfc&hJ m vltrsm;twGuf tnpftaMu;pGe&Yf m
rdv’muefozG,f jzpfaecJhonf/ ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;rS ñTefMum;arwåm&yfcHcsuft& vlae
tdrfrsm;udk avsmfaMu;ay;í z,f&Sm;cJhNyd; 0ef;usif0,f om,mvSyaom a&ueftjzpf
1/ qifoifuef ¿
519
KTS 22-12-14
jyefvnfwl;azmfcJhonf/ csHKEG,frsm; ydef;ydwfatmif zkH;aeonfudk a&S;a[mif; yk*Hacwf

yHkpHtwdkif; aqmufvkyfjyKjyifcJhonf/ (24-6-2008)&ufaeYu pwifjyKjyifcJhonf/
4/ usdKufwefcdk;EGwfac: a';pGefygapwDonf aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f w½kyfukef;aus;&Gmü
wnf&o dS nf/ xD;awmfusd K;yJw h rd ;f apmif;NyD; apwDrsm;NydKuscJo h nf/ xD;awmf pdezf ;l awmfukd
&ufyikd ;f twGi;f wifvLS cJo h nf/
5/ usdKufwefc;kd xG#af cgifapwD[k udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS apwDbUJG awmfreS u f kd
rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/ a'ocHwt Ykd ac:rSm usdKufwefc;kd rGw[ f k ac:a0:aecJMh uonf/ (24-6-
2008)&ufaeYwGif pwifjyKjyif&mü &ifjyifawmfudk us,fjyefYatmifcsJUonf/ ay 60_40
"r®tm½Hck rH sm; topfwnfaqmufonf/ aemifawmfBuD;apwD topfwnfonf/ 0gwGi;f
0gy Oykoo f nfrsm; oDv,lw&m;xdik Mf uonf/ (15-7-2008)&ufaeYwiG f xD;awmfwif
vSL&m MuufysrH us pnfum;onf/ <ua&mufvmaom y&dowfa'ocHtm;vH;k oufowf
vGwf'Haygufxrif;jzihf {nhfcHauR;arG;onf/ xD;awmfwifvSLNyD; n(7)em&DtcsdefrSpí
a&mifjcnfawmfueG jYf rL;onfukd vltrsm; zl;ajrmfciG &fh cJMh uonf/ xl;jcm;onfrmS ydawmuf
ikww f rkd S tcgr[kwf tcdik v f u kd yf ad wmufyef;yGicfh o hJ nf/
6/ usKd ufwefc;kd xG#af pwDonf aumhrLS ;NrKd Ue,f w*laus;&GmwGif wnf&o dS nf/ oD;jcm;
uke;f rdrYk x Ykd yd 0f ,f tawmif(100)jynhaf pwDjzpfonf/ uke;f awmftxuf avSum;jyKjyifí
apwDukd a&mifawmfziG fh xD;awmftopfwifvLS cJo h nf/
7/ udsKufreG x
f akd pwD vSywDcu kd af pwD[ak c:a0:Muonf/ aumhrLS ;NrdKUe,f vSywD
oJuiG ;f &GmESifh vufcu kd yf w
d pf , G u f ek ;f &GmtMum;wGif wnf&o dS nf/ (25-6-2008)&ufaeY
wGif pwifjyifqifonf/ odrfausmif; tm½HkcHwefaqmif;rsm; jyKjyifwnfaqmufonf/
teD;&Sd 15-awmif? tawmif 20 &Sd apwDig;qludkyg jyifqifonf/
8/ udsKufaumhrLS ;ac: qkawmif;jynhaf pwDonf aumhrLS ;NrKd Ue,f? bk&m;vrf;&yfuu G üf
wnf&o dS nf/ yifrapwDawmf? t&HapwD? Z&yfapmif;wef;rsm; NydKysufc&hJ m ZGev f twGi;f rS
pí jyifqifcJhonf/ 2008-ckESpf? 'DZifbm 24-&ufaeYwGif xD;awmfwifvSLcJhonf/
9/ qHawmfBudKapwD[ak c:qdMk uonf/ wGaH w;NrKd Ue,f? pHjybk&m;BuD;aus;&Gm? aumhrLS ;
uGr;f Ncu H ek ;f um;vrf;ab; uyfvsuw f nf&o dS nf/ ryDro zuf,m;BuD;aus;&Gm zuf,m;BuD;
apwD[k trnfwiG cf o hJ nf/ apwDteD;ü tif;BuD;&Scd o hJ nf/ apwDawmfrmS xD;awmfcRw, f iG ;f
taqmufttHk NydKysufcJh&m (22-6-2008)&ufaeYwGif pwifjyKjyifonf/ vHk;awmfjynhf
a&TouFe;f uyfvLS í pwD;vdu k f pwD;a&Ta&mifx;D ? iSujf rwfem;awmf? pdezf ;l awmfwifvLS yGJ
udk (15-7-2008)&ufaeYwiG f Ncrd Nhf crd o hf J MuufysrH us pnfum;pGmusi;f ycJo h nf/ xrif;&nf
520
KTS 22-12-14
acsmif;pD; tvSLBuD;ay;cJo h nf/ a*gyuvlBuD;rsm; 'kvb ’ &[ef;cHum apwDawmfukd teD;uyf

xdef;odrf;cJhMuonf/
10/ em*pfrek w f ikd ;f Ny;D p qHawmfBudKapwDrsm;tm;vH;k jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef t"d|mefxm;aom
aMumifh wGHaw; a&TqHawmfapwDudk qHawmfBudK[k tqdkjyKcJhMu&m apwDjyKjyifEdkif&ef
Mo0g'cH,yl JG usi;f yNy;D aemuf udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS w fh ynhrf sm; a&TqaH wmfapwDoYkd
bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufcMhJ uonf/ a'ocHwt Ykd m; jyKjyifciG afh y;&ef arwåm&yfcaH omfvnf; wdNYk rKd U
wdbYk &k m; wdo Yk mjyKjyifrnf[al om pdwjf zihf vufrcHjiif;y,fcMhJ uonf/ qHawmfBudK 9-
ql&&dS m wpfqv l akd eonf/ bk&m;'g,um aZurÇmOD;cifa&Tonf omoemawmfapmihf
ewfwx Ykd H cGiyhf ef&m ntcsde0f ,f jyKjyif&rnhaf pwDukd jyygonf/ tdyrf uft& eHeufvif;
aomtcg wGaH w;odYk c&D;xGucf o hJ nf/ uHb&hJ mG vrf;qHt k eD;a&mufvQif awmifuek ;f ay:0,f
opfyifcsHKzH;k ocsØKif;uke;f jzpfaeonf[k jrifrufxm;onht f wdik ;f xdak e&mudak vhvmMu&m
tdyrf ufEiS t fh nD awGU&onf/ ordik ;f udk pHpk rf;aomtcg wzkó bvdu ’ nDaemifZmwd
aygu©&0wDNrdKUe,f ubif;&GmvnfteD; ocsØKif;uke;f tkw*f rl sm;tMum;a&mufaeonfukd
&Si;f vif;NyD; a&mifawmfziG í fh xD;awmftopfwifvLS cJMh uonf/
em*pfavrkewf ikd ;f wdu
k cf wfí NydKysufaomapwDawmfrsm;ESifh jyefvnfjyKjyif a&Tx;D
wifvLS &ufpOfrw
S w
f rf;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/
1/ armif;wD;apwD prf;&Gm wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 14-7-2008
2/ qHawmfBudKbk&m;BuD; pHjybk&m;BuD;&Gm wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 14-7-2008
3/ usKd ufwefc;kd xG#af cgifapwD NrdKUukef;aus;&Gm aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f 15-7-2008
4/ usdKufa';uaemifapwD uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUe,f 22-12-2008
5/ usdKufa';ygvapwD uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUe,f 22-12-2008
6/ qy*HapwD 22-12-2008
7/ usdKufrGefxdkapwD vufcdkufaus;&Gm aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f 23-12-2008
8/ usdKufa';ydapwDawmf NrdKUukef;&Gm 23-12-2008
9/ olBuD;ukef;apwDawmf olBuD;ukef;aus;&Gm 23-12-2008
10/ usdKufwefcdk;EGwf(c)
a';pGefygapwD w½kyfukef;aus;&Gm aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f 24-12-2008
11/ usdKufaumhrSL;apwD bk&m;vrf;&yfuGuf 24-12-2008
12/ a&TeHYomapwD aAmif;awmfcsKyfpcef; wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 24-12-2008
521
KTS 22-12-14
13/ a&Tem;yefapwDawmf ouFef;uRef;NrdKUe,f 9-1-2009

14/ usdKuúrGrfapwDawmf ordefaxmukef;ef; zsmyHkNrdKUe,f 22-3-2009
15/ tzufwpf&mapwD ZD;jzLukef;aus;&Gm wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 28-3-2009
16/ a&TjrifwifapwDawmf xr®Edkifaus;&Gm aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f 30-3-2009
17/ uRJrif;ukef;apwDawmf ewfpifukef;aus;&Gm aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f 30-3-2009
18/ twkvom&aZ,sodcF(c)
OD;jyL;bk&m; bk&m;&Gm wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 31-3-2009
19/ Mucwf0ef;&HqaH wmfBuKd apwD cyif;aus;&Gm wGHaw;NrdKUe,f 31-3-2009
apwDawmfrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; xD;awmfwifyGJjyKvkyf&mwGif EdkifiHawmfoHC
r[mem,utzGUJ rS q&mawmfBuD;rsm; usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfb&k m;BuD; qHawmf&iS f
omoemjyKy0g&Ptk y f p k oH C tzG J U taxG a xG t usd K ;awmf a qmif b'´ E Å e m*d E ´
t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z? wdkif;NrdKUe,f &yfâus; oHCem,utzGJU q&mawmfrsm;?
wdkif;rSL;? wyfrrSL;? w,u? c,u? r,u? &,u tzGJUrS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;?
usKd ufx;D aqmif; ig;oH;k vD wynhf &[ef;omraP oDv&Siaf ,m*D wynhrf sm; a'ocHrsm;
wufa&mufMunfñkd Muonf/ xD;awmf xD;wifyu JG ek u
f sp&dwf auR;arG;{nhcf pH &dwrf sm;udk
yifr'g,umrS wm0ef,lvSL'gef;cJhMuonfudk rSwfwrf;jyKpkxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;
aqmif&GufcJholwdkYtm; *kPfjyKaomtaejzihf jyKpkwifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
522
KTS 22-12-14
u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrdKUe,f? Zmojyifta&SU rEÅav;aus;&Gm?

usdKufr&SmapwD[k ac:qdkcJhMuaom a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if
usdKufrkedqkawmif;jynhfapwDawmf xD;wifyGJrSwfwrf;
Zmojyif&Gm usdKufr&SmapwD
vGefcJhaom aumZmESpf 1317-ckESpfrSpí armfvNrdKifNrdKU? Zmojyif&Gm[k Mum;zl;
cJo
h nf/ xdt k csed f vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm; wdu
k yf jJG zpfymG ;avh&adS om owif;rsm;owif;pmwGif
ygvmcJo h nf/ rkwrå armfvNrdKifww H m;wnfaqmufjcif;r&Sad o;/ oxHk bm;tH oHviG f
wHwm;rS um;pD;í armfvNrdKiftoGm;wGif Zmojyifww H m;udjk zwfoef;&onf/ &efuek f
toGm;tjyef tacgufaygif;rsm;pGmjzwf&í &Gmtrnf? wHwm;trnf rarhEdkifatmif
rSwrf ad ecJo
h nf/ Zmojyifyikd u
f sHK bk&m;udk Mum;zl;aomfvnf; Zmojyifta&SU rEÅav;&Gm
udsKufr&SmapwDtrnfudk rMum;zl;? 1373-ckESpf a&mufvmaomtcg usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmf x H bk & m;a*gyuES i h f q&mawmf r sm; a&S ; a[mif ; apwD u d k j yef v nf
wnfaqmufay;&ef vma&muftyfEMHS uonf/ xdt k cgrS yxrqH;k Mum;zl;&jcif;jzpfonf/
jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;
aEG&moDa&mufvQif usKd ufr&SmapwDjyefvnfjyKjyif&ef tusKd ;awmfaqmif OD;em*dEE´ iS fh
tvkyform;acgif;aqmif OD;jrifh&DwdkY Zmojyif&GmodkY oGm;a&mufMuonf/ xD;awmf
uGefu&pfxD;jzpfí pdefzl;rSm qefESpfjynf0ifyrmP&Sdaom aMu;vHk;MuKwftvnfcGJ
tzGihftydwfyg&SdNyD; twGif;ü Xmyem xnhf&efjyKvkyfxm;onf/ wefzdk;BuD;rm;aom
&wemypön;f ryg ajymifacsmjzpfonf/ xD;udak tmufcsum pdezf ;l aMu;MuKwfukd usdKufx;D
aqmif;od, Yk v
l mNyD? oifw
h ifah om &wempDjc,fum pdezf ;l awmfEiS ifh u
S jf rwfem;awmf topf
udk jyKvkyfxm;aponf/ rlvÓmPfESihf oifhavsmfaom t0( 9 )ay? tjrihf (116) ay?
bHq k if(h 9 )qihyf gaom xD;awmfukd toifjh yKvkyx f m;aponf/ apwDawmfuv kd nf;
NcHKawm &Sif;vif;ckwfxGifapum us,f0ef;aomajrrsm;udk nDnmatmifjyKjyifaponf/
xD;wif&ufurkd l owfrw S af y;jcif;rjyKbJ apwDtMurf;xnfNyD;pD;atmif jyKvkyaf pcJo h nf/
a&S;a[mif;apwDjzpfaeovdk jyefvnfjyKjyifou
l if;rJí
h taqmufttHrk &S?d awmNcKH
zHk;aeaom apwDa[mif;jzpfonf/ teD;0ef;usifü &moDOwk'PfaMumifh ajrobm0rSm
yHkrSefr&Sd rdk;a&pD;qif;rIrsm; aomae&mwGif usif;BuD;jzpf csdKifheufjzpf awmpdk;opfyifESihf
ql ; csH K awG a yguf a eí vl o G m ;vmrI rjyKoavmuf j zpf a ecJ h o nf / reD ; ra0;wG i f
523
KTS 22-12-14
ZmojyifjrpfwoGifoGifpD;qif;aeonf/ jrpftwGif;pD;qif;aom a&ajrmif;rsm;pGmaMumifh

acsmif;ajrmif;awGtoG,o f ,
G jf zpfaecJo
h nf/ um;vrf;rSapwD&&dS modYk oGm;& rnfv h rf;rSm
(3)rdik cf ef&Y o
dS nf &Gmwef;&SnBf uD;jzpfí &Gmvnfro
S mG ;&onht f jyif acsmif;tBuD;tao;&Sí d
wHwm;r&Sad omaMumifh apwDwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tkwf oJ ausmuf bdvyfajr
oHyifoHacsmif; o,f,l&ef tcuftcJ&Sdaeonf/ um;0ifEdkifatmif uGefu&pfvrf;
cdkifcefYaom wHwm;rsm;udkyg azmufvkyfwnfaqmufMu&m wpfESpfeD;yg; tcsdef,l
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
vHk;0eD;yg;ysufpD;aeaom a&S;a[mif;apwDjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef 'g,umrsm;
ay:aygufcJhaomfvnf; tcuftcJESihf taESmihft,Suft[efYtwm; rjrifEdkifaom
taMumif;rsm;aMumifh ESp&f mpkausmMf um apwDysut f jzpf&adS ecJo
h nf/ ,ck usKd ufx;D aqmif;
q&mawmfrS wm0ef,lwnfaqmufrnfjzpfí a'ocHrsm;uyg 0rf;omtm;& pdwftm;
xufoefpmG jzihf ulncD MhJ uonf/
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omoema&;0efBuD;XmewGif omoema&;OD;pD;XmeESihf omoemawmfxGef;um;
jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme[k OD;pD;Xme(2)ck&SdcJh&m Zmojyifta&SUrEÅav;&Gmol a':at;oef;\
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ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;csKyfwm0efxrf;aqmif aeoljzpfonf/ ZeD;jzpfoEl iS t hf wlarG;zGm;&m Zmwd&mG
a&mufwikd ;f usdKufr&SmapwDjyKjyifay;&ef aqGrsdK;rsm;u wdu k w f eG ;f avh&MdS uonf/ vltm;
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jzpfaom usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfxHa&mufwdkif; OD;cdkifatmifESihfZeD;wdkYu avQmuf
xm;Muonf/ wpfcsdefusjyifMuwmaygh[kom tajzpum;&cJhí ESpfrsm;pGmMumvmcJh&m
1373-ckESpfwGif q&mawmfrS rdrd\ taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmifwynhf OD;em*dEÉSihf
OD;jrihf&DwdkYtm; Zmojyif&Gm usdKufr&SmapwDodkY avhvma&;apvTwfcJhavonf/ apwD\
ordkif;a&SUtpOftvmtaMumif;awG avhvmNyD; vmrnhfyGihfvif;&moDwGif jyefvnf
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aqmif&GufcJholwdkY a&m*gpGJuyf? Opöm"eysuf? taESmihft,SufawGESihfBuHK&NyD; tpDtpOf
ysuaf vh&adS omaMumihf apwDa[mif;jyifzYkd wpfO;D ay:vmjyefNyçD atmifjrifrmS vm; ar;cGe;f awG
524
KTS 22-12-14
ay:vmcJhonf/ OD;cdkifatmifonf Zmojyifa'o&Sd q&mawmfoHCmawmf aus;&Gmtkyfpk

toD;oD;rS &yfrd&yfz a*gyutkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wdkYESihf awGUqHkNyD; usdKufr&SmapwDjyefvnf
jyKjyifa&;udpöt00udk avQmufxm;jcif; wifjytultnDay;&ef arwåm&yfcHcJh&m 0dkif;0ef;
ulnaD y;cJMh uonf/ Zmojyifww H m;*H;k tqif;rS usdKufr&SmapwD&ifjyiftxd uGeu f &pf
vrf;cif;jcif;? wHwm;rsm;pGmwnfaqmufjyKjyifjcif;? vrf;csJUjcif;? &ifjyifudk ajrnd§?
wrHwvif;cif;jcif;paomudprö sm;jyKvkycf MhJ u&m ,cifu vlta&muftaygufr&Sd okóef
ae&mvdk owfrw S x
f m;aomae&mü vlpv k al 0;jzihf oGm;vmum vkytf m;ukov kd ?f tm[m&
auR;arG; ukodkvf,lolawGjzihf aeYnpnfum;aecJhonf/ ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf\ ZeD;
a':at;oef;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjyefvnfjyKjyifvdkaomapwD ,ckjyKjyifaeNyDjzpfí
tcsdefjynhfukodkvf&aecJhonf/ NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;ae vltrsm;url ñTefcsKyfuawmf[k
ac:a0:Murnf/ ,ck Zmojyifa'oaeolwdkYum; trdjzpfol a':qdwfr\ orD;
a':at;oef;tm; ratjzpfo\ l trnfukd 0daoojyKum a':qdwrf orD;[kom ajymqdk
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wpfESpfwmumvtwGif;
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usdKufr&Sm apwDjyefvnfwnfxm;&ef aqmif&u G af ecsdewf iG f &efuek w f ikd ;f awmifyikd ;f c½dik ?f
'vNrdKUe,f "EkwfapwDBuD; tBudrfBudrfNydKuscJh&m (8)Budrf&SdcJhNyD; c&pfESpf 2009-ckESpfu
wnfaqmufNyD;p xD;wifyGJtNyD; &uf(20)cefYwGif xyfrHNydKuscJhonf/ jyKjyifrIr&Sd tNydK
tysuftw k yf MkH um; ql;NcHKzH;k vTr;f NyD; vlot l oGm;tvm uif;jywfaecJo h nf/ Edik if aH wmf
or®BuD; OD;odef;pdefrS usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfjyefvnfjyKjyif&ef avQmufxm;cJh
aomaMumifh 2012-ckESpf? aumZmESpf 1373-ckESpf? aESmif;wefcl;vqef; (7)&uf (29-
3-12)Mumoyaw;aeYwiG f "Ekwaf pwDjyefvnfwnfaqmufpwifvufcaH qmif&u G cf o hJ nf/
1373^74 oBuFeftNyD; (21-4-12) OD;em*dE´ OD;aqmifvsuf qHawmfomoemjyK
&[ef;&Sifvltm;vHk; "EkwfapwDwGif pwifum apwDjyefvnfwnfjcif;vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&GufMu&onf/ 1374-ckESpf? waygif;vqef; 3^4^5 &uf? c&pfESpf 2013-ckESpf?
rwfv 14^15^16 &ufaeYrsm;wGif rGefxD;? &Srf; xD;? jrefrmxD; ½dk;&mtwdkif;
xD;awmfBuD;oH;k qihEf iS fh iSujf rwfem;? pdezf ;l awmfwuYkd kd wifvLS Ny;D pD;cJMh u onf/ Zmojyifa'o
usdKufr&SmapwDjyefvnfjyKjyif&if; &yfqdkif;cJhMu&onf/
525
KTS 22-12-14
usdKuf"EkwfrSZmojyifodkY
,ckEpS f r[moBuFerf mS aumZmESpf 1374-ck 75-cktwGuf wefc;l vqef;(3)&uf
pwifNyD; ½H;k ydw&f ufrmS vqef; 2-&ufrS 11-&ufaeYtxdjzpfí &ufMumpGm tvkyyf w d f
aeonf/ usdKufr&SmapwD xD;wify&JG ufrmS vqef; 9-&ufaeYnaeydik ;f yxrbHq k ihu f kd
BudKwifwifcMhJ uonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm; oBuFe&f uftwGi;f
9-&uft"d|mefOykojf zihf vma&mufMu&m te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS pka0;xm;ovdjk zpfaeonf/
oBuFet f NyD; 2-&uftvkjd zpfí wynht f m;vH;k vdv k ykd if Zmojyifx;D wifyoJG Ykd qifEpJG ½k ;kH
a&mufvmMuonf/ ,m,DtaqmufttHrk sm;rSm tvsm;ay (40) teHay(20) tjrih(f 10)&Sd
yvyfpwpfwmvywftrd;k pwD;ydu k v f ;kH wdik jf zpfonf/ bm;tHNrdKUrS ig;oH;k vDro d m;pkrsm;
pkaygif;í vSL'gef;xm;Mu&m r@yfwpfv;kH usyf 45000d^-ukeu f sonf/ r@yftvH;k
(20)cef&Y &dS m {nhcf rH @yf? xrif;pm;½H?k tdyaf qmif? oHCmaqmif? azsmfajza&;r@yftjzpf
aqmufvyk x f m;&m pepfwusoef&Y iS ;f aeayonf/ q&mawmf wynhf &[ef;omraP
&[ef;&Siv f l (300)ausmf vduk yf gvm&m pm;a&; aea&; tppvdak vao;r&Sd pDpOfxm;ay;
cJhonf/
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wynht f &if;rsm;u wm0ef,cl MhJ uonf/ qdik ;f tzGUJ ESifh ½ky&f iS of ½kyaf qmifr;kd jynhjf ynhaf rmif
tzGUJ u {nhcf aH zsmfajza&;wm0ef,cl MhJ uonf/ ESp(f 200)ausmfru ylaZmfou l if;rJah eaom
usdKufr&SmapwDrmS wpfEpS af usmftcsdew f iG f MuufysHrus pnfum;vmcJo h nf/ qdik ;f oHAo kH H
wnHnjH zihf pnfum;jcif;udk rawGUzl; rjrifz;l ao;? ,ckjrifMu&olwYkd 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfaeMu
ovdk teD;&Sd NrdKU&GmrS vltrsm; txl;tqef;jzpfum usdKufr&SmapwDodkY zl;ajrmf&ef
a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ yifr'g,um a':qdwfrESihf orD;jzpfol a':at;oef;tygt0if
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onf[q k okd nf/ ESprf sm;pGmMumatmif apmihaf eMu&onf/ ñTecf sKyf OD;cdik af tmifro d m;pkrS
526
KTS 22-12-14
udsKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfBuD;tm; apwDjyKjyifay;a&; avQmufxm;cJh&m vGefcJhaom

aumZmESpf 1357-ckjzpfonf/ ,ckESpfaygif; (20)umvMumrS xD;wifyGJBuD;jyKvkyfEdkifí
0rf;omaomaMumifh rsuf&nfrsm;yifuscJh&avonf/
usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh tusKd ;awmfaqmif OD;em*dEw ´ rYkd S ñTeMf um;vmonf/
tBudKaeYnae yxrbHkwifxm;yg? toHrpJy|mef;ylaZmfyGJudkvnf; ,aeYnae atmifyGJ
jyKvkyfyg/ tcrf;tem;udk jyifqifxm;yg? (8)em&Dta&muf<uvmrnf? ñTefMum;cJhonfh
twdik ;f nae(5)em&Dy|mef;atmifyJG jyKvkyNf y;D yxrbHq k ifu
h kd OD;jrif&h OD ;D aqmifwifvLS Mu&m
wdk;raygufatmif pnfum;vSonf/ apwDawmfta&SUbuf ,m,Dtm½HkcHr@yfwGif
yifhoHCm(18)yg;twGuf qufwDcHkae&mcs? tcrf;tem; twGufae&mudkjyifqif?
yef;tvSawG ae&mwusxm;Muonf/ ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;cdkifatmifESihf 'kwd,
ñTeMf um;a&;rSL; OD;pHoif;vIid wf EYkd iS t
fh wl pma&;olO;D aqmifum tcrf;tem;jyifqifMuonf/
a'ocHyifo h CH mrsm;tm; oD;jcm;r@yftwGi;f oDwif;oH;k apNyD; aeYqrG ;f uyf? vSLzG,0f w¬K
vSL'gef;&ef Zmojyifta&SUausmif;ESifh rEÅav;ausmif;q&mawmfwt Ykd m; apwDa*gyuESifh
wm0ef,laqmif&GufMua&; tpDtpOfa&;qGJNyD; tqifoihfaqmif&Gufxm;cJhMuonf/
0ef;usi&f dS aus;&Gmrsm;rS bk&m;zl;vmMuonfrmS nvH;k aygufyifjzpfonf/ eHeuf(7)em&DrpS í
t0ifum;rsm;omcGijfh yKNy;D txGuu f m;rsm; wm;qD;xm;onf/ xD;wifyt JG Ny;D (12)em&DrpS í
txGuu f m;omoGm;apNyD; t0ifum;ydwv f u kd af ponf/
q&mawmfEiS t fh usKd ;awmfaqmifwYkd 2-yg; 8 em&D<ua&mufvmonf/ u&ifjynfe,f
tpdk;&tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyfOD;aZmfrif;? bm;tHNrdKUe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ESihf {nfhonfawmfrsm;
q&mawmftm; BudKqdu k efawmhMuonf/ (10)em&Dtcsed f xD;awmfbt kH qifq h ifh wifvLS jcif;
tcrf;tem;jyKvky&f m u&ifjynfe,f oHCem,utzGUJ Ouú| NrKd ifoZifausmif;q&mawmf
bm;tHNrKd Ue,f? oHCem,utzGUJ Ouú| OD;aqmifaom ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmf (16)yg;?
omoemawmfxGef;um;jyeYfyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;cdkifatmifESihf
bk&m;'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;? aus;&GmtoD;oD;rS tvSL&Sirf sm; wufa&mufMuonf/
tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme? 'kwd,
ñTeMf um;a&;rSL; OD;pHoif;vIid u f aqmif&u G Nf y;D yxrydik ;f tcrf;tem;udk earmwó (3)Budrf
&Gwfqdkí zGihfvSpfjcif;? jynfe,f Ouú|q&mawmfrS 9-yg;oDvcH,ljcif;? Oygoumrsm;u
y&dwfyef; y&dwfa& y&dwfoJ y&dwfcsnfrsm;udk q&mawmfrsm;xHqufuyfí y&dwfw&m;
em,ljcif;? y&dwfyef;ponfwdkYudk Oygoumrsm;u,laqmifNyD; apwDy&d0kPftwGif;
527
KTS 22-12-14
qGwfjzef;csnfaESmift&Htwm;jyKjcif;? tusdK;awmfaqmifq&mawmf b'ÉÅem*dE´

t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"ZrS apwDawmfwnfaqmufrIqdkif&m&Sif;vif;avQmufxm;jcif;?
pdezf ;l awmf iSujf rwfem;awmf vSLzG,0f w¬Krsm;udk uyfvLS jcif;? rEÅav;ode;f aZmfrS apwd,
*kPylZmr*Fvm{uykd'f &wkjzihf ylaZmfjcif;? tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu aus;Zl;&Sif
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfrS tEkarm'emw&m;a[mMum;a&pufcs trQay;a0jcif;?
Adou k mrsm;ud, k pf m; OD;jynf[ed ;f rS wnfaqmufNyD;pD;aom apwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; bk&m;
'g,umrsm;xHtyfESHjcif;? tcrf;tem;rSL;rS apwDawmfwnfxm;udk;uG,f&mü trSm;
t,Gi;f ESifh rjynfrh pH&k ydS gu cGiv fh w T &f efawmif;yefjcif;? 'kw,d ydik ;f wGif xD;awmf iSujf rwfem;
awmf pdezf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd yihaf qmifí apwDawmfBuD;tm; vuf,m&pfvn S vfh nf tylaZmfcu H m
r*Fvmtcsdew f iG f xD;awmfbt kH qihq f ihf iSujf rwfem;awmf pdezf ;l awmfwu Ykd kd wifvLS jcif;?
wifvSLNyD;aomapwDawmfBuD; xD;awmf? t&HxD;awmfwdkYudk tarT;eHYomyufjzef;jcif;?
atmif*gxm&Gwf? atmifoH[pfa<u;í a&Trdk; aiGrdk;&GmoGef;NzdK;jcif;? wwd,ydkif;wGif
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf OD;aqmifaom oHCmawmfrsm;u taeuZmwifjcif;?
tcrf;tem;udk Ak'o ¨ moeH pd&w H |d wk &Gwq f í kd ½kyo
f rd ;f jcif;rsm;udk tpDtpOftwdkif;
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apwDawmfbGJUtrnf
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qdEk ikd o
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tMum; wnfxm;cJhygaomfvnf; ESpf&mcsDumjyKjyifudk;uG,folr&Sdjzpfaeonfudk
owdjyKpOf;pm;MunhfvQif tarhcHapwD[kac:qdkMujcif;[k tajzxGufvmEdkifonf/
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf owfrw S af om apwDbUJG awmfrmS ]]a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if
usdKufrkedqkawmif;jynhfapwD}}}jzpfonf/ þapwDawmf xD;wifyu JG kd 1357-ckEpS ?f wefc;l
vqef;(10)&ufaeY eHeuf (9)em&Dtcdserf pS wifvLS Mu&m (10;10)rdepftcsed t f wGi;f xD;wif
jcif;? taeuZmwifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum tcrf;tem;udk ½kyfodrf;cJhMuonf/
528
KTS 22-12-14
1375-ckESpf? e,kefvjynhfaeY (24-6-2013)&uf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif

rGefjynfe,f? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? &efukef-oxHk-rkwår um;vrf;ab;
cv&(8)wyf&if;teD; aZ,smyAÁwawmifxdyf
&efatmifat;apwD ESihf &efajyat;apwD
xD;awmfwifvSLyGJrSwfwrf;
t*Fvdyfppfwyf *syefwyfxdk;ppf
bD;vif;NrdKUrS &efukefoGm; armfawmfum;vrf;ab;wGif ay (150)cefYjrifhaom
awmifuek ;f udk a'ocHwu Ykd *syefuek ;f [k ac:cJMh uonf/ vGecf ahJ omESprf sm;pGmu awmtwd
zHk;vTrf;aecJhonf/ aumZmESpf 1305-ckESpfu jrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdaom
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oxHrk S vmrnf[k ,lqxm;onft h wdik ;f wyfqw k af omtcg bD;vif;NrdKU ajrmufbuf
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*syefwyfrsm; wyfpcef;csaexdkifcsdef vlMurf;ewfMurf; rcHEdkifqdk½dk;twdkif; ,cifu
vla&mufvQif tEÅ&m,ftrsdK;rsdK; &ifqdkif&aomfvnf; *syefrsm;aexdkifcsdef vspfvsL
½Iae&[efwo l nf/ BuD;rm;aom a>rrsm; ntcg vlt0iftxGuaf wGUí aoewfjzihf
ypfcwfaomfvnf; vlt&dyt f a&mifaysmufomG ;avh&o dS nf/ awmMurf; awmifMurf;t&yf[k
xif&Sm;cJhonf/ vlta&mufenf;aomae&mü a&TaiG&wemrsm;pGmudk *syefwyfwdkY
xm;&SdcJhaomae&m[k a'ocHwdkY todrsm;cJhonf/ *syefwdkYtm; jrefrmwdkYu awmfvSef
wdu k x f wk af omtcg tqdyk gawmifuek ;f rS *syefwq Ykd w k cf mG oGm;cJo
h nf/ jrefrmawmfveS af &;
529
KTS 22-12-14
orm;rsm; wyf p cef ; cs aexd k i f c J h o nf / av,mOf i ,f q if ; &ef av,mOf u G i f ; yg

jyKvkyfxm;avonf/
aZ,smyAÁawmifapwD
*syefuek ;f onf a';cifawmifwef;\tpGe;f tzsm;jzpfí awmifajc0,f nDnmaom
ajrjyefYjzpfonf/ &efukef-oxHk-rkwåroGm;um;vrf;ab;wGif uyfvsufwnf&Sdonf/
awmifajc0,f wyf&if;wpf&if;csxm;&m cv& (8) wyf&if;jzpfonf/ us,f0ef;aom
ajr{&d,mjzpfonf/ wyf\{&d,mtwGif; a&mufaeovdkwnf&dSNyD; ab;rJhawmifukef;
yrmjzpfonf/ om;aumifrsm; 0ifa&mufvmavh&Sdonf/ jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
NrKd Utkycf sKyfa&;vlBuD;wdo Yk nf *syefuek ;f ay:ü apwDwnfxm;&ef tm; xkwcf MhJ uaomfvnf;
taumiftxnfray:bJ&o Sd nf/ jrefrmqd&k ,S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv)acwf 1335-
ckESpfwGif NrdKUe,faumifpDrS xyfrHtm;xkwfcJhjyefonf/ OD;aqmifwm0ef,lol r&Sdjzpfaeí
rGefjynfe,f jynfolYaumifpDrS vlrIa&;wm0efcH OD;xGef;cdkif (rk'Hk)onf usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmftm; wm0ef,al qmif&u G af y;&ef avQmufxm;vmonf/ bD;vif;NrKd Ue,faumifp?D
rGejf ynfe,faumifp?D &yfrd &yfz? ax&fBuD;0gBuD;wdYk oabmwlMunfjzLpGm 1350-jynfEh pS w f iG f
tyfESHvmaomaMumifh q&mawmfrS *syefukef;trnftpm; aZ,smyAÁawmif[k urÁn;f
xdk;apNyD; apwDt&mrQom usef&Sdaom ae&m0,f apwD(2)qlwnfxm;NyD; teD;tyg;
,m,Dausmif;udk aqmufvkyfaponf/ 1353-ckESpf? e,kefvqef;ydkif;wGif xD;awmf
wifyGJjyKvkyfNyD; toHrpJy|mef;ylaZmfyGJudk usif;yawmfrlonf/ aemifawmfBuD;apwDudk
&efajyat;apwD? nDawmfapwDudk &efatmifat;apwD [k bk&m;ESpq f l bGUJ awmf
a&;xd;k apcJo h nf/ ,ckEpS f wwd,tBudraf jrmuf xD;awmfwifvLS &m0,f oHx;D aMu;xD;
tpm; pwD;vdu k f pwD;a&Ta&mif pwD;xD;awmfukd wifvLS NyD; awmifwufvo l mG ;vrf;udk
oHwikd o f yG rf ;kd apmif;wef; wnfaqmufcahJ vonf/
1375-ckESpf? e,kefvqef; 13-&ufaeYrS vjynhfaeYtxd (3)&ufMum y|mef;
ylaZmfusif;ycJh&m y|mef;atmifyGJaeYwGif wwd,tBudrf xD;awmfwifvSLyGJ? apmif;wef;
ewfvrf;zGiyhf ?JG 'kvb ’ &[ef;cHyJG usif;ycJoh nf/ ay(25)tvsm; (40)ay? teH (2)xyfwu kd f
ausmif;ay(30)ywfvnf? odrfwdkuf ay(40) ay(20)tm½Hk "r®m½Hkav;rsufESm tm½HkcH
0wfausmif; OykoZf &yf? awmifwufawmifqif; uGeu f &pfvrf;? vQyfppfr;D a& jynfph pkH mG
pcef;BuD;wpfcktjzpf xnf0gcefYnm;vsuf&Sdonf/ yifr'g,umrSm bD;vif;NrdKU?
atmifjynhfpHkpm;aomufqdkiyf ikd &f iS f OD;vGe;f armif a':jrpderf o
d m;pkjzpfonf/ OD;vGe;f armifrmS
530
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 531
'kw, d Akvd rf LS ;BuD;tqihw f iG f apwDawmfEiS fh awmifawmfpnfyifapa&;tqifq h ihw f ufum

,cktqifhtxd vSL'gef;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1374-ck? c&pfESpf? 2012-ckESpfwGif
pm&if;ppfcsKyfwm0ef Adv k cf sKyfveG ;f armif tqihjf rihf tNird ;f pm;,lcNhJ y;D tcsed jf ynhf Ak'a¨ 0,sm0pö
ig;oH;k vDtusifh "r®om0e "r® omupöm t*For tEk*grdu ukov kd u f dk aqmif&u G cf iG fh
&cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHawmfu ay;tyfaomwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhol
jzpfaomaMumihf owif;pum; ysHUESHYaeoljzpfonf/ Oyrm- pm&if;ppfcsKyfwm0ef,lcsdefu
Xmeqdik &f mbwf*suu f kd tcsKd U0efBuD;Xmeü pm&if;wifjyEkid jf cif;r&So d nfudk trsm;od&adS tmif
azmfxw k cf &hJ m b@maiGoed ;f aygif; axmifcsD&aSd eaomaMumihf jynfot l rsm; od&MdS uonf/
,cktcg EdkifiHhwm0eftoD;oD;rS vHk;0tem;,lum rdom;pkykdif atmifjynhfpHk
pm;aomufqkdifudk tcsdejf ynhf wm0efcu H m rdom;pkb0 &Sio f efa&;? Ak'o ¨ moemawmfukd
uk;d uG,af omrdom;pk t0ef;t0kid ;f jzihf usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf jyKaeaom apwDav;&yf
omoemjrwfudk vSL'gef;vsuf &efatmifat; &efatmifajyapwDEiS fh reD;ra0;um;vrf;r\
ab;wGif twnfwusaexkdifNyD; tm;vyfcsdef0,f aZ,syAÁwawmifxdyf omoemh
t&dy0f ,f pdwaf &muk, d yf g at;csr;f pGm ukov kd tf vkyu f dk tm;xkwaf ecJah vonf/ vlb Y 0ukd
tusdK;&Sdatmif toHk;csEkdifcJhNyDjzpfonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ tqdktqHk;trjzpfaom ig;oHk;vDpnf;urf;ukd
rdom;pktm;vHk; twdtusvkdufemaexkdifMuolrsm;jzpfí ypöKyÜef oHo&mESpfjzmtusdK;
aumif;usdK;rsm;pGm jynhfpHka0jzmjcif;jzpfcGihf um,pdwåESpfjzm okcjynhf0cJhonf[k
0rf;ompum;jzihf rdefYMum;avh&Sdonf/ tm;uszG,f rdom;pkb0jzpfavonf/
usdKufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&SifapwD
r[mor,tcgawmfaeY
pwifjzpfay:vmcJhyHk
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf aumZmESpf 1333-ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynhaf eYwiG f
&[ef ; tjzpf o d k Y a&muf & S d c J h o nf / 1339-ck ES p f O D ; wG i f &moD O wk y l j yif ; vmNyD ;
rdk;OD;ustcsdefjzpfaomfvnf; rdk;r&Gm? pdkufysdK;csdefa&mufaeayr,hf pdkufysdK;vdkYr&? tyl'Pf
vGeu f v
J suf&o dS nf/ a&wGi;f a&uefrsm; a&cef;vmonf/ wyfawmfO;D teD; (xdt k csdeuf )
avSqyd Ef iS fh reD;ra0; rif;usefppf t&dE´rmvSjH zihf opömjyK wl;cJah om *0Hausmufa&wGi;f
rSmom a&&SdcJhonf/ Zkwfokwf&Gmukef aomuf,lcyfayr,fh a&avsmhoGm;jcif;r&Sd? a&ief
twuftusae&mrSm wnf&adS omfvnf; a&csKd tjynhjf zpfaeonfrmS xl;jcm;rIjzpfaecJo h nf/
531
KTS 22-12-14
tyl'D*&Djrihfrm;vmovkd a&m*gjzpfyGm;? tpma&pm&Sm;yg;vmonfukd &ifqkdif

&awmhrnfjzpfí usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf owå0grsm; csrf;oma&; ulnDEkdifrnhf
tpDtpOfudk &SmazGaecJo h nf/ ynm&Sd &[ef;ax&fBuD; 0gBuD;rsm;xH avQmufxm;ar;jref;&m
bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfu rkd;acgifaom tcsdef a&m[PDjrpfa& cGJa0oHk;pGJa&; ta0
rwnfMh ubJ uydv0wfjynfEiS fh aumvd,jynfom;wkYd ppfwu dk cf u
dk &f ef jyifqifaecsdef
bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufí ppfwyf(2)cktMum; aumif;uifü oDwif;oHk;um tarSmifBuD;
usa&mufap&ef eDva&mifjcnfawmfudk vTwaf wmfro l nf/ ESpjf ynfaxmifrif;wdYk xdwv f efY
MupOf a&mifjcnfawmfajcmufyg; vTwaf wmfrv l Qif bk&m;ukd ½kad opGmzl;jrifví dk vufeuf
csum xkdifaeMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf ESpfjynfaxmifrif;wkdY &efNidrf;ap&ef BudKUyifapmihf
ewfESihf 0uf0HwdkY &efNi§dK;BuD;um wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; taumufBuHNyD; vufpm;acsí BudKUyif
ckwvf cJS &H ? 0uf0aH o&yHk zEéZmwfudk a[mMum;jcif;? OoQpyf ifatmuf xef;vuf&yd u f cdk Nkd y;D
tdyfaeaom ,kef? OoQpfoD; xef;vufay:us&m vefYNyD; ajrysdKonf[k xifum
tvefw Y Mum;jzpfcyhJ ?kH 'kK¹kbZmwfç bDv;kH iSuEf iS hf qifajymifBuD; &efNidK§ ;xm;um ysufp;D cJyh ?kH
v#KuduZmwf ynm&Sdpum;ukd em,lcJhí csrf;omMu&yHk? ½ku©"r®Zmwf? pnf;½Hk;rIaMumihf
toufab;rS vGwcf &hJ yHk AuZmwfEiS fh twå'@okwu f dk a[mawmfrcl &hJ m ESpjf ynfaxmif
rif;om; wpfzuf(250)pD &[ef;jyKMuavonf/ xkdrif;om;&[ef;rsm; omoemawmf
aysmfarGUap&ef ukPmvZmwfukd a[mawmfrlonf/ &[ef; (500)wdkY aomwmyef
wnfMuavonf/ r[m0keaf wmtwGi;f bk&m;&Siw f pfyg;wnf; wnf&adS ecsdef &[EÅm
(500)wdkYonf rdrdwdkY &[EÅmjzpfí omoemawmfrSm tNrJaysmfarGUNyD[k avQmufxm;&ef
wpfyg;csif; oD;jcm;vm&m a&SUaemufrSmyif bk&m;xHa&mufvmcJhMuonf/ e,kefvjynhf
naecsrf;tcsdef pka0;rdonf/ pMu0VmwkdufwpfckvHk; ewfjA[®mESihf jynhfvQHonf/
a&mufvmMuonf/ bk&m;&Sio f nf ewfjA[®mwd\ Yk p½duk u f dk cGjJ cm;NyD;-
(1) &m*p½du k &f o
dS w l t
Ydk wGuf or®my&dAmÁ ZeD,okw?f
(2) a'gop½du k t f wGuf uv[0d0g'okw?f
(3) arm[p½du k t f wGuf r[mAsL[okw?f
(4) 0dwufp½dkuftwGuf plVAsL[mokwf?
(5) o'¨gp½dkuftwGuf wl0¥uokw?f
(6) ynmp½dkuftwGuf yk&mab'okwfukd a[mMum;awmfrl&m ewfjA[®m
uka#wpfoed ;f &[EÅmjzpfomG ;Ny;D aomwmyefponfrmS ra&wGuEf idk af tmif rsm;cJah vonf/
532
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 533
'DCedum,f r[m0*¾ygVdü yg&Sad om r[mor,okwrf mS &[ef;&Siv f w l o

Ykd ad om r[mor,
okwf jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg ygVdawmfvm okwfESihf bk&m;&Sif wpfcsdefwnf;a[mMum;cJhaom
r[mor,okwrf mS (7)okw[ f k ynm&Siw
f oYkd ;kH EIe;f um &Gwyf al ZmfcMhJ uonf/ okwt f m;vH;k
&Gwyf al Zmf&efrmS tcsdeMf umaomaMumihf r[m0*¾ygVdawmfvm r[mor,okwu f o
dk m
tvG,w f ul &Gwzf wfavh&MdS uonf/ q&mawmfonf 'DCbmPu *E¦0gpu y@dw
"r®mp&d, OD;aombPtm; oihaf vsmaf om tpDtpOfwpfcjk yKvkyzf Ykd wku d wf eG ;f vQif azmfjyyg
r[mor,okwo f rkid ;f ukd &Si;f jyavonf/
r[mor,okwfESihf r[mor,aeY
q&mawmfonf vufawGU&ifqidk af e&aom rd;k acgifa&&Sm;ab;rS uif;a0;ap&efrmS
wpfO;D wpfa,muftpGr;f jzihf r&Ekid ?f tpGr;f rsKd ;pH&k atmif ewfwcYkd spaf om r[mor,okwu f dk
e,kefvjynhfaeYü &Gwfzwfrnf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifvufxufu r[m0kefw&m;yGJü
w&m;emzl;aom ewfjA[®mwkYd <ua&mufvmrnf/ a'oae vltrsm;tm; xked wfjA[®mwdu Yk
arwå m *½k P mxm;um rd k ; &G m aprnf [ k ,H k M unf o nh f t wk d i f ; r[mor,aeY u k d
e,kefvjynhfaeYrSm &GwfzwfylaZmfavonf/ 1339-ckESpfwGif rdk;OD;uscsdef rdk;&GmoGef;rI
r&Sdí tyl'PfcH&NyDD; a&m*gxlajym tpma&pm&Sm;yg;rIESihf &ifqkdifaerI yaysmufap&ef
e,kefvqef; (14)&uf? vjynhfOykoftBudK naeykdif;wGif tm½HkcHtwGif;ü yef; a&csrf;
qDrD; tarT;wkdif opfoD;rsdK;pHk uyfvSL? "r®yv’ifü 9-yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfNyD;
nvnftcsed t f xd w&m;a[m y&dwaf wmfrsm;ukd &Gwzf wfyal Zmf&onf/ eHeuft½kPw f uf
tcsdef qif;wkawmfukd rsufESmopfawmfa& 'efyluyf? rsufESmokwf y0grsdK;pHk uyfvSL/
yef; a&csrf; qGrf;awmfrsm;ukd uyfvSLMuonf/ oDv&Sifa,m*Drsm;u o&P*Hk (30)ukd
ylaZmf&onf/ bk&m;yifh taeuZmwif y&dwaf wmfrsm; &Gwzf wfyal Zmfonf/ 7-em&Dtcsed f
r[mor, okwu f dk rjywfyal ZmfMuonf/ e,kev f jynhaf &mufwikd ;f r[mor,okwu f dk
&GwfzwfylaZmfMu&m ,ck 1375-ckESpf? e,kefvjynhfaeYtxd ESpfumvMumcJhayNyD/;
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ Ak'¨ "r® oHCtay: ,HMk unfpw d uf m; o'¨gw&m;(4)rsdK;wGif
olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;\ tm*ro'¨ gtqihf &Sdavonf/ rkd;BuD;&GmcscJhNyD; oD;ESHrsm;
pdu
k yf sdK;atmifjrif tpma&pm aygrsm;vmcJo h nf/ r[mor, tcgawmfaeY usif;ycJo h nf
rSm 37-Budrf&SdcJhavNyD/ r[mor,aeY jzpfay:vmyHk rSwfwrf;jzpfonf/
533
KTS 22-12-14
vGrf;arQmfa&mifapwD
ukodem½Hkawmifxdyfü &SifaomP&SifOwå&t&SifjrwfESpfyg;oDwif;oHk;aom
ausmif;ae&m&SdaMumif;a'ocHoufBuD;0gBuD;ax&fBuD;rsm;xHrSwqifh pum;Mum;zl;ol
tenf;i,f&SdchJonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonfausmif;ae&m0,f yg&rDajrmuf
aeu©r®yg&rDjznfhusifhaepOf&aohb0jzifht"d|meftusifhaqmifcJh&m wdusaom tajz
&&Scd ohJ nf/aemifaomtcgyg&rDy|mef;quf&o dS wl EYkd iS ahf usmif;awmfae&m0,f xnf0g cefjY im;
aomtxdr;f trSwaf qmufvyk rf nf[q k yk w¬emjyKcJo h nf/ 1331 ckEpS f cefu Y ukoed m½Hk
awmifwpf0u kd üf vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuikd Bf uD;pd;k vQu&f o dS nf/ 1333 ckEpS w f iG f &[ef;jzpfNy;D aemuf
qHawmfapwDrsm;udkjyefvnfjyKjyifcJh&mukodem½HkqHawmf apwDyg0ifcJhonf/
1350ckEpS u f pí ukoed m½Hq k aH wmfapwDujkd yKjyifcNhJ yD; Edik if aH wmfoC H r[mem,u
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;usdKufxD;aqmif;? usdKufxD;½dk;? auvmo? usdKufa';,sHK? ukodem½Hk
paomqHawmfapwDrsm;bk&m;zl;<ua&mufvmcJo h nf/ ukoed m½Hak wmifoYkd a&mufMuvQif
t&SifjrwfESpfyg;oDwif;oHk;&m|me&SdaMumif;odMu&onf/ jrefrmedkifiH\ omoemh
aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;jzpfMuí &[EÅmausmif;awmf&mudk oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf/ nOD;ydkif;u
awm0ufrsm; ntdyx f m;aom0wfusif;udak wGU&onf/ xdpk Ofu ppfe,fajr wm0efcH
'kw, d Advk cf sKyfBuD;armifv?S wdik ;f rSL;? wyfrrSL; ppfzufe,fzufrw S m0ef&o dS rl sm; vHNk cHKa&;
twGuf pDpOfay;cJhMu&m bk&m;zl;c&D;rSmacsmarGUcJhonf/
Edik if aH wmfoC H r[me,utzGUJ cGrJ 'S w k , d Ouú|pvif;q&mawmfb'Éu Å wd ?d¬ wGzJ uf
tusdK;awmfaqmifrdw¬dvmq&mawmfb'ÉÅpE´drm? 'kwd,Ouú| &efukefatmifajrbHkpH
q&mawmf b'ÉyÅ ndEm´ bd0o H wdt
Yk m; usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrS bk&m;zl;<ua&mufyg&ef
yifah vQmufco hJ nf/ qHawmfapwDtm;vH;k eD;yg;bk&m;zl;<u&majcvQifc&D;jzpfonf/usdKufx;D
aqmif; um;vrf;yif azgufvyk jf cif;rjyK&ao;yJ&o dS nf/ q&mawmf\wynfh &aohrsm;u
xrf;pifjzifh q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udkyifhaqmifcJhMuonf/
ukodem½HkawmifrSm ygVdtrnfoD&dyAÁwawmifjzpfonf/ ok0ÖPblrda'o
omoemjyKacgif;aqmift&SifjrwfESpfyg;(17)ESpfwmMum omoemESpf(235)ckESpf(252)ESpf
wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah eYtxd oDwif;oH;k vsuf omoemjyKMuNyD;vjynfah eY t½kPw f uf
aexGucf sdef &SiS af omPrax&f?ae0ifcsdet f &SiOf wå&rax&fwyYkd &deAd mÁ efjyKawmfrMl uonf/
bk&m;&Siyf &deAd mÁ efjyKcsdeu f rif;ESiwhf uGjynfow l Ykd tavmif;awmfurkd ;D oN*dK[fenf;twdik ;f
jyKvkyfMuonf/ ajrvIyfjcif;awmtwGif;&Sd opfyifrsm; tcgrJhoD;yGifhjcif; vla&m ewfyg
534
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 535
ylaqG;aomu idkjrnfMuyHkwlnDjcif;aMumifh ok0ÖPblrdwdkif;\ bk&m;i,ftvm;

udk;uG,ftm;xm;aeMuaom t&SifjrwfwdkYjzpfí y&dedAÁmefjyK&m awmiftrnfudk
ukodem½Hkawmif[k trnfwGifvmcJhonf? rvd’umrdzk&m;BuD;\ 0wf½Hkjzifh zHk;vTrf;cJhNyD;
tavmif;awmfuv kd rT ;f NcKH ylaZmfcahJ omae&mudk rv’u
d mapwDtrnfjzifh wnfxm;cJMh uonf/
omoemjyKt&Sijf rwfBuD;wdu Yk kd atmufarhowd&íq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ylaZmfomG ;cJMh uonf/
1369-ckESpfuqkefvqef;(8)&uf wevmFaeY(3)em&Dtcsdef q&mawmfac:í
ausmif;0if;twGif;0ifa&mufuefawmhonf/ ukodem½Hkawmifxdyf &[EÅmausmif;awmf
ae&mwGif ausmif;taqmuftOD; aqmufvkyfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ &Sifr[muóyrSpí
pwkw¬oH*g,emtxd xif&Sm;aom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;wdkY ½kyfwkxm;vdkonf
xm;&rnfhrax&fbGJUacwfumv rif;trnfrsm;jyKpkay;yg/ jzpfEdkifvQif r[mem,u
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;cGifhjyKcsuf&vdkonf/ aqmmif½Gufyg[k rdefYMum;onf/ q&mawmf
Mo0g'twdkif; a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrd Ak'ömoemawmfordkif;tusOf; usrf;pmudk
jyKpkNyD;jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? omoema&;0efBuD;Xme? EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u
tzGUJ cGijhf yKcsufu&kfd ,lcNhJ yD; ½kyw
f rk sm;udx
k v
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f m ordik ;f usrf;udv
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k Ef ydS af pcJo
h nf/
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rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;awmifrS *rke;f awmifwef;udjk zwfvsuf Zif;usKd ufawmiftxd um;vrf;udk
tacsmowf azgufvkyfNyD;pD;cJhí vkyfom;xuf0ufjzifh ukodem½HkqHawmfrS txuf
&[EÅmausmif;awmftxd uGefu&pfum;vrf;pwifcif;cJhonf/ bdvyfajrtdyf (500)cefY
ukeuf saom vrf;jzpfí t"d|mef(5)&ufEiS t hf NyD;azgufvyk af eMuonf/ qHawmfomoemjyK
vkyfom;tzGJUOD;aqmif uRrf;usifolOD;jrifh&Donf vkyfom;rsm;? awmifajc&Sdaus;&Gm
toD ; oD ; rS v k y f t m;ay;wd k Y u d k tm;wuf z G , f t rS m pum;ajymMum;vmonf / rMumrD
&[EÅmausmif;awmfajrmufbuf vlwac:Mum; t&yfawmifxdyfodkY wufa&mufoGm;
cJo
h nf/ opfBuD;0g;BuD;aygufa&mufaeNy;D awm0ufEiS *hf siD ,fuav;rsm; xGuv f mavh&adS om
awmifaMumjzpfíavhvma&;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ opfBuD;0g;BuD;rsm;aygufa&mufaeaomfvnf;
tjrifqh ;kH awmifxyd jf zpfonftfh jyif av;bufav;wef&dS jrifuiG ;f tm;vH;k udMk unf½h eI ikd o f nf/
ta&SUt&yfüZGJuyif? aumh*Gef;*l? Zif;usdKuf/ awmifbufwGifZkuúvd? ajrmufbufwGif
"EkawmifusdKufx;D ½d;k apwDwu Ykd kd yDyjD yifjyifz;l jrifeikd o
f nf/ rdrad wGUjrif&aom tajctae
t&yf&yfuq kd &mawmfxaH vQmufxm;rnf[k qH;k jzwfxm;cJo h nf/
535
KTS 22-12-14
uqkev f ukecf geD;&ufüOD;jrif&h rD q

S &mawmf&[EÅmawmifxyd [ f mxl;jcm;rI&ydS gw,f?
apwDwpfqw l nfvQiaf umif;r,fxifygw,f[k rdrad wGjY rifcyhJ jkH rifuiG ;f udak vQmufxm;onf/
pOf;pm;Muwmaygh[k tajzay;vdkufonf/ aemufaeYwGif &efukefrS OD;aZmf0if;
a':aroif;EG,fwdkY a&mufvmNyD; wynfhawmftm; apmifha&Smufaeaom yk*¾dKvfawGu
0dZÆmapwDwnfxm;Mu[k tdyfrufvmay;vdkYyg apwDwnfay;ygbk&m;[k awmif;yefMu
onf/ OD;jrifh&D\ avQmufxm;pum;ESifh qufpyfNyD; at;? aumif;wJhtvkyfayyJ[k
rdefYMum;cJhonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif; taxGaxGtusdK;awmfaqmifcsKyftm; ac:,lñd§EIdif;NyD;
ukoed m½H&k [EÅmawmifxyd o f v
Ykd t
l iftm;tjynft h pHjk zifo
h mG ;a&muf Munf½h &I iS ;f vif;Mu&m
a&S;a[mif;apwDiw k wf kd ausmufw;kH txyfxyf pkyx kH m;ovdk awGU&aom ausmufv;kH BuD;?
ausmufpGef? ausmufjzmausmuf*lrsm;ay:vmonf/ awmifxdyfjyifrSm nDnmaeNyD;
t&yfav;rsuEf mS &Sd teD;ta0;jrifuiG ;f tm;vH;k &Si;f vif;pGmMunfvQif om,mMunfE;l zG,&f m
awmiftjzpfodvm&onf/ a&S;tac: oD&dyAÁwawmiftrnfrSm þawmifxdyfudk
ñTef;qdk[ef&Sdonf/
awmifxyd \ f ta&S;awmifxyd t f &yfüopfyifwpfyifaocsmpGmMunfyh gu yifxyd rf mS
tcuft&Gufodyfonf;vsuf ausmufndKwHk;vdkxif&NyD; ta&SUpGef;ü aumif;uif
xdk;wufaeaom yifpnfrSmapwDyHkvkdjrif&onf/yHk&dyfazmfvQif usdKufxD;½dk;apwDESifh
yHo
k ²Pmefwv l su&f o dS nf/ ½ku|© a'0gu'Dyt kH wdik ;f apwDwnfyg[k jyovdjk zpfaeonf/
tvsm;teH(27)ayÓmPfawmf (27)ay xD;awmft0(24)ayapwDawmfuw kd nfxm;aponf/
txufypö,üH (4)rsufEmS (4)rkcf qif;wkav;ql? atmufypö,üH we*FaEGaxmifah q;0dZmÆ ?
t*FgaxmifhrEÅmef0dZÆm? paeaxmifh jy'g;0dZÆm? oH0dZÆm? &m[kaxmifhtif;0dZÆm½kyfwk?
t&HapwDav;qljzifh wnfxm;onf/ apwDawmfbGJUudkvnf; vGrf;arQmfa&mifapwD[k
urÁn;f wyfco hJ nf/ taemufajrmufaxmif0h ,f vlwpf&yf ausmaf usmf ausmufaxmifpeG ;f ü
usdKufxD;½dk;yHkawmfapwDudk wnfxm;NyD; ausmufjzmukef;ukef;ay:ü apwDwpfql
wnf & ef c sd e f q aecsd e f a usmuf w H k ; tajcwG i f acG ; wpf a umif r S m tcsd e f M umjrif h p G m
usdKufxD;½dk;apwDudkarmhMunfhvsuf&Sdonf/ usdKufxD;½dk;apwDonf rkqdk;qufwdkY
uRwfwrf;0ifjcif;jzpfonf/ rkqdk;awmifrkqdk;apwDurÁnf;wyfapcJhonf/apwDteD;rS
rkq;kd av;`r§m;tpHEk iS ahf pwDz;l ajrmfaeyHEk iS thf eD;0,f awmvdu k af cG;? apwDz;l ae[efy½kH yk w
f Ek iS hf
u&ifrsdK;EG,f0wfpHkarmifESHESpfazmfrdom;pkyHkudkyg xkvkyfxm;aponf/
536
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 537
usKd ufx;D ½d;k rkq;kd apwDEpS q

f El iS hf ab;jcif;,SOv f suf ta&Sb Y uf0,f *lyo kH ²Pef
ausmufwHk;rsm;&Sd&m? usD;uef;yg;pyfESifh ausmuf*ltjzpfyHkazmfNyD; ausmufwHk;rsm;ay:wGif
udk;awmifjynfhapwDwpfqlwnfxm;onf/ axmifhav;axmifh0,f we*FaEGaxmifhü
ouFe;f ½Hrk wf&yfapwD &Scd ;kd aeaom&[ef;yH?k t*Fgaxmifo h Md um;rif;yH?k paeaxmifv h rl if;yHEk iS hf
psmevmbDwyoD&iS f &aohyrkH sm;xkvyk x f m;Ny;D apwDbUJG awmfukd arQmaf wmfO;D rif;av;yg;apwD
urÁnf;wifavonf/ (15)ayywfvnftkwfwdkuf,m,Drdk;vHkavvHkawmifxef; rdk;wJ
&[EÅmausmif;a&SrY aS wmifxyd t f xduu kd (f 300)uGmum;ywfvrf; ESpx f yfukd azmufvyk cf hJ
onf/ xlxyfaomopfyifawmcsKH opfiw k w f kd ausmufw;kH rsm;udk (7)&uf twGi;f tjrpfiw k f
rusef &Si;f vif;Mu&m q&mawmfwynfrh sm;tjyif awmifajc&GmrS vkyt f m;ay; tvSnu hf s
yg0if c J h M uonf / awmcsH K &S i f ; vk y f t m;ay;auR;arG ; p&d w f u d k OD ; jrif h & D r d o m;pk r S
ukefuscHvSL'gef;cJhovdk tvSL&Sifrsm;pm;aomufa&;aiGaMu; yg0ifvSL'gef;cJhMuonf/
awm&Si;f &ufraS pwDwnfxm;NyD;pD;onftxd(45)&ufrQ MumcJo h nf/ apwDav;qltm½Hck H
wduk ,
f m,Dausmif;? um;vrf;ESpx f yftwuftqif;tygt0ifjynhpf akH om apwDtjzpf
zl;awGY&vQif(45)&uftwGif;tNyD;wnfaqmufcJhonfudk vQifjrefpGmNyD;pD;aomaMumifh
a'ocHrsm;tHMo0rf;omcsD;rGrf;pum;ajymrqHk;&SdaeMuonff/ rdk;onf;xefpGm½GmoGef;csdef
vkyfief;tm;vHk;NyD;qHk;cJhMuonf/
yxr0gqdv k qef; (14) &uf(25-6-2010) aomMumaeYeeH uf (6) em&Dtcsdew f iG f
usdKufx;D aqmif;apwDr[m&mrftwGi;f apwDawmfajc&if;rS[oFmazmifawmfjzifh xD; pdezf ;l
iSufjrwfem;awmf Xmyemawmfrsm;udkyifhaqmifum Zkwfokwf½Gmv,fvrf;twdkif;
tylaZmfcv H suf bD;vif;um;vrf;rSyifah qmifMu&m ukoed m½Hak wmifxyd o f (Ykd 11)em&Dtcsdef
ta&mufyifah qmifNyD; ,m,DtaqmufttHük ylaZmfxm;&So d nf/ uke;f awmf&m[kaxmif&h dS
wdu
k af usmif;ü 24 em&DtoHrpJr[my|mef;ylaZmfonf/ xD;awmfyifah qmifvmaomtzGUJ tm;
aeYvnfpmjzifh {nfch aH uR;arG;onf/ nae(3) em&DraS emufaeYt½kPw f wfcsdet f xd rd;k ½Gm
vsuf&Sdonf/
yxr0gqdv k jynfah eYeeH uf (9) em&Dtcsdef a'ocHu&ifbek ;f awmfBuD; (27) ESpyf g;
wdkYtm; yifhaqmifNyD;xD;awmfwifvSLyJGusif;y&m rdk;onf;xefpGm½GmoGef;jcif;r&Sd rdk;ESif;zGJzGJ
tMum;rSm txufXmyemawmfoiG ;f xD;awmfvuf,m&pfvn S v
hf nfyal Zmfí apwDav;ql
wNydKifwnf; wpfcsdefwnf;wifvSLMuonf/rdk;zGJzGJusaecsdefrSm taeuZmwifMu&m
aea&mif x G u f a y:vmNyD ; tyl a iG U &Muonf / tcrf ; tem;½k y f o d r f ; NyD ; vQif y if h o H C m
537
KTS 22-12-14
(27)yg;tm;ouFef;'dGpHk xD; zdeyf jcif; qD 1-ydómcJG qm;wpfydóm 0w¬KaiG

wpf a omif ; vS L í ausmif ; ta&muf um;jzif h t oG m ;tjyef y if h a qmif M uonf /
vkyftm;ay;(191)OD;wdkYtm; ½dk;&mu&if0wfpHkwpfpHkpD qDwpfydómcGJ qm;wpfydóm
ay;urf;onf/
oD&dyAÁwawmifxdyf opfawmcsKHEG,fydwfzHk;í vlolta&muftayguf r&Sd
oavmufyif yifjcif;qufE, G jf cif;? vlomG ;vrf;r&Sd taqmufttHu k if;rJvh suf&o dS nf/
]]vlurod? "gwfuod "gwfurod ewfuod}} qdk½dk;pum;twdkif; "gwfulewfulí
apwDwnf&rnfhae&mudk awGUcJhNyD; apwDudkyg wnfxm;EdkifcJhMuonf/awmifxdyf&Sd
apwD a v;ql t aqmuf t tH k E S i f h um;vrf ; twwf t qif ; ES p f x yf j rif u G i f ; rS m
&[EÅmausmif;wdkuftwGif;rS ½IarQmfvQif pdwfb0ifcsrf;ajrYvSonf/ t&SifjrwfBuD;
þae&m0,f wpfq,fhESpfESpfMumoDwif;oHk;cJhMuonf/ awmifxGwf awmifxdyfay:
oDwif;oHk;aexdkifrIjyKcJh[efrwl? ajratmufESpfawmifausmfwGif *0Htkwf azgif;&pf
wpfawmifxGmcefY *0HiSufaysmzl;ajcmufvu®ywfvnfxkvufESpfvHk; vufacsmif;
oH;k acsmif;jzifo
h auFwjyKxm;aom *i,f yHu k sK;d yJah eaom*0Hazmif;&pftwk rf sm;udak e&mtESUH
jyefYBuJvsuf&Sdonf/ ajrwl;pufjzifhjyifñSdíawGUMu&onf/ *0Htkwfrsm;udk qufpyf
yHkazmfMunfh&m vHk;ywfvlwpfzufcefYtjrifhomrefvlwpf&yfcefY zdeyfcHk ESpfawmif
ywfvnfxdyf0,f *0HtkwfMumzl;yHkudkawGUMu&onf/ rlvae&mwGifawGU&SdcJhaom
*0HtkwfwdkYjzifhyHkazmfxm;cJhonf/
awmifxw G af wmifxyd 0f ,f &Siaf omP&SiOf wå&wdo Yk wD if;roH;k bJ awmifxw G af jcvl
wpfac:cefaY wmifcg;yef;jyifnt D &yfüoDwif;oH;k cJMh uonf/ ESpaf ygif; (17)ESpMf umíþa'o
üaeMu&jcif;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;vQifya[Vdqefvsuf&o dS nf/ *0HapwDyt kH wGi;f tacgif;
jzpfíMuKwfyo kH ²PmefjyKvkyx f m;aomfvnf;apwDtwGi;f üwpfpw kH pf&mrawGU&onf/ xl;qef;
aejyefonf/ "gwfawmf t½d;k td;k t½d;k jymXmyemcJ[ h efrwl? vuf&mrSmomoemESpf (300)
tESpo f ;kH &m0ef;usif&o dS nf/ tu©&mta&;tom;ray:ao;íoauFwjzifv h ufacsmif;oH;k ck
qG&J myg*0Hajrtkwu f okd mawGUMu&onf/ &Siaf omPonfomoemESpf 52-ck wefaqmifrek ;f
vjynfah eYt½kPw f wf?&SiOf wå& -naeae0ifcsdecf E¨m0efcscJah Mumif;rSww f rf;xm;&Scd o hJ nf/
t&Sijf rwfEpS yf g;\ wynft h pOftqufomoemjyKcJ&h moD[Vkd u f Re;f 'k|*grPdrif;vufxuf
r[mapwDawmfBuD; yEéucf saomtcg te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS &[EÅmaygif;ud;k q,fu h ;kd uka#
jzpf&m ok0ÖPblrad 'o auvmoawmifxyd f (,ckr;kd xda½Tausmif;awmf aqmufvyk f
538
KTS 22-12-14
f rf; 539
xm;aomae&m)ausmif ; rS t &S i f o l & d , *k w å r ax&f O D ; aqmif v suf aemuf & [ef ;

(udk;aomif;ajcufaxmif-96000-jzifh<ucJhaMumif;-
ol&, d *kawåm r[maxa&m?auvmorSm0d[m&awm? qEé0w k d o[ómed?
bduL© tm'g, t*rm -[k r[m0HoygVdü*gxmpDxm;cJo h nf/t&Sio f &l ,
d *kwo å nf
ok0ÖPblrd\ OD;aqmifq&mawmftjzpfxif&Sm;cJhonf/ xdkt&Sifjrwfvufxufu
"gwf a wmf r sm;ae&mtES H U jzef Y c J h [ ef w l o nf / &mrn&|apwd , uxmü wawm
b*0g&mrna'o tem*aw omoem|dwd,m owåmeH [dwokcg,p aw&ok
r[mXmaeok zvormywåd H ormyZÆw d mG -[k zvormywf0ifpm;&mae&m (13)ck&adS Mumif;
jyqdck NhJ yD;awwåd o H blwm, 'EÅ"mwk,m -[k oGm;awmf"mwfrsm; oxHjk ynf
(ok0ÖPblr)d odaYk qmif&ef &Si*f 0Hywdrax&fwm0ef,al pcJo h nf? &Si*f 0Hywdrax&fonf
xif;yHktwGif;rS yifhaqmifcJhNyD; ok"r®0wDoxHkjynfrif;tm; ay;tyfonf/rif;uvnf;
oGm;awmf"mwfrsm;udk bk&m;&Sio f w D if;oH;k cJ&h mt&yfü Xmyemwdu k jf yKvkyxf m;cJah Mumif;udk
]]&mZmyd acgwm awwåd o H ck'úodvm apwd,med uma&wGmylaZod }}jyqdck o hJ nf/
oD&rd maomurif;om;pOfajr;qufwYkd "gwfawmfapwDrsm;ud;k uG,yf al ZmfMu&mrSwpfcsed 0f ,f
ud;k uG,o f rl &S?d oGm;awmf"gwfapwDrsm;awmcsKHz;kH cJ&h yHu k kd ]wwåum e ZmemeH ya0Pd,m
ypäEd mé , apwd,meH 0EéemylZmbma0e wmedapwd,med toOÆmed,mrmemed 0e*[P
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r[moD&rd maomurif;aemuf omoemESpf 253 ckEpS f &Siaf omP &SiOf wå&t&Sijf rwfwYkd
a&mufvmaomtcg aysmufuG,fvsuf&Sdaom qHawmf"gwf oGm;awmf"gwfwdkYudk
&SmazGziG ahf zmfNy;D a'otESUH jzefUa0umomoemawmfyiG ahf pcJo h nf/ rif;\trnfum; plVoD&rd m
aomu[k jyqdck o hJ nf/
plVoD&rd maomurif;onf t&Sijf rwfEpS yf g;azmfxw k af y;aom oGm;awmf"gwf(33)
qluakd ½Tt;kd (33)vH;k jyKvkyx f nfo h iG ;f NyD; eHo
Y mrIew
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h jynfx h m;NyD;? qkyw¬emjyKonfrmS
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oem 5000)txd wnfrh nft h &yfoyYkd sHUESUH a&muf&ydS gapownf;}}[k t"d|mefjyKNyD;onfEiS hf
wNyKd ifeuf xdx k tkd &yfoaYkd &muf&cdS ahJ oonf/ "gwfawmfMuKwfrsm;a&muf&&dS mae&mudk t&Sif
jrwfESpfyg;rdefYMum;ívnf;aumif;? vlwdkYowif;ydkYívnf;aumif; odcGifh&Muonf[k
"r®apwDrif; rSww f rf;xm;&Scd ahJ vonf/ þoD&yd AÁwawmifxw G üf ,aeYz;l awGU&aom
ausmufapwD\twef;tpm;udk okawoDwaYkd vhvmNyD; rdrt d odjzifh tm½H, k l MunfnKd &ef
jzpfygonf/
539
KTS 22-12-14
'orydkif;
obm0vG e f j zpf & yf r sm;
þu@wGif azmfjyxm;aomjzpfpOfrsm;rSm q&mawmfrS rdefYMum;aom jzpfpOf
udk,fwdkifawGUjrifcJh&aomjzpfpOfrsm;jzpfonf/ Mum;odawGUjrifNyD; em&Dydkif;twGif;rSmyif
rSwwf rf;a&;cJah omaMumifh wpfcsed w f nf;qufvufa&;om;aom pmpDpmuH;k taMumif;t&mrsKd ;
zwf½I&ovdk pmayt&om&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ arhavsmhjcif;ç vHk;0arhoGm;jcif;rsdK;rBuHK&
atmif rSww f rf;tjzpfa&;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&mwlru I kd t"durxm;Edik ?f rSwrf ad &;
udkom OD;pm;ay;NyD; rSwfwrf;a&;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; txl;ojzihf
(25)ESpfwmtwGif; awGUjrifMum;od&aom jzpfpOfrsm;udk Mum;odawGUjrifNyD;vQifNyD;csif;
a&;xm;jcif;jzpfí umva0;uGmaeovdk cHpm;rI a&;om;rI xyfwrl usEikd yf g/ jzpfpOfwo Ykd nf
obm0vGejf zpf&yf ,Hzk , G f ,HEk ikd zf ,G rf [kwaf om a&m*gukx;kH ukenf;jzpfaecJah omaMumifh
&opmaytjzpf owfrSwfzwf½IcHpm;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf
teD;uyfaeolwu Ykd ,HMk unfrt I jynfjh zihf vufcEH ikd rf nfjzpfygonf/ omoemawmf(2500)
ausmfumvaemuf twdtusqd&k aomf omoemESpf (2515)ckaemufyikd ;f BuHKawGUcJah om
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D;rSwfwrf;}}tjzpf pmwrf;jyKpkjcif;om
jzpfpOftm;vH;k udk ]]wpf
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rif;rSmopöm vlrSmuwd
rmefvnfq&mawmf
rif;rSmopöm? vlrSmuwd? qdk½dk;&Sdwdkif;? NrJwdb,fcg? rcRwf&mbl;? opömESifhBuHK?
a&pD;wHk[k? vlyHkqdkrI? O'gef;jyK&Sifh? tukodkvfrSm? rkom0g'? ukokdvfrSmum;? opöm0gpm?
av;pHo k mwnf;?1 opömatmufveS ?f rawmfreS u f ? ab;'Pfa&mufum? ysufwwfpmG \?
opömEIwo f ;D ? rEÅmefBuD;um;? aoNyD;aomfr?S &Sijf yef&\? a&S;ujzpf[ef? avmif;ok0Pfu?kd
NidK;rmefwpd? &efp&So d ?Ykd yDV,
d u©? Am&mhocif? av;BuD;iifí? eifoaYkd ,musfm;? b,foo l m;
enf;? odMum;wrHkY? jzpfawmfwHkrS? vGwfyHkta&;? &Sdvwfao;[k? raES;vsif[l;? jrm;qdyf
vl;jzih?f a&T';l ,mbuf? ajrxuftm;xkw?f acsmif;umwkwí f ? &G,jf zKwfcsdeu
f m? yifah om
cgEIud ?f opömqdo k ;D ? aowNyD;vsuf? &SiBf uD;&Sijf yef? ewfrwefonh?f jyif;xefqyd af wmuf?
awma>ra[mufvQif? aygufíajr0,f? oli,fpif;pif;? aowHkvQif;vnf;? rSefjcif;t&m?
1/ av;pHo
k mwnf;? rkom0g'? ydoP
k 0gpm? z½ko0gpm? orÜyv
Ü my0gpm udk ñTe;f qd[
k ef&o
dS nf/
540
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rdrmwmod?Yk opömqdMk u? ikwif w k xf \? xdrk w S pfo, G ?f awmNrdKifv,fwiG ?f iH;k i,fr;D a&Smif?

yifv,facgif0,f? a&aqmifepfarsm? oabFm0Jpkwf? Av0grkcfrS? q,fxkwfab;uif;?
ig;rif;&mZm? aEGvtcg? opömrSew f ikd ;f ? &Gwqf ckd ikd ;f u? AsKd if;atmufwq Ykd ;kd ? cgrJrh ;kd vQi?f BudK;í
&Gmcs? þodkYpom;? rsm;vS0w¬K? tpkpkudk? a&TOonf;tl? rSwfenf;,lavmh? þvlwdkYrSm?
rysu&f mom;? opömr@dKif? csed Bf uD;cdik u f ? a&Twikd jf rifrh &kd ?f ,k*EdK¨ wd?Yk vJNyKd bdvnf;? rydxo kd ?l
wnfvrd [ hf \l ? rwlawmfrmS ? opömrBudKuf? rkom;vdu k \f / 'kp½du k t f rl? avmuvlwiG ?f
ajymxlrkom;? xdkoltm;um;? om;wdrbGm;? orD;rsm;[k? xif&Sm;usrf;EIduf? rdefYawmf
½dkuf\? olrdkuf0g'? apwd,ESihf? xdkrSwHkNyd? u&rdÜwdkY? t0DpdxJ? rD;i&JodkY? ajrcGJírsdK? tp
wdkY&Sifh? tvdkraumif;? oltaygif;u? wdrf;apmif;yg,f&Gm? olawmfpGmrl? opömoufqHk;?
apmifhMuoHk;í? ESvHk;rysuf? ewfjynfwuf\? rSwfcsufwHqdyf? NrJcyfESdyfodkY? ttdyftpm;?
arxket f m;jzih?f oH;k yg;omrQ? odwwfMuom;? Amvwd&pämef? edAmÁ efEiS afh 0;? rdu k af oG;wlrQ?
ruGMJ ubl;? xdAk mv[l? vlwo Ykd abm? yrmavsmu? OMoOenf;? ñdak &mifcsn;f od?Yk txnf;
p&dw?f ud, k pf w d Ef pS 0f ? wGi;f tyyif? rvSonfom? qd;k ,kwrf m\? ynm&S&d iS ?f olawmf
pifr?l ½kyo f iG ½f yl ? jrifrvSvnf;? jyifuñdv k suf? usD;eufOwl? twGi;f jzL\? rolawmfnpf?
olawmfppfwdkY? usdK;jypfjcif;&m? þESpfjzmESihf? vu©Pmw&m;? vGefxif&Sm;onf? jcm;\
usifhjyKrl&mwnf;/
a&,Hk ,m;emaysmufuif;&ef
auvmopcef;wGif wm0efcaH pmihaf &Smufvsuf&adS om OD;0D&, d onf toufEiS fh
cE¨mud,k f qHawmfapwDtm;tyfEí HS omoedutaqmuftODrsm;udk xde;f odr;f jcif;? jyKjyif
jcif;? topfwnfaqmufvrf;cif;awm&Si;f vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G af exdik o
f nf/ t"d|mef
xm;í orxbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;aexdik o f nf/ rd;k wGi;f umvwGif 10 ay ywfvnf
a&uefBuD;rsm;wGif a&tjynh&f &Sad tmifBudK;pm;cJ&h m ,ckEpS t
f wGuf a&udpyö yl ifp&mr&S[ d k
pdwfcsaecJh&m rarQmfvifhaom taESmuft,Suf&ifqdkif&jyefonf/ anmifyifay:wGif
Muufaumifa& 300 ausmftdyfwef;wufonf/ rpifrsm;? MuufarT;rsm; a&ueftwGif;
uscJh&m aomufa&twGufoHk;r&awmhay/ csdK;a& opfyifavmif;&efa&tjzpf toHk;0if
awmhonf/ &ufMumvmaomtcg wpfu, kd vf ;kH ,m;emrsm;jzpfvmonf/ a&,H[ k k trnf
ay;xm;aom ,m;empGJuyfcJh&m wpfudk,fvHk;tqD&J&J tdyfr&atmifa0'emcHpm;&onf/
tdy, f m0,f iSuaf ysmzufcif;tdy&f onf/ ud, k 0f wfouFe;f ½Hrk &atmifjzpfvsuf&o dS nf/
q&mawmf<uvmaomtcg tusdK;taMumif;avQmufxm;onf/ xdt k cg q&m
awmfrS rdeMYf um;onf/ 'Dtemaysmufvdkovm; OD;0D&d, [k ar;onf/ aysmufvykd gonf
541
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
[k avQmufvQif 'DrSm t"d|mefOykof0ifaewJh a':&ifEkudk vQmeJYt,ufcdkif; aysmufoGm;

r,f[k rdeMYf um;&m q&mawmf &,fz, G pf um;ajymaeonfxifro d nf/ wu,faysmufvkd
vQif 'Dtwdik ;f vkyaf yawmh[k twnfpum;rdeí Yf jyef<uoGm;avonf/ q&mpum; rd;k BudK;
oGm; cdik ;f wmudv k yk &f rnf[k tav;teufxm;oljzpfí "mwfyq kH &mESiofh ufaorsm;udyk g
ac:,lNy;D cE¨mud, k w f iG f pGu
J yfaeaom a&m*gaysmufuif;a&;twGuf a':&ifEt k m; vQmjzihf
,ufcikd ;f &awmhonf/ a':&ifEu k m; vlb Y 0u ZeD;onfjzpfcí hJ tjcm;olww Ykd pfrsKd ;pGypf v
JG Qif
oufaovnf;jyp&mjzpf usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfcikd ;f wJt h wdik ;f vky&f ygonf[k &Si;f vif;
&eftwGuf xdo k aYkd qmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ &ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyif a&,Hak c: ausmESi&fh ifbwf
wGif pGu J yfaeaom ,m;emrsm;ajcmufuyfaysmufuif;oGm;cJo h nf/ xkt d aMumif;udk 1369-
ckEpS ?f wydw Yk v
JG qef; 12-&ufaeYn "r®yv’i0f ,f usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf rsufarSmuf
rSmyif jyefvnfrdefYMum;cJhonf/
a&,Hk ,m;emudk ZeD;a[mif;vQmjzihfvQufí aysmufuif;cJhonfrSm trSefyifjzpf
aomfvnf; tb,fah Mumifh aysmufuif;cJ&h onfukd trsm;,HMk unfvufcEH ikd af &; aMumif;
usdK;qufpyfjy&ef vdt k yfvmonf/
0¥okwfy&dwfawmfü iHk;rif;opömjyKyHkazmfjyxm;onfrSm ]]avmuü oDvw&m;
&Sdaeonf/ opömw&m;vnf; txift&Sm;&Sdaeonf/ bk&m;tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;
rsm;rSmvnf; oDv orm"d ynm arwåm u½kPm cEDpÅ aom w&m;&Scd MhJ uonf/ xkw d &m;
rSm a&S;uvnf;&Scd o hJ vdk ,ckvnf;&Sad eonf/ þ"r®rsm;rSm rajymif;rvGJ obm0opömyif
jzpfonf/ þobm0opöm"r®rsm; twdwf ypöKyÜef tem*wfumv0,f azmufjyefjcif;
r&Sd? þrSefuefaom"r®*kPfudkowd&NyD; tm½HkjyKvsuf ighrSmtawmifrsm;&Sdaomfvnf;
rysHEikd ?f ajc 2-acsmif;&Sad omfvnf; oGm;vmEdik jf cif;r&S?d trd tz&Sad omfvnf; pGecYf mG oGm;
MuavNyD? tdk-awmrD; ighteD;rS a0;pGma&SmifoGm;ygavmh-[k opömpum;qdkavonf/
iHk;rif;\opömrSm trSefcsnf;jzpfí awmrD;Nidrf;cJh&onf/
auvmoawmifxyd f qHawmf&iS af pwDukd jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f vsuf oDv orm"d
odum© ESihf jznhu f sihaf eonfrmS ESprf sm;pGmMumcJNh yDjzpfonf/ a&rsm;udk rdrt d wGuf odak vSmif
xm;jcif;r[kw?f trsm;oligtwGuf avSmifuefrsm;jzihf pkaqmif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a&&Sm;
yg;csed jf zpfí acRwmoH;k pGaJ e&onf/ ab;rJMh uufrsm;udk u½kPmxm;apmihaf &Smuf&mrS a&uef
ay: tdyw f ef;wuf ntcgtnpftaMu;rsm;pGecYf saomaMumifh a&rsm;oH;k r&awmhbJ &So d nf/
tv[orjzpfap&ef csdK;a&tjzpfo;kH pGv J mcJ&h m ,m;emrsm;pGu J yfvmcJo h nf/ rcHomatmif
a0'emrsm; wdk;yGm;vmonf/ xdka&m*gaysmufvdkpdwfjzpfay:aeonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;
542
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
q&mawmfuvnf; trSet f wdik ;f ajymqdjk cif;jzpfrnf[k ,HMk unfaeonf/ rdrZd eD;a[mif;

tay: wPSmayr rjzpfc/hJ ZeD;onfuvnf; tvm;wlpw d x
f m;&Sod nf/ oDvvHNk cHKa&;
ur®|mef;w&m; tcsderf sm;pGmyGm;rsm;cGi&fh &Sad &; apwD\ a0,sm0pö aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;udo
k m
vdvk m;onf/ ,ckcifyeG ;f a[mif; temaysmufapvdak ompdwjf ziho f m vQmjzih, f ufay;ovdk
OD;0D&,
d rSmvnf; temaysmuf&eftwGuo f m cGijhf yKay;jcif;jzpfonf/ 2-OD;pvH;k \ um,
aomap,s? 0pDaomap,s? raemaomap,s jzpfaeMuonfrmS xif&mS ;onf/ usdKufx;D
aqmif;q&mawmfrv S nf; qHawmfapwDuakd pmihaf &SmufaeMuaom awmapmifh awmifapmihf
ewfwt Ykd m; arwåmyGm;í OD;0D&,
d \ cE¨mwGipf u JG yfaeaom a&,H, k m;emrsm;aysmufuif;a&;
ulnyD gapownf;? ZeD;a[mif;tygt0if oH;k OD;om;wdo Yk nf touftom;rpm;oH;k bJ
ESpfrsm;MumvmonfrSm aexdkifMuonfrSm rSefuefMuonfjzpfí xkdpGJuyfaoma0'em
aysmufuif;ygapownf;[k obm0opömjyKcJo h nf/
þopömaMumifyh if ,m;,Haoma0'emaysmufcjhJ cif;jzpfaMumif;udk rSe;f qEdik Mf uay
onf/ 0¥okwaf wmf0,f-
tw¬davmau oDv*kaPm? opöH aom ap,sEk'´,m?
awe oapöe um[mrd? opöud&d, rkwå rH a[mMum;xm;cJah vonf/
tqk w f a &m*g&S d o l a':pd e f j rih f E S i h f &cd k i f i S u f a ysmzD ;
&efuek Nf rdKU? vomNrdKUe,f? vrf;(20)tay:bavmuf? tdrt f rSw(f 114-at)ü
aexdik of l a':pdejf rifoh nf usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmftm; ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfco hJ nfrmS
ESpf(30)cefYMumcJhNyDjzpfonf/ qD;csdKa&m*g? aoG;wdk;a&m*g? tqpftjrpfa&mifa&m*gpGJuyf
aeaomaMumifh usdKufxD;aqmif;odkYroGm;EdkifonfrSm vtwefMumvmNyDjzpfonf/
emrnfBuD;aq;cef;odkY aq;ppfcHaomtcg tonf;wGiftqDzHk;aoma&m*gyg xyfwdk;
vmonf[k qdo k nf/
a&Tbdkq&mawmf OD;aombPESihf a':pdefjrifhwdkY wpfaeYwGifqHkrdMuNyD; a&m*gawG
pGJuyfaevdkY usdKufxD;aqmif;roGm;EdkifonfrSmMumNyD[k avQmufonf/ 'g,dumrBuD;
usdKufxD;aqmif;oGm;NyD; t"d|mefOykofapmihfyg? a&m*gawGoufomvmEdkifygonf/
bke;f BuD;vJomG ;p&m&So d nf? vdu
k cf ahJ pcsifonf[k tBuHjyK&m twlvu kd yf grnf[k 0efcH
uwdjyKvdkufygoGm;cJhonf/
qHawmfapwDtm; zl;ajrmfNyD;aemuf q&mawmfx0H ifa&mufuefawmhonf/ a&Tbkd
q&mawmfonf a':pdefjrihftaMumif;udkavQmufxm;&m qD;csdK aoG;wdk; tqpfa&mif
543
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
tonf;tqDz;kH a&m*g&Sad eonft h jyif rMumrDu q&m0efBuD;ppfaq;jyef&m tqkww f iG f

tpuftaysmufawGU&onf/ uifqma&m*gjzpfEdkifonf[k aq;pmrSma&;xm;ygonf/
t"d|mefOykoaf pmihzf aYkd c:vmygonf[ak vQmufxm;onf/ a&m*gawGpkH Al;av;&m z½Hq k ifh
qdok vdk a&m*gawGxyfw;kd vmvdYk q&mawmfxv H ma&mufuefawmhygonf[k avQmufxm;
avonf/ q&mawmfonf ausmif;twGif;ü&Sdaom &cdkifiSufaysmzD; rrSnhfwrSnhfudk
t"d|mef&uftwGif; ukefatmifpm;&rnf/ wynfhawmfronf teEÅig;yg; OD;xdyfxm;í
5-yg;oDvudk vHkNcHKatmifapmihfxdef;ygonf/ tom;ig;rsdK;udk &moufyefa&SmifMuOfcJhyg
onf/ tcgtm;avsmfpmG oufowfvw G pf m;NyD; Oykoaf pmifyh gonf/ 9-&uf? 9-yg;oDv
apmihx f ed ;f ygrnf[v
k Ykd opömjyKNy;D arG;eHaxmifrh mS t"d|mefyw k ;D pdw?f vd&k mqkawmif;&rnf[k
rSmMum;NyD; &cdkifiSufaysmwpfzD; csD;jr§ifhvdkufonf/
igonf q&mawmfcikd ;f wht J wdik ;f vkyrf nf? aovQifaoygap[k qH;k jzwfcsufcsum
&cdkifiSufaysmoD;udk ukefatmifpm;onf/ t"d|mef&uftjynhf Oykofapmihfonf/ rMumrD
a&m*gtm;vHk;aysmufuif;cJhavonf/ &efukefa&mufvQif orm;awmftm; aq;ppfcH&m
,cifa&m*gtm;vH;k &SmrawGU[k ajzMum;avonf/
vnf a csmif ; uif q m rif ; *G w f o D ; ES i h f o Mum;pm;vd k Y a ysmuf c J h
vGecf ahJ om 1346-ckEpS u f jzpfonf/ &efuek Nf rdKU? ykZeG af wmif Muufwef;ü aexdik f
aom OD;ausmfat;\ZeD; a':MunfvSonf usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m;ESihf q&mawmfxH
ra&mufonfrmS umvMumcJo h nf/ a&Tbq kd &mawmf OD;aombPonf q&mawmfxH
vduk cf &hJ ef tBudrBf udrwf u kd w
f eG ;f cJo
h nf/ a&m*gtajctaeqd;k &Gm;vmaomaMumifh raorD
wpfacgufawmh vdu k cf yhJ grnf[k uwdjyKojzihf a':MunfvS ygvmcJo h nf/
q&m0efaq;ppfcsut f &od&onfrmS vnfacsmif;uifqmjzpfonf/ xrif;udv k nf;
pm;r&? t&nfudkyifrsdKr&jzpfaeonf/ vlempdwfcsrf;omatmifxm;zkYdvdkonf[k rSmMum;
onfukd avQmufxm;avonf/ q&mawmfu trde&Yf o dS nfrmS a':MunfvS 'Da&m*g[m
ukr&wJah &m*gç aoEdik w f ahJ &m*gqdw k m,HMk unfaew,fr[kwv f m;? raorD tpmaumif;
aumif;udk0atmifpm;NyD;rSaovQif raumif;bl;vm;[k trdefY&SdvQif aumif;wJh t&om
pm;NyD;ao&vQifaoaysmfygNyDbk&m;/ xkdtcg bk&m;pifwGifuyfvSLxm;aom rif;*GwfoD;
yk*uH , kd al pNyD; oMum;ykvif;ESit fh wl 'Dtpm 2-rsdK;a&mpm;vQif bmjzpfEikd o f vJ[k ar;&m
aoEdik yf gw,fb&k m;[kavQmufonf/ at; ao rao vufawGUod&atmif rif;*Gwo f ;D
tcGcH mG NyD; oMum;ESiefh ,fpm;vdu k [ f k trde&Yf odS nf/
544
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
igonf q&mawmfqHk;rcJhonfhtwdkif; teEÅig;yg;udk ½dkao ig;yg;oDvudk vHkNcHK

atmif apmihx f ed ;f aeoljzpfonf/ tom;ig;rsdK;udk ESprf sm;pGmrpm;oH;k bJ a&SmifMuOfco hJ nf/
q&mawmfpum; twdtusvdu k ef mrnf? rSeu
f efaomopömaMumifh csrf;omokc&ygap[k
pdww f iG f qH;k jzwfvsuf tm;yg;w&pm;&m vnfacsmif;wGif wpfqjYkd cif;r&S?d acsmacsmarmarm
tpmtdrt f wGi;f usomG ;avonf/ q&mawmfonf a':Munfvt S m; oufowfvw G pf m;oH;k í
9-yg;oDv 9-&ufapmihx f ed ;f &eftwGuf trde&Yf &dS m t"d|mef 9-&ufaernf[k avQmufxm;
onf/
rif;*GwfoD;eJY oMum;e,fpm;NyD;NyD? igraoao;ygvm;[k 0rf;omtm;&jzpfonf/
q&mawmftrde&Yf o dS nfrmS xrif;rpm;&wmMumNy?D xrif;pm;vdpk w d &f v
dS m;[k ar;&m pm;csif
pdwjf zpfaeaMumif; avQmufonf/ 'Dausmif;ujyefvQif qGr;f pm;ausmif;rSm xrif;oGm;pm;[k
cGijfh yKvdu k of nf/ q&mawmfred MYf um;onft h wdik ;f xrif;pm;onf/ vnfacsmif;wpfqjYkd cif;
r&SdbJ yuwdtwdkif;pm;EdkifcJhonf/ xdktcgrSpí a&m*gaysmufuif;oGm;cJh&m q&mawmf
tm; ydí k Munfñckd ahJ vonf/
tqk w f u if q ma&m*gES i h f rmvumoD ;
oxHNk rdKUrS txl;ukaq;cef;ydik &f iS f q&mra':oef;EGUJ onf {nfo h nfrsm;ESit fh wl
uefawmhonf/ rdwaf qGjzpforl mS tz [dE´Lbmom0if? trd w½kwEf , G f c&pf,mefjzpfí
ujym;trsKd ;orD; tar½kyq f ifqifwo l nf/ q&m0efu &ufyikd ;f rQomcHrnf[k ajymqdak Mumif;
vlemudpk pfaq;cdik ;f onf/ "mwfreS t f &ppfaq;&mwGif nmbuf tqkw>f yefEiS fh nmbuf
toJwiG f uifqma&m*gtjzpf awGUjrif&ygonf[k tajzxGuo f nf/
q&mawmfred MYf um;onfrmS -odyt HÜ wdik ;f twmt& awGUjrif&jcif;jzpfonf/ edAmÁ ef
oGm;&m ÓmPftwdik ;f twmtvdk b0tprSm Zmwdy#doaEäMumifh Z&mr&Prsm; jzpfay:
vm&onf/ b0\tqH;k um; aojcif;'kuo © mjzpfonf/ twdwu f jyKaom ukov dk uf EH iS fh
tukodkvfuHt& toufwdkjcif;? &Snfjcif;? a&m*gaysmufuif;jcif;rsm; jzpfvmonf/
oufwrf;aphvQif aoMu&rSmtrSejf zpfonf/ odaYk omf rdpmä ewfq;kd tn§Kd ;taw;jzihf ESyd pf uf
cH&oljzpfygrl taz? tarudk 0efcsawmif;yefvu kd /f teEÅig;yg;udk OD;xdyx
f m;í ig;yg;oDv
vHNk cKH atmif apmihv f suf qifom;? jrif;om;? uRo J m;? EGm;om;? 0ufom;wdu Yk kd a&SmifMuOfí
&moufyefjyKaexdik yf grnf[k 0efcu H wdjyKaponf/ bmomrwlvYkd OD;rcsaomfvJ aemiftcg
twGuf olYudka&m*gaysmufuif;ap&ef 'gudkoHk;aqmifcdkif;yg[k trdefY&SdNyD; rmvumoD;
yk*u H kd a&SUodcYk say;onf/ vlemrSmtm;&yg;&pm;onf/ rMumrD a&m*gaysmufuif;oGm;cJo h nf/
545
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
,aeY ZeD;onf oDv&Sifb0jzifh vma&mufuefawmhcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k 2-9-1995 ck

aeY n"r®yv’ifü q&mawmfrdefYMum;cJhonf/ xdkvlemudk pma&;olukd,fwkdif'd| jrifawGU
cJh&onf/
OHK rtdkav rEÅefjzihf a&m*gaysmufcJhol
&efuek Nf rdKU? ykZeG af wmifNrdKUe,f? Muufwef;rS OD;ausmfat;onf q&mawmf &[ef;
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546
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
a&m*guk x H k ; qef ; rsm;

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547
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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548
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
jzpfaeaMumif;avQmufxm;onf/ q&mawmf ñTeMf um;onft h wdik ;f opfo;D qGr;f uyfvLS

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549
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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550
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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553
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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554
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556
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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tm; qnf;uyfrrI &So d avmufjzpfonf/ &yfa&; &Gma&; vlraI &;udpw ö iG f yg0ifaqmif&u G f
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rSm tm;aumif;armif;oef&í dS a&wdu k &f mwGif tacgufacguftoH;k jyKay;cJo h nfrmS ukov kd f
taMumif;rcHaomfvnf; &yfavh&mG avh pkaygif;aqmif&u G jf cif;udk qefu Y sirf rI jyK vdu k af vsm
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opfo;D wpfv;kH pm;[k a0g[m&toH;k tEIe;f rsm;&Sad ecJo h nf/ touft&G,Bf uD;vmaomtcg
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wpfa,muf pum;qef;ajymvmcJo h nf/ igvJae0ifcsed af &mufvmvdYk ukov kd &f mS r,fpwd uf ;l
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557
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
owdo Yk m; owdo Yk rD; tdycf ef;ozG,jf yifqifxm;onf/ awmaysmfawmifaysmf &[ef;awmf

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a&mufvQif jyifqifxm;aomtdycf ef;wGif rtdyb f J bk&m;cef;wGif zsmcif;í ur®|mef;tvkyf
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tdr&f iS Ef iS wfh ynh'f g,umrsm;onf tm½Hq k rG ;f uyf&ef csufjyKwfjyifqifaeMuonf/
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jzpfí a&Twd*Hkzl;ajrmfNyD;rS tdrfjyef<ucJhNyD; tvSL&Sifqufuyfaom vSLzG,frsm; tuyfcHí
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558
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
aeonf/ touf(86)ESpt f &G,rf mS pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud,

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ae&mcsxm;ay;onf/ ighux kd rf;ydwYk thJ wGuf 'DaeYig&wJh ukov kd af wG tuke, f yl g[,f
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559
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
ajrusHKpm;cJí h a&rvHjk zpfaeonf/ acsmif;rudk ydwx f m;&aomaMumifh a&pD;a&tm;aumif;

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560
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
a[mMum;cJah omw&m;ukd uufqufjzift h oHoiG ;f ,lxm;onfudk jyefvnfziG jfh ycJo h nf/

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561
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
t&uf o rm;uk d ig;oH k ; vD w &m;ra[myg

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wGif pm;0wfaea&;tm;vHk; vspfvsL½Ivsuf owå 0grsm;tay: arwå mbm0emyGm;rsm;ae
jcif;yifjzpfí t&m&mukd tav;rxm; 0wf½pkH m;aomufaom Oayu©myg&rD[k qkEd idk o f nf/
&efuek Nf rKd Ua&mufvQif wynh'f g,umwpfO;D rS t½kPq f rG ;f uyfvLS cGijfh yK&ef avQmuf
xm;í vufcNH yD; tdro f <Ykd uoGm;cJo h nf/ bke;f BuD; t½kPq f rG ;f uyfNyD;vQif w&m;em&ef
tdref ;D csif;rdwaf qGrsm;tm; zdwMf um;xm;&m &yfr&d yfzjzpfow l uYdk a&SUwef;rSae&m,lx l m;
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r[kw[ f k BudKwifoad eEkid o f nf/ t&ufaopm aomufpm;aeoltm; raomufa&; a[m
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qGr;f 'um iga[mrnhw f &m;u t&ufraomufa&;w&m;? w&m;emrnho f ul t&uform;
cHwiG ;f 0u t&ufex YH u G af eoludk igw&m;ra[mbl;[k rdeMfY um;um qGr;f tvSL&Sit f rd rf S
xGuv f mcJ&h onf/ xkt d jzpftysufudk &efuek Nf rdKU? awmifOuúvmy? trSw(f 6)&yfuu G f
OD;jrarmif\aetdrfwGif BuHKcJh&onf/
562
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
yJ c l ; r[mapwD p cef ; ajrtvS L &S i f

&efuek Nf rdKUonf jrefrmEkid if t H wGuf tbufbufrMS unhv f Qif t"du&NrdKU jzpfae
onf/ omoema&;½Iaxmifrh MS unhv f Qif a&Tw*d tkH rnfjzifh xif&mS ;aom qHawmfapwD
ude;f 0yf&mXme jzpfaejyefonf/ oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;? tpd;k &tzGUJ tpnf;wkYd ½Hpk u kd vf suf&dS
onf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfonf a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfoYdk wpfEpS f 2-Budrf zl;ajrmfaom
t"d|mef&adS eonf/ oxHk '*Hk aygif;pnf;rS omoemtwGuf tm;&Srd nfjzpfí Mum;cHtjzpf
yJcl; [Hom0wDaejynfawmfa[mif; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ ESpfjynfaxmifaygif;pnf;ta&;
tv,frSmausmif;aqmif tqkdESihftnD Mum;cHomoemjyKpcef; vdktyfaecsdefjzpfonf/
OD;atmifMunfonf i,fpOft&G,rf pS í tom;[if;rygvQif xrif;pm;avhr&So d l
jzpfonf/ aoG;wk;d a&m*g ESv;kH a&m*grsm;pGu J yf&mrS avief;a&m*gyg pGu J yfco hJ nf/ aq;½Hk
aq;cef; q&m0efrsdK;pHEk iS fh ukocJah omfvnf; aysmufuif;jcif;r&Sb d J q&mvufvw G cf &H ol
jzpfco hJ nf/ wpfaeY &if;ES;D olwpfO;D ESiafh wGUí cifAsm;a&m*gaysmufvu kd usdKufx;D aqmif;
t"d|mef0ifyg? uRefawmf tazmfvu dk af y;rnf[q k o dk jzihf oufomvko d ufomjim; raorD
Oykoaf pmihOf ;D rnf[k ajymqku d m usKd ufx;D aqmif;odaYk &mufvmMuonf/ t"d|mef&uftwGi;f
&Spyf g;oDvaqmufwnf? *kPf 9-yg;? ykw;D pdyf oufowfvw G t
f pm;tpm pm;oH;k ? npOf
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jzpfvmonf t"d|mef&ufjynhfajrmufvQif a&m*gaysmufuif;oGm;aMumif; od&Sd&onf/
0rf;om&Tifvef;pGmjzihf yJcl;NrdKU r[mapwDbk&m;0if; ajrmufbuf&Sd ajr 3-{ucefYukd
usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH vSL'gef;avonf/
q&mawmftaejzihf tcsdet f cgukMd unhNf yD; wnfaxmifrnf[rk ed MYf um;NyD; (3)vcefY
pOf;pm;cJo h nf/ 1339-ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef; 9-&uf? (17-3-1978)ck aomMumaeYwiG f
a&Tbq kd &mawmf OD;aombPtm; avhvm&efapvTwcf &hJ m OD;&aoh OD;ode;f ? OD;oef;aX;?
OD;atmifMunfwYdk vku d yf gMunh½f cI MhJ uNyD; q&mawmfxH ajrtaetxm; ykid q f idk rf t
I axmuf
txm; ywf0ef;usifvrl q I ufqaH &;wdu Yk dk pdppf&iS ;f vif;avQmufxm;Muonf/ 1340-
jynhEf pS f 0gqkvd qef; (5)&uf (9-6-1978) we*FaEGaeYwiG f ,m,D0gqkad usmif;ukd pwif
aqmufvyk o f nf/ ajrtus,frmS 3-{uausmfjzihf oD;yifpm;yifrsm;ukyd g pdu k yf sdK;Muonf/
awmcsHKtMum; a&tkid af &ajrmif;rsm; jrufawmxlxyfí uRwfrsm; ajc&mcsrvGwaf tmif
aygrsm;aeonf/ 1342-ckEpS ?f e,kev f qef;(8)&uf (21-5-1980) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeYwiG f opfom;
ausmif; aqmufvyk Nf yD;cJo h nf/
563
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
½k y f a jymif ; emrf c G m avmuD y nm

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usdKufxD;aqmif; rEÅav;r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;ukd pdwfjzihf bk&m;zl;apjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/
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BudKwifí qkdif&mwefcdk;&SifwkdYtm; today;cGihfawmif;&onf/ rqifrjcifapvTwfu
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564
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
1-1997)aomMumaeYn "r®yv’iw f &m;yGuJ dk "r®pMum atmif"r®m½Hük usi;f ypOf 12-em&D

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wdk;jrihfí weoFm&Dwkdif; Nrdwfc½kdifomoema&;½Hk;okdY apvTwfcJhonf/ 1997-ck? 'DZifbm
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vTma&mufvmonf/ 1998-ck? Zefe0g&Dvqef; urÇmat;wGif bke;f awmfBuD;oif ynma&;
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565
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
&So
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566
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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jzpfonf/ tdkif,mvefEdkifiHoGm;cGihf&&Sda&;twGuf ADZm½dkufESdyfcGihfjyKaom oH½Hk;rSm jrefrm
Edik if wH iG rf &S?d rav;&Sm;Edik if rH w S pfqihjf yKvky&f rnfjzpfonf/ a0;vHaomc&D; Edik if t H qifq h ifh
t0iftxGuv f yk í
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usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH tusdK;taMumif;avQmufxm;&m oGm;yg? rdbq&m &wem
oH;k yg;*kPaf Mumifh vG,u f yl gvdrrhf nf[k rdeMYf um;avonf/
jrefrmEdik if &H o
dS ½H ;kH rsm;rS tvG,w f ulciG jfh yKcJo
h nf/ rav;&Sm;a&mufvQif &ufMum
apmih&f avh&adS omfvnf; (3)&uftwGi;f rSmyif qdik &f moH½;kH rsm;rS ADZm0ifciG jfh yKovdk tkid , f mvef
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xl;jcm;onfrSm r*Fvm'HkavqdyfrS rav;&Sm;EdkifiH uGmvmvrfylrS t*FvefEdkifiH [D;o½dk;
avqdyt f xd ab;cHak e&mvpfvyfaejyefonf/ t*FvefrS tdik , f mvefEikd if H 'AÁvifavqdyf
567
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
txd tvm;wl ab;cHu k u

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h nf/ ydí k xl;jcm;onf/ tdik ,
f mvefrS t*Fvef?
t*FvefrS rav;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;rS &efuek f r*Fvm'Hak vqdyt f a&muf tjyefc&D;0,f ab;cHk
uGuvf yfjzpfaecJo
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apmihaf &Smufaewm[k qd&k m tdik ,
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a&S ; acwf q G J B ud K ;xl ; qef ; pG m &&S d
2002-ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f twGi;f rd;k &GmoGe;f rIrsm;í auvmoawmifqaH wmf&iS af pwD
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tpktzGUJ rdom;pkwYkd vkyt f m;ay;a&mufvmMuonf/ OD;jynf[ed ;f ESifh OD;wifxeG ;f wdo Yk nf
pae we*FaEG½;kH ydw&f ufwiG f usdKufx;D aqmif;odYk um;jziho f mG ;Mu&m a':jrjra|;vJ ½H;k ydwf
&ufjzpfí vkdufygvmonf/ rdk;zGJzGJ&Gmaecdkuf auvmoawmifurf;yg;NydK&m vkyftm;ay;
oGm;cJMh uonf/ ygvmaom vufuikd t f yd f vG,tf yd w f uYkd kd bk&m;ajc&if;yef;wifcakH y:rSm
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onf/ bdvyfajr oJ prf;ausmufrsm;azsmfí zdMYk uonf/ rd;k wGi;f rd;k a&csderf sm;rnf? ajrNydKrI
jzpfEdkifonf[k pdk;&drfpdwfaMumifh tcsdefjynhfvkyftm;ay;aeMuonf/ n(8)em&DtcsdefwGif
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rqvm',fo,f,cl sdecf Rwfxm;aom vufpyG u f jkd yef0wf&ef ypön;f udx k w
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tjzpfuyg xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&rnfrmS aocsmaeayonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfrw S pfyg;
568
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
tm;ud;k &ef r&S[ d k ,HMk unfaeaomaMumifh ,if;udpt ö ajctaeudak vQmufxm;&m ]]'DaeY

½H;k csde;f vQif trIru S iG ;f vH;k uRwfvw G rf nf}}[k rdeMYf um;aomaMumifh 0rf;ompGmjzihf w&m;½H;k
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[k tm;avsmhrad wmhonf/ xdpk Of &efuek cf ½dik f w&m;olBuD; OD;bpDa&mufvmNyD; 0efxrf;
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T v f u kd af vonf/ xdtk csderf pS í usdKufx;D
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a&muf&SdoGm;cJhavonf/
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1391-ckESpfujzpfonf/ usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDawmf y&d0kPfawmifbufwGif
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onf[k ,HMk unfcMhJ uonf/ rdbtawmfrsm;rsm;tm; tdyrf ufwiG f usdKufx;D aqmif;uae
cdkif;vdkYvmaewm[kqdkonf/ ,cktcsdef xkduav;rsm;rSm (15)ESpf t&G,fa&mufaeMuNyD;
qHawmfomoemjyKvkyif ef;wGif vkyu f ikd v
f suf&adS eonf/ xkt d csdef OD;wd;k vIid Ef iS fh olemjyK
q&mrBuD; a':jrifph ed (f tpdr;f a&mif0wf)wdo Yk nf q&mawmfrmS Mum;onft h wdik ;f a&Tw*d kH
apwDawmf bd;k bd;k BuD;xH xdak wmif;BuD;udk tyfEcHS o hJ nf/ a&Tw*d rkH jS yefvmNyD; (3)&uftMum
OD;wdk;vIdifESihf tazmfvkdufygcJhol yef;xdrfOD;at;EkdifwdkYtm; tdyfrufüvma&mufajymqkd
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rkefY[if;cg;qGrf; (36)yef;uef vSLay;Mu&onf/
569
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
trT m yl ; om;nD a emif

vGecf ahJ om 1350-jynhEf pS 0f ef;usiu f rGejf ynfe,f? u&ifjynftwGi;f &Sd a&S;a[mif;
omoeduapwDyx k ;kd rsm; jyKjyifaecsed f ppfajrjyifwiG f a&SUwef;ppfrsuEf mS rS ppfqifa&;tzGUJ rSL;
wdkif;rSL; wyfrrSL;rsm;ESihf yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,ck 1371-ckESpfwGif wdkif;rSL; 0efBuD;
tjzpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;ol AdkvfcsKyfwpfa,muf\ om;orD;rsm; (4-1-2010)aeYwGif
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jcif;r&Sd? Zif;usdKufawmifESihf *rkef;awmifum;vrf;qHkodkYqufcJhonf/ aemufrSvdkufvm
aom um; 2-pD; rsufajcjywfrcH qufvdkufaeMuonf/
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qHrk Md uonf/ vmjcif;taMumif;udak r;&m q&mawmf e0ur®twGuf wpfO;D rS ode;f (100)
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570
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
xD ; awmf a y:rS ud s Kuf x D ; aqmif ; q&mawmf

vGecf ahJ om 1336-ckEpS u f jzpfonf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwDukd npOfr;D ylaZmfonf/
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qlqlnHnHtoH[k xifaeí pdwf0ifwpm;r&Sd? udk,fhtvkyfudk,fvkyfudkifaecJhonf/
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571
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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572
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573
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MuNy;D jzpfonf/ tcsKd Utyifrsm;rSm yifpnfyifv;kH acsmacsm opfco JG m;jyKvky&f efoifah wmfaom
opfyifrsm;jzpfonf/ opfco JG m;jyKvkyv f Mdk uaomaMumihf vrf;ab;wGipf x D m;cJMh uonf/
q&mawmfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg ]]'kdYqHawmfomoem[m 'DtcsdefrSm yGifhvif;aecsdefjzpf
w,f? opfrmr[kww f o hJ pfawG cGo J m;vky&f r,ft h qihrf [kwb f ;l ? opfrmopfaumif;awGeYJ
aqmufvyk &f r,ht f csed af &mufaeNy?D xif;tjzpf cGo J m;vkyMf u}}[k nTeMf um;onf anmifyif
teD;okaYd &mufaomtcg 'Dtyifu xl;jcm;csuf&w dS ,f? ta&SUbufrmS &Sw d hJ 'Duidk ;f uko
d m
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cgeD;a&mufvQif teD;rSm&Sd "m;ukdifolwpfOD;omaeNyD; usefvlrsm; ta0;odkY cyfuGmuGm
oGm;aeMuonf/ rMumrD aemufq;kH "m;csut f Ny;D anmifyifBuD;rSm tdyaf eolonf vsijf refpmG
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,ck owdxm;aqmif&u G v
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jzpfaomaMumihf tEÅ&m,fuif;cJMh uonf/ þvdjk zpf&yfrsdK;ukd rnfoYdk tajzxkwo f iho f nf
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578
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
Oyk o f & uf & S n f a pmih f N yD ; rS e0ur® v S L cG i h f &

20-2-1997 ckESpfu 0if;uaus;&GmteD; auvmoqHawmf&SifapwD y|mef;yGJ
usif;ycsdeu f jzpfonf/ auvmoapwDteD; anmifyifBuD;\awmifbufü a':yJomZ&yf
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aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJo
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tNrJow D if;oH;k vsuf qHawmfapwDudk teD;uyf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f apmihaf &SmufcMhJ uonf/
a':yJom\orD;rS arG;zGm;cJah om ajr;awmfpyfol trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D onf e0ur®aiG (50000d)
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e0ur®rsm;ukd vufcHjcif;rjyKbJ jyef,loGm;&ef tBudrfBudrfrdefYMum;aomfvnf; tvSLcH
7efom avQmufxm;aeonf/
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wm0ef&o dS nf/ vSL'gef;oluo k vkd &f &Sad tmif ormywf0ifpm;NyD;rS tvSLcHvYkd rsufarSmuf
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aomaMumifh BuKd ;pm;wufMu&m armyef;rIr&Sb
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579
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
uvyfxyd wf iG f q&mawmfEiS fh cifyeG ;f (3)a,mufwYdk at;aq;pGmxkid v

f suf pum;vufqkH
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xroGm;[k tcdik t f rmajymqkMd uonf/ q&mawmf igwku Yd dk wpfcck pk rf;wmjzpfr,f? rdom;pk
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opömç arwå mç t"d|mefyg&rDwGif rnfonhfpGrf;tm;jzpfrnfukd tajz&SmMu&efjzpfonf/
jrif;ajcemvkdY ZeD;ajcukd aq;vdrf;cJhMu

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&xm;jzifhvSL'gef;vkdfufaom ypönf;rsm;ukd awmifpGef;blwmrSm vTJ,lNyD; bk&m;odkYykdY&ol
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blwmokdY twif;armif;aponf/ &if;ESD;oljzpfí jiif;qkdjcif;rjyKEkdif? rD;&xm;blwmokdY
armif;cJh&onf/ awmifpGef;NrdKU rif;vrf;qHkta&muf jrif;rrSm ajcacgufNyD;vJoGm;cJhonf/
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dk nf/ jrif;rrm tdrt f wGi;f wH;k vH;k vJ&mrS xlr&jzpfaeonf/
580
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
OD;nGefYwifonf rdrdjyKvkyfaom udpörSm usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDESihf oufqkdifEkdif

rnf[k ,HMk unfaomaMumihf q&mawmfxu H efawmhNyD; jzpfyu kH akd vQmufxm;&m q&mawmf
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onf/ wHk;vHk;vJaeaomjrif;r r&Sdawmh? tpmauR;aeusae&m a&mufaecJhonf/
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yv’if0,f q&mawmf rdefYMum;avh&Sdonf/ OD;nGefYwifjzpfpOfukd opömç arwå mç t"d|mef
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wpfO;D u &GmrS NrdKUokaYd jymif;a&GUrnht f aMumif; avQmufxm;onf[k od&avonf/
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581
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
t"d|mef0ifNyD; armfawmfum;vSLcJh
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jyifqifaecsdejf zpfonf/ 0dik ;f ywfaus;&Gmü a&S;a[mif;apwDawmfukd jyefvnfziG ahf zmfaepOf
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582
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
t"d | mef O yk o f j zih f aetd r f N yD ; atmif a qmuf

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NyD;jywfomG ;&onf/ aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;&Siw f pfO;D uvnf; oHwcH g;? oHyef;wyfqif&ef
twGuf oufomaomaps;EIe;f jzihf a&mif;ay;cJo h nht f jyif ,lxm;aomta<u;udyk g qyfchJ
onf/ bk&m;cef;twGuf uRe;f om;uEkwyf ef;rsm;ukd ta<u;ay;&ef&o dS u
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ay;í wpfvtwGi;f tNyD;owfEidk cf o hJ nf/ rdcifwpfa,mufwnf; aqmufvyk Ef idk cf o hJ nhf
tjyif tdraf qmufypön;f tvG,&f cJjh cif;rSm Oykot f "d|meftpGr;f [k ,HMk unfc&hJ onf/
"mwfvHk;av;rsdK; ta&mifav;rsdK;
&aohb0jzihf &efukef a&Twd*HkaemifawmfBuD;apwDü t"d|mefusihfvsuf&dSonf/
xl;xl;qef;qef; ]]"mwfjym;tvSLcHyg}}[k vma&mufvSL'gef;aomaMumihf vufcHxm;cJh
583
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
onf/ usKd ufx;D aqmif;apwDojYkd yefa&mufvQif "mwfv;kH cs;D jri§ yfh grnht f aMumif; avQmufxm;
Muonf/ igYrmS "mwfv;kH awmhr&S?d "mwfjym;om&So d nf cGaJ 0,lMu[k ay;tyfvu dk o
f nf/
av;OD;om;cGJa0NyD; zkdxkd;MuvQif (1) wpfOD;rSm a&Ta&mif? (2) tjcm;olrsm;rSm aiGa&mif
(3) jy'g;a&mif? (4) ydwkef;a&mif[k ta&mifav;rsdK; "mwfvHk;rsm;&&dSMuonf/
vGefcJhaom c&pfESpf 1996-ckESpf a&TbkdOD;aombPESihf &efukefNrdKU &efuif;
abmufaxmf pGe;f vGe;f *lausmif; q&mmawmf OD;acrmpm&wdt Yk m; a&Z,How H pfusyfom;pD
aygif;NyD; vHw k iG x
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Murnf[k n§Ed idI ;f zkx d ;dk Muonf/ rD;ylat;aomtcg cG, J &l efjyifqifMu&mrS vHt k wGi;f rS
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584
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
twdtusrodbjJ zpfae&m ausmufrsuf&wemvkyif ef;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom

q&mBuD; OD;ode;f vGix f oH Ykd zke;f jzihf qufo, G í f pHpk rf;onf/ armfvNrdKifr;D &xm;pD;í
awmifpeG ;f blwmodo Yk mG ; pHpk rf;vQif ae&mrSeo f &d rnf[k ñTejf yvdu k \ f / &efuek rf S &xm;wGJ
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blwmrS Zkwo f w k &f mG odYk um;jzifo h mG ;MuNyD; q&mawmftm; zl;ajrmfMuonf/ w&m;udk
em,laomtcg aomurD;oufomcJ&h onf/
tpfrjzpfol vm;&mb0udo k v d akd Mumif; avQmufxm;onfukd q&mawmfu tajz
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avSmiftrd t f wGi;f rS wpfaumif ysx H u G o f mG ;vQif uG,v f eG o
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'umr r[kwyf g/ t&Sib f &k m;tm; wu,frrnfh wu,fr rsdK;jzpfygonf[í l avQmuf
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odYk q&mawmftm;yihí f ylaZmfyjJG yKvkyv f akd Mumif; avQmufonfukd q&mawmfu cGijhf yKjcif;
r&Sdaomfvnf; a&Twd*Hkü omoemyGJ(108)yGJjzihf qGrf;awmfBuD;uyf&ef q&m&SifOy*kwå
ausmif;aqmifrS iSufaysmcdkif? tkef;cdkifwdkYudk &aoh OD;a'G;tm; ydkYaqmifapum we*FaEG
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G f
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tbGm;wpfO;D tm; a&SUwGix f m;Ny;D vdtk yfaom*Pef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,af eMuonf/ vHNk cKH aom
585
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
vQdKU0Sutf yd cf ef;[k,MkH unfum pdwcf svufcsxD*Pef;a&G;cs,faeMujcif;jzpfonf/ vQdKU0Suf

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pdwfcsvufcs csJ*Pef;abmifcsma&G;xdk;aeMucsdef q&mawmfa&mufvmonfudk tHhMopGm
awGUvdu k Mf u&onf/ tbGm;url oGuv f ufvsifjrefpmG ae&mrSxoGm;NyD; a&csdK;cef;twGi;f
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vnf; 0ifcGifhray; ausmif;wHcg;ydwfxm;cJhonf/
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rpm;&? tjyifuv kd J rxGu&f 'Pfc&H onf[k wwGww f wG af jymqdak evsu&f o dS nf/ tjyifrS
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586
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
&yfuGufjynfolYaumifpDrsm; awmif;yefMu&
17-7-2004 &uf? paeaeY? nae (3)em&Dtcsdef q&mawmfausmif;twGif;ü
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omoemjyKvkyfief;pcsdef rqvacwfjzpfí aumifpDvlBuD;rsm; t&Sdeft0gMoZm
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acwfjzpfonf/ &efuek Nf rdKU? oCFe;f uRef;NrdKUe,f? (16)&yfuu G af e vlb0u vkyaf zmf
ukid b
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587
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
q&mawmfonf rdrad jymqkjd yKvkyaf eaom taMumif;t&mrSeu f efygu yk*Kd¾ vfrsuEf mS

udk raxmuf? tmPmt&Sed t f 0gukd raMumufonfrmS yuwdoabmyifjzpfonf/ ½kad opGm
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588
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
'Dausmif;tkdESifh 'Da'gif;ñkd
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfonf aumZm 1333-ck? omoem 2515-ckESpfrSpí
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atmifpMum"r®m½HkteD; taemufajrmufaxmifhwGif vSnf;aygif;rkd;,m,Dausmif;ü
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k &f mG om;
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om0wdj¬ ynfwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ESpaf ygif; 20-Mum oDwif;oH;k cJah om aZw0ef
ausmif;ESifh ykAmÁ ½Hak usmif;[k ausmif;wdu k Bf uD; ESpcf &k o
dS nf/ aZw0efausmif; 'g,umrSm
temxydPo f al X;[kxif&mS ;onf/ twdwu f tH aMumif;rvSaomaMumifh jr§KyfEx HS m;aom
tojymrsm; a&wdu k pf m;í qH;k ½I;H cJ&h Ny;D ta<u;ay;xm;aom tojymrsm;udk a<u;,lorl sm;u
jyefray;aomaMumifh tcdu k t
f wefY tMuyftwnf;BuHKcJ&h onf/ bk&m;trSL;&Sad om oHCm
awmfrsm;udk eHeuf aeYqrG ;f n0wfrsm; vSL'gef;&mwGif qefuJG qGr;f csufuyfc&hJ onftxd
Opöm"e edru hf soGm;cJo h nf/ &wemoH;k yg;udk rMunfnKd aom tdrw f cH g;apmifeh wfrS rawmf
ravsmf tvSL'ge0wfzsuf&ef ajymqdkvmaomaMumifh tdrfapmifhewftm; ESifxkwf&mrS
xdek wftm; odMum;rif; tBuHjyKaomenf;jzifh a&epfq;kH ½I;H cJah om 18 uka#tojymrsm;udk
jyefvnfq,f,l a<u;,low l rYkd S 18-uka#aom tojymaiG&atmif awmif;cHí b@m
wdu k jf ynhaf tmif jyKvkyNf yD; jypfrmS ;ajymqdck ahJ om 0pDujH ypfukd 0efcsawmif;yefrjI yKrS tem
xydPo f al X; pD;yGm;a&;jyefaumif;vmNy;D &wemoH;k yg;tm; jyefvLS ylaZmfvLS 'gef;Edik cf o hJ nf/
þtaMumif;t&mudk "r®y't|uxm temxydP0f w¬KwGif azmfjyxm;&m bk&m;&Si\ f
ausmif;'g,umjzpf&aomfvnf; trdwy&dabm*pm&if;0if vGepf mG csr;f omaom (aZmwdu
wdv Yk )kd olaX;BuD;r[kwaf Mumif; owdjyKrdMurnfjzpfonf/ aZmwduESifh temxydPf
olaX;wdkY jcm;em;csufrSm qkyw¬emjyKrI[k rSwf,lMu&efjzpfonf/ aZmwduolaX;\
qkyw¬emrSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/
tZÆ tm'ð uwGm rroEÅuH 'oðuokwårwårdÜ rH tbdb0dwGm
taeuowmyd &mZmaem0g apm&m0g *PSdwHk orw¬memr rma[mEÅK
t*d¾emyd rr oeÅuH rm0k,Swk? O'aueyd rm0k,Swl wd yw¬eH
tumod/ ("r®y' t|uxm 'kwGJ ESm 435)
595
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
,aeYrpS í wynhaf wmfyikd f ypön;f udk ray;bJ ,uúe;f BudK;prQudyk if tEdik t f xuf
jyKvsuf tmPm&Sif bk&ifEiS fh ppfwyfBuD;rsKd ;jzifh aqmif,jl cif;rjyKEdik yf gapownf;? wynhf
awmfyikd yf pön;f [lorQ rD;ab; a&ab;rS uif;vGw&f ygvd\ k [k qkyw¬emjyKcJo h nf/
auvmo r,fawmf
auvmoawmifxdyf anmifyifBuD;atmuf&Sd r,fawmfa'0D ½kyfxkESihfpyfvsOf;í
7-9-1997 ckESpfu rdefYMum;cJhonfrSm r,fawmf½kyfxk&Sd&modkYvmí a&m*gpGJuyfolrsm;
ylaZmfuefawmhMuonf/ rdrcd E¨mud, k üf pGu
J yfaeaoma&m*gaysmufuif;&ef r,fawmfBuD;
½kyfxk cE¨mtpdyftydkif;udkyGwfí qkawmif;Mu&onf/ OD;acgif;em&Sdu OD;acgif;udk ESdyfe,f
Mu&onf/ awmifay:a&mufvmMuolwo Ykd nf apwDawmftm; a&;BuD;okwjf ym OD;csNyD;
r,fawmfa&SUoGm; uefawmhavh&SdMuonf/ awmifydkifq&mawmf OD;ok0P Ö (vltrnf
OD;omZH)tm; tav;*½krjyKbJ jyefomG ;wwfMuonf/
bke;f BuD;xuf ewfuOkd ;D pm;ay;aeonf[k a'gojzpfNyD; ½kyx f u k kd ½du fk cf sdK;cJo
h nf/
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oGm;a&mufawmif;yefNy;D a&m*gaysmufa&; trsm;enf;wl jyKvkyrf o S m qD;? 0rf;csKyfa0'emrS
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ajymif;vGJxkvkyfxm;&Sdonf/
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tumt&efr&Sv d Ykd acG;rsm; tnpftaMu;pGex Yf m;aomaMumifh tpdt k ajcmufa&maESmvsuf
&S&d m oef&Y iS ;f a&;jyKvky&f ef tpktzGUJ jzifh aqmif&u G Mf u&onf/ OD;&aohEiS t fh wl OD;ñGeaYf rmif
&aoh OD;atmifNzdK;? OD;&aoh OD;av;jzpfol OD;brSed w f Ykd t"d|mef0ifí pcef;csvkyu
f ikd af exdik f
596
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
Muonf/ &ifjyifoef&Y iS ;f a&; aqmif&u G Nf yD;pD;aom txdr;f trSwt f jzpf OD;&aohyg(5)OD;wdYk

t"d|meftqift h jrifq
h ;kH wifcMhJ uonf/ wpfaeYwmeHeuf aexGucf sderf S aemufaeY aexGuf
csdet
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t"d|mefjzifh &ifjyifay:rSmyif aecJMh uonf/ rdrw d aYkd rG;aeYarG;eHt&yfrmS yif t"d|mefyw
k ;D pdw?f
pMuFeaf vsmuf £&d,mykorf QwatmifaeMuonf/
OD;ñGeaYf rmifum; t*Fgom;jzpfí ta&SUawmif (t*Fgaxmif)h t&yfrmS yif t"d|mef0if
vsuf&Sdonf/ tm½Hkwufcsdef bk&m;0wfjyK *kPfawmfyGm;vsuf apwDudkMunfh½Iaecsdef
0if;ueJ vufueJ tvif;a&mifrsm;jzmxGuv f m&m aexGuv f mí aexd;k onf[x k ifrod nf/
ausmrcst"d|mefjzpfí rtdyf&vdkY rIef0g;0g;jzpfavovm;[k aea&mifxGuf&mudk Munhfrd
onf/ tm½Hw k ufNyD;pom aerxGuaf o;[k owdjyKrdNyD; a&mifjcnfawmfvw T w
f myJ[k
aphaphMunhrf vd Qif iSuaf ysmzl;txufrS a&mifjcnfawmfykH vQyfppfr;D uGi;f vdyk if a&mifpjkH zm
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0rf;omrdonf/ we*FaEGaxmifh&Sd OD;atmifNzdK; OD;brSdef OD;bpdefwdkYtm; vuf[efjzifh
a&mifjcnfawmfpuf0ef;udk jyaomfvnf; olweYkd m;vnf[efrwl uGejYfrL;aoma&mifjcnfuv kd nf;
rawGU&awmhay/ pum;rajym&aom 0pDyw d t f "d|mefjzpfí EIwxf uG pf um;rajymrday/
tBudrfBudrf BudK;pm;aomfvnf; tazmfrsm; a&mifjcnfawmfzl;cGifhr&cJh/ OD;ñGefYarmif
a&mifjcnfawmfudk tm;yg;w& zl;ajrmfcJh&onf/
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wpfBudrfzl;cJh &onf/ OD;&aohb0jzifh wpfBudrfzl;cGihf&onf/ OD;atmifNzdK;wpfBudrf
zl;cGi&fh cJo
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a&mifjcnfawmf zl;cGi&fh oljzpfí touft&G,f (80)ausmfonftxd omoemjyK&mü
yg0ifciG &fh aeqJjzpf onf/ 1367-ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvqef; (9)&uf (13-8-2005) paeaeYn
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&Spd Ofu qHawmfomoemjyKrnfo h wl aYkd &mufvmcsdef ig\cE¨mrS a&mifjcnf
awmfyrm ay:xGuyf gap[k t"d|mefawmfaMumifh acwfr;D uGi;f a&mifjcnf
597
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
puf0ef;yHkjzifh ta&mif 6-rsdK; wpfrsdK;pD puf0ef;a&mifjcnf uGefYjrL;onf/

ouf&Sdbk&m; a&mifjcnfrsdK; rrDao;yg/
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wpfae&mrSwpfae&m a&GUvsm;vSnv fh nfy[ kH ef uGejYf rL;onf/
( * ) omoemapmifeh wfwYkd ya,m*aMumifjh zpfaom a&mifjcnfawmfrmS tvif;
a&miftwef;vdu k f ay:vdu
k af ysmufvu kd yf [kH ef uGejYf rL;onf/
q&mawmf\tajzrSm ay:vGiaf eayonf/ &aohb0rS usKd ufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf
tjzpf xif&mS ;cJNh y;D usKd ufa';,sKH apwD xD;wify?JG em*pfrek wf ikd ;f wdu
k cf &H í wGaH w;ç aumhrLS ;ç
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a&mifjcnfawmf uGefYjrL;onf/ vltrsm; zl;ajrmfcJhMu&onfudk pDppfvQif a&mifjcnfawmf
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jyKcJh&m t&yf a&mufcJhMu&í 0rf;omyDwdjzpfvsuf tjyefc&D;um;jzifh jyefvmMuonf/
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,mOfarmif;uvnf;uRrf;usifí ylyifaomu pd;k &drpf w d rf &Sd vdu
k yf gvmcJMh uonf/
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csD;jr§ifhxm;aom ykwD;udk pdwf&if; q&mawmf&Sd&modkY vuftkyfcsDum tm½HkjyKaeonf/
598
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
xdkpOf um;wpfpD;rD;xkd;armif;vm&m um;ysuf&mteD; vrf;ab;wGif &yfxm;um

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pum;ajymavonf/ um;jyifay;olwt Ykd rnfukd rar;ovdk rdrw d Ykd b,fob l ,f0g[k
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pdw0f ifwpm; Munh½f aI vhvmaeolum; Ekid if jH cm;om; pma&;q&mrBuD;yifjzpfonf/ jrefrm
Ak'b¨ mom&[ef; usdKufx;D aqmif;qdw k mudk pdwjf zihyf akH zmfae&onf/
oHwHwm;usdK;ay:rSm um;ysufcsdef
aumhu'Gwt f aemufbufuyfvsuaf csmif;&So d nf/ usKd ufx;D ½d;k awmifrS usKd ufxNkd rKd U
ta&SUawmife,fpyfrSm bDvif;NrdKUe,f? oajyeD&Gmtxd a&pD;acsmif;jzpfonf/ usdKufwJ
bk&m; qHawmfapwDteD; a0hum0du k u
f m pD;qif;cJ&h m aumhu'Gwt f eD;rS Zkuv ú &d mG e,fajr
twGi;f acsmif;ao;rsm;qHpk ;D qif;cJo
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rSjzpfap auvmoawmifxyd rf jS zpfap Munf½h yI gu &Snv f sm;aom a>rjzL a>re*g;wpfaumif
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usdK;NyD; um;pufyg&yfomG ;cJoh nf/ um;'½dik b
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ausmif;om;? ta&mif;t0,form;tm;vH;k ausmif;ysuf? ta&mif;t0,fysufc&hJ onf/
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twGi;f jyKwfus&eftajctae&So d nf/ um;udak emufqJG a&SUqG&J efvnf;rjzpf uJ ig
599
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
tqH;k tjzwfay;r,f? um;ydik &f iS &f UJ um; qH;k ½H;I ovdk wHwm;vJ usdK;usEdik w f ,f? um;
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q&mawmfonf wHwm;usKd ;ay:rS um;tif*siu f kd Ed;I Munh&f m pufcsKd U,Gi;f jcif;r&S[
d k od&vQif
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taemufbufjcrf;odt Yk a&muf wufvu kd &f m vltrsm;nmoHEiS t fh wl um;BuD; uwå&m
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600
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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wwd,tBudrjf zihf cGijfh yKjyefavonf/
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601
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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602
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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603
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
cef;raqmiftaxmifh 4-axmifh t&yf 4-rsufESmü pmoifaqmifcef;rsm; yl;wGJvsuf

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604
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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605
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
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pdyfvQif Am;rJho&P*Hk (30)udkom &GwfyGm;cJhonf/ ,aeYawGU&aom atmifjrifrIrSm
o&P*H\ k tusdK;rsm;yifjzpfonf[k (14-4-1997)ckEpS f oBuFet f usaeY n"r®yv’iüf
rdeMYf um;cJo
h nf/
o&P*Hk&GwfoHMum;vdkY &efpum;ajymrxGuf
Zkwo k &f mG av;ykid ;f üaexkid Mf uaom OD;atmifa&T (c) OD;eDwm1ESifh a':tke;f Munf
f w
ZeD;armifE&HS o dS nf/ cifyeG ;f jzpforl mS usdKufx;D aqmif;bk&m;ü e0*Fov D apmifx h ed ;f t"d|mef
0ifonfukd ZeD;jzpfol rauseyfbJ a'gopdwfjzihf xbDwdkwdk0wfvsuf apmif;wef;xdyfrS
wufvmonf/ "r®yv’iüf q&mawmfEiS ahf ,m*Drsm; Am;rJo h &P*Hk (30)ukd pkaygif;&Gwq f dk
aecsed wf iG f apmif;wef;xdyrf aS evsuf cifyeG ;f OD;eDwmtm; vufñ;dI xk;d onf/ Murf;wrf;aom
toHxu G &f ef tm;xkwaf omfvnf; toHrxGuEf idk b f J jyefqif;oGm;awmhonf/ wpfO;D
wpfa,mufu yg;pyfudk ydwx f m;ovdk 0l;0g;toHjzihf tqH;k owf&onf/ y&dowfrmS
NyHK;pdpdusef&pfcJhMuonf/
1/ Zif;usdKufawmifwef; rif;wpf&mhwpfyg;awmifpcef;xdik f OD;t*¾o&D d jzpfonf/
606
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
o&P*Hk&GwfoHaMumihf vl&rf;um;rsm;'l;wkyfcJhMu
auvmoqHawmf&iS af pwDb&k m;yGu J dk oMuFe&f uftwGi;f usif;yonf/ a&S;acwf
uyif pwifcJhonf/ vlacgif;oHk;vHk; aoG;xGufoH,kdrjzpf&bJ bk&m;yGJrNyD;Ekdif? oMuFef
rwuf[k t,l&MdS uonf/ vli,fv&l , G rf sm;rSm awmifajcwGi&f adS om xef;yifrsm;rSxu G f
aom xef;&nfukdt0aomufNyD;rS wufavh&SdMuonfrSm tpOftvmjzpfaecJhonf/
auvmoawmif jyKjyifxdef;odrf;&ef NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJUrS usdKufxD;aqmif;
q&mawmftm; tyfENHS y;D aomESpw f iG f q&mawmfEiS w fh ynfrh sm;onf auvmo awmifxyd üf
a&muf&adS ecsed f rl;,pfaomufpm;vmolwYkd 'kwf 'g;paom vufeufuikd v f mNy;D &rf;um;&ef
awmifay:odw Yk ufvmMuonf/ q&mawmfEihS f y&dowfwo Ykd nf Am;rJo
h &P*Hk (30)ukd
&Gwq
f adk eMu&m vl&rf;um;rsm;onf yxr rwf&yfMunhf em;axmifMuonf/ 'kw, d
rwf&yfvuftkyfcsD? wwd, ½kdaopGmxkdifí vdkuf&GwfcJhMuonf/ xkdESpfoBuFefrSm
aoG;xGuo f ,H rdk &Sd ESpo
f pfu;l cJo
h nf[k rdeMYf um;cJo h nf/
607
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D; rNyD;ao;yg
wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D;rSww f rf;rSm aus;Zl;awmf&iS f tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu? xkid ;f Ekid if ?H t,k', ¨ ? r[mcsLvmavmifueG w f uúov kd rf S qufuyfcahJ om
*kPfxl;aqmifa'gufwmb'ËÅynm'Dy?udsKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; jyefvnf
zGihfazmfvsuf&Sdaom apwDykxdk; omoedu taqmuftODwdkY jyKjyif&mü yg&rD(10)yg;udk
tqihfoHk;qihfxm;aqmif&GufcJhyHkrsm;? tcuftcJ atmifjrifrItzHkzHk? opömpGrf;tm;?
cEDpÅ rG ;f tm;? t"d|mefprG ;f tm;? arwå mpGr;f tm;? oDvpGr;f tm; toH;k cscNhJ y;D jzpfay:apcJah om
tHhzG,f&mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ q&mawmf\wynhfrsm; axmifcsD&Sd&m wpfOD;wpf
a,mufawGUBuHKcJ&h aom tjzpftysupf ak ygif;vQif þpmtkyrf sKd ; ta&twGurf sm;Edik yf gonf/
rSwfwrf;jyKol a&Tjynf[def;vdk wynhfrsm;pGm&Sd&m þrSwfwrf;rsdK; &mcsD½dkufESdyfMu&rnf
xifrdygonf/ rSwfrdorQ jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfí wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D;rSwfwrf;rSm
jynhfpHkrI r&Sdao;yg/
usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf\ wm0efrSm aemufydkif; omoem 2500-jynhfNyD;
"mwk tEÅ&"mEkac: omoemawmfaemufqHk;uG,fycsdef edrd®wAk'¨zl;jrifNyD;onftxd
"mwfawmf arGawmfwu Ykd kd apmihx f ed ;f &ef t&darawå,sbk&m;&Siyf iG cfh sdef ig;oH;k vDwynhrf sm;
r*fÓmPf&Edik &f ef oDvodum© ? orm"dou d m© ? ynmodum© tqifq h ihf &ifo h efap&ef ulnD
vdok nfh t"dum&qE´&o dS jl zpfí BuD;rm;&Snv f sm;aomwm0ef&x
dS m;ygonf/ wpfausmhjyef
omoem 2500 rSonf jrwfA'k o ¨ moemawmf 5000 jynho f nftxd wm0ef&adS omaMumifh
aus;Zl;awmf&Sif usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfbk&m;\ wpfausmhjyefomoemjyK
]]aus;Zl
c&D ;}} rSwfwrf; rNyD;qHk;ao;yg/
Ak'Äsm'dwfawmfESihftnD wm0ef&Sdonf
1/ rr y&dAd eÁ awm [d tmeEýOö0óo[ómed rr omoeH ywd|w d H b0dówd/
2/ £rmqauo"mwka,m yOöowm"du 'Go d [ó0ómed 'kuw ©d m b0dóEdÅ/
3/ wawmy&H r[mylZmouúma&m b0dówd/
4/ {uo®ð apwda, r[mowåAEd, ¨ H b0dówD wdAsmumod/
qauo"mwk 0 H o ygVf
a&T j ynf [ d e f ;
608
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
pmjyKol a&Tjynf[def;
twG i f ; "mwf y H k a&TjrAGD'D,dk-OD;ausmfatmif
yef ; csD ewfyef;csDoef;rif;
uG e f y sLwmpmpD ]]atmif}}uGefysLwm
pmjyif OD;Munfpdk;(omoema&;OD;pD;Xme)
rsuf E S m zH k ; 'D Z d k i f ; a&Tjynf[def;
pmtk y f c sKyf
yH k E S d y f c k E S p f 2014-ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
½d k u f E S d y f t Bud r f yxrtBudrf
tk y f a & 500
wef z d k ; 15000 usyf
yH k E S d y f o l OD;ausmfa|;rif;? atmifodef;oef;atmfhzfquf
47-vrf;ESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? trSwf( )&efukefNrdKU
609
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
pma&;oltrnf OD;jynf[def;jzpfonf/ ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;? ykvJNrdKUe,f?
avSmfum;&Gmae OD;aygvIdif+a':jrBuD;wdkYrS 1302-ckESpf? uqkefvjynhf 12-&ufaeYwGif
arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ arG;zGm;&ma'orSm tvHeo D yl ek rf sm; BuD;pd;k &me,fajrjzpfí tpd;k &rlvwef;
ausmif; tv,fwef;r&Sdyg/ ynmoifMum;vdkolwdkY rHk&GmESihf rEÅav;NrdKUudk oGm;a&muf
ausmif;aeMu&onf/ tdrfajc(500)cefY&Sdaom&Gmjzpfí bkef;awmfBuD;oifausmif;rsm;ü
pmoifMum;&onf/ touf(10)ESpftwGif;rSmyif jrefrmoifykef;BuD;taygif; tEIwf
tajr§muf tpm; ocsFmynm y&dwBf uD;tygt0if q,fapmifw?JG pufy&dw?f "m&Py&dw?f
q'doygvokw?f y&drw d Zå mvokw?f "r®pMum? tewåvu©Pokww f u Ykd kd tvGw&f NyD;
vufa&;vSí jrefrmpmtwGuf ZmwfawmfBuD;q,fbGJUudk ukefatmifzwfukefatmif
vufa&;vSatmif oifcJh&onf/ touf (11)ESpft&G,f o'´g? oN*ØK[fusrf;rsm;udk
oif,cl sdef tzGiu
fh srf;jzpfaom ½lyod'E¨d iS fh #Dumausmfwu Ykd kd oif,&l onf/ touf(15)ESpf
rSpí yxri,f? yxrvwf? yxrBuD;wef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD;aemuf omoe"Z oD&d
y0&"r®mp&d, atmifjrifco hJ nf/ i,fq&mxHrmS edum,fig;&yf ygVdawmfwu Ykd kd tm;vyfcsed f
&wdik ;f oifMum;cJ&h onf/ &efuek Nf rdKU? prf;acsmif;? Am;u&mvrf;? aeewfom;pmoifwu kd f
(,cifuZ&yfBuD;ausmif;) t*¾r[my@dw b'ÉÅ0g,mrdE´mbd0Ho\ csD;ajr§mufrIjzihf
(9)wef;atmifonftxd oifMum;cGi&fh cJo h nf/ tm;vyfcsed rf sm;wGif pmoifMum;ydcYk sco hJ nf/
1342-ckEpS (f 1901-ckEpS )f wGif urÇmat;? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? yHEk ydS w f ukd üf pmjyifq&m
610
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
tjzpf wm0efxrf;&mrS oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg EdkifiHawmfoHC
r[mem,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESit fh wl ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm;aexdik u f m 0denf;"r®uH
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf; oHCmhtzGUJ tpnf; tajccHpnf;rsOf;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;? 0depd , ä vufp?JG
oHCem,uvufpJG pmrlrsm;udk vufEydS pf uf½u kd af y;&onf/ aemifwiG f ZrÁL'DytaqmifrLS ;
wm0ef? omoemha&;&mXmewGif pmrlppd pfo?l 'kw, d OD;pD;rSL;? OD;pD;rSL;tjzpfvnf; awmif
wGif;BuD;NrdKUe,f omoema&;rSL;? weoFm&Dwdkif;? Nrdwfc½dkif omoema&; OD;pD;t&m&Sd?
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme yHEk ydS wf u
kd ?f pufXmerSL; (zdrk if)? pmjyifrLS ;csKyf wm0efwu Ykd kd aqmif&u
G f
cJhNyD; (2006-ckESpf)wGif oufjynhftNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
v,f,majraumif; usdKufxD;aqmif;
1989-ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u 'kwd,Ouú| pvif;q&mawmf
OD;udwå? wGJzuftusdK;awmfaqmif rdw¬Dvmq&mawmf OD;pEd´rm OD;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;
aumfr&SiftzGJUü yg0ifaomaMumifh rGefjynfe,f? bD;vif;NrdKUe,f? Zkwfokwf&Gm? usdKufxD;
aqmif; qHawmf&iS o f Ykd vdu
k yf gcJo
h nf/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf\ omoemjyKvkyif ef;
rsm;udk twGi;f usus avhvmod&&dS aomaMumifh 1990-jynhEf pS rf pS í rdrv d b Yl 0wpfouf
twGuf ypöKyÜeo f o H &m b0c&D;avQmuf&m0,f tm;ud;k tm;xm; jyKxdu k af om (uvsmP
rdwå) q&maumif;wpfyg;&&Scd NhJ yD[k ,HMk unfpw d jf zpfymG ;um teD;uyfaexdik cf iG fh twGi;f ae
ynht f jzpfa&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ 1368-ckEpS (f 2006-ckEpS )f rSpum udsKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfxH
tajcwusaexdik f ]]oHo&mc&D;twGuf jynhpf v kH akH vmufaom oDv orm"d ynm}}
wduYk kd usihBf uHymG ;rsm; tm;xkwv f suf&o
dS nf/ v,f,majraumif;yrm usdKufx;D aqmif;
qHawmf&iS o f m[k cH,x l m;ygonf/
qk y w¬ e m
q&mawmf\ t"dum&qEáwmfukd jynhahf pEdik af om pmjyK-pmpkupd rö sm;udk vkyu f ikd f
cJ&h m Ak't¨ vduk s ig;oH;k vDusr;f ? a&S;a[mif;ok0ÖPblrd Ak'o ¨ moemawmfordik ;f ? usKd uf
"Ekwq f aH wmf&iS o
f rdik ;f ? wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D;rSww f rf;rsm;udk yHEk ydS t
f jzpfaqmif&u G f
cJNh yD; r[m"mwk0ifqaH wmfqikd &f mrsm;udk ]]qauor[m"mwk apwd,yumoeDusrf;}}?
qauoxly0ifusrf;vm qHawmfqikd &f mrsm;udk ]]wpfausmhjyefyiG v fh if;vmrnhq f aH wmf&iS f
apwDrsm;}} tygt0if rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;pGmudk uGeyf sLwmpDxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/ omoem
ig;axmifuek o f nftxd wnf&rdS nfah pwDawmfrsm;ESifh teD;uyfxed ;f odr;f Muolwt Ykd m; ½dak o
av;pm;aomtm;jzihf aqmif&Gufxm;ygonf/ pma&;ol\ qkyw¬emrSm-'Dywefaqmif
tvif;a&mif ig;axmifomoem wnfygap-jzpfygonf/
611
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwd u m
pOf taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m
1/ pma&;ol\tBuHjyKpum; 1
2/ yHkESdyfpmtkyfjzpfay:a&;ulnDrI 5
3/ r[maAm"dowå[lonf 8
4/ Ak'ÿPmr 8
5/ toacsF 20 twGif; yGihfaombk&m;&Sifrsm; 8
6/ aomwwå uDusrf;rSmvm&Sd 8
7/ bk&m;qkyefo&l mS aom jA[®mrif; 10
8/ rmwk½k'üvkvif 11
9/ jA[®mpD;yk*d¾Kvf0ifyHk 13
10/ *ZydÜ, qifcspfaomol 14
11/ jA[®vkvif 16
12/ od'w ¨ t¬ rnf&&Sad &; rHn
k if;qDvLS cJh 17
13/ jA[®a'0bk&m;&SifESihf twda'0rif; 20
14/ pdwfjzihf bk&m;qkyef&mumvü yGifhcJhaomAk'¨rsm; 22
15/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf om*vpMum0aw;rif; 23
16/ bk&m;av;qlyiG &hf m om&r@urÇm 26
17/ 'DyuF&mbk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrl 27
18/ okar"m&Si&f aoh\ qkyefvmT 28
19/ ed,wAsm'dwfyef;qifjref; 30
20/ a&SUajy;edrdwfBuD;rsm; 32-yg; 31
21/ yg&rDy0dp,ÓmPf 33
22/ qifjcifawmfrlyHk 34
23/ tbded[m&ukodkvfpdwf 36
24/ bm0emav;rsdK; 37
25/ ed,wAsm'dwfay; bk&m;&Sifrsm; 37
26/ opömjyKyHk 0w¬Kom"u 38
27/ yg&rDajrmuf jznhfusihf&ef t"d|mef 39
612
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

28/ t&d,opömav;yg; 39
29/ opömjyKvQif tHhzG,f&mjzpfay:cJh 40
30/ orkwo d pömESifh y&rw¬opöm 40
31/ usrf;rpl;aom opömESpfyg; 41
32/ obm0opömjzpfyHk 42
33/ t&d,opömjzpfyHk 42
34/ opömyg&rD 43
35/ o'´g[mye opöm 44
36/ bdoZmwfawmf 44
37/ usdfefpmwdkuf&aom &aohESpfyg; 44
38/ vlom;pm; ayg&dom& 45
39/ £pämyl&P 0pDopöm 45
40/ yifv,fa&aMumif;jy\ 0pDopöm 46
41/ rsufpv d LS aom od0rd if;opöm 46
42/ rdk;&Gmap&ef opömpum;ajymqdk 46
43/ iHk;rif;opömjyKí awmrD;Nidrf; 47
44/ trSefpum;ajymí a>rqdyfazsmuf 47
45/ opömwefzdk; trsdK;rsdK; 48
46/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfwdkY ajymaompum; 49
47/ y&rw¬opöyg&rD 50
48/ 0d"&l trwfajymqdak om y&rw¬opöm 50
49/ aomuf&SL;Mu,fyrm 0pDopöm 51
50/ a&m*gaysmuf tiwfjyóemuif;&Sif;cJhyHk 52
51/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ESihf &[EÅmBuD;rsm; a&m*gaysmufuif;cJh 52
52/ tvG,fwulrD;zGm;apjcif; 53
53/ zGm;vlemrsm;tm; aq;ukay;jcif;r[kwf 54
54/ ,aeYawGU&onhf xdkifcHkae&m 54
55/ od[dkVfuRef; tar&ifom;uifqma&m*gaysmufuif;apol 54
613
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

56/ nDi,fopömjyK rdcifa&m*gaysmuf 55
57/ a&S;acwf jrefrmq&mawmfBuD;rsm;opöm 55
58/ yk*iH uS yf pfawmifq&mawmf opömpum; 55
59/ awmifzv D mq&mawmf opömpum; 56
60/ opömyg&rDESihf t"d|mefyg&rD oD;jcm;pDyif 56
61/ t"d|mefyg&rD[lonf 57
62/ yg&rDajrmuft"d|mef 58
63/ od'w ¨ r¬ if;om;\ ykAeÁ rd w d å t"d|mef 59
64/ 0d"k&okcrdef\ t"d|mefyg&rD 59
65/ arsmufrif;\ tmoDot"d|mefyg&rD 59
66/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfacG;rif; 60
67/ jrwfAk'¨\tmoDot"d|mef 60
68/ O½ka0vuóy twGuf Ak'\ ¨ tmoDo t"d|mef 61
69/ 0"mt"d|mef 61
70/ wefcdk; 10-rsdK; 61
71/ r[muydZmwf 63
72/ bk&m;qkyefolwdkYpdwfxm; 64
yxryd k i f ;
73/ Ak'v¨ ufxufu Zkwo f w k af 'o 66
74/ ordkif;rwifrDu &SdcJhonfh&Gm 68
75/ 0dywå u d mv Zkwo f w
k &f mG 69
76/ Zkwfokwfa'o&Sd xif&Sm;aomq&mawmfBuD;rsm; 71
77/ q&mawmfOD;oDv 71
78/ v,fwq D &mawmf OD;ÓmP"Z aou©sawmif OD;wdavmu 71
79/ r[mpnfq&mawmf OD;aombe 72
80/ a&TYa&mifjyawmifq&mawmf OD;tkef;cdkif 73
81/ oxHkaZw0efq&mawmf OD;em&' 73
82/ anmifveG q Yf &mawmf OD;ar"m0DEiS fh pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmf OD;u0d 73
614
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

83/ rlvXme arS;rSdef ,m,DXmeyGifhvif; 74
85/ rsdK;½kd;pOfquf 75
85/ tazrsdK;½k;d tbd;k [lonf 75
86/ tazcspfaomorD; 76
87/ tazhnrD a':av;oDv&Sif 76
88/ tazwlom; OD;omatmif 77
89/ aeYjrifnaysmufw&m; 78
90/ 'kvb ’ w&m;ig;yg;ukd t&,lcMhJ uonf 80
91/ OD;pHaz b0 81
92/ vlewfw\ Ydk ESv;kH pdw0f rf; Nidr;f aprnfo
h l 82
93/ arG;zGm;csdef xl;jcm;vsuf&Sd 83
94/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf Mumoyaw;om; 84
95/ qHawmfxD;&dyfrSmarG;zGm; 84
'k w d , yk d i f ;
96/ a&mifjcnfawmfzl;cGihf&Mu 86
97/ q,fausmfouft&G,f 87
98/ omoemawmfapmihu f 0Sux f m;avovm; 88
99/ Zkwfokwf&Gm jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;aeY 89
100/ vufeuftm;uk;d olwYdk BuD;pd;k ae 90
101/ xl;jcm;aomyk*d¾Kvfa&muf&Sdvm 92
102/ urÇm&Sifbk&if 93
103/ trsm;wumxuf wpfr;l om 94
104/ OD;pHazqkw d m b,fvv kd pl m;vJ 95
105/ bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgifESihf Zkwfokwf&Gm 96
106/ aoG;acsmif;pD;vlowfyGJ 97
107/ aoG;acsmif;pD;aom tvSLyGJBuD; 98
108 rSwfom;zG,f&mtjzpftysuf 100
615
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

109/ BudKwifodaeaom OD;pHaz 101
110/ b0tcsKyfaxmif usavNyD 102
wwd , yk d i f ;
111/ 0dZÆmynm[lonf 104
112/ e0if;ynm 106
113/ *E¨m&Dynm 107
114/ yxrtBudrf ud;k e0if;t"d|mef 110
115/ 'kw, d tBudrf uk;d e0if;t"d|mef 111
116/ wwd,tBudrf ud;k e0if;t"d|mef 111
117/ t"d|meftqihq f ifx h m; usih&f efvrf;pOf 112
118/ bk&m;&Siftvdkustusihfrsm; 113
119/ vlolawmfpifpcef; rif;q&mpcef; 113
120/ teEÅig;yg;ukd t"d|mef&ufxm;ylaZmfenf; 114
121/ w&m;&wemukd ylaZmfaomaeY 115
122/ oHCm&wemukd ylaZmfaomaeY 115
123/ jA[®mESihfwlaom rdbrsm; 117
124/ tpmtm[m&vGwfaom Oykof 119
125/ rdbud½k adk orS &wemoH;k yg;ukMd unfño dk t
l ppf jzpfEidk f 120
126/ q&mcdkif; r½kdif;[k cH,laexkdifcJh 121
127/ rdcifzcifaus;Zl;&Sif 121
128/ teEÅ&b0rS rdb 2-yg; 122
129/ ukeo f nfnaD emifwYkd twdwb f 0rdb 123
130/ temxydPo f al X;BuD;\ omoemhzcif 123
131/ Am[d,\ omoemhzcif 123
132/ uGrf;aqmfrif;\ omoemhzcif 126
133/ omoemjyKolwkdY\ rdcifzcifaus;Zl;&Sif 127
134/ om;&SifjyK&ef toGm;c&D; 129
135/ trQa0jcif;rwlujJG ym; 130
616
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

136/ olawmfaumif;jypfrSm; 'PfoifhcJh& 131
137/ bGm;apm\ a,musfm;jr§LqG,ef nf;rsm; 132
138/ Oayu©myg&rD 134
139/ vufawGUOayu©myg&rD 134
140/ avmr[HoZmwfvm Or®wå utusihf 135
141/ q&mNidrf;\ Oayu©myg&rD 138
142/ pkefa&ESihfqefa& 139
143/ &Sirf xD;q&mawmf owday; 141
144/ tEÅ&m,fuif;y&dwf&GwfyGJ 142
145/ vGrJ mS ;aom awmxkwyf JG 143
146/ olawmfaumif;jypfrSm;ol 'Pf(10)yg;xdEkdif 144
147/ ukxHk;EkdifvdkY ukdifcJhNyD 145
148/ aeu©r"mwf&ifhoefvm 146
149/ ausmhwpfvSnhfoHa,mZOfjzwf 147
150/ zdeyfrpD; xD;raqmif;jcif;taMumif; 150
151/ c&D;BuHK a&Twd*Hkbk&m;rykdYrdol 150
pwk w ¬ y k d i f ;
152/ azmifpMum&Sif yk*Htavmif;pnfolrif; 152
153/ prkefq&mawmfOD;ukov 153
154/ yxrHq&mvIdif 153
155/ bdk;awmfOD;a&maz 154
156/ pdeyf ef;yifvufyu H ek ;f bd;k awmf OD;vSoed ;f 154
157/ rlvjyefbdk;awmf 155
158/ &aohqw dk m bmukad c:ovJ 155
159/ bk&m;a[mif;jyifolwkdY owdjyK 156
160/ xD;wifyGJESihf bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ 157
161/ arsmufzrf;ol OD;apmarmif 158
162/ jrpfrjrpf 0J,mtajccs 159
617
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

163/ a&Twd*HkapwDrS r[maygif;okdY 161
164/ rd;k rc tb&aoh 163
165/ r[maygif;q&mawmf oH"mwfv;kH aysmuf 164
166/ nwkdif;"r®yv’ifusif;y 165
167/ a&m*graysmuf q&m0efxHavsmfaMu;awmif; 165
168/ OD;wif0if; a&,kefemaysmufatmif 166
169/ Muuform;OD;zdk;pD orD;r0kdif; 167
170/ em*0dZÆm tb&aoh 168
171/ rdk;BudK;ypfcH&ol ukdoef;armif 168
172/ &aohOD;atmifNzdK;"mwfvHk; 169
173/ t&uform;OD;ausmfat;ESifh tb&aoh 171
174/ xrÇDpcef;rS tjzpfqef; 172
175/ &aohtm; BudK;wkyo f wf&ma'o 173
176/ rdb aus;Zl;qyfyGJ 174
177/ qDjzLukef;ausmif;q&mawmf emwm&Snfa&m*gaysmufuif; 178
178/ tb&aohEiS fh uGi;f aumufq&mvIid f 180
179/ bkd;bdk;atmifxH rysif;aq;awmif;cJh 181
180/ i0efa'o *E¨m&Dc&D;
181/ bd;k bd;k atmif\ b&aoh 182
182/ &aohrdk;ysH 183
183/ zm;ysHESihf OD;*sdK;Zuf 183
184/ &[EÅmqkw d m vlxu G yf govm; 184
185/ 0dZÆmESio fh yd HÜ (tm[m&od'Nd̈ yD;aomqef) 184
186/ rlv,uúef;pifawmif *E¨m&Dc&D; 185
187/ orÁKa'¨t"d|mef&uf wrmcsOfqGrf; 185
188/ ae0ifcsdefawmifajcta&muf 187
189/ tm[m&udpNö yD; rmvumoD; 189
190/ awmvdkufrkqdk;zl;cJh&aom a&TapwD 189
618
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

191/ 0dw&dk ,
d bk&ifr tqH;k tjzwfay; 190
192/ rdk;rc&aoh zl;&aoma&TapwD 191
193/ auvmoawmif uk;d e0if;ausmufxyfa&TapwDorkid ;f 193
194/ wdv&aohwnfxm;aom qHawmfapwD 193
195/ rdk;ewf(yZÆKa'0g)rif; wnfxm;aomapwD 194
196/ a&TapwDae&m rSwfom;cJhonfrSm 195
197/ a&TOD;a&TapwDtxdrf;trSwfae&m 195
198/ a&TapwDrsm;xD;wifyGJ 196
199/ y|mef;qufenf; 197
200/ vkredÁ tD ifMuif;yif 198
yOö r yk d i f ;
201/ Zmwd&Gmt0if 200
202/ nDri,fro d m;pktm; u,fr 203
203/ wlt&if;acgufacguf t&ufaomuf bmjzpfrmS vJ 205
204/ a'gufcsmaqmif;aom&aohr[kwf 205
205/ OD;nGeaYf rmifEiS fh OD;&aohqufqHa&; 206
206/ ajymr,Hk BuHKzl;rSod 207
207/ orm;aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfcJh 208
208/ okbdEée*&atmifajr 210
209/ ZGuJ yifqaH wmf&iS f *E¨m&Dc&D; 211
210/ omoemawmftwGuf&&SdaomtusdK;rsm; 212
211/ av;uRef;pMum bkd;opöm 213
212/ vlowform; zm;vawm 214
213/ ausmif;xdkifausmif;ydkif 216
214/ aoNyD;opfyif jyefvdkY&Sif 218
215/ awmapmihef wfawmifapmihef wfwdYk [DoaH y;í om"kac: 219
216/ &[ef;0wfjcif;taMumif;&if; 222
217/ usdKufxD;aqmif;omoemtp 223
619
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

218/ omoema&;tajctae 225
219/ usd K uf x D ; aqmif ; qH a wmf & S i f a pwD w nf a qmuf y H k 227
220/ ae&ma&G;cs,frI 227
221/ apwDpwifwnfxm;jcif; 227
222/ a'0uk@v rPdu@ k vnDaemif apwDwnfxm;ykH 228
223/ xkad cwfapwDudk yHak zmfMunhf 228
224/ orkdif;qkdif&m aypmausmufpmrawGU& 229
225/ xD;awmfwifvSLcJhMu 229
226/ xD;awmfwifvLS yGJ usif;y&m0,f 230
227/ vlMurf;ESiefh wfMurf; 230
228/ ausmufpnfqv JG J pnft&GJ 231
229/ orkid ;f taxmuftxm; rawGU&ao; 232
230/ xD;apmif; apwDrS xD;aqmif;apwD 232
231/ pdefzl;awmfjyKjyifa&;nd§EIdif;tpnf;ta0; 234
232/ pdefzl;a&Tcszdk; usyf(42d^-)&&Sd&efyif rvG,fcJh 235
234/ apwDawmftcsdK;wusjzpfatmif aqmif&GufcJhol 235
235/ A[dkr@dKifwnhfrwfatmifxl 236
236/ "r®a0ae,sESihf "r®r@dKifxl&onf 238
237/ v,fwDq&mawmfESihf "r®a0ae,smrsm; 239
238/ usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmfEiS fh t,ltqwlnD 239
239/ tZÑ wåtm;BuD;rm;atmif pDraH qmif&u G f 240
240/ "e abm* Avr@dKif 241
241/ xD;r@dKifrS c½dkifjzefYcsdefa&mufvmNyD 242
242/ apwD 2-qlwnfxm; 243
243/ avmu&mZm "r®&mZmwkdYyg0if 243
244/ ajrr[DrS a&TapwDay:xGufudef;tp 245
245/ a&Tom;xD;wif&ef tajccHtaMumif;&if; 246
246/ ESpf(2500)Mumatmif t"d|mefaqmif 248
620
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

247/ rd;k ESiafh jrBuD; &uGi;f wD;MuolwYdk 250
248/ a&Tom;xD;rS nTefjyaom omoemawmforkdif; 250
249/ iSufrif;av;rsdK; 251
250/ yef;rif; 5-rsdK; 252
251/ BudKwifjyifqift&m&mwGif 253
252/ a&Tpifa&Tom; a&TxD;BuD;ukdwifvSL 253
253/ qHawmf&SifxD;&dyfukdckdvIH 256
q|ryk d i f ;
254/ pnfawmforkdif; 257
255/ jrusdKif;awmif pwifziG afh zmf 258
256/ oxHkomoemwpfausmhjyefvmrnf 260
257/ teef;zdyk if jyefvnf&iS o f efvm 263
258/ ouúxyl apwD pwifziG afh zmf 264
259/ o&ufyifajcmuf jyefvnf&iS o f efvm 265
260/ ZGJuyifapwDxD;wifvSL 266
261/ 'la0ewfxD;apwDESpfql 267
262/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmf NrdKifBuD;ilc&D;oGm; 269
263/ pHkawmNrdKifq&mawmfESihf usdKufxD;aqmif;&aohrsm; 270
264/ jynfawmf0ifc&D; 271
265/ a&TrsufESmawmfbk&m; 272
266/ q'éftkdifomxD;apwD 273
267/ jrpdr;f awmiftp 275
268/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihfusm; 280
269/ rSeu f n l aD emifrS Am;rJyh x
k ;kd apwD 280
270/ usdKuf*0HywdapwDawmf(Zkuúvd&Gm) 283
271/ &Sif*0HywdrdcifarG;&yf&Gm 285
272/ jroydwfapwD 286
273/ jroydwaf pwDEiS fh jrpdr;f rif;orD; 287
621
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

274/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfxHvTJtyf 288
275/ jroHk;vHk;apwDxD;awmfwifyGJ 288
276/ jroydwfapwDy|mef;yGJusif;y 290
277/ usdKufa';,sHKawmifwef;rS a&TMuufrif;apwD 292
278/ yJcl;NrdKUr[mapwD *0Htm½HkcHaqmufvkyfvSL'gef;yGJ 294
279/ a':pef;pef;<u,f tdyrf uferd w d f 295
280/ tm½Hek rd w d Ef iS fh "mwferd w d f 296
281/ bk&m;trjzpf&ef 0dZÆmp&PjznhfusihfcJh& 297
282/ rdausmif;rif; aumif;csD;ay;om"kac: 298
283/ usdKufa';,HsKapwDpdefzl;aysmufqHk; 298
284/ auvmopdefzl;aysmufqHk;jyef 299
285/ t½l;pum; trSeu f rsm; 299
286/ arSmb f o D al wmf OD;ausmf0if; 300
287/ ,uúef;pifawmifausmif;awmf 302
288/ rkcfOD;rkcf0wnfaqmuf 303
289/ rdk;BudK;ypfí 0ifaygufwHcg;yGifh 303
290/ *0Hr;kd BudK;rkcOf ;D rkc0f 306
291/ odMum;ewfwYdk uG,0f u S x f m;aomodrf 306
292/ &Sdcd;k OD;cscHví kd a&muf&v dS mcJMh u 310
293/ xl;jcm;aom usm;rif;apwD 311
294/ bk&m;ajr ausmif;ajr owdjyKzG,f 314
295/ {&m0Pfqifrif; 305
296/ *E¨m&Dc&D;wpfausmhjyef<uv 318
297/ ol0ÖPblr'd u©P d omcaAm"d0o H uxm 320
298/ aAm"dyif('u©dPomcg)yihfaqmifyHkcsif;rwl 323
299/ a&Twd*HkrSyifhaqmifcJhaom 'u©dPomcgaAm"dyif ,aeYtajctae 324
300/ &aohOD;nGefYarmif *E¨m&Dc&D;tawGUtBuHK 324
301/ toGm;oabFmpD; tjyefc&D; av,mOfp;D cJ&h rnf 326
622
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

302/ &SiOf y*kwå &[EÅm wu,f&o dS vm; 327
303/ tEÅ&m,fumuG,Ef idk af om enf;vrf;&SmazGchJ 329
304/ azmifawmfjyef&[EÅmrax&fyHkawmf 330
305/ bk;d &[ef;[k trnf&&Syd kH 332
306/ xl;qef;aom&[ef;wpfyg; 333
307/ vlYta,mifaqmif e*g;&[ef;wpfyg; 334
308/ usdKufxD;aqmif;uHaumif; 335
309/ a&Tq&mawmfEiS fh usdKufx;D aqmif; 336
310/ aoolwaYdk jrBuD;atmif; &Sio f w
l aYdk &Tx;D aqmif; 338
311/ 0ufjzLjzpf&&Smol 341
312/ &aohbkef;BuD;tm; ta&;,l&efvma&muf 342
313/ auvmor,fawmfEiS fh awmifuek ;f q&mawmf 343
314/ awmifuek ;f q&mawmf\ jywfom;aompum; 344
315/ oufowfvw G pf m;aom OD;umpif 345
316/ bdk;awmfatmifrif;acgif½kyfwkr "mwfouf 347
317/ eef;OD;apwDoufaownf 347
318/ &ifhrm 10-b0ESihf EkrSm 500-Zmwfawmfvm 348
319/ oajyrEkdif anmifrEkdif 348
320/ xl;jcm;aomoajyyif 349
321/ t"d|mefwifuHhaumfyif 350
322/ uHaumfyv’ifarwå m&Sif 351
323/ "r®&mZfodrfawmfBuD; 352
324/ Zkwfokwf&Gm&d uvsmPDodrfawmf 352
325/ aZurÇmOD;cifa&TYtdyfruf 353
326/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;cifnGefY 355
327/ qifoGm;vrf;jzpf rif;oGm;vrf;jzpf 356
328/ aZurÇmapwem &[EÅmESihf y|mef;quf&Sd 357
329/ a&TZif;usdKufqHawmf&SifapwDyGJawmf 358
623
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

330/ Zif;usdKufawmifwufum;vrf; 359
331/ MunfEl;zG,fzl;Ekdifaomae&m 360
332/ aexGufykyÜm;awmifjrifuGif; 361
333/ "r®&mZm avmu&mZmwkdY xD;awmfwifyGJ 362
334/ jrifuiG ;f uGmjcm;cJNh yD 363
335/ yg&rDy|mef;quf&SdolwkdY aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif 364
336/ tm½HkcHwefaqmif; 365
337/ a&S;a[mif;awmifwufvlvrf; 365
338/ rdk;BudK;typfcH&aomawmif 366
339/ oxHkol&Jaumif;nDaemif 367
340/ Am;rJah usmif;ae&mrsm; 368
341/ Am;rJhq&mawmf uokdPf;½I&mausmufaqmif 370
342/ a&v,fausmufaqmifpwifazmfxkwf 371
343/ tHMh ozG,&f m þausmufzsm 377
344/ odMum;rif; rwkrYd xd&aJ omtaMumif;uk&d mS aomf 378
345/ usdKufxD;½kd;qHawmfausmufwHk; 379
346/ Ak'¨\t"d|mefudkMunfñdk 380
347/ qHawmfausmufw;kH &SmazGay;ol odMum;rif; 381
348/ [Hom0wDyJcl;q&mul;tqdk 382
349/ OD;a&Taemf\ apwDordkif;aygif;csKyftqdk 382
350/ OD;cspfaqG\ usdKufx;D ½k;d orkid ;f rla[mif;tqkd 383
351/ a*gyutzGUJ rS wm0ef,jl yKpkaom usdKufx;D aqmif;qHawmf&iS f 384
352/ orkdif;tqdk
351/ jrefrmhp, G pf u
kH srf; twG(J 2)tqdk 385
352/ OD;pd;k &Sed f (armifp;kd xdu
k -f oH;k q,f)\tqdk 385
353/ ausmufwHk;BuD;,laqmifcJhaomae&mrSm 385
354/ usdKufxD;½kd;ausmufwHk;BuD; 386
355/ ausmuftrsdK;tpm; 386
356/ tufNydKifpepfrsm; 386
624
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

357/ ausmufausrGjcif;tajctae 387
358/ usdKufxD;½dk;qHawmf&SifjyKjyifjcif; 388
359/ 0dZÆmnDaemifxD;wifyGJjzpf&yf 389
360/ Zif;usdKufapwDEiS fh pvif;q&mawmfO;D udwå d 390
361/ Am;uk;d yg;q&mawmfrsm; 391
362/ Zif;usdKufawmifrS Am;rJhq&mawmf 392
363/ wdkuúvm;awmifAm;rJhausmif;awmf 393
364/ okd0Sufxm;aom ynm&yfrsm; 394
365/ tmp&d,*kPfukd½kdao 395
366/ *E¨m&Dc&D;pOfpcef;rsm; 396
367/ [Hom0wDESihf tif;0Am;rJhq&mawmf 396
368/ Am;rJ0h Zd Æm,me [lonf 398
369/ Am;rJhqufynm&yfrsm;(a&TjzpfaiGjzpfenf;) 398
370/ od'd̈tzHkzHkNyD;jynhfpHk 399
371/ ayg&dom&tif; 399
372/ ru©,ek m aysmuftif; 399
373/ yGifhvif;pjyKcsdef tm;,lcsdef 400
374/ auvmoawmiftyfESHjcif; 402
375/ pwifjyKjyifapmihfa&Smufjcif; 403
376/ 88 ta&;tcif;umv 404
377/ q&mawmfBuD;rsm; bk&m;zl;c&D; 406
378/ a';cifawmifrS a&TapwD 408
379/ ,aeY a';cifapwDawmf 409
380/ a';cifawmifomoemajrrS usL;ausmfrsm;z,f&Sm; 410
381/ jruRef;omapwD pkwo f wfpwk x
f ;dk bk&m; 412
382/ a&TuRef;OD;apwD awmufacgufoHMum;bk&m; 412
383/ uav;aysmuf&SmyHkawmf 413
t|ryk d i f ;
384/ Ak'ömoemawmfqkdif&mbGJUwHqdyf 417
625
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

385/ bGJUt&nftcsif;rsm; 418
386/ 0dod|dAk'ömoem0k¹dku&*kPf 419
387/ 0dod|Ak'ömoem[dw"&*kPf 419
388/ 0dod|Ak'ömoemEk&u©dw*kPf 420
389/ r[mem,u*kPf 421
390/ *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ twGuf pHpk rf;a&;vma&muf 422
391/ bmaMumifh *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbJUG qufuyf 424
392/ befaumufc&D;pOf 425
393/ a'gufwmbGJUtyfESif;qufuyfjcif; 425
394/ usdKufxD;aqmif;q&mawmfESihf ygarmu©csKyfwkdY rdefYMum;pum; 426
395/ *syefEkdifiHomoemjyKc&D; 427
396/ *kPfxl;aqmifyg&*lbGJUwHqdyfawmf 428
397/ *kPfxl;aqmifbGJUbmomjyef 430
398/ *kP0dod|ylZmobifrsm;usif;y 431
399/ qif&wem jrif;&wemwkdYjzihf ylaZmf 433
400/ rsdK;ocifrSef&if udk;bk&ifcefYpmay;rnf 435
401/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;"avh 435
402/ omoemh0efxrf;"avh 435
403/ omoemjyKOD;aqmifrnfhol 436
404/ omoemjyKolwkdY&&Sdonhf*kPf 438
405/ rsdK;ocifrSefu ukd;bk&ifjzpfrnf 438
406/ ycH;k xrf;ajymif; 440
407/ ta&m,lcsifvYdk taxmif;cHomG ; 441
408/ xkid ;f Ekid if b
H efaumufoYdk yxrtBudraf q;ppfc<H u 443
409/ wpfjyeftouf ESpw f efquf 448
e0ryd k i f ;
410/ Asm'dwaf wmf0if tbdaour*FvmyGq J ifEJT 453
411/ "mwfaygif;umvtp 453
626
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

412/ 3-vtcsdef udk;ESpfvDESihfNyD;cJh 453
413/ a>rESihfe*g; <uufESihfusm; 454
414/ wpfausmhjyef[lonf 455
415/ Ak'\ ¨ tEÅrd Ómww¬p&d,H 457
416/ t&Sifol&d,*kwå &[EÅmausmif;awmf 457
417/ tBudKumvjyifqifMu 459
418/ e,fajrav;&yf 460
419/ vHNk cHKa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm; 461
420/ q&mawmfbkef;orÇm aZurÇmapwem 461
421/ xrif;&nfacsmif;pD; armif;wD;auR;aomtvSL 464
422/ q&mawmftiftm; wynhrf sm; 463
423/ Zif;usdKufESihf ukodem½Hkaygif;qHk 464
424/ vlolawmf(3600)ausmfwkdY pk½Hk; 465
425/ anmifAk'ä[yiftkdt&dyfatmufrSm 465
426/ ok0ÖPblrNd rKd UoxHak 'oü atmifycJG H 467
427/ oxHrk o S nf '*Hak c: &efuek Nf rdKUawmfoYkd 469
428/ '*HkESihfoxHk aygif;qHkyGJ 470
429/ rif;av;yg;qHk&m a&Twd*HkrSm 471
430/ ewfa'0gwkdY ewfyef;jzihfylaZmf 472
431/ rEÅav;awmifajc&Sd oxHka&Tpm&Hausmufpmrsm; 473
432/ &aohBuD;OD;cEÅD 473
433/ oxHkNrdKU a&Tpm&HapwDausmufpm 474
434/ OD;atmifo\ l o'¨gapwemay:vGif 474
435/ rlvomoemp&m usdKufxD;aqmif;apwDwGif yihfaqmif&efpDpOf 475
436/ aysmfyjJG zihaf tmifycJG H 477
437/ OyÜgwoEÅdapwDzl;ajrmf 478
438/ bk&m;BuD;&Gm wpfnwm 478
439/ oxHkrS crf;em;pGmBudKqkd 479
627
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

440/ pdkufxlylaZmf"r®apwDawmf 480
441/ rkd;avaevoufaojy 481
442/ pusifawmifajc 481
443/ ordkif;rSwfwdkifpdkufxl&ef 482
444/ ausmufpmESihf ½kyfwkyHkawmfrsm; 483
445/ xl;jcm;aomatmifjrifrrI sm; 484
446/ pifajrrS usdKufxD;aqmif;okdYyifhaqmif 485
447/ yg'trGefjr*0HESihf yg't&Sif jrpusif 'Dyajcawmf&m 486
448/ ig;oHk;vDurÁnf;ausmufpmwkdif 486
449/ t"du&aomhcsufae&m 487
450/ rdk;xda&Tausmif;awmf 488
451/ ausmif;awmfBuD;ywfvnfrS orkid ;f 0ifjyuGuf 490
452/ qauoxly0ifygVdvmordkif; 490
453/ Asm'dwt f wkid ;f ylaZmfaeMuonf 491
454/ jA[®Zmvokwå efw&m;awmfudk zwf½aI vhvmEkid f 492
455/ "r®u©E¨mausmufpmawmf wefaqmif;BuD; 493
456/ a&TMumaiGMumrokd;ouFef;&ufNydKifyGJ 495
457/ &ufuef;&ufNydKifyGJ pwifcJhMu 496
458/ qDrD;(9000)xGef;n§dylaZmf 497
459/ uxdefouFef;uyfvSLyGJ 497
460/ usdKufx;D aqmif;a*gyutzGUJ rS wm0ef,l 498
461/ a&T[oFmazmifawmfvSnfhvnf 499
462/ NydKifyGJpnf;rsOf;owfrSwf 499
463/ qkay;trSwfa&G;cs,fpepf 500
464/ usdKufxD;aqmi;fqHawmf "r®yv’ifüusif;yaom
19-Zlvidk f tmZmenfaeY 503
465/ usdKufx;D aqmif;ESifh tmZmenfaeY 504
466/ tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;Ed k i f i H Ak ' ¨ b momnD t pf u k d t vS L awmf 510
628
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

467/ NrdKUe,foHCmnDnGwfa&; 510
468/ oHComr*D¾Djzpfa&; 510
469/ NrdKUe,ftqifhtcrf;tem;jyifqif 511
470/ NrdKUe,foHCmrsm;*kPfazmfxkwf 511
471/ tvSL&Sifrsm;o'¨gyGm; 513
qHawmfBudKapwD,omoem
472/ omoema&;0efBuD; AkdvfrSL;csKyfol&jrihfarmifavQmufxm; 514
473/ qHawmfBudKomoem wpfausmhjyefyiG v hf if;vm 516
474/ qHawmfBudKapwDrsm; xD;awmfwifyrJG w S w f rf; 519
u&ifjynfe,f bm;tHNrdKU Zmojyif&Gm
475/ usdKufr&SmapwD 523
476/ jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; 523
477/ apwDa[mif;ukdjyKjyifvkdol 524
478/ wpfESpfwmumvtwGif; 525
479/ ESpfrsm;pGmMum xD;wifyGJapmihfMu& 526
480/ apwDawmfbGJUtrnf 528
rGefjynfe,f bD;vif;NrdKU aZ,smyAÁwawmif
481/ t*Fvdyfppfwyf *syefxdk;ppf 529
482/ aZ,syAÁwawmifapwD 530
483/ usdKufx;D aqmif; r[mor,aeY 531
484/ pwifjzpfay:vmcJhyHk 531
485/ r[mor,okwEf iS fh r[mor,aeY 533
486/ ukodem½Hkawmif vGrf;arQmfa&mifapwD
487/ obm0vGefjzpf&yfqef;rsm; 540
488/ rif;rSmopöm vlrmS uwd(refvnfq&mawmf) 540
489/ a&,kef,m;em aysmufuif;&ef 541
490/ tqkwfa&m*g&Sdol a':pdefjrihfESihf &ckdifiSufaysmoD; 543
491/ vnfacsmif;uifqm rif;*Gwo f ;D ESio
fh Mum;pm;vkaYd ysmufchJ 544
629
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

492/ tqkwu f ifqma&m*gESifh rmvumoD; 545
493/ OHK rtkdavrEÅefjzihf a&m*gaysmufuif;cJhol 546
494/ a&m*gukxHk;qef;rsm; 547
495/ q&mawmfxHrS yef;oD;pm;vdkaom AkdvfcsKyfBuD; 548
496/ rmvumoD;jzihf &ifMuyfa&m*gaysmufol 548
497/ ywå ykdPfxrif; OD;pGmpm;oHk;&ol 549
498/ wdrfpGJa&m*gaysmufuif; 550
499/ 'kw, d tBudrf a>ruku d cf &H aomfvnf; 551
500/ rsufpdwdrfzHk;aeoltm; aysmufuif;apcJh 552
501/ oGm;udkufí yJBuD;avSmf0g;pm;cJh& 552
502/ usdKufxD;aqmif;oBuFef&uf 553
503/ 0pDut H ukov kd Ef iS fh tqdyo f ;D 554
504/ OD;armifyk 0pDuHjypf 556
505/ bk&m;pifa&SU Murf;jyifrSmusdef;puf 557
506/ o'¨garwå mpGrf; NydKifrdaomtcg 558
507/ auGUwrf;&Snfa&tkdifrS ig;rsm; 559
508/ acspG,feJYeJY usm;aygifyJh&onf 560
509/ t&uform;ukd ig;oHk;vDra[myg 562
510/ yJcl;r[mapwDpcef; ajrtvSL&Sif 563
511/ ½kyfajymif;emrfcGm avmuDynm 564
512/ jyefq&kH efyJG &ufrvTJ 564
513/ aomwmyefjzpfcsifvdkY 565
514/ a':jrjraX; tkdif,mvefoGm;c&D; 567
515/ a&S;acwfqGJBudK; xl;qef;pGm&&Sd 568
516/ jypfrIrS uGif;vHk;uRwfvGwfap 568
517/ &efukefom;jzpfvkdolrsm; 569
518/ tNrTmyl;om;nDaemif 570
519/ xD;awmfay:rS usdKufx;D aqmif;q&mawmf 571
630
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum

520/ orx0dZÆmESifh avmuD0dZÆm"dk&fxl;jcm; 571
521/ olaY e&mol jyefvmwmrsdK; 572
522/ tazjyefom; 573
523/ tzjyefom; OD;0if;cspf 574
524/ xkdif;AkdvfcsKyfESihf ppfoHrSL; 575
525/ olxuf0uf igxuf0uf 577
526/ ok0ÖPblrNd rKd U½k;d rS anmifcsi;f tdek wf 578
526/ Oyko&f uf&n S af pmihNf yD;rS e0ur®vSLcGihf& 579
527/ jrif;ajcemvdYk ZeD;ajcukd aq;vdrf;cJhMu 580
528/ oajyyef;ukd aps;NydKif0,f 581
529/ t"d|mef0ifNyD;rS armfawmfum;vSLcJo h l 582
530/ "mwfvHk;avrsdK; ta&mifav;rsdK; 583
531/ a':cifarat; usdKufxD;aqmif;a&mufvmyHk 584
532/ wpfaeYwm tcsKyfcí H tjypfoufom 585
533/ &yfuGufjynfolYaumifpD0ifrsm; awmif;yefMu& 587
534/ rdk;rcq&mawmf 588
535/ 'Dausmif;tkdESifh 'Da'gif;ñdk 589
536/ *kPf&Sdaomausmif;rsdK;rSm aecJh 590
537/ rsufMunfvmT (3)vTm ysufp;D aeol 592
538/ aiGudk a&vko d ;kH vsuf&dS 593
539/ twk,lzG,fenf;vrf;rSm 594
540/ temxydPfolaX; 595
541/ auvmor,fawmf 596
542/ OD;nGefYarmifzl;&aoma&mifjcnfawmf 596
543/ a&mifjcnfawmfvTwfyHk(3)rsdK; 597
544/ tumvntcgrSm um;ysufjyifMuol 598
545/ oHwHwm;usdK;ay:rSm um;ysufcsdef 599
546/ ESrf;cif;aumif;&ifawmfygNyD tb&,f 600
631
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14
rmwdum
547/ tdrtf jyefrmS id&k olrsm; 602

548/ ½ku©pdk;ewfrif; ae&majymif; 603
549/ ysm;pGJtwdwfaumif;edrdwfaumif; 604
550/ Am;rJho&P*Hk&Gwfqkdjcif;aMumihf aumif;usdK;rsm; 606
551/ wpfausmhjyefomoemjyKc&D; rNyD;ao; 608
552/ a&Tjynf[def;b0jzpfpOf 609
632
KTS/KDN(5)17-3-14

တကျော့ပြန်သာသနာပြုခရီးကျိုက်ထီးဆောင်းဆရာတော်

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တကျော့ပြန်သာသနာပြုခရီးကျိုက်ထီးဆောင်းဆရာတော်

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