ALL - TỪ VỰNG, CẤU TRÚC, NGỮ PHÁP

A.
TỪ VỰNG
1. Từ vựng miêu tả sự thay đổi
GM car sales increased significantly from $5,000 to $105,000 between 1960 and 2010
There was a significant increase of $100,000 in GM car sales, from $5,000 to $105,000,
between 1960 and 2010
GM car sales saw/witnessed/experienced a significant growth in GM car sales, from $5,000 to

$105,000, between 1960 and 2010.
GM car sales registered a significant rise between 1960 and 2010

GM car sales reached a peak at $105,000 in 2010
GM car sales had an enormous climb of $100,000 between 1960 and 2010
2. Giới từ
a. Dùng giới từ “to” khi mô tả sự thay đổi đến mức nào đó (đi kèm cả động từ, cả danh từ)
In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose to 10%.
In 2008, a rise to 10% was witnessed in the rate of unemployment.
b. Dùng giới từ “by” khi mô tả sự thay đổi một khoảng nào đó (đi kèm động từ)
In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell by 2% (from 10% to 8%).
c. Dùng giới từ “of” khi mô tả sự thay đổi một khoảng nào đó (đi kèm danh từ)
In 2009, there is a fall of 2% in the rate of unemployment (from 10% to 8%)
d. Dùng giới từ “with/at” để nói về phần trăm, số lượng chiếm được

He won the election with 52% of the vote.
Unemployment reached its highest level in 2008, at 10%.
Note: With/at có thể dùng ở giữa câu hoặc cuối câu.
3. Số liệu, phần trăm và phân số
VD:
The number went up by 600 from 1,200 to 1,800. (con số)
The number went up by one third from 1,200 to 1,800. (phân số)
The number went up by 50% from 1,200 to 1,800. (phần trăm)
a. The number of + Plural Countable Noun + Singular Verb Form

The number of people out of work fell by 99,000 to 2.39 million in the three months to
October.
b. The amount of + Singular Uncountable Noun + Singular Verb Form
The amount of rainfall doubles between May and June.
c. The figures for Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Plural Verb Form
The figures for imprisonment fluctuated sharply over the period shown.
d. The proportion of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.
e. The percentage of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped to 41% in
B. CẤU TRÚC
1. Cấu trúc miêu tả xu hướng theo thời gian
Cấu trúc 1: Time, S + V + adv

VD:
In 2004, the number of lecturers in Hanoi University grew dramatically.
By the end of 2025, the number of public transportation in Vietnam is expected to rocket.
Cấu trúc 2: There + be a/an adj N1 in N2 + time

VD:
There was a significant drop in the number of smartphones sold in 2005.
There was a moderate growth in the number of literate citizens in Africa in 2007.
Cấu trúc 3: The number/amount of N2 + saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an adj N1 + time
VD:
The number of literated citizens in Africa experienced a moderate growth in 2007.
The population of China witnessed a tremendous rise in the past 5 years.
Cấu trúc 4: A/an adj N1 was witnessed/seen in N2 + time

VD:
A significant increase of 500 was witnessed in the number of ZIM students in 2016.
Cấu trúc 5: Time + witnessed/experienced/saw + a/an adj N1 in N2

VD:
The year 2007 witnessed a moderate growth in the number of literated citizens.
The 3 consecutive years from 2000 experienced a tremendous rise in the population of China.
2. Cấu trúc dự đoán
Nhằm miêu tả sự việc, sự thay đổi có thể xảy ra trong tương lai, bạn có thể sử dụng các cấu trúc
dự đoán với các từ vựng như:
Động từ Danh từ
predict/project prediction/projection
expect expectation
forecast forecast
anticipate anticipation
Cấu trúc 1:
Predictions/ Projections / Expectations/ Anticipations / Forecasts + show express (that) + S +

will + V
According to the predictions/projections/expectations/anticipations/forecasts, S + will + V
VD:
Anticipations express that the average life expectancy will increase to 75 in 2050.
Expectations show that the number of visitors coming to France will be doubled in the next 10
years.
Cấu trúc 2:
It is + predicted/ projected/ expected/ anticipated / forecasted + that + S + will + V
VD:
It is anticipated that the amount of unemployment will go down to 20% in 2039.
It is forecasted that the amount of sustainable energy will increase to nearly 74% in 2025.
Cấu trúc 3:
S + to be + predicted / expected / anticipated / forecasted + to V
VD:
The number of visitors coming to France is expected to be doubled by the end of this year.
The amount of unemployment is predicted to fall to 20% in 2039.
C. NGỮ PHÁP
1. Hiện tại đơn (Present simple)
Trong IELTS task 1, thì hiện tại đơn được sử dụng chủ yếu trong việc viết câu mở đầu
(paraphrase) và câu nhận xét chung (overview).
VD:
1. The line graph illustrates the cost of watching films. The pie charts show the change in the
percentage of market share represented by the three forms.
2. The bar chart compares twelve countries in terms of the overall number of medals at the
Olympic Games. It is clear that USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal winning
nation.
2. Quá khứ đơn (Past simple)
Trong bài viết IELTS task 1, thì quá khứ đơn được sử dụng để miêu tả sự việc bắt đầu và kết
thúc tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ
VD:
1. In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around 44% of
households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars.
2. During the period from 2000 to 2002, the average income rose up to 10%.
3. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect tense)
Trong bài viết IELTS task 1, thì quá khứ hoàn thành được sử dụng để miêu tả sự việc xảy ra
trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ
VD:
The average price had reached a peak of almost $550 before decreasing to $420 in 2005.
The percentage of labors aged from 25 to 30 had increased tremendously before it experienced a
sudden fall in 1999.
4. So sánh
a. compared to
compared with
in comparison to
in comparison with
VD:
Prices in the UK are high compared to / with / in comparison with (prices in) Canada and
Compared to / with / in comparison with (prices in) Canada and Australia, prices in the UK
are
b. while/whereas
VD:
There are 5 million smokers in the UK, while/whereas only 2 million Canadians and 1 million
Australians.
Between 1990 and 2000, the number of smokers in the UK decreased dramatically,
while/whereas the figures for Canada and Australia remained the same.
c. Similar/Similarly
Likewise
In/by contrast
Meanwhile
On the other hand
On the contrary
However
d. So sánh hơn
VD:
In general, the number of male game players is more than the number of female gamers.
Fewer mobile phones were bought in 2012 than 2013
The number of primary students in Lao Cai in 2002 was fewer than that in 2003.
The amount of gas consumed in Vietnam is less than that in China.
e. So sánh nhất
VD:
It is clear that the USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal winning nation.
The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates but the highest proportion of
protein.
f. So sánh ngang bằng:

VD:
The amount of urban population growth in Africa was as high as the one in Asia in 2000.
The percentage of girls attending the English training course was similar to that of boys in 2002.
The number of students in the Spanish Department is the same as that in the Chinese
Department.
g. So sánh với số liệu:

VD:
The number of students in grade 1 is twice as many as the number of students in grade 2.
The population in Hanoi is three times as much as the population in other capital cities in the
world.
5. Mệnh đề quan hệ
Trong bài viết IELTS task 1, các đại từ quan hệ được sử dụng phổ biến nhất là which, that để
miêu tả biểu đồ cũng như xu hướng thay đổi của từng loại.
VD:
The number of lecturers in the English Department, which was twice as many as that in Chinese
Department, grew dramatically.
6. Câu phức và câu ghép
● Câu ghép
Là những câu những câu được nối lại bằng các liên từ và hai mệnh đề độc lập, bao gồm các từ
như: and, but, or...
VD:
The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates, but it also has the highest
proportion of protein
The rate of unemployment grew sharply in 2001 and then it fell slightly in 2004.
● Câu phức
Là câu được tạo ra từ một mệnh đề độc lập và một hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Mệnh đề phụ
thuộc có thể bắt đầu với các liên từ phụ thuộc như:
Liên từ đối lập

- Although, Even though + mệnh đề
- Despite/In spite of + N/Ving
- Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that + mệnh đề
Liên từ thời gian

- When/While + mệnh đề
- During/Throughout + cụm N
VD: During the period from 2013 to 2015, the rate of unemployment witnessed a slight
reduction.

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A.

1. Từ vựng miêu tả sự thay đổi

GM car sales saw/witnessed/experienced a significant growth in GM car sales, from $5,000 to

GM car sales registered a significant rise between 1960 and 2010

d. Dùng giới từ “with/at” để nói về phần trăm, số lượng chiếm được

Note: With/at có thể dùng ở giữa câu hoặc cuối câu.

3. Số liệu, phần trăm và phân số

a. The number of + Plural Countable Noun + Singular Verb Form

1. Cấu trúc miêu tả xu hướng theo thời gian

Cấu trúc 1: Time, S + V + adv

Cấu trúc 2: There + be a/an adj N1 in N2 + time

Cấu trúc 4: A/an adj N1 was witnessed/seen in N2 + time

Cấu trúc 5: Time + witnessed/experienced/saw + a/an adj N1 in N2

2. Cấu trúc dự đoán

Predictions/ Projections / Expectations/ Anticipations / Forecasts + show express (that) + S +

It is + predicted/ projected/ expected/ anticipated / forecasted + that + S + will + V

S + to be + predicted / expected / anticipated / forecasted + to V

1. Hiện tại đơn (Present simple)

2. Quá khứ đơn (Past simple)

3. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect tense)

f. So sánh ngang bằng:

g. So sánh với số liệu:

6. Câu phức và câu ghép

Liên từ đối lập

Liên từ thời gian

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