NAME: Collin Jasper C.

Pachingel DATE ACCOMPLISHED: January 26, 2022

DEGREE AND SECTION: BSN – 1C RATING: _______________________________

Laboratory Exercise #1

THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

GENERAL INSTRUCTION: In answering, use color blue ink. please follow instructions carefully. All sources in
answering your Results and Discussion must be cited following APA format 7 th edition. A deduction of 5 points will
be given in every error that will be committed. spacing for your answer will be your discretion, just make sure that
everything is aligned. send your final laboratory exercise both in a PDF and MS WORD format.

I. INTRODUCTION
A student of microbiology and parasitology should be able to stretch his imagination to encompass the world of the
very small living organisms. These organisms, appropriately called microorganisms or microbes, include the viruses, bacteria,
algae, protozoa, and some fungi. Because they are invisible to the naked eye, microorganisms are best studied using the
microscope.
A compound microscope is an optical instrument consisting of the two-lens system that magnifies an object using the
objective lens and the ocular lens. The total magnification is therefore derived by multiplying the magnifying power of the
objective used and the magnifying power of the ocular.
Aside from magnification, a good microscope must have a good resolving power (resolution) which is the ability to
distinguish fine detail and structure. Resolution refers to the ability of the lenses to distinguish between two points, a specified
distance apart. A compound microscope has a resolution of 0.2 µm (micrometer), 1000 times better than the human eyes.

II. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the exercise, the students shall have
A. identified the different parts of the compound microscope;
B. described briefly the function of each part;
C. focused the different bacterial slides; and
D. observed the different types of bacteria according to morphology.

III. MATERIALS
- Picture of a Compound Microscope
- Actual Pictures of the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus inges,
and Spirillum volutans

IV. PROCEDURES
1. Locate the different parts of the microscope and study the functions of each.
2. Watch any documentary or video from YouTube on how to manipulate a microscope. Make sure to take not of the URL
of the site. Focused on how to manipulate the LPO and HPO.
3. Observe the shape, color, and the morphological characteristics of the bacteria. Draw your observations.
4. Watch any documentary or video from YouTube on how to compute the total magnification of a specimen in the compound
microscope. Make sure to take not of the URL of the site.

V. ILLUSTRATION
A. Draw, label, take a picture, then paste the parts of the Compound Microscope. DO NOT COPY AND PASTE from the net.
B. Draw, label, take a picture, then paste the different bacteria observed. DO NOT COPY AND PASTE from the net.

Streptococcus inges Bacillus subtilis

 Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli

Spirillum volutans

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. What are the mechanical, magnifying, and illuminating parts of the microscope? What are the uses of each?
Mechanical parts:
1. Base - bottom portion that supports the microscope.
2. A pillar is a portion of the microscope's foundation that supports other components.
3. The inclination joint allows the microscope to be tilted for easier usage.
4. The arm or neck is the portion of the microscope that is grasped when carrying it.
5. The portion of the microscope where the item is being studied is called a stage.
6. Stage clamps are used to keep the specimen in place on the platform stage.
7. The lenses are linked to the arms through the body tube.
8. The ocular lenses are held in place by a draw tube, which is a cylindrical device.
9. Spinning Nosepiece - the item is mounted to a rotating disc.
10. Dust Shield - a shield that sits on top of the nosepiece to keep dust out of the objectives.
11. Coarse Adjustment Knob - Rotating the body tube raises or lowers the object, bringing it into approximate focus.
12. Fine Adjustment Knob - a tiny knob for fine focusing and bringing an item into focus.
13. Condenser Adjustment Knob - Raise and lower the condenser to control the strength of the light.
14. Iris Diaphragm Lever - A horizontally movable lever in front of the condenser opens and closes the diaphragm.

Magnifying part:
1. Eye piece/Ocular lens - It is via this lens that the object's final picture is perceived. These lenses usually have a
magnification of 10X or 15X.

2. Objective lens: There are three types of objective lens: 4x (scanning objective)
a. 10X (Low power objective lens).
40X (High power objective lens).
 100X (Oil immersion objective lens).

i. A different color is assigned to each objective lens. 4X is represented by a red band, 10X by a
yellow band, 40X by a blue band, and 100X by a white band. The spinning nose piece is equipped
with these objective lenses. When a specimen is in crisp focus, the working distance of an
objective is defined as the distance between the front surface of the lens and the cover glass
surface or the specimen.

Illuminating part

1. Substage condenser - It consists of a set of convex lenses that focus light from lighting sources and are used to
concentrate light towards the target. It is visible beneath the stage. When the condenser is lowered, the lighting is
reduced, and when the condenser is raised, the illumination is increased.

2. Iris diaphragm - It's located just under the condenser and is controlled by little lenses that protrude to one side. The
iris diaphragm controls the amount of light that reaches the object by opening and shutting.

3. Light source- The light source is located at the microscope's base. An ON/OFF switch and a light rheostat are used
to regulate it. In the light microscope, tungsten-halogen lamps offer a highly dependable light source. It produces a
constant light dispersion across the visible spectrum.

2. When are the plain and concave surfaces of the mirror used?
- When using low or high-power objective lenses, concave mirrors are employed, however when using oil immersion
objective lenses, plane mirrors are used. When in-built lighting are employed, there are no mirrors. The condenser is
made up of a collection of lenses that focus the light on the thing on stage.
3. What objectives is used when observing fresh specimens? Fixed specimens?
- Fixation is a critical stage in the microscopic study of material. Its goal is to keep cells and tissues in a "life-like"
condition by preventing degradation. It does this by inhibiting enzyme activity, killing bacteria, and hardening the
material while conserving sufficient molecular structure for proper staining (including those involving antigen-antibody
reactions and those depending on preserving DNA and RNA)

4. Name the different types of microscopes and the principles involved with their functions.
1. Stereo microscopes - are a type of microscope that has two lenses and are used to examine a wide range of samples
that you may handle in your palm. A stereo microscope produces a three-dimensional picture, or "stereo" image, with
magnification ranging from 10 to 40 times. Manufacturing, quality control, coin collection, science, high school
dissection projects, and botany all employ stereo microscopes. A stereo microscope may be used to observe a
sample that does not allow light to flow through it because it has both transmitted and reflected illumination.

2. A compound microscope - may also be referred to as a biological microscope. Compound microscopes are used for
histology and pathology in labs, schools, wastewater treatment facilities, and veterinary clinics. Samples that will be
seen under a compound microscope must be flattened on a microscope slide using a cover slip. Students frequently
examine prepared slides under the microscope to save time by obviating the need for slide preparation.

3. Inverted microscopes - are available as biological inverted microscopes or metallurgical inverted microscopes.
Biological inverted microscopes have magnifications of 40x, 100x, and 200x and 400x, respectively. Living samples
in a petri dish are seen with these biological inverted microscopes. The objective lenses are placed beneath the stage
 in an inverted microscope, allowing the operator to position the petri dish on a flat stage. In-vitro fertilization, live cell
imaging, developmental biology, cell biology, neurology, and microbiology all employ inverted microscopes. In
research, inverted microscopes are frequently used to examine and study tissues and cells, particularly live cells.

4. Metallurgical microscopes - are high-powered microscopes that are used to examine materials that are opaque to
light. Reflected light shines down through the objective lenses, magnifying the image by 50x, 100x, 200x, and even
500x in some cases. Micron-level fissures in metals, extremely thin layers of coatings such as paint, and grain size
are all examined with metallurgical microscopes. Metallurgical microscopes are used to examine metallic structures,
composites, glass, wood, ceramics, polymers, and liquid crystals in the aerospace and car industries, as well as by
firms that analyze metallic structures, composites, glass, wood, ceramics, polymers, and liquid crystals.

5. Polarizing microscopes - study chemicals, rocks, and minerals using polarized light, as well as transmitted and
reflected illumination. On a regular basis, geologists, petrologists, chemists, and the pharmaceutical business use
polarizing microscopes. A polarizer and an analyzer are included in every polarizing microscope. Only particular light
wavelengths are allowed to pass through the polarizer. The amount and direction of light that will illuminate the sample
are determined by the analyzer. Different wavelengths of light are focused into a single plane by the polarizer. The
microscope is ideal for observing birefringent materials because to this feature.

5. What are the different shapes of bacteria observed?

Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla),
comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They might be single cells, pairs of cells, chains, or clusters.

VII. CONCLUSIONS

Microscopes have given science a whole new level. Scientists have been able to use microscopes to discover the
presence of microbes, analyze the structure of cells, and view the tiniest components of plants, animals, and fungus.
Microscopes are used to examine objects that are too tiny to be seen with the human eye. It aids scientists in the discovery
of novel illnesses and the observation of minute details on things like germs and living tissue. Microscopes are utilized in
everyday life for learning in schools and medical research. Microscopes are useful in all branches of research, and many
significant discoveries have been achieved thanks to them. Microscopes have shown living cells, circulating blood, a better
knowledge of nerves, various materials, and their properties, as well as germs and illnesses. Robert Koch, for example,
established that germs caused cholera and TB in 1905. Microscopes are still used today to help us better comprehend the
environment we live in and how our bodies operate. What is the mechanism behind it?

Consequently, the microscope is critically necessary in the microbiology lab: most microorganisms, with the exception
of fungus, cannot be observed without the use of a microscope. And, of course, certain bacteria, such as viruses, cannot be
observed even with a microscope unless it is an electron microscope. Microscopes are one of the most essential diagnostic
instruments used by doctors when examining tissue samples. They assist scientists analyze bacteria, cells, crystalline
formations, and molecular structures. Microscopes play a vital role in modern culture.
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Rolls, G. (2011). An Introduction to Specimen Preparation. Www.leicabiosystems.com.

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