Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

General Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 7:
Propositions

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2- Module 1: PROPOSITIONS
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work of profit. Such agency or office may, among other things
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e, songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in the book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effect has been exert to locate and seek permission to use
this materials from their respective copyright owner.. The publisher and authors do
not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writer’s Name: LOURDES A. AMIT

Editor’s Name: PACIANO E. RECABO

Reviewer’s Name: ISMAEL K. YUSOPH

Management Team: MA. LIZA R. TABILON

LOURNA I. POCULAN

LILIA E. ABELLO

EVELYN C. LABAD

MA. THERESA M. IMPERIAL

NORALYN R. SABANAL

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IX ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
Office Address: Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte
Contact No.: 09355183118
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 11

General Mathematics
Second Quarter – Module 7
Propositions
 Propositions

What I Need to Know

Learning Competencies:

 Illustrates and symbolizes propositions. (Q2, Wk 7)

 Distinguishes between simple and compound propositions. (Q2, Wk 7)
 Performs the different types of operations on propositions. (Q2, Wk 7)
 Determines the truth values of propositions. (Q2, Wk 8)
 Illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions. (Q2, Wk 8)

What’s In
Aristotle claimed that humans are rational animals. Rationality is said to be
what distinguishes humans from animals. It is this rationality that concerns logic
which is a branch of philosophy. Logic, as the study of reasoning, seeks the rules
and principles of how people should reason correctly and rationally.

The goal of logic is to provide rules for rational

thinking, hence, it states what ought to be and not simply
what is.

What’s New
Consider the activity below.

Classify each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.

1. The principal will visit classes starting next week.
2. Ouch ! I cut my finger.
3. Turn right at the fourth traffic sign.
 4. Have you heard of the good news?
5. Please reserve December 7 for me.

What is it
Propositions

What are propositions? In your everyday life, you provide information about
yourself, people , things , and /or events. When you say for example, “ The weather
is hot,” you have just stated something which philosophers call a proposition. This
is a statement in declarative form which expresses a single and complete idea, and
bears either truth or falsity. What you say through the proposition is your belief,
doubt, or knowledge.

A proposition is the basic building block of logic. It is defined as a declarative

sentence that is either True or False, but not both.

Definition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false,

but not both.

What’s More
Example 1
Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or is not a proposition .
a. The number 4 is even and less than 12.
b. Malolos is the capital of Bulacan.
c. How old are you ?
d. Open your eyes.
e. Aaron’s solution is incorrect.
SOLUTION
a. proposition
b. proposition
c. not a proposition (a question )
d. not a proposition ( a command )
e. not a proposition ( a paradox )

In Activity 1, propositions 1 and 3 have only one component( each says only one thing ).
However, proposition 5 is a combination of two components, “5+3 = 8” and “12 – 7=
5”.Proposition like this is called compound proposition.
Simple proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.

Compound proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put together
using connective words.

If the proposition is compound, then it must be one of the following:

conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional, or negation.

Definition
Conjunction

Two simple propositions connected using the word and.

The sentence “Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday” is a conjunction.

Sometimes the word but will be used in place of and in a given sentence. In the
sentence “Roel was on time, but Tom was late” can also be written as “Roel was on
time, and Tom was late”

Definition

Disjunction

Two simple propositions that are connected using the word or

The sentence “I will pass the Math exam or I will be promoted” is an example
of disjunction.

Definition

Conditional

Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if…then.

The sentence “ If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral
examination” is an example of conditional.

The example can be written as:

a. If you will recite the poem, you will pass the oral examination; or

b. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem.

Conditional Propositions. A proposition of the form “if p then q” or “p implies q”,

represented “p → q” is called a conditional proposition. For instance: “if John is from
Chicago then John is from Illinois”. The proposition p is called hypothesis or
antecedent, and the proposition q is the conclusion or consequent.
Definition

Biconditional

Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and

consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second statement.

The abbreviation for if and only if is iff.

Definition

Negation. The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false whenever

the given statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.

The negation can be obtained by inserting the word not in the statement or by
prefixing it with phrases such as “It is not the case that…”

The negation of the statement “Herbert is good” can be written as :

“Herbert is not good.” Or “It is not the case that Herbert is good.”

Example 2
Give the negation of the statement: “Her aunt’s name is Lucia.”
SOLUTION
By inserting not in the statement:
“Her aunt’s name is not Lucia.”
By prefixing the phrase “It is not the case that”
“It is not the case that her aunt’s name is Lucia.”

Symbolic Representation Of Propositions

Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are the frequently used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q, and r are often used to represent propositions in
logic. The table below shows the several symbols for connectives, together with the
respective types of compound proposition.

Connective Symbol Type of Statement

and ˄ Conjunction
or ˅ Disjunction
not ⁓ or ¬ Negation
if…then → Conditional
if and only if
↔ Biconditional
(iff)
Example 1
Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and q represent the
proposition “He is a senior citizen.”
Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
a. He has green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
b. He does not have green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
c. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
d. If he has green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.

SOLUTION
a. p ˄ q p - He has green thumb
˄ - and
Q - He is a senior citizen
b. ⁓p ˅ ⁓q ⁓p - He does not have green thumb
˅ - or
⁓q - He is not a senior citizen
c. ⁓ (p ˅ q) ⁓ - It is not the case
p - He has green thumb
˅ - or
q - He is a senior citizen
d. p → ⁓q p - He has green thumb
→ - then
⁓q - He is not a senior citizen

⁓ (p ˅ q) means the negation of the entire

statement p ˅ q. In ⁓p ˅ q, only p is
negated.

Negation of the Disjunction p or q

Thus, another solution to part (c) of Example 5 is “ Robin cannot swim and Tom
⁓ ( p ˅ q ) means ⁓ p ˄ ⁓ q
cannot play the guitar.”

Example 2
Let p the proposition “Mother loves his son,” and let q be the proposition “
Son loves his mother.”
Write the following in symbols and th en in words.
a. The conjunction of the negation of p and q.
b. the disjunction of the negations of p and q
c. the negation of the conjunction of p and q
 d. the negation of the disjunction of p and q
SOLUTION

a. The negation of p and q are ⁓p and ⁓q, respectively. Thus, the

conjunction of the negations of p and q in symbols is ⁓p ˄ ⁓q.

In words: Mother and son do not love each other.

b. In symbols : ⁓p ˅ ⁓q

In words : Either mother does not love her son or son does not love his
mother.

c. The conjunction of p and q is p ˄ q. Thus, the negation of the conjunction

of p and q is ⁓(p ˄ q)

In words: It is not the case that the mother and son love each other.

d. In symbols: ⁓(p ˅ q)

In words: It is not the case that either mother or son loves the other.

Punctuation marks like comma play an important role in writing propositions

in order to make sense out of them. The following examples point out this need.

Example 3
Identify each symbolic as a conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional,
or biconditional.
a. P˅Q↔R
b. (P ˄ Q) ˅ R

c. ⁓ (P ˅ Q)

d. ⁓P ˄Q→ R ˅S

e. ⁓(P→Q˄ R)
f. P ˄ (Q → R)

SOLUTION
a. Biconditional: The double arrow is the dominant connective and there
are no parentheses.
b. Disjunction: The parentheses separate the statement at the “˅”
connective.
c. Negation: The statement is inside the parentheses.
d. Conditional: There are no parentheses. Thus, the conditional arrow
is stronger than any of the other connectives. The
antecedent is ⁓ P ˄ Q and the consequent is R ˅ S
e. Negation: The negative sign is outside the parentheses and the
conditional arrow is inside the parentheses.
f. Conjunction: The parentheses separate the statement at the “˄”
connective.

Categorical Propositions

Categorical propositions are statements about relationship between

categories or classes of things.
i. No Filipino is immortal.
ii. All Batanguenos are Filipinos.
iii: Therefore, no Batangueno is immortal.

The standard-form categorical proposition (universal affirmative, particular

affirmative, universal negative, and particular negative) presented in the preceding
sections expresses quality, either affirmative or negative. If the proposition affirms
some class of things or people, whether complete or partial, then its quality is
affirmative. There are two propositions that are affirmative in quality – universal
affirmative proposition and particular affirmative proposition. Their letter names are A
and I, respectively, from the Latin word AffIrmo which means “I affirm”. On the other
hand, if the proposition denies class inclusion, whether complete or partial, then its
quality is negative. Thus, both the universal negative proposition and the particular
negative proposition are negative in quality. Their letter names are E and O,
respectively, from the latin word nEgO which means “I deny” Below are categorical
propositions and the quality represented by each proposition.

Affirmative Propositions
A – proposition All humans are by nature good.
Some humans are by nature
I - proposition
good.

Negative Propositions
E – proposition No humans are not by nature good.
O - proposition Some humans are not by nature good.

Universal Propositions
A – proposition All senators in the Philippines are lawmakers.

E - proposition No senators in the Philippines were convicted of corruption.

 Particular Propositions
O – proposition Some Filipino athletes are winners in the SEA Games.
I - proposition Some Filipino athletes are not winners in the SEA Games.

A – proposition All schools are institutions of learning.

E - proposition No schools are disreputable.
I - proposition Some schools are headed by a president.
O – proposition Some schools are not headed by a president.

Truth Values of Simple and Compound Propositions

Truth table, in logic, chart that shows the truth-value of one or

more compound propositions for every possible combination of truth-values of the
propositions making up the compound ones. It can be used to test
the validity of arguments. The Truth Value of a proposition is True(denoted as T) if it
is a true statement, and False(denoted as F) if it is a false statement.

Type of Possible truth

Example
Proposition Values
Simple Tacloban City was devastated by
True False
Proposition typhoon Yolanda.
A conjunction is true if both the conjuncts are true; otherwise , the conjunction
is false.

Second
First Conjunct Conjunction
Conjunct
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Example 1
First Conjunct Second Conjunct Conjunction
Proposition Plato is a Plato and Aristotle are
Aristotle is a philosopher.
philosopher. philosopher.
Truth Value True True True

Example 2
First Conjunct Second Conjunct Conjunction
Proposition Plato is a Aristotle is a philosopher. Plato and Aristotle are
 philosopher. philosopher.
Truth Value True True True

What I Have Learned

In this module, you were introduced to the study of logic. The basic building
block of logic is proposition. This module also provided you with definitions of
propositions. It listed that there are simple and compound propositions, and it further
enumerated the types of compound propositions as conjunction, disjunction,
conditional, and biconditional. It also presented the standard form of categorical
propositions: A – universal affirmative, E – universal negative, I – particular
affirmative, and O – particular negative. This module also presented the first method
of analysing the truth of simple, compound and categorical propositions through the
truth table of values.

What I Can Do
Exercises

I. Vocabulary and Concepts. Match each proposition in Column A to its

respective symbol in Column B.

A B

1. Conjunction a. ⁓
2. Disjunction b. →
3. Negation c. ↔
4. Conditional d. ˄
5. Biconditional e. ˅
 Assessment

Answer the following items below.

I. Let A =“Aldo is Italian” and B =“Bob is English”.

Convert into symbols:

1. “Aldo isn’t Italian”
2. “Aldo is Italian while Bob is English”
3. “If Aldo is Italian then Bob is not English”

II. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a

proposition, determine its truth value if possible.

1. Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?

2. Please close the door.
3. .
4. 144 is a perfect square.
5. Keep right while passing through the corridor.

Additional Activity
Determine the truth values of the following propositions.

1. Let p represent “7 > 5” and let q represent “12 < 0.” Find the truth value of p
and q.
 Answer Key
What Can I Do
Exercises
I. Vocabulary and Concepts
1. D 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. C

Assessment

I.

1. ¬A
2. A ∧ B
3. A → ¬B
II.
1. This is not a proposition since it is a question.
2. This is not a proposition since it is an imperative statement.
3. While this is a proposition (in English, it can be read as “x plus 2 is equal to 11”,
which is declarative), its truth value cannot be ascertained since the value of x is
unknown.
4. This is a true proposition, since it is declarative and we know that .
5. This is an imperative statement, and hence it is not a proposition.

Additional Activity

1. The statement 7 > 5 is true. Hence, p is true.

The statement 12 < 0 is false. Hence, q is false.

The second row of the conjunction truth table shows that p ˄ q is false.

P Q P˄Q
T T T
T F F ← p is true and q is false.
F T F
F F F
References:
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-table
 https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/02/02/symbolic-logic/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/proposition-logic/
 https://sites.math.northwestern.edu/~mlerma/courses/cs310-04w/notes/dm-propositions.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_proposition
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/categorical-proposition
 http://www.thelogiccafe.net/logic/ref1.htm
 https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9DWtPXkJfPVMAQDGJzbkF;_ylu
=X3oDMTBsZ29xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--
;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRhY3R
 https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr4xJPWX0Jf3igAWpFXNyoA;_ylu=
X3oDMTB0NjZjZzZhBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=
 Dr. Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Francis Nelson M. Infante ,Paolo Luis Apolinario, Jose
Lorenzo M. Sin, Regina M. Tresvalles, Len Patrick Dominic M. Garces. SHS General
Mathematics Learner’s Material First Edition 2016
 Albay, Eduard M., Batisan, Ronaldo S., Caraan, Aleli M., Sumagit, Katrina Grace Q. 2016.
General Mathematics Module.DIWA Senior High School Series
 Oronce, Orlando A. First Edition 2016. RBS General Mathematics