Chapter 10: Logic

Lesson 1: Proposition
Learning Competencies:
 The learner illustrates and symbolizes propositions.

Math involves logic. There is the logic in performing mathematical operations, in playing chess, in
making decisions, in communicating with peers and in many other activities that we do. Actually, we
may be using the principles and concepts of logic in our daily tasks which may be unknowing to us
sometimes. That is how the study of logic may be significant to us.

Activity 1: Determine what type of sentence is each of the following. On a space provided before each
number, write “D” if it is a declarative sentence, “E” if exclamatory sentence, “Im” if imperative and,
“In” if it is interrogative.

____ 1. Your eye is the lamp of your body.

____ 2. When did you last hug your parents?
____ 3. Admit your fault.
____ 4. Since you are what you eat, then your food can describe your health.
____ 5. Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing.

A Proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
A true proposition has a truth value of “true”, otherwise, its truth value is “false”. Oftentimes, a
small letter is used to denote a proposition. That is, the proposition,
a: It is getting clearer.
may be read as a is the proposition “It is getting clearer.”.

Moreover, a sequence of propositions may be denoted by 𝑝1, 𝑝2, 𝑝3, …

Examples. Determine if each sentence is a proposition or not. If it is, give its truth value.
a: Grounding is beneficial to a person.
b: Forgive and forget.
c: Happy birthday!
d: There is no stronger than the heart of a volunteer.
p: 3! = 6/2
q: Never mind, I am just joking.
𝑝1: If an individual is great, then there is teacher behind.
𝑝2: Either a person saves before spending, or one spends before saving.
𝑝3: It is not shamed to greet the utility worker the same way as with the school principal.

𝑝4: If a person is disabled, then he/ she is entitled to obtain a PWD ID, and if a person is
entitled to obtain a PWD ID, then he/she is disabled.
Solution:
a: It is a declarative sentence that may either be true or false, so it is a proposition.
And, since research says it’s true, then its truth value is true.
b: It is an imperative sentence. Hence, it is not a proposition.
c: It is an exclamatory sentence which makes it not a proposition also.
d: It is a declarative sentence that may either be true or false. It is a proposition. Most
especially in cases of front liners, this is true. Otherwise proven to be wrong, then it is false
in that specific instance.
p: Translated to the verbal statement, this mathematical sentence is “three factorials is equal to
six divided by two”. It is a declarative sentence, so it is a proposition.
Meanwhile, since 3! = 6 and 6/2 = 3, then the proposition is false.
q: It is a declarative sentence but be cautious. Notice that the statement cannot be true nor
false. If the statement is true, it cannot be because the speaker is telling a joke. If it is false,
it cannot be either because the person is speaking the truth. Hence, it is not a proposition.
 𝑝1: It is a declarative sentence that may either be correct or not. It is therefore a proposition.
Every great person the world has known has a patient teacher or coach, acknowledged or
not, hence the proposition is true.
𝑝2: It is a declarative sentence that may either be true or false which tells us that it is a
proposition. It is especially true if one earns money. It may be false if there is none to spend
or save.
𝑝3: It is a declarative sentence that is absolutely true. Thus, it is a proposition.

𝑝4: It is a declarative sentence which by law is true. It is a proposition.

Activity 2. Consider the following sentences. Write P if it is a proposition, and NP if not.

1. a: The largest continent is Asia.
2. b: Do I need to wash my hands regularly?
3. c: Occipital is the part of our brain responsible for vision so we have to be sure that it is taken
care of.
4. d: Happy Birthday, Inay Baby!
5. e: The longest bone in the body is the femur.
Activity 3. Tell whether each of the propositions below is true or false.
1. f: There are 10 years in a decade and 100 years in a century.
2. g: One of the primary colors is yellow.
3. h: Twenty-five is ¼ of a hundred.
4. i: You will get 15 when you subtract 30 from 50.
5. j: Fish is rich in protein and Vitamin D helps the body effectively absorb Calcium.

Lesson 2: Simple and Compound Propositions

Learning Competencies:
 The learner distinguishes between simple and compound propositions. M11GM-IIg-3
Activity 2.1. Identify each statement below as a simple sentence or compound sentence. Write S if it
a simple sentence and C if it is a compound sentence. If it is a compound sentence, identify the
conjunction used as well.
_________1. Best things in life are free.
_________2. It is not true that a good deed will give a bad result.
_________3. A happy heart is a medicine, but a sorrowful spirit weakens the bones.
_________4. Gone are days that people practice apartheid.
_________5. If bullying introduces a not so good background of the bully, then psychosocial
intervention should be designed for these bullies.
Simple and Compound Propositions
A Simple Proposition is a proposition that cannot be broken down into more than one
proposition. Otherwise, it is a Compound Proposition. The latter is a proposition that is formed by
joining simple propositions using logical connectors. Given propositions p and/or q, some logical
connectors may be expressed in terms of the following:
not p ∼ or ¬
p and q ∧
p or q ∨
If p, then q →
If and only f
Example 1. In the previous module, we have understood that the following are propositions.
This time let us identify each of these as simple or compound proposition.
a: Grounding is beneficial to a person.
d: There is no stronger than the heart of a volunteer.
p: 3! = 6/2
𝑝1: If an individual is great, then there is a teacher behind.
𝑝2: Either a person saves before spending, or one spends before saving.
𝑝3: It is not a shame to greet the utility worker the same way as with the school
principal.
 𝑝4: If a person is disabled, then he/ she is entitled to obtain a PWD ID, and if a
person is entitled to obtain a PWD ID, then he/ she is disabled.
Solution:
Notice that among the propositions above, propositions a, d and p are made up of one
declarative sentence each, while propositions 𝑝1, 𝑝2, 𝑝3 and 𝑝4 are composed of more than
one declarative sentence.

This informs us that propositions a, d and p are all simple propositions, while
propositions 𝑝1, 𝑝2, 𝑝3 and 𝑝4 are compound propositions.

Example 2: Identify the simple components of the compound propositions in Example 1 and
the corresponding symbols using the logical connectors used.
Solution:
Proposition/s with Logical
Proposition Simple Component/s
Connector/s
j: An individual is great.
𝑝1 If j, then x.
x: There is a teacher behind.
o: A person saves before spending.
𝑝2 o or k
k: One spends before saving.
c: It is not a shame to greet the utility worker
𝑝3 not c
the same way as with the school principal.
y: A person is disabled.
𝑝4 if y then z and if z then y
z: A person is entitled to obtain a PWD ID.

Activity 2.2 In the blank before each number, write SP, CP, or N if it is a simple proposition,
compound proposition or not a proposition, respectively. Furthermore, identify the logical
connector/s used if it is a compound proposition.
_______________ 1. If bad company ruins good morals, then one should be mindful in choosing
friends.
_______________ 2. Essential oils do not expire.
_______________ 3. Ponder on the sacrifices of your parents.
_______________ 4. If you study hard, then you will have good grades.
_______________ 5. Have you thought of the sick when you are spending too much?
_______________ 6. In tossing a fair coin once you may get a head or a tail.
_______________ 7. There is wisdom in spending for needs and it makes sense to think at least
twice before giving in for wants.
_______________ 8. Two lines are parallel if and only if they are coplanar and do not intersect.
_______________ 9. Study hard and rest well.
_______________ 10. Camber is not telling the truth.

Activity 1.2. Identify the simple propositions comprising each of the compound propositions below.
Translate it as well into symbols using the logical connector used in each proposition.
Simple Components Logical Connector
Compound Proposition
(𝒑𝟏𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝟐)
1. It is not proper to be too confident.
2. If complacency is deceitful, then
preparation is necessary.
3. Fifty is half of a hundred and a hundred
is a tenth of a thousand.
4. A person sacrifices before attaining
success or failure follows one’s slackness.
5. Fish is rich in protein and Vitamin D
helps the body effectively absorb
Calcium.
Lesson 3: Logical Connectors
Learning Competencies:
 The learner performs the different types of operations on propositions. M11GM-IIg-4

Just like operations with integers, fractions, rational expressions, polynomials, exponential functions
and the many other types of functions, there are operations involved in propositions. With knowledge
on propositions, you are now ready to understand the logical operators, their symbols, and
corresponding verbal equivalents.

Ultimately, you will learn how to perform the operations on propositions. Enjoy performing operations
on nonnumerical symbols!

Activity 3.1. Representing each sentence below, identify the conjunction/s used.
_______________1. It is not true that a good deed will give a bad result.
_______________2. A happy heart is a medicine, and a sorrowful spirit weakens the bones.
_______________3. Apartheid is only a thing of the past if and only if dark colored people are treated the
same way as with fair colored race.
_______________4. Every person side with God or one willingly chooses evil.
_______________5. If bullying introduces a not so good background of the bully, then a psychosocial
intervention should be designed for these bullies.
_______________6. One can serve a master at a time; yet nobody can serve two masters simultaneously.
_______________7. Working hard pays off and the satisfaction it gives is priceless.
_______________8. It is a good deed to love friends; but it is divine to love enemies.
_______________9. A wise person cherishes advice and a fool despises corrections.
_______________10. If sharing inspirational stories relaxes a tired spirit, then keep telling such.

Logical Operators Enumerated

Let us consider logical connectors we join with propositions. In this part, we shall deal with logical
operators.
Logical operators include negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional and biconditional.
The definition of each of the logical operators with the aid of a truth table and truth values are shown
below:
The Negation of a proposition p is denoted by ~p which is read as “not p”, and is defined through its
truth table. 𝑝 ~𝑝
T F
Example 1 F T

State the negation of each of the following propositions.

𝑛1: Quality determines the price.
𝑛2: A learned is one who is educated.
𝑛3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 is a cubic function.
𝑛4: An obtuse angle measures 180𝑜.
𝑛5: A curve is the shortest distance between two points.

Solution:
~𝑛1: It is not true that quality determines the price or ~𝑛1: Quality does not determine the
price.
~𝑛2: A learned is not one who is educated.
~𝑛3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 is not a cubic function or ~𝑛3: It is not true that f(x) = x2 is a cubic function.
~𝑛4: An obtuse angle does not measure or ~𝑛4: It is not true that an obtuse angle measure
180𝑜.
~𝑛5: A curve is not the shortest distance between two points.
Another logical operator is Conjunction of the propositions p and q which is denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and
read as “p and q”, and is defined through its truth table p q 𝑝∧𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Proposition p and proposition q are called Conjuncts.
The conjunction 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true only when both conjuncts p and q are true.

Example 2: Let d and e be propositions.

d: Leniency is long-suffering.
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.
Express the conjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. 𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
2. ~𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
3. “Leniency is long-suffering and it is not true that those who misunderstand it abuse it.”
4. “Leniency is not long-suffering and those who misunderstand it do not abuse it.”

Solution:
1. Leniency is long-suffering and those who misunderstand it abuse it.
2. Leniency is not long-suffering and those who misunderstand it abuse it.
3. 𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
4. ~𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)

Example 3 Let r, s and t be propositions.

r: There is a profit in physical exercise.
s: It is best to exercise holiness.
t: A person must be holistically fit.
Express the conjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is best to exercise holiness.
2. There is no profit in physical exercise and a person must be holistically fit.
3. 𝑟 ∧ ~𝑡
4. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑠

Solution:
1. 𝑟 ∧ 𝑠
2. ~𝑟 ∧ 𝑡
3. There is a profit in physical exercise and it is not true that a person must be holistically
fit.
4. There is no profit in physical exercise and it is best to exercise holiness.

Negation and conjunction do not suffice logic. There are logical statements that connote the
disjunction of propositions.
The Disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 which read as “𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞”, and defined
through its truth table
p q 𝑝∨𝑞
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Propositions p and q are each called Disjunct.

The disjunction 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is false only when both disjuncts p and q are false.
 Example 4 Let t, u and y be propositions.
t: He is an old soul.
u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
Express the disjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. 𝑢 ∨ 𝑦
2. (~𝑡 ^ (~𝑢)) ∨ 𝑦
3. “Either he is an old soul or old songs soothe his ears and old fashion is inviting to his
eyes.”
4. “He is not an old soul and either old fashion is not inviting to his eyes or old songs soothe
his ears.”
Solution:
1. Old songs soothe his ears or old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
2. Either he is not an old soul and old songs do not soothe his ears or old fashion is inviting
to his eyes.
3. 𝑡 ∨ (𝑢 ∧ 𝑦)
4. ~𝑡 ∧ (~𝑦 ∨ 𝑢)

Example 5. Let j, k, l and m be propositions.

j: Laughter is the best medicine.
k: Grief causes illness.
l: Prayer relieves pain.
m: God takes charge of worries.
Express the disjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. It is either God takes charge of worries and laughter is the best medicine or prayer
relieves pain.
2. Laughter is not the best medicine and God takes charge of worries or prayer relieves
pain.
3. 𝑗 ∨ 𝑙
4. (𝑗 ∧ 𝑘) ∨ (𝑙 ∧ 𝑚)
5. (~𝑘 ∧ ~𝑗) ∨ (𝑙 ∧ 𝑚)
Solution:

1. (𝑚 ∧ 𝑗) ∨ 𝑙
2. ~𝑗 ∧ 𝑚 ∨ 𝑙
3. Laughter is the best medicine or prayer relieves pain.
4. It is either laughter is the best medicine and grief causes illness or prayer relieves pain
and God takes charge of worries.
5. Either grief does not cause illness and laughter is not the best medicine or prayer
relieves pain and God takes charge of worries.

Another common kind of logical propositions includes conditional. The Conditional of propositions p
and q is denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞 which read as “if p, then q” or “p implies q”, and defined through its truth
table
p q 𝑝→𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Proposition p is called a Hypothesis, while proposition q is called Conclusion.

Example 6. Let x, y and z be propositions.
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper and most commodities contain the chemical dioxin.
 z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
Express the conditionals below in verbal sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. 𝑥 → 𝑧
2. (~𝑦) → (~𝑥 ∧ ~𝑧)
3. “If dioxins are a culprit to many diseases, then they are found almost everywhere and
plastics, bleached paper and most commodities contain this chemical.”
4. “If dioxins are not found almost everywhere, then it is not true that either plastics,
bleached paper and most commodities containing this chemical, or dioxins are the culprit
to many diseases.”
Solution:
1. If dioxins are found almost everywhere, then they are a culprit to many diseases.
2. If plastics, bleached paper and most commodities do not contain the chemical dioxin, then
it is not true that dioxins are found almost everywhere and it is not true that dioxins are a
culprit to many diseases.
3. 𝑧 → (𝑥 ∧ 𝑦)
4. (~𝑥) → ~(𝑦 ∨ 𝑧)
Example 7. Let f, g and h be propositions.
f: Parabens are harmful to the body.
g: Parabens are found in many products we use.
h: Parabens can affect health.
Express the conditionals below in verbal sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.

1. 𝑓 → ℎ
2. (~𝑔 ∧∼ 𝑓) → (~ℎ)
3. If parabens are harmful to the body and are found in many products we use, then they
can affect health.
4. If parabens cannot affect health or they are not found in many products we use, then they
are not harmful to the body.
Solution:
1. If parabens are harmful to the body, then they can affect health.
2. If parabens are not found in many products we use and if they are not harmful to the
body, then parabens cannot affect health.
3. (𝑓 ∧ 𝑔) → ℎ
4. (~ℎ ∨∼ 𝑔) → ~𝑓

The last logical proposition that we shall consider is Biconditional. This is denoted by “𝑝 ↔ 𝑞” or “p iff
q” given propositions or Components p and q and it is read as “p if and only f q”, and defined through
its truth table p q 𝑝↔𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Example 8 Let g, h and i be propositions.

g: Only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disabilities.
h: Psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses can also avail
PWD ID.
i: There are numerous benefits which come along with owning a PWD ID.
j: Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD has yet to be spread.
 Express the biconditionals below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. (~𝑔 ↔ ℎ) ∧ (𝑗 → 𝑖)
2. (𝑔 ∧ (~ℎ)) ↔ (~𝑗)
3. “Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD is has yet to be spread if and only if not only
physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disability.”
Solution:
1. Not only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disability if and
only if psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses can also avail PWD
ID, and if knowledge on the wide extent of who a PWD has yet to be spread, then there are
numerous benefits which come along with owning a PWD ID.
2. Only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disabilities and
psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses cannot avail PWD ID if and
only if it is not true that knowledge on the wide extent of who a PWD is has yet to be
spread.
3. 𝑗 ↔ (~𝑔)

Activity 3.2 Let a, b, c and d be propositions.

a: You are what you eat.
b: Your food can describe your health.
c: By nature, human is designed to eat meat.
d: A person should eat healthy food.

Express the following propositions in verbal sentences.

1. (~𝑐) ∧ (𝑏 ↔ 𝑎)
2. (𝑎 ∨ 𝑏) → 𝑑
3. ~𝑑 ↔ (~𝑎 ∧ ~𝑏)

Activity 3.3 Let d, e, f and g be propositions.

d: There is wisdom in spending on needs.
e: It makes sense to think at least twice before giving in for wants.
f: A good planner saves first before spending.
g: A shopaholic should learn self-control.
Express the following propositions in symbols.
1. If a good planner saves first before spending, then there is wisdom in spending on needs and
it makes sense to think at least twice before giving in for wants.
2. A shopaholic should not learn self-control if and only if a good planner does not save first
before spending and it does not make sense to think at least twice before giving in for wants.
3. There is wisdom in spending on needs or a shopaholic should not learn self-control.