SHS

STEM
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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2- Week 1 (Module 2)
Types of Intermolecular Forces
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General Chemistry 2 (SHS- STEM)
Quarter 1 – Week 1 (Module 2): Types of Intermolecular Forces

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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.
Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Marina B. Borbe

Aleli R. Barrameda

Editors/Reviewers: Agnes B. Barsaga

Arlen B. Bertiz
Shirley V. Bataller
Ronaldo C. Reyes
Noel V. Ibis

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I. INTRODUCTION

Matter possesses different characteristics or properties because of the

arrangement of the particles (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions) in different substances. The
chief responsible for the arrangement of the particles is the forces of attraction that
acted on it. The attracted force of the particles depends on its strength.
In this module, you will learn about the types of intermolecular forces present
in different substances.

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Define intermolecular forces of attraction;
2. Identify and describe the types of intermolecular forces; and
3. Differentiate each type and give examples.

III. PRE-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and understand the following questions. Write the letter of
the correct answer in your notebook.
1. Which is NOT true about London Dispersion Force?
A. It is present in all molecules whether polar or nonpolar.
B. Forces are higher with higher boiling point.
C. The higher the surface area, the higher the forces.
D. Exhibit stronger dispersion forces with smaller and lighter atoms/
molecules.
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2. Which shows decreasing order of intermolecular forces?

A. London Dispersion Forces > Dipole-Dipole Forces > Hydrogen Bonds >
Ion-Dipole Forces
B. Ion-Dipole Forces > Hydrogen Bonds > Dipole-Dipole Forces > London
Dispersion Forces
C. Dipole-Dipole Forces > London Dispersion Forces > Hydrogen Bonds >
Ion-Dipole Forces
D. Hydrogen Bonds > Dipole-Dipole Forces > London Dispersion Forces >
Ion-Dipole Forces
3. Which of the following descriptions are true to dipole-dipole forces?
I. permanent attractive force II. two polar molecules
III. Ion and polar molecules
A. I and II B. I and III
C. II and III D. I, II and III
4. What bond exists between the Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms in water?
A. Covalent Bond B. Ionic Bond
C. Hydrogen Bond D. Metallic Bond
5. Why do water and oil do not mix?
A. Because water is polar and oil is nonpolar.
B. Because both substances are nonpolar.
C. Because water is nonpolar and oil is polar.
D. Because both substances are polar.

Well, how was it? Want to know your score? Refer to the
answer key to check if your answers are correct. It will be easy
for you to go over this module but if you got a lower score,
don’t feel bad instead take this module seriously.

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IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ELICIT
DIRECTIONS: Answer the crossword puzzle to recall important terminologies that you
will encounter in the next activities. Fill in the crossword puzzle with the word being
described below. Match the number of the description to the boxes placed across or
down the grid.

Across Down
1. The smallest particle of an element 2. The smallest particle of a
that takes part in a chemical change. compound that carries the
4. Negatively charged ion. properties of a substance.
5. Diatomic molecules containing 3. Positively charged ion.
atoms of different elements. 6. Diatomic molecules containing
atoms of the same elements.

Well done! You remembered the terms well. These will be

helpful for you as you go further in the lesson.

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ENGAGE
TRY THIS AT HOME!
1.Get any transparent glass available in your home (plastic cups can be used as
well) and fill it with tap water.
2. Add a pinch of salt in the glass with water. Do not stir the solution.
(Note: Please be careful in handling the solution to avoid spillage.)
3. Observe and note what will happened to the salt in water.

Questions:
1. What happened to the salt (NaCl) as it was added to the water?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think the salt dissolved in water?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Does the bond of sodium chloride (NaCl) break? How does it happen?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. Do you think there are forces present between the particles of water and salt?
________________________________________________________

Good work! You figured out that water can dissolve salt
because the particles of the two substances interact,
the positive part of the water molecules attracts the
negative chloride ions and the negative part of the
water molecules attracts the positive sodium ions that
resulted to loosening of bonds of sodium chloride
(NaCl).

You’re on the right track lets dig dipper in the next

activity.

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EXPLORE
FIND OUT ON YOUR OWN

Perform the simple experiment at home. Be guided by the

procedure below and take note of the precautionary
measures.

I. Materials
Water 6 pcs. 1-piso coins
Ethyl alcohol 3 pcs. dropper
Acetone
II. Procedure
1. Put several drops of each liquid for the 3 pcs. of coins as much as it can
hold.

2. Observe how many drops of each liquid for each coin can hold. Record
your observation on the data table.
3. In another set of coin add 1 drop for each liquid.
4. Record the time it takes for 1 drop to evaporate for each liquid on the data
table.
5. Answer the guide questions below.

Safety Precautions:
The activity should be performed in an airy or well-ventilated room. Avoid
contact with the skin and direct inhalation of the vapors of the substances. It is best if
the students use safety gloves, goggles and mask.

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III. Data Table

COMPOUND STRUCTURAL # OF DROPS ON TIME FOR 1

FORMULA COIN DROP TO
EVAPORATE

Water

Ethyl Alcohol

Acetone

IV. Guide Questions

1. How many drops of liquid can a 1-peso coin hold for water, ethyl alcohol
and acetone? ______________________________________________
2. How long will it take for one drop of a liquid to evaporate for water, ethyl
alcohol and acetone? _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Which molecules can hold more liquid drops on the coin? ______________
4. Which molecules took longer to evaporate? _________________________
5. Are the molecules that can hold the lesser number of drops the same as
the molecules that took less time to evaporate? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. How does the polarity of a substance affect the forces of attraction
between the molecules? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Good thinking! Based from this activity we observed that

these liquids have different properties and it is affected by the
intermolecular forces of attraction present for each substance.
Let’s find out more about intermolecular forces and its type as
we go on in our discussion.

EXPLAIN
READ, WATCH AND EXPLAIN
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in
the solid or liquid states. Generally, these attractive forces are much weaker than
bonding forces.

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When a solid melt, or a liquid boils, the particles move away from each other. As
they do, intermolecular forces of attraction are broken. The stronger the
intermolecular forces to be broken, the larger the amount of energy needed to
break them, hence, the higher the melting point for solid to liquid transformation,
and boiling point for liquid to gas transformation.

The different types of intermolecular forces are the following:

1. London Dispersion Forces – these forces of attraction result from temporary

dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules. These forces are
present between all types of molecules due to the movement of electrons. As
electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes momentary
charge separations. Slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly
negative sides of the adjacent molecule. The extent to which a dipole moment
can be induced in a molecule is called its polarizability. Polarizability of the atom
or molecule refers to the ease with which the electron distribution can be distorted.
Generally, the larger the number of electrons and the larger or more diffused the
electron cloud in the atom or molecule, the greater its polarizability. Thus,
dispersion forces may be the weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist
between two molecules, but the larger the atoms present, the stronger the
dispersion forces. For example, F2, the lightest halogen, is a gas, Br2 is a liquid,
and the heavier I2, is a solid at room conditions. Further, the more atoms that make
up the molecules, the stronger are the dispersion forces. Methane, CH4, is
gaseous, but larger hydrocarbons like butane, C4H10 is liquid, and those with larger
number of carbon atoms, like the waxes, are solids at room temperature.

An Illustration of London Dispersion Forces using Helium atoms (2

electrons). Consider atoms of helium. The average distribution of electrons around
each nucleus is spherically symmetrical. The atoms are nonpolar and possess no
dipole moment.

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• At a given instant in time, the distribution of electrons around an individual

atom, may not be perfectly symmetrical. Both electrons may be on one side
of the nucleus, as shown on the leftmost atom in the figure below.
• The atom would have an apparent dipole moment at that instant in time (i.e.
a transient dipole).
• A close neighboring atom, shown on the right, would be influenced by this
apparent dipole. The electrons of the neighboring atom would move away
from the negative region of the dipole. Due to electron repulsion, a temporary
dipole on one atom can induce a similar dipole on a neighboring atom.
• This will cause the neighboring atoms to be attracted to one another. This is
called the London dispersion force (or just dispersion force). It is significant
only when the atoms are close together.

Figure 1. London dispersion forces between helium atoms. Image obtained from

http:// www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm

WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIuJfHOVh48

2. Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules

(molecules that possess dipole moments). In polar molecules the electrons are
unevenly distributed because some elements are more electronegative than
others. The partial negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial
positive side of another molecule.

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This type of force is stronger than the dispersion forces because polar molecules
have a permanent uneven distribution of electrons. The nature of attraction is
electrostatic and can be understood in terms of Coulomb’s law: The larger the
dipole moment, the stronger the attraction

Figure 2. Attractive Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Image obtained from

http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm

WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmmy3OklX1Y

3. Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the

hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an

electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are
particularly strong.

The interaction is written as:

A ‒ H ••• B or A ‒ H ••• A

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A and B represent O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one molecule or part of a molecule and

A or B is a part of another molecule; the dotted line represents the hydrogen
bond.

Examples of hydrogen bonding in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen

fluoride (HF).

Figure 3. Hydrogen bonds in H2O, NH3 and HF. Image obtained from
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3082/3156196/blb1102.html

WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSRiywp9v9w

4. Ion-dipole is a kind of attractive force that occur between an ion and a polar
molecule. An ion is an atom or group of atoms that holds an electrical charge,
while a dipole refers to a molecule that possesses a delocalized positive and
negative charge. Ion-dipole forces, therefore, are the electrostatic interactions
between the fixed dipole in one molecule and an ion.

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• Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions

of ionic compounds in polar liquids.
• A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a neutral
polar molecule.
• A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a neutral
polar molecule.

• Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as either the charge on the ion

increases, or as the magnitude of the dipole of the polar molecule increases.
Example: Salt and Water

When sodium chloride, NaCl, is added to water to form a solution, the

sodium and chlorine dissociate and form the Na+ cation and the Cl– anion.

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The chloride ion is then attracted to the positive end of dipolar molecule and the
sodium ion is attracted to negative end of dipolar molecule. Because the
interaction is between a fully charged ion and a partially charged versus two
partially charged dipoles, ion-dipole interactions are the stronger compared to
IMFA or van der Waals’ forces.
https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-
References:
30137f48eb093a0c957e3a8d79888799-c
https://www.reference.com/science/ion-dipole-forces-d3578f6e8a87246
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/iondip.html
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/iondip.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujMxOT50wZQ

TYPE PRESENT MOLECULAR STRENGTH

IN PERSPECTIVE

Dispersion All
molecules
and atoms
Dipole- Polar
dipole molecules

Hydrogen Molecules
bonding containing
H bonded
to F, O or
N.
Ion-dipole Mixtures of
ionic
compounds
and polar
compounds

https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-30137f48eb093a0c957e3a8d79888799-c

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Try to answer the diagram to check whether you understand

the different types of intermolecular forces in terms of
interacting molecules or ions.

Interacting Molecules or Ions

NO NO YES
Are polar Are polar
Are the ions molecules
molecules
involved? and ions both
involved?
present?
YES

YES

Are hydrogen
atoms
bonded to N,
O, or F
atoms? 4.
1. YES

NO

3.
2.

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ELABORATE
DIRECTION: Fill-up the table below. Check to determine the type of force that is most
evident for each substance.

SUBSTANCE POLAR/NON LONDON DIPOLE- HYDROGEN ION- IONIC

POLAR DISPERSION DIPOLE BOND DIPOLE BOND
FORCES FORCES FORCES

KBr in H2O KBr –

H2O –

A molecule will be nonpolar if:

•All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same
•All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are symmetrically arranged around the
central atom
•The terminal atoms(or groups) have the same charges
•Example: CO2

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A molecule will be polar if:
• One or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
• At least one polar bond is present.
• The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged
• The molecule has one slightly positive end and one slightly negative end.
• Example: H2O

EVALUATE
DIRECTION: Complete the paragraph below by selecting the appropriate word/s
inside the box.

Temporary dipole Atom Anion

Intermolecular Forces Cation Positive

Solutions Weakest Hydrogen Bond

Negative Nonpolar Molecules

Matter is made-up of very small particles. It is arranged and move according to

its state and it has a different type. The arrangement and the motion of the molecules
or particles is affected by (1) of attraction. The London Dispersion Forces; it
is the (2) among the types. It is acting between (3) and (4)
where a (5) moments induced in ordinary (6) molecules.
Another type is (7) Forces, there is an attractive force between polar
molecules, wherein the partial (8) side of a molecule is attracted to a partial
(9) side of another molecule. Next, the (10) , the hydrogen atom
interacts with (11) or nitrogen or
(12) atom to form polar bond. Lastly is the Ion-Dipole Forces that shows
the interaction between the ion, whether (13) or (14) , and the polar

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molecules. It is most common found in (15) . Note that these forces of
attraction have different strength.

V. VOCABULARY LIST

1. Dipole – refers to a molecule that possesses a delocalized positive and

negative charge.
2. Nonpolar molecules – all of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same
3. Polar molecules – one or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
4. Polarizability – refers to the ease with which the electron distribution can
be distorted.
5. Instantaneous dipole –is created by chance for example electrons are
moving around helium or neon atom in symmetry but by chance
at any instance its electrons are moved at one place creating an
electropositive charge at one end and electronegative at another.
6. Induced dipole – refers to the dipole moment created in a nonpolar
compound due to the effect of an ion nearby.
7. Coulomb’s law – the larger the dipole moment, the stronger the attraction.
8. Permanent dipole – refers to the dipole moment that originally occurs in a
compound due to uneven electron distribution.

VI. KEY CONCEPT

Particles in matter are attracted from each other by intermolecular forces of

attraction, this is the reason why matter exist in a specific state and exhibit certain
characteristics and properties. The attracted forces of matter exist in four different
types.
• The strongest is the Ion-dipole forces, are attractive forces that occur between
an ion and a polar molecule.

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• Next is the Hydrogen bond, it is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.
• Another type of attracted forces is Dipole-dipole forces, are attractive forces
between polar molecules (molecules that possess dipole moments).
• The weakest is the London Dispersion Forces, these forces of attraction result
from temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.

VII. POST TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and understand the following questions. Write the letter of
the correct answer in your notebook.

1. Which forces of attraction are present in the mixtures of ionic compounds and polar
compounds?
A. Dipole-Dipole Forces B. Hydrogen Bond
C. Ion-Dipole Forces D. London Dispersion Forces
2. Which among the molecules has highest London dispersion forces?
A. F2 – 18 e- B. Cl2 – 34 e-
C. Br2 – 70 e- D. I2 – 106 e-
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Dipole-Dipole Forces?
A. Forces of attraction between a cation or anion and a nonpolar molecule.
B. Attractive forces between polar molecules.
C. The partial negative side of a molecule is attracted by the partial positive
side of another molecule.
D. This force is stronger than the London Dispersion Forces but weaker than
Ion-Dipole Forces and Hydrogen Bond.

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4. Which of the following statements are true about Hydrogen Bond?
I. Molecules that have bonded with H atom to F, O or N atom.
II. Special type of Ion-Dipole interaction.
III. The molecules have polar bond.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III

5. Based from the molecular structure below, which shows the weakest Dispersion
Forces?

Forces.
A. B.

C. D.

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