DSC 6 - Unit1-5

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© Department of Distance and Continuing Education

ISBN: 978-81-19169-00-9
1st Edition: 2023
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Disclaimer
This Study Material is duly recommended in the meeting of Standing Committee

held on 08/05/2023 and approved in Academic Council meeting held on 26/05/2023
Vide item no. 1014 and subsequently Executive Council Meeting held on 09/06/2023
vide item no. 14 {14-1(14-1-11)}
u Lesson 2 of Unit 1,2 & 3, Lesson 1 & 2 of Unit 4 and Lesson 3 to 6 of

Unit 5 are written a fresh rest of the chapters are edited versions of study
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Contents
PAGE
UNIT - I
Lesson 1 : Conceptual Framework of HRM
1.1 Learning Objectives 3
1.2 Introduction 4
1.3 Concept and Evolution of HRM 4
1.4 Role, Status and Competencies of HR Manager 15
1.5 HR Policies 21
1.6 Summary 26
1.7 Answers to In-Text Questions 27
1.8 Self-Assessment Questions 27
1.9 References 28
1.10 Suggested Readings 28
Lesson 2 : Introduction to Human Resource Management

2.2 Introduction 30
2.3 Diversity at Workplace 30
2.4 Employee Empowerment 36
2.5 Downsizing 39
2.6 Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) 42
2.7 Work Life Balance 46
2.8 Summary 51
2.11 References 53
PAGE i
B.COM. (PROGRAMME)/B.COM. (HONS.)
PAGE
UNIT - II
Lesson 1 : Human Resource Planning
1.2 Introduction 57
1.3 Concept of Human Resource Planning 58
1.4 Aspects of Manpower Planning 69
1.5 Problems in Human Resource 70
1.6 Guidelines for Effective Human Resource Planning 72
1.7 Summary 73
1.10 References 75
Lesson 2 : Job Analysis

2.2 Introduction 76
2.3 Concept of Job Analysis 77
2.4 Techniques of Job Analysis 80
2.5 Job Description 82
2.6 -RE 6SHFL¿FDWLRQ
2.7 Summary 89
2.10 References 90
Lesson 3 : Recruitment and Selection

3.2 Introduction 92
ii PAGE
CONTENTS
PAGE
3.3 Concept of Recruitment 93

3.4 Recent Trends in Recruitment 101
3.5 Recruitment Practices in India 102
3.6 Selection 103
3.7 Summary 115
3.10 References 117
Lesson 4 : Placement, Induction and Socialisation

4.2 Introduction 118
4.3 Concept of Placement 119
4.4 Concept of Induction 122
4.5 Socialisation 127
4.6 Summary 129
4.9 References 130
UNIT - III
Lesson 1 : Training and Development
1.3 Concept of Training 136
1.4 Methods of Training 145
1.5 %HQH¿WV DQG (IIHFWLYHQHVV RI 7UDLQLQJ
1.6 Retraining 154
PAGE iii
PAGE
1.7 Summary 155
Lesson 2 : New Concepts in Training

2.3 New Methods of Training and Development 159
2.4 Management Development Programs 163
2.5 Training Process Outsourcing 167
2.6 Scope of Training 169
2.7 Summary 175
2.10 References 177
UNIT - IV
Lesson 1 : Performance Appraisal
1.3 Overview of Performance Appraisal 183
1.4 Summary 199
1.7 References 201
Lesson 2 : Compensation
2.2 Concepts and Policies 203
iv PAGE
CONTENTS
PAGE
2.3 Base and Supplementary Compensation 207

2.4 Individual, Group and Organizational Incentive Plans 207
2.5 )ULQJH %HQH¿WV
2.6 Performance Linked Compensation 210
2.7 Employee Stock Option 211
2.8 Pay Band Compensation System 212
2.9 Job Evaluation 213
2.10 Summary 217
2.13 References 219
UNIT - V
Lesson 1 : Employee Maintenance
1.3 Employee Health 224
1.4 Employee Safety 229
1.5 Employee Welfare 233
1.6 Social Security 243
1.7 Summary 248
1.10 References 250
Lesson 2 : Employee Grievance, HRIS and E-HRM

2.3 Employee Grievance 252
2.4 Human Resource Information System (HRIS) 257
PAGE v
PAGE
2.5 E-HRM 266

2.6 Summary 269
2.9 References 271
Lesson 3 : Employer-Employee Relationship

3.3 Components of Employer-Employee Relationship 277
3.4 Standards for Establishment of Good Employer-Employee Relationship 281
3.5 Summary 287
3.8 References 288
Lesson 4 : Industrial Disputes and Stress-Free Environment

4.2 Introduction: Industrial Disputes 291
4.3 Stress Free Environment: An Overview 300
4.4 Rejuvenation Breaks 305
4.5 Leisure Activities 307
4.6 Summary 313
4.9 References 315
vi PAGE
CONTENTS
PAGE
Lesson 5 : Human Resource Audit and Talent Management

5.2 Human Resource Audit: Introduction 317
5.3 Talent Management 325
5.4 Summary 338
5.7 References 339
Lesson 6 : Emerging Horizons

6.2 Emerging Job Opportunities in HRM 340
6.3 Redundant Manpower 342
6.4 Employee Burnout 346
6.5 Work from Home 349
6.6 Summary 355
6.9 References 356
Glossary 359
PAGE vii
UNIT - I
PAGE 1
L E S S O N
1
Conceptual Framework of
HRM
Dr. Pooja Goel
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
1.1 Learning Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Concept and Evolution of HRM
1.4 Role, Status and Competencies of HR Manager
1.5 HR Policies
1.6 Summary
1.7 Answers to In-Text Questions
1.8 Self-Assessment Questions
1.9 References
1.10 Suggested Readings

After studying this Chapter students may be able to:
Define the concept of Human Resource Management and appreciate why HR become
the new corporate hero.
Discuss the importance, objective and function of Human Resource Management.
Understand the role, competencies and status of a Human Resource manager.
Know the concept, types, advantages and about the formulation of HR policies.
PAGE 3
Notes 1.2 Introduction

India is being widely recognized as one of the most exciting and emerging
economies in the world. Besides becoming a global hub of outsourcing,
Indian firms are spreading their wings globally through mergers and
acquisitions. During the first four months of 1997, Indian companies
have bought 34 foreign companies for about U.S. $11 billion dollars. This
impressive development has been due to a growth in inputs (capital and
labour) as well as factor productivity. According to Morgan and Stanley
“India is on track to become the world’s third largest economy by 2027,
surpassing Japan and Germany, and have the third largest stock market by
2030, thanks to global trends and key investments the country has made
in technology and energy”. To make a production process successful, an
industry requires four M’s that is Machine, Money, Material and Men.
Men occupies the most crucial and important place in the all the four
M’s. The other M’s will not be able to carry and manage the processes
unless there is effective coordination and utilisation of human resource.
Therefore, human resource management becomes very significant to run
a business and perform functions like recruiting, selecting, motivating,
formulating policies, arranging training programmes, etc. Let’s understand
about human resource management and a about an HR manager in this
chapter.
1.3 Concept and Evolution of HRM
1.3.1 Concept of HRM

Human Resource Management is the process of acquiring, training,
appraising, and compensating employees, and of attending to their labour
relations, health and safety, and fairness concerns.
According to Edwin B. Flippo, “Human resource management is the
planning; organising, directing and controlling of procurement, development,
compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resource
to the end that individual and societal objectives are accomplished”.
According to Dessler, (2020), “The process of acquiring, training, appraising,
and compensating employees, and of attending to their labour relations,
health and safety, and fairness concerns”.
4 PAGE
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Concerned with the employment, development and reward of people in Notes

organisations and the conduct of relationships between management and
the workforce. (Armstrong, 1999)
Planning for human resource management includes estimating and
identifying the organization’s human resources, setting standards, regulations,
and policies, and developing plans for human resource development.
Organising of human resource involves establishing a work structure in
the firm, assigning responsibilities and tasks to the workforce and setting
up coordination between the different departments and different teams.
Directing involves giving a direction to the workforce and letting them
know the direction of flow of information. Assigning leaders and getting
the job done in the right direction also comes under this. Controlling
here refers to the judging standard of work submitted and evaluation of
performance of each employee.
1.3.2 Relevance and Spectrum of Human Resource

Management
Taking a look at people is rewarding experience. It is the people who
possess skills, abilities and aptitudes that offer competitive advantage to a
firm. It is only human resource that is capable of deciding, implementing
and controlling activities. No computer can substitute human brain, no
machines can run without human interventions and no organization has
mandate to exist if it cannot serve people’s needs. Organizations are made
up of people and function through people. Without people organizations
cannot exist. The resources of men, money, materials and machinery are
collected, coordinated and utilized through people. It is people who build
factories, structure organizations and manage them successfully.
The rapid growth of globalization has increased the number and significance
of MNC’s which in tum increased the mobility of people. Working for
MNC’s is a challenging task. HRM is a study about people in organization
- how they are hired, trained, compensated, motivated and maintained.
1.3.3 Evolution of HRM

The evolution of HRM can be traced back to the HR movement in the
ancient period. For example: the minimum wage rate and incentive wage
PAGE 5
Notes plans were included in the Babylonian code of Hammurabi around 1800
B.C. The Chinese, as early as 1650 B.C. had originated the principle of
division of labour and they understood labour turnover even in 400 B.C.
Kautilya, in India (in his book Arthasastra) made references to various
concepts like job analysis, selection procedures, executive development,
incentive system and performance appraisal. However, in the modern
age, i.e. up to 1930s, it was referred to as personnel management and
the focus was on the employer- employee relations. Studies on HR were
initially guided by Taylor’s scientific management principles. He pointed
out that just as there was a best machine for a job, so there were best
ways for people to do their jobs. Later on, Hawthrorne studies to the
behavioural school based on the theories of Abraham Maslow, Herzberg,
and Douglas McGregor gave this concept a recognition.
The early roots of HRM in India could be traced back to the period after
1930. The Royal commission on labour in 1931 suggested the appointment
of labour in 1931 suggested the appointment of labour officer to protect
workers’ interests and act as a spokesperson of labour. After Independence,
The Factories Act, 1948, made it obligatory for factories employing 500
or more workers. In view of legal compulsions and the enumeration of
duties the entire approach of organizations towards their personnel was
to comply with the laws and keep the welfare officers busy with routine
functions.
During the 1960s the scope of personnel function has expanded a bit,
covering labour welfare, participative management, industrial harmony etc.
In this period, the human relations movement of the west had also had
its impact on Indian organizations. The legalistic preoccupations slowly
gave way to harmonious industrial relations and good HR practices. In
1960s and 70s the HR professionals focused more on developmental
aspects of human resources. The emphasis was on striking a harmonious
balance between employee demands and organizational requirements.
HRD has come to occupy a centre stage and a focal point of discussion
in seminars, conferences and academic meets.
During the 1990s, organizational· restructuring and cost cutting efforts have
started in a big way, thanks to the pressure of Liberalization, Privatization
and Globalization (LPG) forcing companies to focus attention on employee
capabilities product/service quality, speedy response, customer satisfaction
6 PAGE
etc. Changing demographics and increasing shortages of workers with Notes

the requisite knowledge, skills and ability have grown in importance.
The issue of workforce diversity has assumed greater importance in view
of the cultural, religious social, regional background of the workers,
especially in global sized companies such as Reliance, Ranbaxy, Asian
Paints, Tisco etc.
The following table capture the picture more accurately:
Period Emphasis Status Roles
1920-30 Welfare management Clerical Welfare Administer
Paternalistic practices
Policeman
1940-60 Expanding the role to cover Administration Appraiser
labour, welfare, industrial
Advisor
relations and Personnel
administration Mediator
Legal Advisor
1970-80 Efficiency, effectiveness Developmental Change Agent
dimensions added emphasis
Integrator
on human values, aspirations,
dignity, usefulness Trainer
Educator
1990’s and Incremental productivity Proactive, growth Developer
onwards gains through human assets oriented
Counsellor
Coach
Mentor
Problem solver
1.3.4 Nature of HRM

HRM is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that
the goals of each are met. It tries to secure the best from people by
winning their wholehearted cooperation. It has following features:
1. Pervasive Force: HRM is pervasive in nature. It is present in all
enterprises. It permeates all levels of management in an organization.
PAGE 7
Notes 2. Action Oriented: HRM focuses attention on action, rather than

on record keeping, written procedures or rules. The problems of
employees at work are solved through rational policies.
3. Individually as well as Group Oriented: HRM tries to help employees
develop their potential fully. It encourages them to give their best.
It motivates employees through a systematic process of recruitment,
selection, ·training, and development coupled with fair wage policies.
HRM is all about people at work, both as individually and groups.
It tries to put people on assigned jobs in order to produce good
results.
4. Future Oriented: Effective HRM helps an organization meet its
goals in the future by providing competent and well-motivated
employees.
5. Development Oriented: HRM intends to develop the full potential of
employees. The reward structure is tuned to the needs of employees.
Training is offered to sharpen and improve their skills. Employees are
rotated on various jobs so that they gain experience and exposure.
Every attempt is made to use their talents fully in the service of
organizational goals.
6. Continuous Function: According to Terry, HRM is not a one-shot
deal. It cannot be practiced only one hour each day or one day
a week. It requires a constant alertness and awareness of human
relations and their importance in everyday operations.
7. Auxiliary Services: HR departments exist to assist and advise the
line or operating managers to do their personal work more effectively.
HR manager is a specialist advisor.
8. Comprehensive Function: HRM is, to some extent, concerned with
any organizational decision which has an impact on the workforce
or the potential workforce. The term ‘workforce’ signifies people
working at various levels, including workers, supervisors, middle
and top managers. It is concerned with managing people at work.
9. Inter-disciplinary Function: HRM is a multi-disciplinary activity,
utilizing knowledge and inputs drawn from psychology, sociology,
anthropology, economics etc. To unravel the mystery surrounding
the human brain, managers, need to understand and appreciate the
contributions of all such ‘soft’ disciplines.
8 PAGE
1.3.5 Objectives of HRM Notes
The main objectives of HRM are as follows:

1. To Help the Organization to Reach its Goals: HR department,
like other departments in· an organization, exists to achieve the
goals of the organization first and if it does not meet this purpose,
HR department will wither and die.
2. To Employ the Skills and Abilities of the Workforce Efficiently:
The primary purpose of HRM is to make people’s strengths productive
and to benefit customers, stockholders and employees.
3. To Provide the Organization with well Trained and Well-
Motivated Employees: HRM requires that employees be motivated
to exert their maximum efforts, that their performance be evaluated
properly for results and that they be remunerated on the basis of
their contribution to the organization.
4. To Increase to the Fullest the Employee’s Job Satisfaction and
Self-Actualization: It tries to prompt and stimulate every employee
to realize his potential. To this end suitable programmes have to
be designed aimed at improving the quality of work life.
5. To Communicate HR Policies to All Employees: It is the responsibility
of HRM to communicate in the fullest possible sense; tapping ideas,
opinions and feelings of customers, non-customers, regulators and
other external public as well as understanding the views of internal
human resource.
6. To Develop and Maintain a Quality of Work Life: It makes
employment in the organization a desirable, personal and social,
situation. Without improvement in the quality of work life, it is
difficult to improve organizational performance.
7. To be Ethically and Socially Responsive to the Needs of Society:
HRM must ensure that the organizations manage human resource
in an ethical and socially responsible manner through ensuring
compliance with legal and ethical standards.
PAGE 9
Notes 1.3.6 Importance of HRM

An organization’s success increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills
and abilities of employees, particularly as they help establish a set of core
competencies that distinguish an organization from its competitors. HRM
helps an organization and its people to realize their respective goals thus:
1. At the enterprise level:
Good human resource practices can help in attracting and
retaining the best people in the organization. Planning alerts
the company to the types of people it will need in the short,
medium and long run.
It helps in training people for challenging roles, developing
right attitudes towards the job and the company, promoting
team spirit among employees and developing loyalty and
commitment through appropriate reward schemes
2. At the individual level:
It promotes team work and team spirit among employees.
It offers excellent growth opportunities to people who have the
potential to rise.
It allows people to work with diligence and commitment.
3. At the Society Level: Sound human resource management has a
great significance for the society. It helps to enhance the dignity
of labour in the following ways:
Providing suitable employment that provides social and psychological
satisfaction to people.
Maintaining a balance between the jobs available and the jobseekers
in terms of numbers, qualifications, needs and aptitudes.
Eliminating waste of human resources through conservation of physical
and mental health.
Scarce talents are put to best use. Companies that pay and treat people
well always race ahead of others and deliver excellent results.
4. At the national level: Effective use of human resources helps in
exploitation of natural, physical and financial resources in a better
way. People with right skills, proper attitudes and appropriate values
10 PAGE
help the nation to get ahead and compete with the best in the world Notes
leading to better standard of living and better employment.
1.3.7 Functions of HRM

Human resource management may broadly be classified into two categories,
viz.:
Functions of
HRM
Managerial Operating
Functions Functions
Procurement
Planning
function
Development
Organising
function
Directing Compensation
function
Controlling Integration
function
Maintenance
Figure 1.1: Functions of HRM

I. Managerial Functions: Managing people is the essence of being a
manager. Like other managers, a human resource manager performs
the function of planning, organizing, directing and controlling:
1. Planning: Forecasting implies scientific anticipation of the
future environment. Human resource management involves
forecasting needs for human resources, predicting trends in
labour market, wages, union demand, etc. and their impact
PAGE 11
Notes on the organization. In the area of HRM, planning involves

deciding human resource goals, formulating human resource
policies and programmes, preparing the human resource budget,
etc.
2. Organising: In order to implement the plans, a sound organization
structure is required. Organizing is the process of allocating
tasks among the members of the group, establishing authority-
responsibility relationships among them and integrating their
activities towards the common objectives. In this way a
Structure of relationships among jobs, personnel and physical
factors is developed.
3. Directing: Directing is the process of motivating, activating,
leading and supervising people. It involves getting others to
act after all preparations have been made. A manager can tap
the maximum potential of employees through proper direction.
Directing also helps in building sound individual and human
relations in the organization.
4. Controlling: it implies checking, verifying and regulating to
ensure that everything occurs in conformity with the plans
adopted and the instructions issued. Controlling the management
of human resources involves auditing training programmes,
analysing labour turnover records, directing morale surveys,
conducting separation interviews and such other means.
II. Operating Functions: The operative or service functions of human
resource management are the tasks which are entrusted to the human
resource department. These functions are concerned with specific
activities of procuring, developing, compensating and maintaining
an efficient work force:
1. Procurement Function: It is concerned with securing and
employing the right kind and proper number of people required
to accomplish the organizational objectives. It consists of the
following activities:
(a) Job Analysis: It is concerned with securing and employing
the right kind and proper number of people required to
accomplish the organizational objectives.
12 PAGE
(b) Human Resource Planning: It is the process of estimating Notes

the present and future manpower requirements of the
organization, preparing inventory of present manpower
and formulating action programmes to bridge the gaps
in manpower.
(c) Recruitment: It is the process of searching for required
human resource and stimulating them to apply for jobs in
the organization. A proper balance should be maintained
between the internal and external sources of recruitment.
(d) Selection: It implies judging the suitability of different
candidates for jobs in the organization and choosing the
most appropriate people.
(e) Placement: It means assigning suitable jobs to the selected
candidates so as to match employee qualifications with
job requirements.
(f) Induction or orientation: It involves familiarizing the new
employees with the company, the work environment and
the existing employees so that the new people feel at
home and can start work confidently.
2. Development Function: HRM is the process of improving the
knowledge, skills, aptitudes and values of employees so that
they can perform the present and future jobs more effectively.
This function comprises the following activities:
(a) Performance and Potential Appraisal: It implies systematic
evaluation of employees with respect to their performance
on the job and their potential for development.
(b) Training: It is the process by which employees learn
knowledge, skills and attitudes to further organizational
and personal goals.
(c) Executive Development: It is the process of developing
managerial talent through appropriate programmes.
(d) Career Planning and Development: It involves planning
the career of employees and implementing career plans
so as to fulfil the career aspirations of people.
PAGE 13
Notes 3. Compensation Function: It refers to providing equitable and

fair remuneration to employees for their contribution to the
attainment of organizational objectives. It consists of following
activities:
(a) Job Evaluation: It is the process of determining the relative
worth of a job.
(b) Wage and Salary Administration: It implies developing
and operating a suitable wage and salary programme.
Surveys are conducted to determine wage and salary
structure for various jobs in the organization.
(c) Bonus: It involves payment of bonus under the Payment
of Bonus Act, 1965 as well as non-statutory bonus and
other incentives.
4. Integration Function: It is the process of reconciling the goals
of the organization with those of its members. Integration
involves motivating employees through various financial and
non-financial incentives, providing job satisfaction, handling
employee grievances through formal grievances etc.
5. Maintenance Function: It is concerned with protecting and
promoting the physical and mental health of employees. For
this purpose, several types of fringe benefits such as housing,
medical aid, educational facilities, conveyance facilities, etc.
Are provided to the employees.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. __________ is the process of acquiring, training, appraising,
and compensating employees, and of attending to their labour
relations, health and safety, and fairness concerns.
2. __________ function refers to providing equitable and fair
remuneration to employees for their contribution to the attainment
of organizational objectives.
3. In the year 1920-30 Human resource manager was seen in which
role?
(a) Welfare Administer & Policemen
(b) Advisor
14 PAGE
(c) Educator Notes
(d) Trainer
4. The Factories Act came into force in 1910. (True/False)
5. Operating functions of HRM involves planning, organising,
staffing and controlling. (True/False)
1.4 Role, Status and Competencies of HR Manager
1.4.1 Role of HR Manager

Human Resource Managers, now-a-days, wear many hats. They perform
mainly three different types of roles, while meeting the requirement of
employees and customers, namely administrator, operational and strategic.
Role of HR
Manager
Administrative Operational Strategic

Roles Roles Roles
Figure 1.2: Different Roles of HR Manager

(A) ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES
1. Policy Maker: The HR manager helps· management in the
formation of policies governing talent acquisition and retention,
wage and salary administration, welfare activities, personnel
records, working conditions, etc. He also helps in interpreting
personnel policies in an appropriate manner.
2. Administrative Expert: The administrative role of an HR
manager is heavily oriented to processing and record keeping.
Maintaining employee files, and HR -related databases,
processing employee benefit claims, answering queries regarding
leave, etc. are examples of the administrative nature of HR
management.
PAGE 15
Notes 3. Advisor: It is said that personnel management is not a line

responsibility but a staff function. The personnel manager
performs his functions by advising, suggesting, counselling and
helping the line managers in discharging their responsibilities
relating to grievance redressal, conflict resolution, employee
selection and training.
4. Housekeeper: The administrative roles of a personnel manager
in managing the show include recruiting, pre-employment
testing, reference checking, employee surveys, timekeeping,
wage and salary administration etc.
5. Counsellor: The HR manager discusses various problems of
the employees relating to work, career, their supervisors, ·
colleagues, health, family, financial, social etc. and advise
them on minimizing and overcoming problems, if any.
6. Welfare Officer: Personnel manager is expected to be the welfare
officer of the company. As a welfare officer he provides and
maintains canteens, hospitals, creches, educational institutes,
clubs, libraries, cooperative credit societies and consumer
stores. Under the Factories Act, welfare officers are expected
to take care of safety, health and welfare of employees.
7. Legal Consultant: HR manager plays a role of grievance
handling, setting of disputes, handling disciplinary cases,
enabling the process of joint consultation, industrial tribunals,
civil courts and the like.
(B) OPERATIONAL ROLES
1. Recruiter: “Winning the war for talent” has become an important
job of HR managers in recent times in view of the growing
competition for people possessing requisite knowledge, skills
and experience. HR managers have to use their experience to
good effect while laying down lucrative career paths to new
recruits without increasing financial burden to the company.
2. Trainer Developer, Motivator: Apart from talent acquisition,
talent retention is also important. To this end, HR managers have
to find skill deficiencies from time to time, offer meaningful
training opportunities, etc.
16 PAGE
3. Linking Pin: The HR manager is often deputed to act as a Notes

linking pin between various divisions of an organization. The
whole exercise is meant to develop rapport with divisional
heads, using PR and communication skills of HR executives
to the maximum possible extent.
4. Mediator: The personnel manager acts as a mediator in case
of friction between two employees, groups of employees,
superiors and subordinates and employees and management
with the sole objective of maintaining industrial harmony.
(C) STRATEGIC ROLES
1. Building Core Competency: HR Managers have a great
role in developing core· competency by the firms. A core
competence is a unique strength of an organization which may
not· be shared by others. This may ‘be in the form of human
resources, marketing capability, or technological capability. If
the business is organized on the basis of core competency, it
is likely to generate competitive advantage.
2. Providing Purposeful Direction: The personnel manager must
be able to lead people and the organization towards the desired
direction involving people right from the beginning. One of the
most important tasks of a professional manager is to ensure
that the mission of an organization has been internalized by
each individual working in the organization. Mission of an
organization states the very purpose and justification of its
existence.
3. Creating Competitive Advantage: In today’s globalized market
place, maintaining a competitive advantage is the foremost goal
of any business organization. There are two important ways in
which a business can achieve a competitive advantage. The first
is cost leadership which means the firm aims to become the
low-cost leader in the industry. The second competitive strategy
is differentiation under which the firm seeks to be unique in_
the industry in terms of dimensions that are widely valued
by the customers. Putting these strategies into effect carries a
heavy premium on having a highly committed and competent
workforce. Such a workforce would enable the organization
PAGE 17
Notes to compete on the basis of market responsiveness, product

and service quality, differentiated products and technological
innovation.
4. Facilitation of Change: The HR manager will be required to act
as change agents through greater involvement in environmental
scanning and development planning. HR managers will have
to devote more time to promote changes than to maintain the
status quo.
1.4.2 Competencies of HR Manager

The job of HR manager is quite complex and challenging. In order to
be successful, several qualities are required in an HR manager. Some of
these qualities are given below:
1. Educational Qualifications: A HR manager should possess the
following qualifications:
(a) Degree of recognized university.
(b) Postgraduate degree/diploma in sociology or social work or
human resource management/industrial relations/labour welfare/
labour law or M.B.A. with specialization in HRM.
(c) Degree in law will be an additional/desirable Qualification.
2. Personal Attributes: Like any other manager, the HR manager
requires several personal qualities. Some of these given below:
(a) Intelligence: This implies the ability to understand, depth of
perception etc.
(b) Communicative Ability: Command over language, ability to
express correctly, listening skill, ability to explain etc.
(c) Distinctiveness: It means analytical ability, sound judgment,
foresight etc.
(d) Leadership Skill: These include physical fitness, moral courage,
ability to inspire confidence and to win cooperation, organizational
ability, unbiased attitude etc.
(e) Executing Skills: These refer to ability to implement policies
and programmes speedily and accurately.
18 PAGE
3. Training and Experience: Training in industrial psychology, labour Notes

legislation, and industrial relations is very useful for a human
resource manager.
4. Professional Attitudes: HRM is emerging as a profession. A
professional approach to the management of human resources is
required in the global environment. HRM requires an interdisciplinary
approach, knowledge of various disciplines like sociology, psychology,
management, engineering, and law is required to develop and use
such an approach.
ACTIVITY
Look for job openings on the leading employment websites or portals.
Identify the openings that are focusing on attracting the HR personnel.
What does the job specification say and what competencies are being
preferred? Make a list and discuss with your friends.
1.4.3 Status of HR Manager

In early days of industrialization, HR manager was considered a second-
class officer in his organization. But today human resource manager is
treated as a philosopher and specialized practitioner. A brief description
of the evolving status of human resource manager is given below:
In early days of industrialization, HR manager was considered a second-
class officer in his organization. But today human resource manager is
treated as a philosopher and specialized practitioner. A brief description
of the evolving status of human resource manager is given below:
1. The Policeman: Management believed that workers dislike work and
avoid responsibility. Therefore, they need to be directed, controlled
and coerced. The human resource manager was used as a watchdog
to enforce prescribed regulations.
2. The Law Man: With the establishment of Welfare State, laws and
regulations were enacted to protect and promote the interests of
employees. In legal battle with workers, HR manager become an
employer’s advocate. He is required to issue charge sheets and hold
inquires against workers.
PAGE 19
Notes 3. The Liaison Man: With the passage of time trade unions became
powerful. Employers required someone to deal and negotiate with
the union. The human resource manager was asked to take over the
job.
4. The Catering Man: Some enlightened employers began to provide
welfare facilities like canteen, creche, etc. to workers in addition to
their legal Obligations. The HR manager began to administer these
services.
5. The Welfare Man: Today, HR manager is considered an expert in
human relations. He is expected to improve productivity by fulfilling
the economic, social and psychological needs and aspirations of
employees.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. The HR manager will be required to act as a ____________
through greater involvement in environmental scanning and
development planning
7. The administrative roles of a personnel manager include recruiting,
pre-employment testing, reference checking, employee surveys,
timekeeping, wage and salary administration etc. (True/False)
8. Roles of a HR manager can be divided into?
(a) Operational and administrative
(b) Welfare man and catering man
(c) Policeman
(d) None of the above
9. Competencies of an HR manager involves him acting as a Law
and catering man. (True/False)
10. HR manager also act as a welfare officer as he arranges access
to canteens, hospitals, creches, educational institutes, clubs,
libraries, cooperative credit societies and consumer stores for
the employees. (True/False)
20 PAGE
1.5 HR Policies Notes
A policy is a predetermined course of action established course of action

established to guide the performance of work towards accepted objectives.
In other words, we can say that policies are related to the organization’s
overall purpose and its objectives in the various areas with which its
operations are concerned. HR policies are developed by the top management
to assist the managers at various levels to deal with the people at work.
Some examples of personnel policies are given below:
The employees will not accept any gift from any supplier except
for token gifts of purely nominal or advertising value.
Each employee will proceed on at least one week vacation each year.
Personnel policies cover the principles and rules of conduct governing
the dealings of the organization with its employees and set the tone for
the administration of personnel programmes in a manner conducive to
the attainment of the objectives of the organisation. The above discussion
reveals the following characteristics of human resource policies:
I. Human resource policies are based upon or derived from the human
resource objectives of the organization.
II. Human resource policies are general statements of broad understanding.
Being guides to thinking in decision-making, they always provide
a room for discretion.
III. Human resource policies reflect the recognized intentions of top
management with regard to the human resources of the organization.
They contain the principles of conduct which are to govern the
organisation’s dealings with employees.
IV. HR policies are standing plans. They can be used again and again
as standing answers to problems of a recurring nature.
V. Responsibility for formulating human resource policies lies with
the human resource department and the top management. Human
resource policies are formulated by the human resource department
in consultation with the line managers.
PAGE 21
Notes 1.5.1 Types of Personnel Policies

Various types of personnel policies are stated below:
Originated policies
Appealed policies
Imposed policies
Types of Personnel
Policies
General policies
Specific policies
Written/Implied
policies
Figure 1.2: Types of HR/Personnel Policies

1. Originated Policies: These are established by top management
deliberately so as to guide executive linking at various levels.
2. Appealed Policies: These are formulated to meet the requirements
of certain peculiar situations which have not been covered by the
earlier policies.
3. Imposed Policies: These are formed under pressure from external
agencies such as government, trade associations and unions.
4. General Policies: They reflect the basic philosophy and priorities
of the top management in formulating the broad plan for mapping
out the organization’s growth chart.
5. Specific Policies: These policies cover specific issues such as hiring,
rewarding and bargaining.
6. Written/Implied Policies: Implied policies are inferred from the
behaviour of members such as dress code, gentle tone while talking
to customers etc.
1.5.2 Advantage of Personnel Policies

Policies, as useful instructional devices, offer many advantages to the
personnel working at various levels. These are:
22 PAGE
Delegation: They help managers operating at different levels to act Notes

with confidence without the need for consulting superiors every
time.
Uniformity: They increase the chances of different people at different
levels of organization making similar choices, when independently
facing similar situation.
Better Control: These policies allow members to work towards
achievement of the objectives of the organization without friction,
paving the way for better control.
Standard of Efficiency: Policies can also serve as standard in the
execution of work. They enable the management to see if they have
been translated into action by various groups in the organization.
Confidence: Policies make the employees aware of where they stand
in the organization and create confidence in them while confronting
routine and recurring problems.
Speedy Decision: Policies can speed up decision making by providing
a blanket framework within which personnel decision can be made.
1.5.3 Obstacles in Administrating Personnel Policies

The factors which obstruct the implementation of personnel policies are:
1. Many times, managers are reluctant to follow policy guidelines, for
they restrict the scope of managerial work and curtail executive
freedom.
2. Often conflicts erupt between implied and expressed policy statements
especially on employment matters.
3. Personnel policies demand constant revision, modification, and
restructuring. However, they are characterized by considerable
inertia. In the absence of review and appraisal, it would be difficult
to break the cycle and effect a desirable policy change.
4. Personnel policies are not easy to communicate. From the· time
policies are initiated to the time they are used, there is always the
danger of failing into ‘generalities and pleasantries’.
PAGE 23
Notes 5. In most of the Indian industries, human resources information system

has not been fully developed. In the absence of reliable data, it is
not possible to develop effective human resource plans.
6. Manpower planning is a time consuming and expensive exercise.
1.5.4 Coverage of Personnel Policies

The coverage of personnel policies has been classified on the basis of
functions of HRM.
(a) Social responsibility: It covers:
(i) Equity: Treating employees fairly and justly by adopting an
even-handed approach.
(ii) Consideration: Considering individual circumstances when
decisions affect the employee’s prospects, seniority or self-
respect.
(iii) Quality of Work Life: Increase the interest in the job and
organization by reducing monotony, increasing variety of
responsibilities, avoiding stress and strain.
(b) Employment Policies: Provision of equal employment opportunities
involves selecting the candidates based on job requirements and
encouraging them to put in their 100%.
(c) Promotion Policies: Promotion policies should reconcile the demands
of employees for growth and the organization’s demands for fresh
and much more promising talent.
(d) Development Policies: Policies should cover the kind of employees to
be trained, time span of training programmes, techniques, rewarding
and awarding system, qualifications and experience of the trainer,
encouraging the employees for self-advancement, etc.
(e) Relations Policies: Relations policies cover different aspects of human
relations like: policies regarding motivation, morale, communication,
leadership styles, grievances procedure, disciplinary procedure,
employee counselling etc.
24 PAGE
1.5.5 Formulation of Personnel Policies Notes
Policy formulation and implementation involves the following steps:

Identifying the Collecting Communicating Evaluating the
needs Data the policy policy
Figure 1.3: Steps of formulating personnel policies

1. Identifying the Needs: Initially important areas of personnel
management must have a policy formulation which is clearly spelt
out. Additional policy guidelines can come at any stage depending
on the recurrence of a ticklish issue at various levels.
2. Collecting Data: Once priority areas are listed, steps should be
taken to collect facts before formulating a policy. Various sources
could be tapped for this purpose such as past practice, company’s
records, survey of industry practice, organizational culture etc.
Specifying alternatives: Policy alternatives should emerge clearly
after collecting relevant data from various sources. These have to be
evaluated carefully in terms of their contribution to organizational
objectives.
3. Communicating the Policy: To gain approval at various levels,
the formulated policy should be communicated throughout the
organization. Policy manual, in-house journal and discussions with
people at various levels may be used to reach out to employees
quickly.
4. Evaluating the Policy: Personnel policies, to be effective, must
be reviewed, evaluated and controlled regularly against certain
established standards. Evaluation helps in determining changes in
existing policies. All the policies should be reviewed annually, and
some policies should be reviewed at specific times.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
11. ___________ cover the principles and rules of conduct governing
the dealings of the organization with its employees and set
the tone for the administration of personnel programmes in a
manner conducive to the attainment of the objectives of the
organisation.
PAGE 25
Notes 12. General policies cover specific issues such as hiring, rewarding
and bargaining. (True/False)
13. Which of the following is the first step of policy formulation
process?
(a) Collection of data
(b) Identifying the needs
(c) Evaluation of the policy
(d) Communication of the policy
14. ___________ are established by top management deliberately so
as to guide executive linking at various levels.
ACTIVITY
Try to identify 3-4 Indian firms and search their official websites. Did
they mention something about any recent HR initiatives introduced by
them? If yes, note them down and compare them with HR initiatives
of Global firms.
1.6 Summary
The internal organization of a human resource development varies
depending on the nature, size and philosophy of an organization. A
successful human resource manager requires educational, personal and
professional qualifications. The status of human resource manager has
changed over the years from that of a policeman to that of productivity
man. H R manager plays different roles being in an organisation. If one
sits to analyse these roles are endless and we have only discussed a few
in this lesson.
Human resource policy refers to policies concerning human resource matters.
These policies are general and long lasting, reflecting the objectives and
intentions of the organization. A good human resource policy should be
clear, objective oriented, long lasting, flexible, written; consistent, just
and fair, and reasonable.
26 PAGE
1.7 Answers to In-Text Questions Notes
1. Human Resource Management

2. Compensation
3. (a) Welfare Administer & Policemen
4. False
5. False
6. Change agent
7. True
8. (a) Operational and administrative
9. False
10. True
11. Personal policies
12. False
13. (b) Identifying the needs
14. Originated policies

1. “Human resource management is a staff function but a line responsibility.”
Comment.
2. “A human resource manager is change agent in the organization.”
Elucidate.
3. What are various steps in policy administration and formulation?
4. How do human resource policies help in management of human
resource? “In the absence of manager, it is not possible to manage
the organisation.” Is it true? Discuss.
5. Outline the nature, scope and significance of Human resource
management in large organisations.
6. What are the qualities and qualifications required to be a successful
human resource manager?
PAGE 27
Notes 7. Explain how the job and concept of a human resource manager
evolved over years? Discuss the multiple roles played by the HR
manager in a firm.
8. “Human Resource Management is the process of acquiring, training,
appraising, and compensating employees”. Critically examine the
statement.
9. What are the different types of Human resource policies. Describe
the obstacles that arise in implementing these policies.
10. What do you mean by personnel policy? Discuss various steps of
creating a personnel policy.
11. Write short notes on the following:
(a) HR as a change agent
(b) Types of HR policies
(c) Functions of human resource management
(d) Role of HR manager
1.9 References
Aswathappa, K. (2014). Organisational Behaviour. Himalaya
Publishing House. Pp. 29-55
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investment-opportunities-in-india.
Gupta, C. B. (2018). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Sultan
Chand & Sons.
Dessler G. & Varrkey B. (2020). Human Resource Management,
Sixteenth Edition, Pearson Paperback.

Dwivedi R.S., Managing Human Resources, Galgotia Publishing
Company.
Rao, V. S. P. (2020). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Second
edition, Taxmann Pvt. Ltd.
Prasad, L. M. (2018). Human Resource Management, Delhi: Sultan
Chand & Sons.
28 PAGE
L E S S O N
2
Introduction to Human
Resource Management
Ms. Ritika Sharma
School of Open Learning
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Diversity at Workplace
2.4 Employee Empowerment
2.5 Downsizing
2.6 Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS)
2.7 Work Life Balance
2.8 Summary
2.11 References

After studying this Chapter students may able to:
Define the concept, advantages and challenges faced by the organisations in implementing
workplace diversity.
Discuss the concept, need and benefits of Employee Empowerment.
Know and understand the concept, need and role of human resource in performing
downsizing.
Understand the meaning, benefits and issues relating to VRS.
PAGE 29
Notes Understand the concept, need, importance and different strategies to

create a work life balance.
2.2 Introduction
It has never been easy to manage diverse workforce in a company. The
difficulties in HR management have increased over the past few years as a
result of the speedy advancement in technology, frequent software changes,
ensuring work life balance and virtual organizations. The challenge of
HRM is to ensure that the organization’s time, money and resources are
used effectively in order to create an effective HR management system.
In this chapter students will learn about different emerging challenges of
HRM namely workplace diversity, Employee empowerment, downsizing,
VRS and work-life balance.
2.3 Diversity at Workplace
2.3.1 Meaning of Workplace Diversity

According to Josh Bersin, “Companies that embrace diversity and
inclusion in all aspects of their business statistically outperform their
peers.” Diversity at the workplace is a growing phenomenon in companies
worldwide. It means recruiting, training, understanding, accepting and
valuing differences pleasing people. Recruiting people from divergent
backgrounds to work in a corporate space is called workplace diversity.
Along with their unique identities, diversity brings diverse knowledge.
It includes those:
(a) Of different races, ethnicities, genders, ages, cultures, religions,
disabilities and sexual orientations.
(b) With differences in regional backgrounds, education, personalities,
skills, experiences and knowledge bases.
Organizations should strive to have workforce diversity in its composition
at all levels. It means not just recruiting, but retaining workforce from
different backgrounds, experiences and perspectives, generations.
30 PAGE
Meanwhile, a McKinsey study (2018) shows, greater diversity in the Notes

workforce results in greater profitability and value creation and there
exists a positive correlation between diverse leadership and financial
performance. Diversity gives a company a broader reach and contact for
a talented composition. This composition is not one that belongs to a
particular, mindset, upbringing, culture and background, perspective or
ethnicity. This wide perspective helps the companies connect with the
needs and motivations of all of their spread out and international customer
base, rather than being restricted to a single type of client.
2.3.2 Benefits of Workforce Diversity

Workforce diversity has incentives wide and spread across all aspects of
business operations. Some of the Benefits of having workforce Diversity
can be listed below:
(a) New Perspectives: Diversity brings perspective. When a company
hires employees from diverse backgrounds, nationalities, experiences
and skills sets and cultures, it fosters a fresh perspective to every
business aspect. This can lead to benefits quick problem solving
and better decision making the co-workers may initially be reluctant
to the idea of change, but the diverse workforce can help create a
perspective to accept the change.
(b) Wider Talent Pool: Diversity acts as a motivator to employees
from diverse backgrounds. These employees no longer look for
conventional jobs that simply pays them for a 9-5 job, rather look
for an organizational space to be recruited, grow, feel accepted and
be challenged. That’s why those companies that foster diversity will
attract a wider range of candidates who are looking for a progressive
place to work. As a result, diverse companies are more likely to
attract the more motivated and better talent than its competitors.
(c) Employee Excellence: Diversity and firm performance go hand-in-
hand. When an organization has a work environment where employees
see a representation of a variety of cultures, backgrounds and ways
of thinking, all of them are more likely to feel comfortable being
themselves. This, in turn, leads to happier, more productive employees
and employee turnover falls. On the other hand in a homogeneous
PAGE 31
Notes culture there prevails a pressure to conform. If employees feel

alienated at workplace, they’re more likely to fear rejection and
not produce their best work. Better redressal mechanism to resolve
diversity issues also motivates employees as employees are assured
of redressal of their grievances if discrimination happens. This
assurance helps employees to prosper.
(d) Increased Profits: various research studies empirically prove how
ethical and racial management and workplace diversity bring employee
turnover down and increases productivity to financially benefit the
organization through not just more employees, but more customers
and investors.
(e) New Business Prospects: Language being a barrier in globalization
and internationalization of a business, can be overcome by engaging
a diverse workforce that is inducted from various parts of the
world and that helps in connecting the business operations to native
customer base through language. Cultural diversity has become a
business strategy for better standing of the entity in foreign markets
which can be helpful to increase the market reach and cover of the
business. This leads to increased profitability and equal opportunity
for the company and its employees thus, diversity at workplace
builds a great reputation for the company.
(f) Fight Psychological Biases: Communities have biases against foreign
communities which stops them socializing diversity benefits a firm
not only financially but also by incrementing its company culture.
Inherent biases towards certain sections of the workforce are repelled
which also helps in appreciating the differences when biases are
dispersed, there is a higher probability of the workforce to work as
a team and in tandem a good company culture is also a competitive
edge in this competitive business environment. Company culture is
the personality of the company. Your employee’s beliefs and actions
in internal and external matters tell a lot about your company, thus,
it is favourable to enhance this company culture.
(g) Improves Company Culture: A company derives its culture from
its members. Company culture varies from company to company.
Some follow an informal and casual approach. It also depends on
the size of the company, its ethics, goals and work environment.
32 PAGE
(h) Creativity: Workplace diversity are hubs of innovation. While some Notes
level of homogeneity of skills is sought to have a bond of assistance
and help among employees, diversity brings unique perspective.
Working with colleagues from different backgrounds, experiences and
working styles, creative concepts may rise from cross communication.
It would also induct a chain of thought from bouncing ideas by the
diverse workforce. It also helps in creating better groups and teams.
While on the one hand an employee brings fresh ideas to the table,
another fellow may be good at the execution part of the strategy,
given his experience in the field. If you have a homogenous group
of people, chances are that everything – from their thought patterns
to life experiences to problem-solving skills are likely to be similar
as well. So to foster creativity, it is imperative to embrace workforce
diversity.
2.3.3 Need/Rationale for Workforce Diversity

Rationale of having workforce diversity rises from the ill effects of
having a lack of it. Following are some consequences of having a lack
of diversity in an organization:
(1) Unsatisfactory Employee: Lack of a workforce diversity mechanism
at the workplace usually results in employee alienation, with some
employees side-lined by the majority. If any incidence of harassment
or discrimination occurs, the victim can easily feel alone. This may
even result in victims’ reluctance to report discrimination workplace.
This reluctance arises due to the complexity of minority. Failure to
report discrimination signals toxicity in company culture adversely
impacting talent pool available to the company as well as employee
productivity.
(2) Limited perspective: Diversity brings perspectives affected by
backgrounds, beliefs and culture and a variety of perspectives bring
innovation and creativity in an organization with lack of diversity,
a diversity of experience, perspective, knowledge and skills is also
lacked with constraints and limits the operations and growth of the
organization. It limits the perspectives companies have to consider
when developing products and strategies, implementing policies
PAGE 33
Notes to deal with the uncertain business environment and especially to

expand businesses to foreign regions.
(3) Lack of Motivation: Proper workforce diversity creates proper
leadership for all levels and varieties of employees. They look up to
role models for inspiration especially with whom they characteristically
connect with. With lack of such role model mentors, employees
easily feel alienated. In organization not providing for diversity
to thrive, facilities, incentives and opportunities to prosper are
limited, curbing employee output. Organizations without diversity
lack proper inclusive infrastructure, usually, also lack in harassment
and discrimination reporting mechanism, further demotivating the
workforce.
2.3.4 Challenges of Workforce Diversity

Some of the challenges posed by workforce diversity are discussed below:
1. Possibility of Conflict among Employees: One of the difficulties
with diversity is the possibility of conflict at work. It is possible for
people to disagree when they come from diverse origins and view
the world from alternative viewpoints. At work, where productivity
may be impacted, this might be a concern.
2. Gender Preferences: Increasing number of women in the workforce
require more flexible work schedules, childcare facilities, maternity
leave, transfer to husband’s place of posting.
3. Cultural Conflicts: People from different backgrounds and cultures
could feel excluded at work. They might not be accepted as a
member of the other cultural group. Such events have a negative
impact on the organization’s performance and employee also feels
demotivated.
4. Resistance to Change: Diversity brings in new task force and new
ways to perform a given task. Because of diversity and innovation,
some groups might resist change proposed by the management as
they are habitual of doing this task in a traditional way with old
team members.
34 PAGE
5. Communication Obstructions: A workplace with a varied and Notes

diverse workforce, might face some difficulties in communicating.
This may arise due to different backgrounds and origins of the
workforce. They might also communicate differently, which can
sometimes result in miscommunication. It is advised to think about
this barrier during recruitment and selection of a candidate.
6. The Need for Training: The need of training is another difficulty
with diversity. Workers must receive training on how to interact
with those who are different from them. Additionally, they must
be taught the value of diversity and how to foster an inclusive
workplace.
CASE STUDY
Managing Diversity for Success: The Case of IBM

Understanding and efficiently managing diversity is a top business
objective for an organization with a workforce of over 398,000 workers
and operations in over 170 countries. A business that employs such a
large workforce and sell goods globally must be aware of the various
cultures that make up the world.
The IBM Corporation has been a leader in recognising and appreciating
its diverse workforce since its early days in the United States. Thomas
Watson, then-president of IBM, made the equal pay for equal work
promise to women in 1935, about 30 years before the “Equal Wage
Act” that guaranteed pay equality between the sexes. The business
welcomed its first female vice president in 1943. IBM provided
female employees with unpaid leave for childbirth 30 years prior to
the ‘Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)’, extending it to one
year in the 1960s and to three years in 1988. In fact, the business
has appeared on Working Mother magazine’s “100 Best Companies”
list each year since its founding in 1986, ranking within the top 100.
The same magazine ranked it number one for multicultural working
women in 2009.
Louis Gerstner became CEO in 1993 of IBM. He ensured their exists
diversity in the senior ranks of the company. He established eight
PAGE 35
Notes diversity working groups (demographic groups) in the year 1995,

namely : men and women, Asians, African Americans, LGBT (Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) people, Hispanics, Native Americans,
and workers with disabilities. The organisation shows excellent efforts
at recruiting keeping in mind the diversity needed in candidate pool.
One problem in this program that was occurring again and again
was minority representation from the field of computer sciences and
engineering. Hispanic students make up just 4% of those receiving
degrees in computer sciences. IBM collaborates with institutions to
improve the enrolment of Hispanics in these programmes in order
to address this issue. It started a program called ‘EXITE’ (Exploring
Interest in Technology and Engineering) where girls from middle school
were taught math and science in a fun environment by IBM’s female
engineers. More than 3,000 girls have completed this programme to
date. (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbehaviour/chapter/2-
5-managing-diversity-for-success-the-case-of-ibm/)
2.4 Employee Empowerment
2.4.1 Meaning of Employee Empowerment

Empowerment is the process of giving employees in the organisation
the power, authority, responsibility, resources, freedom to take decisions
and solve work related problems. In order to take such initiatives and
decisions, they are given adequate authority and resources. The empowered
employee becomes “self-directed” and “self-controlled”. Empowerment
focuses on employees to make use of their full potential.
Employee Empowerment in work setting means giving employees the
means, ability, and authority to do something. It involves efforts to take
full advantage of organisation’s human resources by giving everyone
more information and control over how they perform their jobs. Various
techniques of empowerment range from participation in decision-making
to the use of self-managed or empowered teams.
Caudron (1995) articulates empowerment as, “when employees ‘own’
their jobs; when they are able to measure and influence their individual
success as well as the success of their departments and their companies”.
36 PAGE
Ettore’s (1997) definition of empowerment as, “employees having Notes

autonomous decision-making capabilities and acting as partners in the
business, all with an eye to the bottom-line”
A company’s leaders, HR professionals, and fellow employees all play
key roles in establishing a supportive, empowered environment. All
parties need to establish mutual trust, feel comfortable in taking risks,
and establish clear expectations and guidelines. Without this collaboration,
truly empowering employees is not possible at all.
2.4.2 Need for Employee Empowerment

(i) Increasing pace of change, turbulence of environment and the changing
expectations of customers requires a speedy and flexible response
which is incompatible with the old-style command and control model
of organisational functioning as in old days employee was instructed
to take approval from the employer for every little decision, this
has to change and some authority has to be delegated for speedy
responses to customers.
(ii) Organisations are using new types of structures to achieve their
objectives. The impact of downsizing, delayering and decentralising
means that the old methods of achieving co-ordination and control
are no longer appropriate. Employees need to be given proper
responsibility so that they can assume the decentralised power and
work accordingly.
(iii) Employees now have greater awareness and are more concerned with
the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Empowerment can be used to
satisfy such needs of employees and thus motivate them and take
best work from them.
(iv) Empowerment can provide opportunities to the employees at lower
levels to develop their competencies. Thus, it can be used as a
source of managerial talent for the organisation.
2.4.3 Benefits of Employee Empowerment

(1) Motivated Employees: Providing employees with autonomy helps
them in staying motivated and managing their work in best possible
PAGE 37
Notes way. Experts suggest that employees who have control on how,
when, and where to their job will work harder and find the job
and tasks more engaging.
(2) Improved Creativity: It helps to create motivated, creative and
committed work force in organization.
(3) Healthy Organisational Relationships: A culture of openness and
trust is developed which establishes healthy relations between
supervisors and employees.
(4) Quality Production by Employees: Employee empowerment improves
quality of goods produced by employees and services offered by
them.
(5) Recognition of Employees: Employee empowerment satisfies the
need of workers for recognition, status, challenging work and
responsibility.
(6) Reduced Costs: By taking their own decisions, employees save the
time and efforts of top management. Since there is a high level of
decentralization in an organization where employees are empowered,
the need for middle level managers is considerably lower. Properly
trained employees are also less likely to waste resources or have
an accident. All these benefits collectively reduce the unnecessary
expenditures of the organization.
2.4.4 Disadvantages of Employee Empowerment

1. Misuse of Power: Many employees when given authority and power
tend to misuse it, for their personal benefit. They shall become less
responsible and distract themselves from the official work. With
this behaviour the company shall suffer losses.
2. Additional Training Costs: With empowerment comes the need to
provide training to the employees and with training comes additional
costs. These costs are to be borne by the organisation and puts
additional burden on them.
3. Poor Knowledge: If employees are not clear about the process and
procedures of doing a job and taking a decision, it can lead to poor
decision making and can put additional burden on the management.
These decisions can lead conflicts among the team members too.
38 PAGE
4. Breach of Confidentiality: There are two types of information Notes

shared in an organisation, one which can be shared with everyone
and other which is slightly confidential. So if an employee leaks
this confidential information without having knowledge of its type
this can lead to serious consequences.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. _________ is the process of giving employees in the organisation
the power, authority, responsibility, resources, freedom to take
decisions and solve work related problems.
2. Workplace diversity create hubs of innovation. (True/False)
3. Which of the following is a challenge in applying workforce
diversity in the organisation?
(a) Creativity
(b) Competitive Advantage
(c) Cultural Conflicts
(d) Wider Talent Pool
4. Employee Empowerment can be promoted by performing delegation
of authority. (True/False)
5. Breach of confidentiality is an advantage of employee empowerment.
(True/False)
2.5 Downsizing
Downsizing means reducing the size of the organization through planned
elimination of positions and jobs. It is a restructuring process in which
the organization disposes of its non-core activities. In the context of
human resource management, downsizing involves elimination of certain
jobs with a view to improve work efficiency. The organization reduces
staff which is excess of its needs. As a result some of the employees get
separated from the organization.
PAGE 39
Notes 2.5.1 Need of Downsizing

Downsizing may become necessary due to the following reasons:
1. An organization might suffer from overstaffing due to faulty human
resource planning. At one time, Steel Authority of India (SAIL) had
1,70,000 employees as against its actual requirement of 1,00,000
employees.
2. A change in man-machine ratio may occur due to technological
advances.
3. An organization may start outsourcing some of its business functions.
As a result people employed in these functions become surplus.
2.5.2 Disadvantages of Downsizing

1. Downsizing may create a feeling of insecurity causing low morale
and high stress among employees. Employees may feel that they
are paying the price for mismanagement.
2. When competent employees leave the organization, downsizing may
erode the skill base.
3. Implementation of performance improvement practices become difficult
due to a feeling of job insecurity created by downsizing.
2.5.3 Types of Downsizing

Following are the most common types of downsizing:
Reducing the
workforce
Types of
Downsizing Redesigning
Work
Figure 2.1: Types of Downsizing

1. Reducing the Workforce: This is the approach that is used most
frequently to lay off workers, encourage early retirement and move
people into crucial roles. The main goal is to reduce unnecessary
positions in the organisation. This is a big decision and the employer
should try to move humbly towards downsizing. The employer must
40 PAGE
reorganise the business to determine where or which department Notes

has to be reduced in size. A few examples include suspending the
employment process, retrenchments, early pension plans, layoffs
and natural attrition.
2. Redesigning Work: The major goal of this redesigning is to get rid
of any additional or unnecessary tasks that results in job vacancies.
The vacant roles are duly abolished, and after that, through redesign,
the responsibilities are moved to another function. Sometimes the job
of redesigning works effectively when there is a merger. Changing
working hours, merging of units, abolition of some functions, etc.
are some steps taken by management for redesigning the work.
2.5.4 Role of Human Resource in Downsizing

Human resource personnel have to perform the following functions for
successful implementation of downsizing:
1. Before downsizing, alternatives such as work-sharing, down grading,
redeployment, etc. may be tried.
2. HR personnel must ensure proper communications to minimize the
negative effects of rumours and ensure that individuals are kept
informed with factual data.
3. In order to sell the idea of downsizing to the employees, HR
professionals have to convince trade unions and win their support
for downsizing.
4. HR managers must also deal with the actual layoff. They must
have programmes to assist the laid off employees. When informed
about layoff, employees face many uncertainties about service pay,
retirement benefits, search for alternative job, transition assistance,
etc. These uncertainties need to be anticipated and taken care off.
Rightsizing involves realigning an organisation’s human resources for a
closer fit with overall strategy, goals and financial resources. The intention
is to become more competitive by redesigning the organizational structure
and redefining both line and staff positions to focus on the most important
activities and processes. However, some companies eliminate numerous
positions without first determining which and how many are needed to
accomplish vital tasks for organizational performance. The result is wrong
sizing - the loss of key positions and personnel.
PAGE 41
Notes ACTIVITY
In the above section we discussed what is downsizing and why the
need for downsizing arises. Do you think lay-offs and downsizing
are same concepts? Try to explore the similarities and differences
between the two.
2.6 Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS)

Most organisations have a 60-year retirement age for their workforce (or
58 years, according to policies of some firms). The individual’s capacity
to continue working is not taken into account at this stage. Individuals
under VRS may opt to retire in their 40s or 50s and pursue their interest,
if any. For businesses it is a tactic to reduce staff strength and minimize
cost.
In India downsizing is generally implemented through Voluntary Retirement
Scheme. Under this scheme, the organization and its employees enter into
a mutual agreement. Under this agreement employees agree to voluntarily
retire on payment of agreed compensation by the employer.
During 1991 India adopted the policy of economic liberalisation,
globalization and privatization. Since then, several organizations in both
public sector and private sector have downsized in order to reduce the
surplus staff. VRS has been used to reduce the wage bill by offering one
time compensation. VRS has come to be known as ‘Golden Hand Shake’
in view of its benefits for both employees and employers.
In the initial stage VRS appeared attractive and many organizations
successfully implemented VRS. But in many cases VRS attempts have
failed. Various issues involved in VRS need to be tackled effectively in
order to make the scheme successful.
2.6.1 Issues in VRS

The main issues in VRS are as follows:
1. Identifying the Need for VRS: First of all, the organization must
check whether VRS is really necessary or not. In case there is
42 PAGE
surplus manpower which cannot be utilized in future, VRS may be Notes

required. The type of employees to be covered in the scheme and
those who opt for it also need to be identified.
2. Cost Benefit Analysis: Before deciding to launch a VRS, its
implications for the organization should be carefully considered.
VRS is double-edged weapon and not a panacea for all ills of
human resource management. When targeted employees do not opt
for VRS, the morale of employees may go down. It is also possible
that employees who are unemployable elsewhere do not opt (or the
scheme. In such a case the organization may lose talent and may
be left with poor quality staff. If this happens the very purpose of
VRS will be defeated.
3. Designing the Scheme: The main issues involved in designing VRS
are:
(a) The employees to be covered in the scheme. Logic lies in
covering those employees who are least required in future.
SAIL prescribed the minimum age limit for different categories
of employees.
(b) The compensation package to be offered. In public sector,
three months’ salary for each completed year of service subject
to a maximum of monthly salary multiplied by the number
of months left for retirement is the norm. In public sector
banks 45 days of salary for every year of service or salary
for balance period of service whichever is less is offered.
4. Convincing Trade Unions: Unless the trade union agrees VRS is
likely to fail. Therefore, management must convince the union(s)
by explaining various pros and cons and suggesting alternatives
which employees can adopt after opting for VRS.
5. Rehabilitating Employees: A firm or an association of firms may
design a rehabilitation package for the concerned employees. Such
a package should include redeployment through further training.
When employees know that they have alternative means of earning
livelihood, they will opt for VRS. Government of India has set up
five employee assistance centres at Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad,
Kanpur and Indore to provide training to displaced workers.
PAGE 43
Notes 2.6.2 Reasons for Offering VRS
1. Recession in Economy: To withstand the economic downturn, the

firm is forced to choose VRS. At the time of recession, firms have
to downsize their workforce to reduce their costs and this could
only be done by opting for VRS and performing lay-offs.
2. Overcoming Over-staffing: Firms may hire more people than they
actually need because of poor HR planning or to uphold social
obligations. Therefore VRS is the best technique to overcome this
problem in an empathetic way.
3. Globalisation: In terms of innovation, knowledge of the workforce,
knowledge of technology, and understanding of management systems,
globalisation has brought forth fierce competition. Every firm seeks
to hire young management and technological professionals who are
quick to catch up with new innovations. As a result, the senior
workforce is asked to retire.
4. Change in structure of the firm: The economy is experiencing mergers
and takeovers in many sectors. Every small or big organisation
aspires to merge with strong firms to grow stronger and acquire a
large share in the market therefore a business’s wants to maintain
a limited and high performing workforce, this forces them to opt
for VRS process.
2.6.3 Benefits of VRS
Both organisations and employees can benefit by opting for VRS. Following
are the benefits engaged with VRS:
1. Rightsizing the Number of Employees: It is a sympathetic technique
to release workers as businesses successfully cut labour size to
increase economic efficiency.
2. No Conflict of Interest: VRS process is taken forward only when
government and trade unions are satisfied with the reason to take up
VRS. The final step is taken if both employee and organisation agree,
employees are not forced here rather their consent is given more
44 PAGE
importance. Interest of both the parties are given due significance. Notes
Nobody has the authority to force an employee to choose an early
retirement. The entire process is also fairly transparent. Therefore,
the trade unions are not against it.
3. Tax Benefit to Employees: At the moment of retirement, employees
get their earned dues and benefits in accordance with corporate
policy. The retiring employees are also offered compensation which
is tax-free up to a certain amount.
4. VRS gives Second Chance to Employees: The money earned by
way of VRS might be used by employees to launch new ventures
or pursue other interests.
5. Reduces Costs of the firm: A firm opting for VRS chiefly has a
motive to reduce its costs. These costs might have occurred due
to over staffing or change in technology with which the current
workforce is not able to cope with.
2.6.4 Disadvantages of VRS
1. Effective personnel may quit the company, while ineffective ones

remain. As a result, the firm’s skill set would decline, and it will
not be able to deliver the results that it had planned.
2. Burden on remaining workforce: If VRS is utilised to reduce costs
and expenses and it is done in an unplanned way, it can increase
the burden on remaining employees.
3. Future uncertainty for remaining employees: Employees who
choose to stay with the company rather than accepting VRS may
feel uneasy about their future. They may have think that this episode
may occur again in their lives.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. ___________ is also known as ‘Golden Handshake’.
7. Under VRS scheme, the organization and its employees enter
into a mutual agreement. (True/False)
PAGE 45
Notes 8. Which of the following is an advantage of VRS:

(a) Creates burden on remaining workers
(b) Increase in vacancy
(c) Future uncertainty for existing workers
(d) Reduction of costs for the firm
9. ___________ is a restructuring process in which the organization
disposes of its non-core activities.
10. Downsizing does not create a feeling of insecurity causing low
morale and high stress among employees. (True/False)
2.7 Work Life Balance

Work life balance is a strategy that supports employees in managing their
personal and professional duties. Employees are encouraged to manage their
time and keep a balance by allocating it to family, health, vacations, etc.,
in addition to pursuing a career. The terminology “Work Life Balance”
was introduced in 1986, but it took some time for it to become widely
used in everyday conversation. Work life balance helps in dividing their
time on the basis of their work and life priorities. Employees feel more
relaxed and their productivity enhances as everything feels managed.
According to Cambridge Dictionary, “work life balance is the amount of
time you spend doing your job compared with the amount of time you
spend with your family and doing things you enjoy”.
Work Life
Balance
Personal Professional
Life Life
Family
Job
Friends
Career
Self
Figure 2.2: Work life Balance
46 PAGE
2.7.1 Need of Work Life Balance Notes
Work and life demands need to be balanced in view of the following

reasons:
1. Hectic Work Schedules: In the current scenario expectations from
employees have risen, as a result of increased competition brought
on by globalisation, liberalisation and privatisation. Due to hectic
schedules and more competition in the market the balance of work
and personal life has been negatively affected.
2. High Expectations by the Employer: A rise in employee stress
levels is a result of the high expectations of their jobs in terms of
goals, productivity, quality, customization and improved customer
relationship management.
3. Rise in Personal Expectations: As the employee is dedicatedly
working to achieve the firms goals the expectation of rise in
individual aspirations for increased pay, status and power will also
occur. As living standards rise faster, family obligations will too,
create pressure on the employee.
4. Unhealthy Habits: Excessive work doesn’t give employees a free
time to relax or take a break thus, they tend to sit for long hours,
opt for unhealthy eatables and are left with less or no time to work
on their bodies. These unhealthy habits also create a disbalance in
the life of an employee.
5. Rise in Stress Levels: Management continually raises the bar for
its staff while providing nothing in the form of security for the
employee and its family. Working so hard and getting very little
in exchange breeds anger, stress and frustration in the mind and
actions of employee. So the management must look out for ways
to keep their workforce healthy and satisfied.
2.7.2 Importance of Work Life Balance

Without work life balance employees may struggle with health issues, work
issues and other pressures therefore work life balance is very important.
Following are advantages of work life balance:
PAGE 47
Notes 1. Reduced Employee Turnover: Companies that have a reputation for

a healthy work culture tend to loose less employees as compared
to companies having a stressed and unhealthy work environment.
Employees tend to give up their jobs for mental peace and family
priorities. This practice has become more common in millennials
so, firms should change their work culture in accordance with the
employee preferences.
2. Reduced Absenteeism: Improper distribution of work causes stress
among the employees, we can see in the same firm one employee
is loaded with work and another is roaming freely. This should be
avoided and work load should be balanced among all the employees
to reduce stress and absenteeism.
3. Improved Performance: Balance in professional and personal life
help the employee to work more creatively and freely, this in order
enhances the performance of the employee. Employees feel happy
and feel more connected with the work.
4. Motivated Employees: As written above that work life balance
improves performance of employees which in turn makes employees
more dedicated and motivated. They are ready to take up new
challenges and face difficulties arising in the market.
2.7.3 Strategies to Create a Work Life Balance
Communicating clear policies
Training the managers

Steps that can
be taken by the Employee Recognition
Employer
Strategies to Conduct Employee Surveys
create a Work
Life Balance Creation of Work Plan
Steps that can Schedule Leisure Activities

be taken by the
Employee Making Work Priorities
Controlling Distractions
Figure 2.3 : Strategies to Create a Work Life Balance
48 PAGE
A. Steps that can be taken by the Employer Notes

Work life balance should be a top strategic priority for just any workforce,
given its significance to employee productivity, wellbeing, performance and
job satisfaction. However, just introducing fitness activities or providing
endless vacations can take your employees away from the actual goal of
the company. The following measures towards a healthier and happier
workforce can be opted by HR department:
1. Communicating Clear Policies: Employees must be aware of the
expectations of their employer or they without any presumptions
from their prior jobs. All the working policies should be clearly
communicated to the employee so that he can manage the work
accordingly without creating any trouble in the end.
2. Training the Managers: Managers need to know how to discuss work
life balance with their teams and motivate staff to feel more satisfied
at work. According to Lupu’s findings, “HR teams should discover
strategies to motivate managers to care more about the wellness of
their teams.” This also means praising people-centric behaviours by
managers and punishing managers who have unsustainable work
patterns and force their colleagues to work under stress.
3. Employee Recognition: While many businesses aspire to improve
their workers’ well-being, they unintentionally promote a toxic
workplace culture by recognising and rewarding overwork. When
an employee spend more hours in the office and is constantly
overworking, this creates a feeling of stress in the other employees
and without even being productive they sit in the office just to
impress their employer, this practice should be avoided and the
practice of giving best results by smart work should be awarded.
4. Conduct Employee Surveys: A meaningful employee survey is a
wonderful approach to spot declining employee morale or rising work-
related stress. Long-term corporate success depends on cultivating
an environment where people feel they can balance their personal
and professional lives. A happier, healthier, more devoted and more
productive workforce will result from employers placing a high
priority on their employees’ wellbeing, stress management and
personal life.
PAGE 49
Notes 5. Outsourcing: When the firm has a lot of work pressure and the
workforce in comparison to the goal is less, the company should
outsource some employees for a particular period of time. Outsourcing
helps to reduce stress on the existing employees.
B. Steps that can be taken by the Employee
The following steps can be taken by the employee for maintaining a
work-life balance:
1. Creation of Work Plan: An individual must plan his responsibilities
and arrange his time effectively so that he has enough time for job
and career development while also making time for leisure and
personal work. A plan can be designed and which will segregate
the weeks’ time between the professional and personal work.
2. Pulling out of Energy Wasting Activities: People should refrain
from time- and energy-consuming unnecessary activities that don’t
contribute to their professional or personal lives. A worker who
uses effective time management will experience less stress.
3. Setting Enough Time for Relaxation: Better work-life balance is
made possible by taking adequate breaks from work and relaxing,
which also tends to increase professional or workplace productivity
and gives plenty of space to both professional as well as personal
activities. Employees should engage themselves in practicing Yoga,
Pranayama, following correct postures at work, taking a balanced
diet, exercising and even meditating for a fixed time period every
day.
4. Making Work Priorities: Employees frequently neglect their work
and wind up performing a lot of work at the last minute. Better
planning can help employees avoid avoidable delays, giving them
more time for personal tasks.
5. Control Interruptions and Distractions: Employees should try to
stay focused while performing a task in the workplace and always
try to fix a time period for performing this task. Employees should
try to reduce any interruption during this fixed period assigned for
a particular task.
6. Schedule Leisure Activities: Employees should try to schedule fun
activities or plan holidays with friends and family, this will reduce
50 PAGE
the stress level and strike a balance in personal and professional Notes
life.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
11. _________ is a strategy that supports employees in managing
their personal and professional duties.
12. Making a list of priorities or a to-do list helps the employees
in creating a work-life balance. (True/False)
13. Which of the following steps can be taken by the employers
to promote work-life balance:
(a) Making policies
(b) Clear communication about tasks
(c) Employee surveys
(d) All of the above
14. Terminology of “Work-Life Balance” was introduced in 1980.
(True/False)
ACTIVITY
Imagine you are owner of a fintech company, the workers work there
for day and night and every issue is a financial issue which requires
double checking after performing a particular task. You can clearly
see that your employees are facing difficulty in maintaining a work-
life balance, how would you help your employees? Make a list of
activities you will offer to your employees.
2.8 Summary
In this chapter students learnt about different emerging challenges of HRM
namely workplace diversity, employee empowerment, downsizing, VRS
and work life balance. These challenges play a crucial role in the life of
an employee. Starting from workforce diversity which means recruiting
people from different backgrounds to work in a corporate space is called
workplace diversity. It tends to create a innovative talent pool, more ideas
flow in the workplace, profits increase for the firm and creativity is ensured
in each task being performed. It also comes with challenges related to
PAGE 51
Notes mindset of a person and communication between two different cultures,

etc. Nowadays, employee’s role has changed he is not just a worker, but
he is a contributor and is empowered to take part in different decisions of
the firm this takes us towards employee empowerment which has many
merits and some demerits discussed in the chapter above. Downsizing
and VRS are used to reduce the size of the organization through planned
elimination of positions and jobs. It can bring a lot of cost saving for the
company but is a very big challenge for the human resource department.
VRS is also known as ‘Golden handshake’ between the employer and
the employee. Another important concept is Work life balance. It is the
amount of time you spend doing your job compared with the amount of
time you spend with your family and doing things you enjoy. Employees
face challenges to develop a proper balance between their professional
and personal life, therefore some strategies like creation of work plan,
setting enough time for relaxation, controlling distractions, etc. can be
followed by the employee.
1. Employee Empowerment
2. True
3. (c) Cultural Conflicts
4. True
5. False
6. VRS
7. True
8. (d) Reduction of costs for the firm
9. Downsizing
10. False
11. Work-life balance
12. True
13. (d) All of the above
14. False
52 PAGE
2.10 Self-Assessment Questions Notes
1. The field of Human Resource Management has changed considerably

over the years. Explain with suitable examples how this change has
taken place in Indian Industry and what challenges do you foresee
for the human resource specialists in the 21st Century?
2. Work-life balance is a strategy that supports employees in managing
their personal and professional duties. What steps can be taken by
the employer on his end to promote this balance?
3. Diversity at the workplace is a growing phenomenon in companies
worldwide. Do you agree with this statement? Give some advantages
and disadvantages of workplace diversity.
4. Why do you think empowerment of employees is needed to generate
effective and efficient results?
5. Do you think VRS is actually a ‘golden handshake’ between the
organisation and its employees? Give reasons for your answer.
6. Why need for downsizing occurs in a firm? Does downsizing helps
the company to run smoothly?
7. Do you think empowerment is the essence of managerial effectiveness?
Why or why not?
(a) Downsizing
(b) Golden handshake
(c) Importance of Work life balance
(d) Disadvantages of employee empowerment
(e) Workforce Diversity
9. What do you mean by VRS? Why do employers offer VRS to its
employees?
2.11 References
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investment-opportunities-in-india
https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-voluntary-retirement-
scheme
PAGE 53
Notes https://www.forbes.com/sites/alankohll/2018/03/27/the-evolving-
definition-of-work-life-balance/?sh=1e9033599ed3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/work-life-balance
Nithya, J. (2013) Work Life Balance Strategies: Emerged As A
Strategic Issue For HRM And A Key Element Of An Organization’s
Employee Retention Strategies. International Journal of Enterprise
and Innovation Management Studies.
https://lattice.com/library/why-work-life-balance-is-important-and-
how-hr-teams-can-improve-it
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbehaviour/chapter/2-5-
managing-diversity-for-success-the-case-of-ibm/
Chhabra, T.N. & Chhabra, M. (2020). Human Resource Management-
Text and cases, Ninth edition, Sun India Publication.

Armstrong Michael, A handbook of Human Resource Management
Practice 10th edition, Kogan Page.
Rao VS P, Human Resource Management Text and Cases, 2nd edition,
Excel Books.
Gupta C.B. (2018). Human Resource Management, Sultan Chand &
Sons.
Company.
54 PAGE
UNIT - II
PAGE 55
L E S S O N
1
Human Resource Planning
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Concept of Human Resource Planning
1.4 Aspects of Manpower Planning
1.5 Problems in Human Resource
1.6 Guidelines for Effective Human Resource Planning
1.7 Summary
1.10 References

After studying this Chapter students may be able to understand:
Understand the concept and objectives of human resource planning.
Describe the process of human resource planning.
Analyse the problems in human resource planning.
1.2 Introduction
The success of an organization depends largely on the quantity and quality of its human
resources. No organization can be successful in the long run without having the right num-
ber and the right kind of people doing the right jobs at the right time. Procurement of the
PAGE 57
Notes right kind and right number of personnel is the first operative function
of human resource management. Before selecting the right man for the
right job, it becomes necessary to determine the quality and quantity of
people required in an organization. This is the function of human resource
planning or manpower planning. HRM begins with manpower planning.
1.3 Concept of Human Resource Planning

Human resource is an important corporate asset and the overall performance
of companies depends upon the way it is put to use. In order to realize
company objectives, it is essential to have a human resource plan.
Human resource planning is essentially the process of getting the right
number of qualified people for the right job at the right time so that
an organization can meet its objectives. It is a system of matching the
supply of people with openings the organization expects over a given time
frame. Human Resource Planning (HRP) is a forward-looking function.
It tries to assess human resource requirements in advance keeping the
production schedules, market fluctuations, demand forecasts, etc., in the
background. The human resource plan is subject to revision, of course,
and is tuned to the requirements of an organization from time to time.
It is an integral part of the overall corporate plan and reflects the broad
thinking of management about manpower needs within the organization.
1.3.1 Characteristics of Human Resource Planning

1. Future Oriented: Human resource planning like all planning is
forward looking or future oriented. It involves forecasts of the
manpower needs in a future time period so that adequate and timely
provision may be made to meet the needs.
2. Continuous Process: Human resource planning is an on-going or
continuous process because the demand for and the supply of human
resource undergo frequent changes. It is not static but subject to
review and revision in accordance with the needs of the organization
and the changing environment.
3. Helps in Corporate Planning: Human resource planning is an integral
part of corporate planning. Without a corporate plan, there can be
no manpower plan. Whether or not the manpower plans meet the
58 PAGE
organization requirements and are in tune with the reality depends Notes
on how clearly the goals are defined.
4. Optimum Utilization of Resources: The basic purpose of human
resource planning is to make optimum utilization of an organisation’s
current and future human resources. In order to maximize the return
on investment in human resources, it is necessary to relate future
human resources to future needs of the organization.
5. Systematic Approach: Human resource planning is a systems approach
to human resources. In it, the information about the demand and
supply of human resources constitutes the input. Comparison and
evaluation of demand and supply so as to identify the gap between
the two is the transformation process. The outputs of human resource
planning are the strategy and programme formulated to bridge the
gap.
6. Both Long and Short Term: Human resource plans can be long-
term or short term. Long-range plans are prepared for a period of
five years or more on the basis of trends in the economy, labour
market and production. These reflect management thinking on the
organization structure, business environment and human resource
policies. Short term manpower plans cover time periods ranging from
one year to less than five years. These are concerned with filling
existing jobs. Long-range and short-range plans are complementary
to each other.
7. Both Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects: Human resource planning
has both quantitative and qualitative aspects; The former implies the
right number of employees while the later means the right talent
required in the organization.
8. Management’s Responsibility: Human resource planning is the
primary responsibility of management so as to ensure effective
utilization of the organisation’s human resources.
9. Study of Manpower: Manpower planning involves study of the
manpower environment which influences the demand for manpower
and its supply. It also involves study of manpower utilization.
10. Two-phased Process: Human resource planning is a two-phased
process involving calculation about the demand for and supply
PAGE 59
Notes of human resources, so as to secure equilibrium between the two.

Human resource planning is based on the recognition that manpower
is an asset which grows or appreciates over time. But development
of manpower is a time-consuming process.
1.3.2 Objectives of Human Resource Planning

The main objectives of human resource planning are as follows:
1. To ensure optimum use of existing human resource.
2. To forecast future requirements for human resources.
3. To provide control measures to ensure that necessary human resource
are available as and when required.
4. To link human resource planning with organizational planning.
5. To assess the surplus and shortage of human resource.
6. To anticipate the impact of technology on jobs and human resources.
7. To determine levels of recruitment and training.
8. To estimate the cost of human resources and housing needs of
employees.
9. To facilitate productivity bargaining.
10. To provide a basis for management development programmes.
1.3.3 Need for and Importance of Human Resource Planning

Effective human resource planning offers the following benefits:
I. To carry on its work and achieve its objectives, every organization
requires employees with adequate knowledge, experience and
aptitudes. Human resource planning is helpful in selection and
training activities. It ensures that adequate number of persons are
selected and trained well in advance to fill future job vacancies in
the organization. Human resource planning provides the required
number and quality of human resources at all times.
II. Human resource planning identifies gaps in existing manpower in
terms of their quantity and talent. Suitable training and other steps
60 PAGE
can be taken in time to fill these gaps. Existing manpower can be Notes
developed to fill future vacancies.
III. There is need to replace employees who retire, die, resign and
become incapacitated due to injury. Provision for replacement of
personnel can be made through human resource planning.
IV. Human resource planning facilitates the expansion and diversification
of an organization. In the absence of human resource plans, the
required human resources will not be available to execute expansion
and diversification plans at the right time.
V. Human resource planning creates awareness about the effective utilization
of human resources throughout the organization. It helps to reduce
wastage of manpower. It also helps in judging the effectiveness of
human resource policies and programmes of management.
VI. Human resource planning is helpful in effective utilization of
technological progress. To meet the challenge of new technology
existing employees need to be retrained and new employees may
be recruited.
VII. With the help of human resource planning, areas of surplus manpower
can be anticipated and timely action can be taken.
VIII. Human resource planning is useful in anticipating the cost of human
resources which facilitate the budgeting process. It also helps in
controlling human resource costs through effective utilization.
Through proper manpower planning, management can avoid both
shortage and surplus of manpower and thereby control labour costs.
IX. Human resource planning facilitates career succession planning in the
organization. It provides enough lead time for internal succession
of employees to higher positions through promotions.
X. Human resource planning helps in planning for physical facilitates
like canteen, staff quarters, dispensary and school for the staff and
their children.
XI. At the national level, Human resource planning facilitates educational
reforms, geographical mobility of talent and employment generation.
PAGE 61
Notes 1.3.4 Reasons for Focus on Human Resource Planning

In recent years, focus on Human resource planning has increased due to
the following reasons:
Employment Situation: On the one hand, the number of educated
unemployed is increasing on the other hand, there is acute shortage for
a variety of skills. This situation requires more effective recruitment
and retraining of people. Under-developed countries find that shortage
of talented and skilled manpower is a major obstacle to their industrial
progress and they have to import certain skills.
Technological Changes: The widespread and rapid changes in production
technology, marketing methods and management techniques are having
profound effects on the contents and contexts of jobs. These changes
create problems concerning redundancies, retraining and redeployment
of personnel. Systematic Human resource planning can help to solve
these problems.
Organisational Change: Size of firms is increasing. The environment
of business has become turbulent. Rapid changes in environment require
changes in organization structure and activities which affect requirements
for human resources. New Human resource strategies are needed to meet
these new requirements.
Demographic Changes: The profile of the work force in terms of age,
sex, education, technical skills and social background is changing. Such
changes have significant implications for Human resource planning.
Shortage of Skills: Organisations have become increasingly complex and
require a wide range of specialized skills. These skills are scarce, and
problems arise when employees with these skills leave an organization.
Legislative Controls: Law with regard to working conditions, working
hours, weaker sections, women and child labour, casual and contract
labour etc. does not permit management to hire and fire at free will.
Therefore, managers, must look ahead and foresee manpower problems
with the help of systematic human resource planning.
Pressure Groups: Trade unions, politicians and displaced persons create
pressures on management for internal recruitment, promotions, preference
to sons of the soil/displaced persons/employees’ children etc.
62 PAGE
Lead Time: Longer lead time is required for selection and training of Notes
employees to handle new jobs and technology successfully. This requires
long-term human resource planning.
Hiring Costs: Recruitment and training costs are increasing. Increase
in hiring costs encourages upgrading from within the organization, and
planned retention through manpower planning.
1.3.5 Process of Human Resource Planning

The major stages involved in human resource planning are given below:
Figure 1.1: Process of Human Resource Planning

1. Analysing Organisational Plans: First of all, the objectives and strategic
plans of the company are analysed. Plans concerning technology,
production, marketing, finance, expansion and diversification give
an idea about the volume of future work activity. Each plans can
further be analysed into sub-plans and detailed programmes. It is
also necessary to decide the time horizon for which human resource
plans are to be prepared. The future organization structure and job
PAGE 63
Notes design should be made clear and changes in the organization structure
should be examined so as to anticipate its manpower requirements.
2. Forecasting Demand for Human Resources: On the basis of
corporate and functional plans, and future activity levels, the future
needs for human resources in the organization are anticipated. The
number of people and the skills levels needed in future depend on
the production and sales budgets in a manufacturing enterprise. But
the human resource requirements for a given level of operations
vary depending upon the production technology, process, make or
buy decisions, job contents, behaviour patterns and control systems.
It is necessary to make projections for new positions to be created
and the vacancies arising in current manpower. Job analysis and
forecasts of future activity levels help in human resource forecasting.
Techniques employed in manpower forecasting are as follows:
(a) Managerial Judgment: Under this method, experienced managers
estimate the manpower requirements for their respective
departments on the basis of their knowledge of expected future
workload and employee efficiency. These departmental estimates
are then aggregated and approved by top management.
(b) Work-Study Method: In this method, time and motion study
are used to analyse and measure the work being done. With
the help of such studies, standard time required per unit of
work is decided. The following example illustrates this method:
Example:
Planned output for next years 50,000 units
Standard hours per unit 2
Planned hours required 50,000 × 2 = 1,00,000
Productive hours per worker in the year 2,000
Number of workers required 1,00,000/2,000 = 50
If the span of control is ten, five (50/10) supervisor will be
required to supervise the work. Work study method is more
appropriate for repetitive and manual jobs when it is possible
to measure work and set standards. Job method should not
change frequently.
64 PAGE
(c) Ratio-Trend Analysis: Under this method, ratios (e.g. total Notes
output/number of workers, total sales volume/number of
sales person) are calculated on the basis of past data. Future
ratios are calculated on the basis of time series analysis/
extrapolation, after making allowances for expected changes
in organization, methods and jobs. Extrapolation or projections
is mathematical extensions of past data into a future time. On
the basis of established ratios, the demand for human resources
is estimated. The following example illustrates this method:
Example:
Production level in 2004-05 50,000 units
No. of workers in 2004-05 50
Ratio 5: 50,000 or 1: 1,000
No. of supervisors in 2004-05 5
Ratio 5: 50 or 1: 10
Estimated production in 2005-06 60,000 units
No. of workers required in 2005-06 60,000 × 1/1,000 = 60
No. of supervisors required in 2005-06 60 × 1/10 = 6
(d) Mathematical Models: A mathematical model expresses the
relationship between independent variables (e.g. investment,
production, sales etc.) and dependent variable (e.g. no. of
employees required). Various factors influencing manpower
needs are expressed in the form of a formula. Several types
of models, e.g. regression, optimization models, probabilistic
models can be used. These are complex and appropriate only
for large organizations.
3. Forecasting Supply of Human Resources: Every organization has
two sources of supply of human resources-internal and external.
Internally, human resources can be obtained for certain posts through
promotions and transfers. Policies relating to these aspects need to
be reviewed regularly to judge their impact on the internal supply
of human resources. In order to judge the inside supply of human
resources in future, human resources inventory or human resource
audit is necessary. The components of current or present human
resources are as follows:
PAGE 65
Notes (a) Head counts, i.e., total number of people employed, department
wise, skill wise, designations wise, payroll wise, sex wise,
etc.
(b) Job family inventory, i.e., number of employees in each job,
e.g., clerks, typists, cashiers etc.
(c) Age inventory, i.e., age wise classification of employees.
(d) Skill inventory containing data about the education, skills,
experience, past performance, work preference and potential/
fitness for promotion.
Manpower inventory helps in determining and evaluating the quantity
and quality of the internal human resources. It reveals what exists
in stock of manpower and what can be expected in future. It also
indicates the possible shortfalls in comparison with expansion
requirements and the future organization structure. Detailed biodata
of every employee provides the foundation for a programme of
individual development. Some organization maintains a Manning
Table which is a jobwise list of employees. Other organizations use
Manpower Replacement charts which show the present performance
of each employee together with the promotion potential of possible
replacements.
Expected loss of Manpower: Once the present human resources are
assessed the changes likely to occur therein can be estimated. Potential
losses of human resource can arise in the form of resignations,
discharges/dismissals, deaths, retrenchments/lay off, terminations,
promotions, demotions, transfers, ill health, injury, absenteeism,
deputations out, consultancy out. Similarly, additions to human
resources may occur in the form of new recruits, promotions,
demotions, transfers, deputations in, consultancy in, acquisition of
new skills through training, etc. The effect of potential loss and
additions can be calculated on the basis of experience as follows:
Future internal supply of human resources = Present Inventory of
human resources + Potential additions - Potential losses.
Thus, future manpower needs of an organization depend on the
number of employees required due to loss of current manpower and
additional staff needed due to anticipated expansion of the organization.
66 PAGE
After estimating the future internal supply of human resources, the Notes
external sources of supply are analysed. Internal factors affecting
manpower supply from outside include training facilities, salary
levels, company image, growth prospects, interpersonal relations,
job challenge, etc. External factors consist of working population,
unemployment level, education and training institutions, housing
and transport facilities, social security measures, technology etc.
4. Estimating Manpower Gaps: Net human resource requirements or
manpower gaps can be identified by comparing demand forecasts
and supply forecasts. Such comparison will reveal either deficit or
surplus of human resources in future. Deficits suggest the number
of persons to be recruited from outside whereas surplus implies
redundant to be redeployed or terminated. Similar, gaps may occur
in terms of knowledge, skills and aptitudes. Employees estimated
to be deficient can be trained whereas employees with higher skills
may be given more-enriched jobs.
5. Action Planning: Once the manpower gaps are identified, plans are
prepared to bridge these gaps. Plans to meet the surplus manpower
may be redeployed in other departments/units and retrenchment
in consultation with the trade unions. People may be persuaded,
to quit voluntarily through golden handshake. Deficit can be met
through recruitment, selection, transfer, promotion and training plans.
Realistic plans for the procurement and development of manpower
should be made after considering the macro and micro environment
which affect the manpower objectives of the organization.
In case the future supply of human resources from all external sources
is estimated to fall short of requirements, the human resource planner
should recommend modification of organization plans. For instance,
the organizational plan of a bank, might be, to computerise all the
offices of the bank by 2005. When the estimates show that the future
supply of computer specialists will fall short of the requirements,
the bank may have to extend the period of computerization by one
or two years.
6. Monitoring and Control: Once the action plans are implemented,
the human resource structure and system need to be reviewed and
regulated. Zero-base budgeting may be used to encourage managers
PAGE 67
Notes to justify their action plans. An organization operating on a five-year

planning cycle may record human resource levels in such a way
that it is easy to monitor progress and hold managers responsible.
Monitoring and control phase involves allocation and utilization
of human resources over time. Review of manpower plans and
programmes help to reveal deficiencies. Manpower inventory should
be updated periodically. Necessary modifications in manpower plans
should be made in light of changing environment and needs of an
organization. An appraisal of the existing manpower plans serves
as a guide in the future manpower planning.
The following steps may be taken to monitor and control human resource
plans:
(a) An addition to the manpower must be considered at the top level
of management.
(b) A properly designated system of reporting changes in the manpower
should be employed.
(c) Human resource budgets based on manpower plans may be used to
keep manpower with in properly defined limits.
(d) Keeping a close watch on overtime worked and casual labour
employed.
(e) Auditing the utilization of manpower.
(f) Measuring the efficiency of manpower.
(g) Finding out the level of morale and job satisfaction through surveys
and correcting the deficiency.
(h) Arranging exist interviews for better retaining of manpower.
(i) Finding out break-even point or pay-pack period for new employees.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. _________ is a forward-looking function. It tries to assess
human resource requirements in advance keeping the production
schedules, market fluctuations, demand forecasts, etc., in the
background.
2. Forecasting Demand for Human Resources is the first step of
human resource planning process. (True/False)
68 PAGE
3. Under this method, ratios are calculated on the basis of past Notes
data. Which method is being talked about?
(a) Ratio-Trend Analysis
(b) Work-study Method
(c) Head count
(d) Wider talent pool
4. The basic purpose of human resource planning is to make
optimum utilization of an organisation’s current and future
human resources. (True/False)
5. Every organization has two sources of supply of human resources-
internal and external. (True/False)
1.4 Aspects of Manpower Planning

Human resource planning should include use of both quantitative (specific
number of workforce) and qualitative (the knowledge, skills and experience
required for the particular job) approaches. Combination of these two
approaches ensures the smooth flow of work and constant flow of workforce
into the organisation. Human resource department carry out the workload
and workforce analysis to estimate the demand of workforce followed by
the skill analysis to assess the expertise requirements in the firm.
Manpower planning has two aspects - quantitative and qualitative discussed
below:
(A) Quantitative Aspect: Quantitative aspect is concerned with determining
the number of employees required in a future period of time.
Workload analysis and work force analysis are helpful in estimating
the quantity of manpower:
1. Workload Analysis: Under this analysis, the total workload of
each department is estimated on the basis of sales forecasts,
work schedules, growth rates, expansion plans, etc. As far as
possible, the workload of each department should be estimated
in tangible units, so that it can be translated into manpower. On
the basis of past experience and work measurement, the total
workload is converted into manpower required. Work study
technique is used to estimate how long a time an operation
would take and the manpower required per unit of output.
PAGE 69
Notes 2. Work Force Analysis: All the existing workers are not likely to
be available for work throughout the year, due to absenteeism
and turnover. It is, therefore, necessary to make a provision
for loss of current manpower due to these factors. On the
basis of past experience, the factory may estimate that on an
average, 5 per cent of the staff will remain absent and another
5 per cent is likely to be lost due to resignations, retirements,
deaths, terminations, etc. In order to estimate accurately the
loss of current manpower, analysis of the present work force
is made. Such analysis will involve a detailed study of the
past behaviour, performance and retirement date of each and
every employee. This analysis is called workforce analysis.
(B) Qualitative Aspect - Skills Analysis: The quality of manpower
required varies from job to job. Therefore, the quality of employees
required for a job can be determined only after determining the job
requirements. To know the requirements of a particular job, a job
analysis is made. Job analysis is the process of analysing a job
so as to collect all pertinent facts about the job in terms of duties
and responsibilities involved in it and the qualification needed for
successful performance of the job.
With the help of information obtained through job analysis, two
statements, namely job description and job specification are prepared.
Job description contains details about the contents of a job, job
specification or man specification reveals the physical, educational
and other qualifications and experience required in an individual to
perform the job satisfactorily.
1.5 Problems in Human Resource

The main problems in the process of human resource planning are as
follows:
1. Inaccuracy: Human resource planning involves forecasting the demand
for and supply of human resources. Therefore, it cannot be a cent
per cent accurate process. Longer the time horizon, greater is the
possibility of inaccuracy. Inaccuracy increases when departmental
forecasts are merely aggregated without critical review.
70 PAGE
2. Employees Resistance: Employees and trade unions feel that due to Notes
widespread unemployment, people will be available for jobs as and
when required. Moreover, they feel that human resource planning
increases their workload and regulates them through productivity
bargaining. Employers may also resist human resource planning
feeling that it increases the cost of manpower.
3. Uncertainties: Labour absenteeism, labour turnover, seasonal
employment, technological changes and market fluctuations are
the uncertainties which serve as constraints to human resource
planning. It is risky to depend upon general estimates of manpower
in the face of rapid changes in environment.
4. Inefficient Information System: In most of the Indian Industries,
human resource information system has not been fully developed. In
the absence of reliable data, it is not possible to develop effective
human resource plans.
5. Lack of Top Management Support: In the absence of support and
commitment from the top, human resource experts find it difficult
to obtain vital inputs. Sometimes, the process is started with great
funfare, but is not sustained due to lack of patience. Successful
human resource planning flourishes slowly and gradually. In some
cases, sophisticated technologies are forcefully introduced just
because competitors have adopted them. They may not yield fruits
unless matched with the needs and environment of the particular
enterprise.
6. Time and Expense: Manpower planning is a time-consuming
and expensive. A good deal of time and cost are involved in data
collection and forecasting.
7. Unbalanced Focus: In some companies, human resource planning
is used as a number’s game. There is too much focus on the
quantitative aspect to ensure the flow of people in and out of the
organization. Such an exclusive focus overtakes the more important
dimensions, i.e. the quality of human resources. Carrer planning
and development, skill levels, morale etc. are likely to suffer due
to such unbalanced approach to human resource planning.
PAGE 71
Notes 1.6 Guidelines for Effective Human Resource Planning

Some of the steps that may be taken to improve the effectiveness of
human resource planning are as follows:
1. Tailormade: Human resource plans should be balanced with the
corporate plans of the enterprise. The methods and techniques used
should fit the objectives, strategies and environment of the particular
organization.
2. Appropriate Time Horizon: The period of a human resource plan
should be appropriate to the needs and circumstances of the specific
enterprise. The size and structure of the enterprise as well as the
changing aspirations of the people should be taken into consideration.
3. Adequate Organisation: Human resource planning function should
be properly organized. A separate cell, section or committee may
be constituted within the human resource department to provide
adequate focus, and to coordinate the planning efforts at various
levels.
4. Top Management Support: Before starting the human resource
planning process, the support and commitment of top management
should be ensured. Moreover, the exercise should be carried out
within the limits of a budget. There is no use formulating plans
which cannot be implemented due to financial constraints.
5. Participation: To be successful, human resource planning requires
active participation and coordinated efforts on the part of operating
executives. Such participation will help to improve understanding
of the process and thereby reduce resistance.
6. Information System: An adequate database should be developed for
human resources to facilitate human resource planning.
7. Balanced Focus: The quantity and quality of human resources should
be stressed in a balanced manner. The emphasis should be filling
future vacancies with right people rather than merely matching
existing people with existing jobs. Upward mobility of existing
staff needs to be considered carefully. Labour turnover should be
considered according to length of service rather than merely on
aggregate basis.
72 PAGE
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS Notes
6. _________ is the total number of people employed, department

wise, skill wise, designations wise, payroll wise, sex wise, etc.
7. Net human resource requirements or manpower gaps can be
identified by comparing demand forecasts and supply forecasts.
(True/False)
8. Under this analysis, the total workload of each department is
estimated on the basis of sales forecasts, work schedules, growth
rates, expansion plans, etc. Which aspect of workforce analysis
is being talked about?
(a) Work Force Analysis
(b) Workload Analysis
(c) Skills Analysis
9. Conducting human resource planning is the task of top manage-
ment only. (True/False)
10. Which of the following can be identified as problems in human
resource planning?
(a) Inaccuracy
(b) Employee resistance
(c) Uncertainties
1.7 Summary
Human resource planning is the process of determining the number
and kind of human resources required in an organization for a specific
time period in future. Human resource planning serves as a guide to the
management of human resources. In recent years, interest in human resource
planning has increased due to shortage of certain skills, technological
changes, organizational changes, lead time etc. The main steps in human
resource planning include analysis of organizational plans, demand
forecasting, supply forecasting, identifying manpower gaps, and action
PAGE 73
Notes planning. Human resource plans can be formulated at national, sectoral,

industry and unit levels. Employee resistance, uncertainties, inefficient
information system, lack of top management support, etc. are the main
problems in human resource planning. Tailormade approach, appropriate
time horizon, adequate organizational base, top management support,
employee participation, sound information system and balanced focus
are the main guidelines for making human resource planning effective.
1. Human Resource Planning

2. False
3. (a) Ratio-Trend Analysis
4. True
5. True
6. Head count
7. True
8. (b) Workload Analysis
9. False

1. What do you understand by human resource planning? Describe its
characteristics.
2. Account for the increasing interest in human resource planning in
recent years.
3. Discuss the problems in human resource planning? How can one
overcome these problems.
4. Outline the steps involved in the human resource planning process?
5. Discuss the problems in HRP. How can a human resource manager
overcome these in an effective manner?
74 PAGE
6. Write short notes on: Notes

(a) Guidelines for effective HRP.
(b) Methods of forecasting demand for human resources.
(c) Quantitative aspects of HRP.
7. Discuss and distinguish between quantitative and qualitative approaches
to forecasting the need for human resources?
1.10 References
Chhabra, T.N. & Chhabra, M. (2020). Human Resource Management,
Delhi: Sun India Publications.
Aswathappa, K. & Dash, S. (2021). Human Resource Management-
Text and cases, Ninth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.

Gupta, C.B. (2018). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Sultan
Chand & Sons.
Pattanayak, B. (2019). Human Resource Management, 6th ed. PHI
learning Prasad, L.M. (2018). Human Resource Management, Delhi:
Sultan Chand & Sons.
Rao, V.S.P. (2020). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Second
edition, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Sengupta, A. (2018). Human Resource Management, Sage Textbook.
Singh, B.P., “Personnel Management & Industrial Relations”, Dhanpat
Rai & Co., Delhi, 2003.
PAGE 75
L E S S O N
2
Job Analysis
Ms. Ritika Sharma
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Concept of Job Analysis
2.4 Techniques of Job Analysis
2.5 Job Description
2.6 -RE 6SHFL¿FDWLRQ
2.7 Summary
2.10 References

Understand the concept and objectives of job analysis in the field of HRM.
Describe the importance and process of job analysis.
Analyse the various techniques of job analysis used by the HR department.
Understand the concept of Job description and job specification.
2.2 Introduction
Job analysis is the process of acquiring and examining data regarding the particular job,
human requirements, and environment in which a job will be or is being performed. This
method is used to decide where to employ which type of employees. This particular analysis
76 PAGE
is done by every firm be it small or huge. To perform this analysis various Notes
techniques like taking interviews, making questionnaires, recording critical
analysis, or mere observation can be used. In this chapter we will discuss
about objectives and importance of Job analysis for a firm. Also, Job
analysis can be divided into two major parts i.e., job descriptions and
job specification. This chapter will also make you aware of the difference
between job specification and job description.
2.3 Concept of Job Analysis

A job analysis is a methodical procedure for identifying and precisely
determining the duties, conditions, and characteristics of a job. It implies
segmenting the work into smaller components, gathering data on each
component, and then analysing the data to establish the abilities and skills
the role calls for. The idea behind job analysis is that one should study
the work itself and then prepare a job description.
In the words of Edwin B. Flippo, “Job analysis is the process of studying
and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities
of a specific job”.
In the words of Dale Yoder. “A Job is a collection of duties, tasks and
responsibilities which are assigned to an individual and which is different
from other assignment”.
According to John A Shubin “Job analysis is the methodical compilation
and study of work data in order to define and characterise each occupation
in such a manner as to distinguish it from all others”.
2.3.1 Objectives of Job Analysis

Some objectives of job analysis are mentioned below:
1. To determine the best and effective methods of doing a particular
task, being in a job.
2. To keep the interests of the worker in mind and increase job
satisfaction.
3. To establish a rational basis for incentive, wage structure and bonus
schemes.
PAGE 77
Notes 4. To identify areas where training is to be imparted for performing

a particular task.
5. For development of tested and reliable performance measurement
systems.
6. To make selection process easy for the employer as he will be
having a clear idea of the expectations from the employee.
7. To create a match between employee specification and job specification,
so the firm gets the right person for the right job at the right time.
2.3.2 Importance of Job Analysis

Effective job analysis has the following benefits:
1. Manpower Management: Job analysis, which establishes job
requirements in terms of abilities, attributes, and other human traits,
is a qualitative element of manpower demands. This makes it easier
to organize labour into different tasks.
2. Helps in Recruitment and Selection: It’s crucial to understand the
job’s requirements as well as the traits needed in the candidate
for the position in order to make a smart hiring decision. The
work description or job description provides information on these
two components, which aids management in matching the job
requirements as closely as possible to the attitudes, talents, and
interests of employees.
3. Training: If the jobholder is facing any difficulty in performing
a particular task, he can be imparted training for improving his
performance and efficiently doing this particular job. Job analysis
also helps in determining the standard level of job performance
expected from the employees.
4. Employee Safety: A thorough and deep job analysis helps in
determining any unfit condition in work environment, analysts can
identify these unsafe conditions and take proper action timely to
resolve these.
5. Helps in Performing Performance Appraisal: Job analysis helps in
comparing the work performed by an employee to the set standard.
78 PAGE
Therefore, it is easy for the management to conduct the performance Notes

appraisal for the employees.
6. Helps in Job Evaluation: Job analysis not only helps in finding the
best way to perform a job but also helps in calculating the relative
worth of it based on degree of complexity, level of knowledge and
skills required, type of work to be done, etc. This in turn helps the
management in designing proper wage policies with wage equity.
2.3.3 The Job Analysis Process

The major steps involved in job analysis are as follows:
Figure 2.1: Job Analysis Process

1. Organisational Analysis: The first step is a study of the jobs in the
organization. Through job analysis, information on job content is
obtained, together with an appreciation of worker requirements for
successful performance of the job. This information is recorded in
the precise, consistent language of a job description.
2. Selection of Representative Positions to be Analysed: As we know
it is not possible to analyse all the jobs in the organisation, this
PAGE 79
Notes will create a time and energy wastage, therefore a list of jobs or a
representative job (sample) from each group is picked up for this
analysis.
3. Method of Job Analysis: The third step in job evaluation is to
select a method of appraising the organization’s jobs according to
the factor(s) chosen.
4. Collection of job Analysis Data: This step involves the collection
of data based on the different characteristics of a job. This involves
the required behaviour, qualifications, skills, experience etc. needed
to perform the job.
5. Preparation of Job Description and Specification: The final step
is pricing the job structure to arrive at a wage structure with set of
responsibilities, duties, operations, skills, training, experience, etc.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. __________ is the process of studying and collecting information
relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job.
2. Preparing the job specification and description is the final step
in the job analysis process. (True/False)
3. The first step in the process of job analysis is?
(a) Ratio analysis
(b) Organisational Analysis
(c) Head count
(d) Tools Analysis
4. Job analysis helps in management of the workforce and identifying
its training needs. (True/False)
5. Job analysis doesn’t help the management to determine the best
and effective methods of doing a particular task, being in a job.
(True/False)
2.4 Techniques of Job Analysis

A variety of sources and methods are used to collect data relating to a
job. The main methods are given below:
80 PAGE
Notes
Figure 2.2: Techniques of Job Analysis

1. Job Performance: Using this approach, the job analyst does the job
being studied to gain first-hand knowledge of the duties, physical
requirements, and social demands and even the working environment.
This method requires a lot of patience and time.
2. Personal Observation: Using this technique, the analyst watches a
worker or a group of workers as they perform their regular duties.
The analyst watches out for work cycle, tasks carried out, the
speed required, the working conditions, the risks involved, etc. This
data is gathered and a document is designed and submitted to the
management. This approach is used for observing short period tasks
that usually involve physical activities. Examples of such jobs are
weaver, mechanic, and artist.
3. Interview: Under this method the analyst conducts personal interviews
with the worker, his manager, and any other relevant parties, who
are concerned with this particular job. The data is recorded using
a uniform format so that it may be compared with data from other
employees to highlight the crucial and common elements of the
job. The interview method is popular for tasks that are not easy to
observe or perform. However it is a time and money consuming
process and their can be situation in which the employee shares
false information regarding the particular job.
4. Questionnaire: This strategy involves sending surveys to job holders
or employees. These are given back to the supervisors once they
are finished. The document is submitted to the job analyzer after
any necessary revisions. Questionnaires are of two types: structured
PAGE 81
Notes and unstructured. The most preferred one is the structured one as
its data is easy to analyse. Structured questionnaires on many job-
related topics, such as manual and mental processes, behaviour when
coordinating and bargaining, etc., are developed. Each activity is
explained in terms of its periodicity, relevance, level of difficulty,
and relationship with overall performance. These dimensions are
than rated by the job holders after which end results are collected
and analysed.
5. Critical Incidents: Using their prior experience, employees are
requested to outline critical incidents that have occurred on the job.
The incidents related to a job that is to be analysed are recorded,
categorised, and collected by the analyst. By separating between
effective and ineffective behaviour of individuals on the job, a
reasonably clear image of the actual task requirements is generated.
This approach takes a lot of time and patience. To analyse the
details of the descriptions provided by workers, the analyst needs
to possess a high level of expertise too.
2.5 Job Description

The main instrument for gathering information about jobs is job analysis.
Two data sets, comprising job descriptions and job specifications, are
collected and recorded as a result of the process. These two sets of
information must be available for the HR manager before any job opening
can be filled.
Figure 2.3: Job Analysis
82 PAGE
Job descriptions contain essential information about the job that can be Notes
used to promote a particular job or position and attract set of people
for applying to this particular job. It contains details like the job title,
location, job summary, nature and objectives of a job, tasks and duties
to be carried out, working conditions, etc.
“A job description is an organized, factual statement of the duties and
responsibilities of a specific job.” – Edwin B. Flippo.
“A job description indicates the tasks, duties, and responsibilities of a job.
It identifies what is done, why it is done, where it is done, and briefly,
how it is done.” – Decenzo and Robbins.
Figure 2.4: Example of Job Description

(Source: https://in.linkedin.com/)
PAGE 83
Notes A Job description usually covers the following information:

1. Job Title: Conveys the job title and the branch or department where
the person is going to be placed. A good job title attracts a lot of
good talent towards the company and it helps in distinguishing this
job from others.
2. Job Summary: It is a short write-up about a particular job.
3. Job Activities: A description of activities and tasks to be performed
on the job.
4. Working Conditions: The environment or the premises where the
employee would be performing the task and his/her exposure to
any kind of risk is also mentioned in the job description.
5. Social Environment: The size of the team and interpersonal interactions
(reporting to, working with, supervising the, submission of, etc.
interactions will be covered here).
2.5.1 Purpose of Job Description

Following are the reasons for prepairing job description:
1. Attracting the Best Talent: The main objective of a job description
is to gather information about a particular position in a firm in
order to advertise it. It facilitates in attracting, targetting, hiring,
and selecting the best candidate for this job position.
2. Communicating the Expectations of Employer: It is carried out to
ascertain what is expected for a specific job. It makes it clear what
individuals are expected to do if they are hired for that position.
3. Guides the Selector/Recruiter: It not only communicates the
company’s expectations to the candidates but also to the recruiter
and selector. It gives an idea of what type of candidate is needed
in a particular position.
4. Clarifies About Working Conditions and Hierarchy: Job description
clearly states about the workplace, work conditions, exposure to
any kind of risks, the hierarchy of reporting, etc. It seeks to invite
application from the serious candidates.
84 PAGE
2.5.2 Problems with Job Description Notes
Job description is seen as a guide for both the candidates who are seeking
jobs and for the employees who will act as recruiters and selecters. It
guides the management about expectations of the department from the
candidate. As for preparing job descriptions a good observation and
patience is required therefore it may be possible that something get
missed out. Following are the problems that may arrise in formulating
job descriptions:
1. Most job descriptions are precised as they are to be advertised.
Therefore they need to be formulated in such a way that company’s
expectations are conveyed in a short and crisp manner but this is not
possible in all types of job positions. Creating a short description
is a big challenge for the concerned and HR department.
2. Job descriptions are sometimes not updated according to the needs
of the department. The old one’s are circulated due to less or no
availability of time.
3. They can limit the scope of activities of the job holder and leads to
reduction in organisational flexibility.
2.6 Job Specification

A job specification, also referred to as employee specifications, is a
brief outline of the educational requirements, particular qualities, level
of experience, physical, emotional, technical, and communication skills
necessary to perform a job and roles associated with a job. Additionally,
it involves traits like good physical and mental health, leadership abilities,
emotional intelligence, adaptability, and flexibility, as well as moral
principles, good manners, and creative thinking.
“A job specification is a statement of minimum acceptable human qualities
necessary to perform a job properly”- Edwin B Flippo.
“Job specification as, A list of job’s human requirements that is the
requisite education, skills, personality and so on”- Gary Dessler.
“Job specification is a statement of the needed Knowledge, Skills, Abilities
(KSAs) of the person who is to perform the job” - Bohlander and Snell.
PAGE 85
Notes A job specification covers the following information:

1. Educational Qualifications: The candidate’s intended education is
covered in this section. Here, specific terminology like graduate
and post-graduate are used. The educational stream must also be
mentioned.
2. Experience: The experience that is necessary in a for a particular
position and details such as the type of experience necessary, the
number of years of experience, the position, and the type of industry
are included here.
3. Skills and Knowledge: This section discusses the competencies
required for the specified job role, including those related to
communication, leadership, teamwork, etc. “Knowledge” comprises
market knowledge, specialized field knowledge, computer language
expertise, etc.
4. Personality Traits: This segment discusses the general behaviour of
the candidate as well as how the person should respond to difficult
situations in the workplace. His/her attitude, emotional intelligence,
soft skills are also given consideration.
2.6.1 Importance of Job Specification

1. Insight About Skills Required: The job description gives more
information about the skills a candidate will use in a position than
it does about the duties they will carry out.
2. Helps in Attracting the Best Talent: Highly experienced and best
hiring managers are requested to create these specifications to attract
the most qualified candidates to apply for a position. The ideal
candidate can be found and hired by a company with the help of
a well-written job specification.
3. Role of Recruiter Becomes Easy: In order to understand the
qualifications, credentials, and skills the hiring manager is seeking,
recruiters and other human resources professionals frequently refer
to the job specification. A good and detailed job specification makes
their task easy.
86 PAGE
4. Time Saving: When a job specification is clearly written, it creates Notes

a clear picture in the mind of the candidate and as there is less
confusion in their mind the potential or the eligible candidates
only fill the application this in turn saves a lot of time of the HR
department related to clubbing and sorting the eligible and ineligible
candidates.
2.6.2 Purpose of Job Specification

Making the correct match between the work and the talent is essential.
To attain this mixture, the job specification is really essential:
1. To assist candidates in determining whether they are qualified to
apply for a position.
2. To support the hiring team (HR Team) in the candidate recruitment
and selection process.
3. To keep a record of details regarding the work role and the qualifications
needed to perform the job.
4. To establish the goals set for performing the job and the type of
behaviour expected from the employee working on the job.
2.6.3 Difference between Job Description and Job

Specification
Following are the differences between job descriptions and job specification:
Basis Job Description Job Specification
Meaning A job description is a brief A job specification is a
written statement that outlines declaration that outlines the
the primary or important minimum qualifications needed
requirements for a specific to carry out a specific task.
position.
It covers Job responsibilities, duties, Employees qualification,
tasks, working conditions, experience, skills, ability,
social environment, job title, education, etc.
etc.
It describes Job description usually is Job specification is engaged
engaged in describing the in describing the job seeker.
job or the position.
PAGE 87
Notes Basis Job Description Job Specification

Focus Its focus is on what the Job specification focus on
company will provide to the what the company expects
candidate from the candidate or what
a candidate can offer the
company.
Purpose It purely focus on describing It specifies the eligibility
the job profile and title. criteria for applying for this
particular job.
Origin It is said to be based on the It is said to be based on the
process of job analysis job description.
ACTIVITY
Prepare the job description and job specification for a position of a
Human resource trainee arising in ABC Company Ltd. Try to include
all the contents of job description and job specification discussed
above.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. _________ is engaged in describing the job seeker and not
exactly the position or job.
7. Job Title is covered in job specification. (True/False)
8. Which of the following lies under the contents of Job Specification?
(a) Working conditions
(b) Job summary
(c) Experience
(d) Social environment
9. A job description is a declaration that outlines the minimum
qualifications needed to carry out a specific task. (True/False)
10. Which of the following is not a technique of job analysis?
(a) Interview
(b) Questionnaire
(c) Critical Incidents
(d) Time wage system
88 PAGE
2.7 Summary Notes
A crucial step in choosing the best applicant is conducting a job analysis.

An employer can choose compensation and benefits, manage performance,
and more with the assistance of a job analysis. It is beneficial for the
workers to have a clear understanding of what is truly expected of
them. Job analysis helps the firm to discover the right candidate suitable
for a particular job, it not only helps in recruitment and selection but
also helps in manpower planning, identifying training and development
needs, job evaluation etc. Process of job evaluation involves five steps
starting in an order beginning from organizational analysis, selection of
representative positions that are to be analysed, deciding the method of
job analysis, then collecting the data about the job and finally preparing
the job description and job specification. Job description contains job title,
job summary, job activities, working conditions and social environment.
And a job specification, also referred to as employee specifications, is a
brief outline of the educational requirements, particular qualities, level
of experience, physical, emotional, technical, and communication skills
necessary to perform a job and roles associated with a job.
1. Job analysis
2. True
3. (b) Organisational Analysis
4. True
5. False
6. Job Specification
7. False
8. (c) Experience
9. False
10. (d) Time wage system
PAGE 89
Notes 2.9 Self-Assessment Questions

1. Distinguish between job description and job specification.
2. What do you mean by job analysis. Why is it considered important
for the employer?
3. Discuss the process of job analysis and also explain the various
techniques involved in job analysis?
4. Outline the steps involved in the Job analysis process?
5. Discuss the purpose and contents of a job description? Distinguish
between job description and job specification.
6. Write short notes on:
(a) Objectives if Job analysis
(b) Importance of Job Specification
(c) Techniques of job analysis
7. Do you think giving a job description is necessary for a company,
what will happen if no job description is provided by the company?
8. What do you think are advantages and disadvantages of conducting
a job analysis by simply observing a particular job (Personal
Observation)?
2.10 References
Chhabra, T. N. & Chhabra, M. (2020). Human Resource Management,

Chand & Sons.
90 PAGE
Pattanayak, B. (2019). Human Resource Management, 6th ed. PHI Notes

Learning Prasad, L. M. (2018). Human Resource Management,
Delhi: Sultan Chand & Sons.
edition, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd.
PAGE 91
L E S S O N
3
Recruitment and Selection
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Concept of Recruitment
3.4 Recent Trends in recruitment
3.5 Recruitment Practices in India
3.6 Selection
3.7 Summary
3.10 References

After studying this chapter students may be able to understand:
Understand the concept recruitment.
Outline the sources and methods of recruitment.
Define the concept of selection and explain its objectives.
Describe the sequence of a typical selection process.
Outline the various ways of conducting an employment interview.
3.2 Introduction
Selection is the process of locating and choosing the most qualified applicant for a
position, and recruitment is the process of persuading qualified individuals to apply for
92 PAGE
an open position in the company. Each employee’s efforts are crucial to Notes
the survival and expansion of a company. Therefore, it is essential to
choose the appropriate candidate for the position.
Finding the ideal candidate is a key objective for the hiring team and
implementing the right procedure of recruitment and selection can improve
the experience of the applicant, the interviewer, the manager, and the HR
Department. HR experts should make sure they use the proper recruitment
and selection procedures and recruit the most qualified employees for
their company. We will discuss about both these concepts in detail below.
3.3 Concept of Recruitment

In order to achieve the goals or perform the activities of an organization,
people needed to be recruited with requisite skills, qualifications and
experience. Recruitment is the process of locating and encouraging potential
applicants to apply for existing or anticipated job openings. It is actually
a linking function, joining together those with jobs to fill and those
seeking jobs. Recruitment needs are of three types- planned, anticipated
and unexpected. Planned needs arise from changes in organization and
retirement policy. Resignations, deaths, accidents and illness give arise
to unexpected needs. Anticipated needs refer to those movements in
human resource which an organization can predict by studying trends in
the internal and external environment.
3.3.1 The Features of Recruitment are as follows

1. Recruitment is a process or a series of activities rather than a single
act or event.
2. Recruitment is a linking activity as it brings together those with jobs
and those seeking jobs.
3. Recruitment is a positive function as it seeks to develop a pool of
eligible persons from which most suitable ones can be selected.
4. Recruitment is a positive function as it seeks to develop a pool of
eligible persons.
5. from which most suitable ones can be selected.
PAGE 93
Notes 6. Recruitment is a pervasive function as all organizations engage in

recruiting activity.
7. Recruitment is a two way process. It takes a recruiter and a recruitee.
8. Recruitment is a complex job because too many factors affect it, such
as image of the organization, nature of jobs offered, organizational
policies, working conditions, labour laws, past recruitment record,
Government policies etc.
(i) Sources of Recruitment
The sources of recruitment may be broadly divided into two categories:
internal sources and external sources.
Figure 3.1: Sources of recruitment

I. INTERNAL SOURCES: Internal sources consist of following:
(a) Present Employees: Permanent, temporary and casual employees
already on the pay of the organization are a good source.
Vacancies may be filled up from such employees through
promotions, transfers, upgrading and even demotion which
are explained below:
(i) Transfer: A transfer is a change in job assignment. It
may involve a promotion or demotion or no change
at all in status and responsibility. A transfer does not
94 PAGE
imply any ascending or descending change in status Notes

or responsibility. Transfer can be because of various
reasons such as changes in production, replacement of
an employee working on the same job for a long time,
to increase the versatility of employees, to correct the
wrong placements, punishment for in disciplinary action
of employees. Table below shows the benefits and
problems associated with transfers.
Table 3.1: Benefits & Problems Associated with Transfer
Benefit Problems
Improve employee Inconvenient to emp-
skills loyees who otherwise
Reduce monotony, do no want to move
boredom Employees may or may
Remedy faulty place- not fit in new location
ment decisions Shifting of experienced
Stabilize changing hands may affect
work requirements in productivity
different departments Discriminatory transfers
Improve employee sa- may affect employee
tisfaction and morale morale.
Improve employee-
employer relationship
(ii) Promotion: Promotion refers to upward movement of an
employee from current job to another that is higher in
pay, responsibility and/ or organizational level. Promotion
brings enhanced status, better pay, increased responsibilities
and better working conditions to the promotee. There
can be “dry promotion” where a person is moved to a
higher level job without increase in pay. Organisations
adopt different bases of promotion depending upon their
nature, size, management, etc. The well-established bases
of promotion are seniority and merit.
(iii) Demotion: Demotion is the downward movement of an
employee in the organizational hierarchy with lower
PAGE 95
Notes status and pay. It is a downgrading process where the

employee suffers considerable emotional and financial
loss· in the form of lower rank, power and status, lower
pay and poor working conditions.
(b) Job posting: Job posting is another way of hiring people
from within. In this method, the organization publicizes job
openings on bulletin boards, electronic media and similar
outlets. Hindustan lever introduced its version of open job
posting in early 2002 and over 40 positions have since been
filled through the process.
(c) Employee referrals: Employee referral means using personal
contacts to locate job opportunities. It is a recommendation
from a current employee regarding a job applicant. The logic
behind employee referral is that “it takes one to know one”.
This has become a popular way of recruiting people in the
highly competitive Information Technology industry.
3.3.2 Merits of Internal sources of recruitment

1. Economical: The cost of recruiting internal candidates is minimal.
No expenses are incurred on advertisement.
2. Suitable: The organization can pick the right candidates having the
requisite skills. The candidates can choose a right vacancy where
their talents can be fully utilized.
3. Reliable: The organization has knowledge about the suitability of a
candidate for a position. ‘Known devils are better than unknown
angels’.
4. Satisfying: A policy of preferring people from within offers regular
promotional avenues for employees. It motivates them to work hard
and earn promotions.
3.3.3 Demerits of internal sources of recruitment

1. Limited Choice: The organization is forced to select candidates from
a limited pool. It may have to sacrifice quality and settle for less
qualified candidates.
96 PAGE
2. Inbreeding: It discourages entry of talented people, available outside Notes

an organization. Existing employees may fail to behave in innovative
ways and inject necessary dynamism to enterprise activity.
3. Inefficiency: Promotions based on length of service rather than merit,
may prove to be a blessing for inefficient candidates. They do not
work hard and prove their worth.
4. Bone of Contention: Recruitment from within may lead to infighting
among employees aspiring for limited, higher-level positions in an
organization. As years roll by, the race for premium positions may
end up on a bitter note.
II. EXTERNAL SOURCES
Every organization has to tap external sources for various positions. The
following external sources of recruitment are commonly used by the big
enterprises:
1. Direct Recruitment: An important source of recruitment is direct
recruitment by placing a notice on the notice board of the enterprise
specifying the details of the jobs available. It is also known as
recruitment at factory gate. This method of recruitment is very
cheap as it does not involve any cost of advertising vacancies. It
is suitable for filling casual vacancies when there is greater rush
of work or when a number of permanent workers are absent.
2. Casual Callers or Unsolicited Applications: The organizations
which are regarded as good employers draw a steady stream of
unsolicited applications in their offices. This serves as a valuable
source of manpower. If adequate attention is paid to maintain pending
applications folders for various jobs, the personnel department may
find the unsolicited applications useful in filling the vacancies
whenever they arise. The merit of this source of recruitment is that
is avoids the costs of recruiting workforce from other sources.
3. Media Advertisement: Advertisement in newspapers or trade and
professional journal is generally used when qualified and experienced
personnel are not available from other sources. Most of the senior
positions in industry as well as commerce are filled by this method.
The advantage of advertising is that more information about the
organization, job description and job specification can be given in
PAGE 97
Notes advertisement to allow self screening by the prospective candidates.

Its disadvantage is that it may bring in a flood of response, and
many times from quite unsuitable candidates.
4. Employment Agencies: Employment exchanges run by the Government
are regarded as a good source of recruitment for unskilled, semi-
skilled and skilled operative jobs. In some cases, compulsory
notification of vacancies to the employment exchange is required
by law. The employment exchanges bring the job givers in contact
with the job seekers. Employment exchanges and selected private
agencies provide a nation wide service in attempting to match
personnel demand and supply.
5. Management Consultants or Head-hunters: Management consultancy
firms help the organizations to recruit technical, professional and
managerial personnel. They specialize in middle level and top-level
executive placements. They maintain· data bank of persons with
different qualifications and skills and even advertise the jobs on
behalf of their clients to recruit right type of personnel. For example,
some head-hunters are A.F. Ferguson and Co., ABC Consultants,
Mantee Consultants etc.
6. Educational Institutions or Campus Recruitment: Jobs in commerce
and industry have become technical and complex to the point where
college degrees or diplomas are widely required. Consequently, big
organizations maintain a close liaison with the universities, vocational
institutions and management institutes for recruitment to various
jobs. Recruitment from educational institutions is a well-established
practice of thousands of business and other organizations. It is also
known as campus recruitment. Organizations which seek applicants
for continuing apprenticeship programme usually recruit from
technical institutions or polytechnics offering vocational courses.
7. Recommendations and Referrals: Applicants introduced by friends
and relatives may prove to be a good source of recruitment. In fact,
many employers prefer to ·take such persons because something
about their background is known. When a present employee or a
business friend recommends someone for a job, a type of preliminary
screening is done and the person is placed on a job.
98 PAGE
8. Labour Contractors: Labour contractors are an important source of Notes

recruitment in some industries like construction industry in India.
Workers are recruited through labour contractors who are themselves
employees of the organization. The disadvantage of this system
is that if the contractor leaves the organization, all the workers
employed through him will also leave. Recruitment through labour
contractor has been banned for the public sector units.
9. Telecasting: The practice of telecasting of vacant posts over T. V.
is gaining importance these days. Special programmes like ‘job
watch’, ‘Youth Pulse’, ‘Employment News’ etc. over the T.V. have
become quite popular in recruitment for various types of jobs. The
detailed requirements of the job and the qualities required to do
it are publicized along with the profile of the organization where
vacancy exists.
3.3.4 Merits of external sources

1. Qualified Personnel: By using external sources of recruitment, the
management can make qualified and trained people to apply for
vacant jobs in the organization.
2. Wider Choice: When vacancies are advertised widely, a large number
of applicants from outside the organization apply. The management
has a wider choice while selecting the people for employment.
3. Fresh Talent: The insiders may have limited talents. External sources
facilitate infusion of fresh blood with new ideas into the enterprise.
This will improve the overall working of the enterprise.
4. Competitive Spirit: If a company can tap external sources, the
existing staff will have to compete with the outsiders. They will
work harder to show better performance.
3.3.5 Demerits of external sources

1. Dissatisfaction among existing staff: External recruitment may lead
to dissatisfaction and frustration among existing employees. They
may feel that their chances of promotion are reduced.
PAGE 99
Notes 2. Lengthy process: Recruitment from outside takes a long time. The
business has to notify the vacancies and wait for applications to
initiate the selection process.
3. Costly process: It is very costly to recruit staff from external sources.
A lot of money has to be spent on advertisement and processing
of applications.
4. Uncertain response: The candidates from outside may not be suitable
for the enterprise. There is no guarantee that the enterprise will be
able to attract right kind of people from external sources.
3.3.6 Comparison of Internal and External Recruitment
Internal Sources External Sources

1. Internal recruitment is a quick 1. External recruitment is a lengthy
process. It involves search of process. It involves finding
candidates from within the candidates from outside the
organization. organization.
2. This process is cheaper. It 2. This process is costly as
does not involve any cost vacancies have to be notified
of contracting the external in newspapers etc.
sources. 3. The workers feel dissatisfied
3. The existing staff members if external sources are used.
are motivated to improve 4. The business can hope for
their performance. Choice of talented candidates from
candidates is limited. The scope outside. This means infusion
of fresh talent is diminished. of new blood and new ideas
4. Choice of candidates is limited. into the enterprise.
The scope of fresh talent is 5. External sources of recruitment
diminished. are time-consuming.
5. Internal sources help in saving
time of officials responsible
for recruitment.
100 PAGE
1. __________ means using personal contacts to locate job opportunities.

It is a recommendation from a current employee regarding a
job applicant.
2. A Promotion does not imply any ascending ·or descending
change in status or responsibility. (True/False)
3. Which of the following are valid external sources of recruitment?
(a) Advertisements
(b) Campus Placements
(c) Employment agencies
4. The insiders may have limited talents. External sources facilitate
infusion of fresh blood with new ideas into the enterprise.
(True/False)
5. Applicants introduced by friends and relatives may prove to be
a good source of recruitment. These are referred as __________.
3.4 Recent Trends in Recruitment

1. Outsourcing: Under this arrangement, a company may draw the
required personnel from the outsourcing firms or agencies on
commission basis rather than offering them employment. This is also
called leasing of human resources. The outsourcing firms develop
their human resource pools by employing people for them and make
available the personnel to various companies as per their needs. The
outsourcing firms get payment for their services to their clients and
give salary directly to the personnel. The personnel deputed by the
outsourcing agencies with the clients are not the employees of the
clients. They continue to be on the payroll of their employees, i.e.
the outsourcing agencies. The advantages of getting human resources
through the outsourcing agencies are as follows:
The companies need not to plan for human resources much in
advance. They can get human resources on lease basis from
an outsourcing agency.
PAGE 101
Notes The companies are free from industrial relations problems as

human resources taken on lease are not their employees.
The companies can dispense with this category of employees
immediately after the work is over.
2. Poaching or Raiding: Poaching means employing a competent and
experienced person already working with another reputed company
which might be a rival in the industry. A company can attract talent
from another firm by offering attractive pay packages and other
terms and conditions. For instance, several executives of HMT
left to join Titan watches and several pilots of Indian Airlines left
to join private air taxi operators. Raiding is an unethical practice
and has become the challenge for the human resource managers of
modem organizations as it will weaken the competitive strength of
the firm.
3. Website or e-Recruitment: Many big organizations use internet as a.
source of recruitment. They advertise the job vacancies through the
world wide web (WWW). The job seekers send their applications
or Curriculum Vitae, i.e. CV, through e-mail using the internet.
Alternatively, job seekers place their CVs in the world wide web/
internet, which can be drawn by the prospective employers depending
upon their requirements. The advantages of net recruitment are as
follows:
Low cost of recruitment per candidate.
Reduction in time for recruitment.
Recruitment of right types of people.
Efficiency in the process of recruitment.
3.5 Recruitment Practices in India

Industries in India depend on the following sources of recruitment:
I. Internal sources
II. Public employment exchanges
III. Campus recruitment
IV. Executive search engines
102 PAGE
V. Labour Contractors Notes

VI. Employee Referrals
In public sector enterprises, a special proportion of vacancies are reserved
for scheduled castes, schedule tribes, physical handicapped, ex-servicemen,
other backward classes, etc. Some organizations give preference to local
people i.e. sons of the soil. The recruitment programme should be evaluated
periodically. The criteria for evaluation may consist of cost per applicant/
hiring ratio, performance appraisal, tenure of stay, etc. The organization
should first find out how the applicant was attracted towards the job.
The next step is to find out whether a particular method consistently
attracts better applicants. On the basis of information collected through
evaluation, necessary improvements should be made in the recruitment
programme. In a recent survey carried out by a leading search firm,
Executive Access, recruiting companies demanded the following skills
of the school graduates, in the following order of importance:
Ability to work in a team
Analytical and problem solving skill
Communication and other soft skills
Creativity and resourcefulness
Leadership potential
General Managerial skills
Entrepreneurial skills
3.6 Selection
Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable persons out of all
the applicants. In this process, relevant information about applicants is
collected through a series of steps so as to evaluate their suitability for
the job to be filled. Selection is a process of matching the qualification
of applicants with the job requirements. It is a process of weeding out
unsuitable candidates and finally identify the most suitable candidate.
Selection divides all the applicants into two categories (a) suitable, and
(b) unsuitable. Selection may be described as a process of rejection
because generally more candidates are turned away than are hired. The
purpose of selection is to pick up the most suitable candidates who would
PAGE 103
Notes best meet the requirements of the job and the organization. To meet this
goal, the company obtains and assesses information about the applicants
in terms of age, qualifications, skills, experience, etc. The needs of the
job are matched with the profile of the candidates. Any mismatch in this
regard can cost an organization a great deal in terms of money, time
and trouble, especially, by way of training and operating costs. Effective
selection therefore demands constant monitoring of the ‘fit’ between the
person and the job.
3.6.1 Selection Procedure

Selection is usually a series of hurdles or steps. Each one must be
successfully cleared before the applicant proceeds to the next. The time and
emphasis placed on each step will of course vary from one organization
to another and indeed, from job to job within the same organization.
For example, some organizations may give importance to testing, while
others may emphasis interviews and reference checks. Following are the
important steps in selection process of a typical organization:
Figure 3.2: Selection Procedure
104 PAGE
I. Reception: A company is known by the people it employs. In order Notes

to attract people with talent, skills and experience, a company has
to create a favourable impression on the applicants right from the
stage of reception. Whoever meets the applicant initially should be
tactful and able to extend help in a friendly and courteous way. If
no jobs are available at that point of time, the applicant may be
asked to contact the HR department after a suitable period of time
has elapsed.
II. Screening Interview: A preliminary interview is generally planned
by large organizations to cut the costs of selection by allowing only
eligible candidates to go through the further stages in selection.
A junior executive from the HR Department may elicit responses
from applicants on important items determining the suitability of
an applicant for a job such as age, education, experience, pay
expectations, aptitude, location choice etc. This ‘courtesy interview’
as it is often called, helps the department screen out obvious misfits.
III. Application Blank: Application blank or form is one of the
most common methods used to collect information on various
aspects of the applicants’ academic, social, demographic, work-
related background and references. It is a brief history sheet of an
employee’s background, usually containing the things like personal
data, marital data, physical data, educational data, employment data,
extra curricular activities data and references.
IV. Weighted Application Blanks: To make the application form more
job-related, some organizations assign numeric values or weights to
responses provided by applicants. Generally, the items that have a
strong relationship to job performance are given high scores. For
example, for a medical representative’s position, items such as
previous selling experience, marital status, age, commission earned
on sales previously, etc. may be given high scores when compared
to other items such as religion, sex, language, place of birth etc. The
total score of each applicant is obtained by summing the weights
of the individual item responses. The resulting scores are then used
in selection decision.
V. Selection Testing: Another important decision in the selection
process involves applicant testing and the kinds of tests to use. A
test is a standardized, objective measure of a person’s behaviour,
PAGE 105
Notes performance or attitude. It is objective in that it tries to measure

individual differences in a scientific way, giving very little room
for individual bias and interpretation. Some of the commonly used
employment tests may be stated thus:
(a) Intelligence tests: These are mental ability tests. They measure
the incumbent’s learning ability and also the ability to understand
instructions and make judgments. The basic objective of
intelligence tests is to pick up employees who are alert and
quick at learning things so that they can be offered adequate
training to improve their skills for the benefit of the organization.
Intelligence tests do not measure any single trait, but rather
several abilities such as memory, vocabulary, verbal fluency,
numeric ability, perception, spatial visualization, etc. Stanford-
Binet test, Binet-Simon test, The Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale are examples of standard intelligence tests.
(b) Aptitude tests: Aptitude tests measure an individual’s potential
to learn certain skills clerical, mechanical, mathematical, etc.
These tests indicate whether or not an individual has the
ability to learn a given job quickly and efficiently. In order
to recruit efficient office staff, aptitude tests are necessary.
Clerical tests, for example, may measure the incumbent’s
ability to take notes, perceive things correctly and quickly
locate things, ensure proper movement of files, etc.
(c) Personality tests: Of all the tests required for selection,
personality tests have generated lot of heat and controversy.
Personality tests are used to measure basic aspects of an
applicant’s personality such as motivation, emotional balance,
self confidence, interpersonal behaviour, introversion, etc.
The most frequently used tests are the Minnesota Multipliasic
Personality Inventory (MMPL), the California Psychological
Inventory, the Manifest Anxiety Scale, Edwards Personal
Performance schedule, etc.
(d) Achievement tests: These are designed to measure what the
applicant can do on the job currently, i.e. whether the testee
actually knows what he or she claims to know. A typing test
shows typing proficiency, a shorthand test measures the testee’s
ability to take dictation and transcribe, etc. Such proficiency
106 PAGE
tests are also known as work sampling tests. These tests Notes
are of two types; Motor, involving physical manipulation of
things. (e.g. trade tests for carpenters, plumbers, electricians)
or Verbal, involving problem situations that are primarily
language-oriented or people-oriented (e.g. situational tests for
supervisory jobs).
(e) Simulation tests: Simulation exercise is a test which duplicates
many of the activities and problems an employee faces while at
work. Such exercises are commonly used for hiring managers
at various levels in an organization. To assess the potential
of a candidate for managerial positions, assessment centres
are commonly used.
(f) Assessment centre: An assessment centre is an extended
work sample. It uses procedures that incorporate group and
individual exercises. These exercises are designed to simulate
the type of work which the candidate will be expected to do.
Initially, small batches of applicants come to the assessment
center. Their performance in the situational exercises is
observed and evaluated by a team of 6 to 8 trained assessors.
The assessors’ judgments on each exercise are complied and
combined to have a summary rating for each candidate being
assessed.
VI. Selection Interview: Interview is the oral examination of candidates
for employment. This is the most essential step in the selection
process. In this step, the interviewer tries to obtain and synthesize
information about the abilities of the interviewee and the requirements
of the job. Interview gives the recruiter an opportunity to:
Size up the interviewee’s agreeableness.
Ask questions that are not covered in tests.
Obtain as much pertinent information as possible.
Assess subjective aspects of the candidate-facial expressions,
appearance, nervousness and so forth.
Make judgments on interviewee’s enthusiasm and intelligence.
Give facts to the candidate regarding the company, its policies,
programmes, etc. and promote goodwill towards the company.
PAGE 107
Notes Types of Interviews: Several types of interviews are commonly used

depending on the nature and the importance of the position to be filled
within an organization.
Figure 3.3: Types of Interviews

(a) The non-directive interview: In a non-directive interview the
recruiter asks questions as they come to mind. There is no specific
format to be followed. The question can take any direction. The
interviewer asks broad, open ended questions such as ‘tell me more
about what you did on your last job’ - and allows the applicant
to talk freely with a minimum of interruption. Difficulties with a
non-directive interview include keeping it job related and obtaining
comparable data on various applicants.
(b) The directive or structured interview: In this kind of interview,
the recruiter uses a predetermined set of questions that are clearly
job related. Since every applicant is asked the same basic questions,
comparison among applicants can be made more easily. Structured
108 PAGE
questions improve the reliability of the interview process, eliminate Notes

biases and errors and may even enhance the ability of a company to
withstand legal challenge. On the negative side, the whole process
is somewhat mechanical, restricts the freedom of interviewers and
may even convey disinterest to applicants who are used to more
flexible interviews.
(c) Informal interview: Such interview may take place anywhere. It is
not planned and is used when the staff is required urgently. A friend
or relative of the· employer may take a candidate to the house of
employer or manager who asks a few questions like name, birth
place, education, experience etc.
(d) Formal interview: This type of interview is preplanned and is held
in a formal atmosphere. All the formalities and procedures, e.g. the
venue, the time, the panel of interviewers, and the questions to be
asked are decided in advance.
(e) The situational interview: One variation of the structured interview
is known as situational interview. In this approach, the applicant is
confronted with a hypothetical incident and asked how he or she
would respond to it. The applicant’s response is then evaluated
relative to pre-established benchmark standards.
(f) The behavioural interview: The behavioural interview focuses
on actual work incidents in the applicant’s past. The applicant is
supposed to reveal what he or she did in a given situation, for
example, how he disciplined an employee who was smoking inside
the factory premises.
(g) Stress interview: In stress interview, the interviewer attempts to
find how applicants would respond to aggressive, embarrassing,
rude and insulting questions. The whole exercise is meant to see
whether the applicant can cope with highly stress-producing, anxious
and demanding situations while at work, in a calm and composed
manner. Such an approach may backfire also, because the typical
applicant is already somewhat anxious in any interview.
(h) Panel interview: In a typical panel interview, the applicant meets
with three to five interviewers who take turns asking questions. After
the interview, the interviewers pool their observations to arrive at a
consensus about the suitability of the applicant. The panel members
PAGE 109
Notes can ask new and incisive questions based on their expertise and
experience and elicit deeper and more meaningful responses from
candidates. Such an interview could also limit the impact of the
personal biases of any individual interviewer. On the negative side,
as an applicant, a panel interview may make you feel more stressed
than usual.
(i) Group interview: In this interview, groups rather than individuals
are interviewed. Generally, a topic for discussion is given to the
group. The candidates in the group are carefully observed as to
who will lead the discussion, how well they will participate in the
discussion, how each will make his presentation and how well they
will react to each other’s views.
(j) Depth interview: It is a semi-structured approach wherein details
concerning one key area are sought. It is designed to intensively
examine the candidate’s proficiency in his area of special interest.
The purpose is to get a true picture of the candidate through deep
probing into his mind.
Steps in interview process: An effective interview involves the following
sequence of steps:
Figure 3.4: Interview Process
110 PAGE
1. Preparation for the interview: Advance preparation is essential Notes

for a successful interview. It will enable the interviewer to cover
all important aspects and to remember the necessary points. The
following arrangements should be made before the interview begins:
Determining the objectives of the interview.
Choosing the appropriate type of interview to be used.
Acquainting oneself about the candidate.
Determining the type of information to be obtained.
Selecting the right interviewers.
Selecting the candidates to be interviewed by checking and
comparing their applications and test scores.
Finalizing the interview assessment forms.
2. The physical setting: The place of interview should be both
private and comfortable. It should be neat and clean, well-lighted
and ventilated. It should be free from noise and interruptions.
Adequate furniture and proper seating arrangements are necessary.
The interview should start at the fixed time and the candidates
should not be required to wait unnecessarily.
3. Conducting the interview: This step is very important in the interview
process. The activities involves in it are as follows:
(a) Establishing rapport with the candidate and gaining his
confidence: Exchange of pleasantries a smile, offering seat
to the candidate, etc. will help to break the ice. These will
also help to put the candidate physical and mentally at ease.
(b) Getting complete and accurate information: For this purpose,
the interviewer should ask open-ended question, use the
language which is clear to the candidate, listen attentively
and patiently.
(c) Recording the observations and impressions: The interviewer
should write down in brief his observations and impressions
of the candidate on the interview assessment forms. Such
notes will indicate to the candidate the interviewer’s interest
and thereby encourage him to talk freely.
4. Closing the interview: The close of the interview is as significant as
its beginning. The interview is a tiring situation for the candidate.
PAGE 111
Notes Therefore, it should end with a happy note without any awkward or
embarrassing situation. Before closing the interview, the candidate
should be asked whether he wants to make any comment. In order
to close the interview, the interviewer may show some sign at an
appropriate time.
5. Evaluation of results: After interview is over, the interviewer should
evaluate the candidate’s suitability for the job. The evaluation is based
on the observations, impressions and information collected during
the interview. But weightage should be given to the information
collected through application form, tests and other steps. The
evaluation may be done either by assigning grades ranging from A
to E or by allocating marks.
Limitations/Mistakes of Interview: Interview is a widely used method of
employee selection. But it suffers from several pitfalls, some of which
are given below:
(a) Personal bias: Interviewers like other people have personal biases.
Their likes and dislikes about hairstyle, dress, fluency of speech
etc. affect their judgemnt.
(b) Halo effect: Under this type of error, a single prominent characteristic
of the candidate affects the judgment of the interviewer on all other
traits. For example, an interviewer may conclude that a poorly
groomed candidate is stupid or alternatively, he may overrate the
candidate’s qualification just because of his pleasing personality.
(c) Constant error: Such error arises because the interview of previous
candidate unduly influences the interviewer in favour or against the
candidate. For example, a qualified candidate may be underrated
just because the previous candidate was very brilliant.
(d) Projection: Error of projection arises when an interviewer expects
his own knowledge, skills and values in a candidate. Therefore,
he is likely to select candidates who resemble him in terms of
appearance, manners, background, voice, etc.
(e) Stereotyping: This error arises when the interviewer believes some
association between a particular type of personality and a particular
trait, commercial origin or cultural background. For example, an
interviewer may be of the opinion that candidates from some areas
are not good at speaking and understanding English language.
112 PAGE
Guidelines for effective interviewing: Interviews can be made more Notes

effective by observing the following guidelines:
(i) An interview should have a definite time schedule with ample
time for its conduct, i.e. it should not be hurried.
(ii) A personal approach should be adopted. The interviewer should
develop a friendly and cordial relationship with the candidate.
Rapport may be created by pleasantly greeting the candidate
and showing active interest.
(iii) Interview should have an element of privacy.
(iv) The interview should be based on a checklist of what to look
for in a candidate.
(v) Competent, trained and experienced persons should be chosen
as interviewers.
(vi) Proper method of interview should be employed.
(vii) A specific set of guidelines should be given to the interviewers.
(viii) There should be proper coordination between the initial and
succeeding interviews.
(ix) The interviewers should listen carefully to what the applicant
says and the information collected should be recorded carefully.
(x) The interviewer should try to minimize his personal bias or
prejudice.
VII. Medical Examination: Certain jobs require physical qualities -like
clear vision, acute hearing, unusually high stamina, tolerance of
arduous working conditions, etc. Medical examination reveals whether
or not a candidate possesses these qualities. Medical examination
can give the following information:
Whether the applicant is medically suitable for the specific
job or not.
Whether the applicant has health problems or psychological
attitudes likely to interfere with work efficiency or future
attendance.
Whether the applicant suffers from bad health which should
be corrected before he can work satisfactorily.
PAGE 113
Notes Whether the applicant’s physical measurements are in accordance

with job requirements or not.
VIII. Reference Checks: Once the interview and medical examination
of the candidate is over, the personnel department will engage in
checking references. Candidates are required to give the names of
two or three references in their application forms. These references
may be from individuals who are familiar with the candidate’s
academic achievements, or from applicant’s previous employer, who
is well-versed with the applicant’s job performance, and sometimes
from co-workers. In case the reference check is from the previous
employer, information in the following areas may be obtained.
They are job title, job description, period of employment, pay and
allowances, gross emoluments, benefits provided, rate of absence,
willingness of the previous employer to employ the candidates
again, etc.
3.6.2 Distinctive Features of Recruitment and Selection

Following are the differences between recruitment and selection:
Basis Recruitment Selection
Meaning It is the process of searching It is the process of selecting
candidates for vacant jobs the right candidates and
and make them apply for offering them the job.
the same
Nature It is a positive Process It is a negative process
Aims The firm notifies the vacancies
Its aim is to reject unsuitable
through various sources and candidates and pick up the
distributes application forms
most suitable people for the
to candidates. vacant jobs.
Procedure The firm notifies the vacancies
The firm asks the candidates
through various sources and to pass through a number
distributes application forms
of stages such as filling of
to candidates. forms, employment tests,
interview, medical exam, etc.
Contract of ser- No contractual relation is Selection follows recruitment
vice created. Recruitment implies and it leads to a contract of
communication of vacancies service between the employer
only. and the employee.
114 PAGE
ACTIVITY Notes
Let’s assume you are an interviewer in the ABC company, and you
have to interview candidates who have just completed their graduation
for the position of digital marketing- Intern. Make a list of questions
that you will ask these candidates to test their knowledge.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. ___________ is the last step of selection process.
7. Aptitude tests measure an individual’s potential to learn certain
skills clerical, mechanical, mathematical, etc. (True/False)
8. In this interview, groups rather than individuals are interviewed.
Generally, a topic for discussion is given. What is being referred
to?
(a) Group Interviews
(b) Depth interviews
(c) Structured interviews
(d) Unstructured interviews
9. Selection is appositive process whereas recruitment is a negative
process. (True/False)
10. ___________ means employing a competent and experienced
person already working with another reputed company which
might be a rival in the industry.
11. An interviewer may conclude that a poorly groomed candidate
is stupid, this is an example of ___________ effect.
3.7 Summary
Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and
encouraging them to apply for jobs in the organization. Recruitment
can be made from internal and external sources. Selection is a negative
process of choosing the most appropriate persons from the available
candidates. Selection is usually a series of hurdles or steps. Each one
must be successfully cleared before the applicant proceeds to the next.
The interview is an important source of information about job applicants.
PAGE 115
Notes Several types of interviews are used, depending on the nature and
importance of the position to be filled within an organization.
1. Employee referral
2. False
4. True
5. Referrals and recommendations
6. Reference check
7. True
8. (a) Group Interviews
9. False
10. Poaching
11. Halo effect

1. What are the various sources of recruitment? How can an organization
evaluate the worth of these sources?
2. “Interviews suffer from limitation”. Describe these limitations. How
can interviews be made more effective?
3. Distinguish between:
(a) Recruitment and Selection.
(b) Internal source of recruitment and external source of recruitment.
4. What do you mean by interview? Discuss the various types of
interviews.
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of recruiting candidates
through internal sources of recruitment?
6. Recruitment is the process of searching for the best suited employees
and simulating them to apply for the job. Discuss the statement.
116 PAGE
7. What do you mean by ‘selection’? Why is it considered as a negative Notes

process when compared with recruitment?
8. Imagine you are a interviewer in CDE company. What process will
you follow while conducting an interview? How can interviews be
made more effective?
9. What do you mean by recruitment? Discuss its features and sources.
3.10 References
Chand & Sons.

Decenzo, D.A. and S.P. Robbins, “Personnel/Human Resource
Management”, Prentice Hall of lndia, New Delhi, 2003.
French, W., “the Personnel Management Process”, Haughten Miffin,
Boston.
Ivanecevich, John M., “Human Resource Management”, McGraw
Hill.
Wreather and Davis, “Human Resource Management”, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
PAGE 117
L E S S O N
4
Placement, Induction and
Socialisation
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
Ms. Ritika Sharma
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Concept of Placement
4.4 Concept of Induction
4.5 Socialisation
4.6 Summary
4.9 References

Understand the concept and objectives of placement and orientation.
Understand induction training in India.
Understand the concept and process of socialisation.
4.2 Introduction
Once an employee has been selected, he should be placed on a suitable job. Putting the
right man at the right job is as important as hiring the right person. After putting the
118 PAGE
selected candidates on proper jobs, it is necessary to make them familiar Notes

with the job, the company and the other employees so that they feel at
home and can concentrate on their work.
4.3 Concept of Placement

Placement, in simple words, means sending the newly employed person to
some department for work. Placement should be based on the qualifications
and qualities of the person selected. It should match with the staff
requirements of different departments. It is the duty of the personnel
department to send the new employee to the department and job for
which he is better suited. In addition, he should be introduced properly
to the head of that department. The placement arrangement should be
ready before the joining date of the newly selected person. The placement
in the initial period may be temporary as changes are likely after the
completion of training. The employee may be later transferred to the job
where he can do better justice. If a candidate adjusts himself to the job
and continuous to perform as per expectation, it might mean that the
candidate is properly placed.
According to Dale Yoder, Placement may be defined as “the determination
of the job to which an accepted candidate is to be assigned, and his
assignment to that job”.
4.3.1 Importance of Placement

Placement means placing of a recruit on a suitable job position. After
performing the selection procedure, the employee is placed on a particular
position. The importance of placement is as follows:
1. The organisation won’t have to deal with the issue of employee
turnover because the employees will like their jobs if they are
positioned properly.
2. If workers don’t enjoy their employment, they begin to find reasons
to skip work and absenteeism increases. This rate will remain low
if placement is effective.
3. If properly positioned, employees receive the task of their choice,
which boosts employee morale.
PAGE 119
Notes 4. Human relations will improve in and outside organisation since

workers will be comfortable with their occupations and there won’t
be any conflicts.
5. Misfits between the job and the individual can be prevented by
careful placement.
6. Productivity, or the output to input ratio, rises when waste and
unusual losses fall.
4.3.2 Problems faced by the HR Manager in placement of

new employees
Following are some problems faced by the HR manager during the
placement of new recruits in an organisation:
1. Employee Expectation: The HR manager has a crucial role in meeting
the needs of the work and expectations of the new recruits. These
managers have to create a balance between the expectations of the
employees and expectations of the employer.
2. Technological Change: When the technology changes the HR manager
has due responsibility of explaining the changes to the new recruits
and providing them with related software’s.
3. Social and Psychological Factors: There may be a mismatch between
employees’ skills and their occupations as a result of some social
and psychological elements. It is the duty of the HR manager to
identify these factors and help the new recruits to overcome these.
4. Organisations Growth: If the placement of a candidate is not
correct, than the growth of the organisation could be hampered.
The HR manager should ensure that all candidates are placed on
the positions where desired results can be obtained from them.
4.3.3 Principles followed while making Placement Decision

Following points should be considered while making a placement decision:
1. Job Requirements: An employee should be assigned a position in
accordance with the specifications of the position, such as physical
and mental needs, stress tolerance, vision, and so forth. The position
120 PAGE
shouldn’t be modified based on the employees’ qualifications and Notes

skills. To match a worker’s physical and mental capabilities with
the job requirements, job placement a profile chart can be adopted
as its displays requirements of the job and ability of the workers,
it helps the management in choosing the right candidate.
2. Suitable Qualification: Only the finest qualified candidate should be
awarded the job. Overqualified and underqualified employees could
cause long-term issues for the company. Their working habits and
desires from the company might be different in accordance with
their job position.
3. Right Information About the Job: The employee should be given
all relevant and correct information and details about the position
and the company, including the current working environment at the
company. He/She should also be informed about the benefits and
awards linked to their performance on this given position.
4. Commitment and Loyalty: When a new recruit is placed efforts
should be made by the firm and individuals to understand their
obligations and cultivate a sense of loyalty and cooperation towards
the co workers and the company. This will help employees to create
a sense of belongingness and trust towards the company.
5. Awareness About the Penalties: The employee should also be
informed in advance of the consequences for any wrongdoing that
may happen on the job.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. __________ means placing of a recruit on a suitable job position.
2. The employee should also be informed in advance of the
consequences for any wrongdoing that may happen on the job.
This is a principle one of in the placement decision. (True/False)
3. Which of the following is not considered a principle in placement
decision?
(a) Qualification
(b) Job Requirement
(c) Loyalty
(d) Tools Analysis
PAGE 121
Notes 4. Induction does not help to promote a feeling of belongingness

and loyalty to the organization among newcomers. (True/False)
5. Misfits between the job and the individual can be prevented by
careful placement. (True/False)
4.4 Concept of Induction

Induction or orientation is an important part of the process of socialization
of a new organizational member or employee. It covers the activities
involved in introducing a new employee to the organization and his work
unit. Edwin B. Flippo has defined induction as the welcoming process
to make the new employee feel at home and generate in him a feeling
of belongingness to the organization. It is concerned with the problem
of introducing or orienting a new employee to his workgroup, supervisor
and the organization. It is the beginning of the fusion process which helps
integration between the organization goals and the personal goals of the
new employee. After selecting suitable personnel, the organization must
communicate to the new employees its philosophy, policies and customs
and practices. Planned induction welcomes the new employee, creates a
favourable attitude, reduces labour turnover and increases commitment
and productivity. Further, the employee feels at home right from the
beginning. When a new employee reports for work, he must be helped
to get acquainted and adjusted with the work environment and the fellow
employees. It is better to give him a friendly welcome when he joins the
organization, get him introduced to the organization and help him to get
a general idea about the rules and regulations, working conditions etc.
of the organisation.
4.4.1 Purpose of Induction

An induction or introduction programme should try to achieve the
following objectives:
1. To provide information about the organization- its structure, products,
rules and regulations, etc. to the new employees.
2. To build up the new employee’s confidence in the organization and
in himself so that he may become an efficient employee.
122 PAGE
3. To promote a feeling of belongingness and loyalty to the organization Notes

among newcomers.
4. To ensure that the new employee may not form false impression
regarding the new place of work because first impression is the
last impression.
5. To give the new entrant the information he needs such as location
of locker room, cafeteria and other facilities, time to break off,
leave rules etc.
6. To foster a close relationship between the new workers and the old
workers and supervisors.
7. To create a sense of security for the worker in his job by impressing
the idea that fairness to the worker is the inherent policy in the
organization.
4.4.2 Contents of Induction Programme

The range of information that may be covered under orientation training
is as follows: A brief description of the early history and growth of
the organization and its future potentialities. This can be made more
interesting when the company’s history is built around personalities than
around events. An overview of the products and services offered by the
company to meet consumer needs. Use of sales literature exhibits and
films can also help.
1. Brief description of the organization structure, relation of new
employee’s department with other departments and so on.
2. Location and layout of the company’s plants, stores, departments,
canteen etc.
3. Policies of the company regarding compensation, training, promotion,
retirement, insurance, etc.
4. Statement of available programmes and activities carried out by
workers, such as recreation, mutual benefit association, credit union,
etc.
5. Description of rules and regulations of the company regarding
attendance, working hours, advances, sick leave, conduct etc.
PAGE 123
Notes 6. Safety measures taken by the company for the protection of the
workers and their use by the workers.
7. Grievances and disciplinary procedure and suggestion system in the
company.
8. Information about the counselling service provided by the company
to help individuals to sort out their problems.
9. Requirements of the particular job to which the new employee is
presently assigned as well as the job to which this may lead to in
the chain of promotions.
10. Information about the training programmes carried out by the company
to help the employees learn new skills in doing their jobs.
4.4.3 Benefits of a Formal Induction Programme

Following are the benefits of conducting a formal induction programme:
(1) It reduces new employee’s anxieties and provides him an opportunity
to know about the organization and its people.
(2) It helps the new employees in knowing expectations of the organization
and its executives.
(3) It fosters a uniform understanding among the employees about the
company’s objectives, policies, principles, strategies, and what the
company expects of its people. Orientation tells them how they and
their unit fit into the “big picture”.
(4) It builds a positive attitude towards the company and its stakeholders.
First day is crucial because new employee remembers it for years.
(5) It builds and strengthens a two-way communication channel in the
company.
(6) It helps speed up socialization process by making the new employee
understand the social, technical, and cultural aspects of the workplace.
(7) It facilitates informal relations and teamwork among the employees.
(8) It reduces turnover, employee grievances, and absenteeism by making
new employees more aware, adjusting, and satisfied.
124 PAGE
4.4.4 Problem Areas in Induction Notes
An induction programme may be faced with the following problems:

1. Orientation may remain a superficial indoctrination into company
philosophy, policies and rules. Sometimes, it includes the presentation
of an employee handbook and a quick tour of the office or plant.
The likely result is that the new employee does not feel like part
of the company.
2. Giving too much information in an orientation session becomes
almost as much of a problem as providing too little. If a great
deal of information is given to employees all at once, they may
feel overwhelmed, overloaded, and “suffocated” and may not retain
much. Thus, providing an appropriate an appropriate amount of
information becomes a real problem in orientation.
3. Orientation programme may be considered a burden by the supervisors.
Even when the personnel department has designed an elaborate
orientation programme and trained supervisors to conduct their
part of it, orientation still may not be effective. The supervisors
might be more interested immediate production issues and may see
orientation as far less important than other problems they face.
4. Orientation may suffer from “Mickey mouse” assignment, i.e.,
small and unimportant tasks. Sometimes, the new employee’s first
assignment is in the nature of insignificant duties, perhaps intended
to teach the job ‘from the ground up’. Giving only menial tasks
to the new employee might discourage job interest and company
loyalty in him.
4.4.5 How to Make Orientation Effective

The following guidelines may be helpful in making orientation more
effective:
1. Human side is the most important part of orientation. Therefore, first
of all the new employee should be introduced to the people with
whom he will work-his colleagues, superiors and subordinates. A
tea party may be arranged for this purpose.
PAGE 125
Notes 2. Make the new employee aware of the general company policies that
apply to him as well as the specific work situation and requirements.
3. Administer smaller doses of information over a period of time
rather than giving everything on a single day. Orientation should
be a gradual process.
4. Answer any questions and clarify any doubts that the employee
may have about the job and the organization.
5. Provide on-the-job instructions and counselling.
6. Keep in close touch with the new employee to check back how he
is doing and offer help if required.
7. Allow reasonable time to adapt to the new work environment and
job demands.
4.4.6 Induction in Indian Industry

Induction has been one of the most neglected areas of human resource
management in Indian industries. Very little is done for systematic
induction of a new employee in an industrial unit. The newcomer is
generally expected to know the enterprise through the trial and error
and stumble his way in the organization. In Indian industry, induction is
necessary particularly for rural workers, young persons and management
trainees. A rural worker joining a factory for the first time has to adjust
not only to his work environment but also to a new social environment.
When a young person above the age of 14 years joins, the aged workers
might resent, proper induction will help to develop a rapport between
the old and the new employees. Graduates from management schools
find it difficult to adjust themselves with traditional management style
in family-owned companies. Induction is required to help them adjust to
a new work culture.
Thus, Induction has a greater significance in a developing country like
India, where the percentage of illiteracy is very high. The worker finds
himself completely at sea when by force of circumstances he has to shift
from rural surroundings into an industrial unit. It is no use trying to push
a handbook of certified rules and regulations into his hands and expecting
him to turn out into a loyal and efficient employee. He needs a short and
126 PAGE
simple induction conducted by someone who speaks his own language. Notes
This will go a long way in reducing turnover and, above all, in preventing
a worker from the likelihood of failing a prey to subversive elements
who thrive an creating labour unrest by misrepresenting employees to
illiterate employees.
4.5 Socialisation
Socialisation is the process of adjustment or adaptation. It is the process
by which new employees attempt to learn and inculcate the norms and
values of work roles in an organisation. Learning the norms and values
of work group for proper adjustment and job performance.
Some people often tend to treat socialisation and induction as synonyms.
However, both are different from each other. Induction is only a part of
socialisation and it only deals with new recruits but socialisation also
covers cases of transfer and promotion. Socialisation reduces the anxiety of
the new hires and allows them to adjust with the other existing employees
in the company. The purpose of Socialization can be distinctive from
firm to firm.
4.5.1 Process of socialisation

Socialisation process may be short or long. If new recruits adjust with
the work environment easily the process may be short otherwise it may
be long. It depends on ability to adjust. The process of socialisation has
three stages:
Figure 4.1: Process of Socialisation

1. Pre-Arrival Stage: The first stage encompasses the learning the
new employee has gained before joining the organization. Part of
PAGE 127
Notes the pre-arrival stage is the selection process, which is used by the
hiring company to hire people who can adequately perform the
job but also to select people who will fit well into the culture of
the company. At the recruitment stage many organisations give job
previews which helps the prospective employees to learn more about
the job and the organisation.
2. Encounter Stage: Here the employees bump into the real working
conditions of the organization. For example, the expectations of the
job, co-workers, immediate seniors and the business as a whole.
Here, if the expectations confirm to be more or less correct, this
stage reaffirms the employees of the perceptions generated in past.
If the reality is different, socialization helps the employees in
understanding to replace these.
3. Metamorphosis Stage: The new employees, in this stage will work
out solutions to meet any problems. Hence this stage is called the
metamorphosis stage. At this stage the new employees will have
become comfortable with their jobs and the team members. New hires
will feel that they have been accepted by their superiors and peers.
Not only this, they would have by now understood the organization
system as a whole. They will also know what is expected of them,
how they are evaluated and how productive they are towards the
goals of the organization.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. ________ is the process by which new employees attempt to
learn and inculcate the norms and values of work roles in an
organisation.
7. Process of socialisation has four stages. (True/False)
8. Which of the following does not relates to the process of
designing an induction programme?
(a) Description of the organization structure
(b) Company’s policies
(c) Grievance procedure
(d) Social environment
128 PAGE
9. Giving too much information in an orientation session becomes Notes

almost as much of a problem as providing too little. It is a big
problem faced by the companies nowadays. (True/False)
10. ________ is the welcoming process to make the new employee
feel at home and generate in him a feeling of belongingness
to the organization.
4.6 Summary
Placement is the process of putting an employee on a specific job so as
to match employee skills with the requirements of the job. Induction is
the process of familiarizing new employees with the organization and
the job. Induction helps to further the interests of both the organization
and the new employee. A formal induction programme provides all the
necessary information to the new employee. Socialisation is the process
of adjustment or adaptation. It is the process by which new employees
attempt to learn and inculcate the norms and values of work roles in an
organisation. Learning the norms and values of work group for proper
adjustment and job performance. Socialisation process is considered of
three stages namely pre-arrival, encounter and metamorphosis stage.
1. Placement
2. True
3. (d) Tools Analysis
4. False
5. True
6. Socialisation
7. False
8. (d) Social environment
9. True
10. Induction
PAGE 129
Notes 4.8 Self-Assessment Questions

1. Discuss the importance of proper induction of newly recruited
employees, with particular reference to India.
2. Distinguish between placement and Induction?
3. What do you mean by socialisation? Elaborate the different stages
of process of socialisation.
4. What is meant by an induction programme? What steps can be
taken by the management to make it work efficiently?
5. What do you mean by a placement program? Which are the different
principles considered while performing placement of new recruits?
6. “Placement is the process of putting an employee on a specific job
so as to match employee skills with the requirements of the job”.
Elaborate this statement and discuss the different problems faced
by HR managers during placement.
(a) Metamorphosis stage in process of socialisation
(b) Contents of induction programme
(c) Problems occurring during induction process
4.9 References
Chand & Sons.

learning Prasad, L. M. (2018). Human Resource Management, Delhi:
130 PAGE
Rao, V. S. P. (2020). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Second Notes

Robert L. Mathis and John H. Jackson, “Human Resource Management”,
Thomson Learning.
PAGE 131
UNIT - III
PAGE 133
L E S S O N
1
Training and Development
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Concept of Training
1.4 Methods of Training
1.5 %HQH¿WV DQG (IIHFWLYHQHVV RI 7UDLQLQJ
1.6 Retraining
1.7 Summary

Define the terms training, development and education.
Outline the areas and types of training.
List the various training methods that are currently employed.
Evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes.
1.2 Introduction
After appointment in the organisation, employees join the next phase for their personnel
development programme i.e. to gain necessary training and learn skills that will be
helping them in handling their future job. Every company must have a systematic training
programme for the growth and development of its employees.
PAGE 135
Notes 1.3 Concept of Training

Training is the process of increasing the knowledge and skills for doing
a particular job. It is an organized procedure by which people learn
knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. The purpose of training
is basically to bridge the gap between job requirements and present
competence of an employee. Training is aimed at improving the behaviour
and performance of a person. It is a never ending or continuous process.
Training is closely related with education and development but needs to
be differentiated from these terms.
Training and Education: Training is any process by which the aptitudes,
skills, and abilities of employees to perform specific jobs are increased.
On the other hand, education is the process of increasing the general
knowledge and understanding of employees. Thus, education is wider in
scope and more general in purpose than training. Training is job-oriented
or occupational having an immediate utilitarian objective and the major
burden of training falls upon the employers. Training is vocational whereas
education is general and major burden of training falls upon the employers.
Education is person-oriented while training is job-oriented. Training
is essentially practical consisting of knowledge and skills required to
perform specific tasks. On the contrary, education is theoretical consisting
of concepts aimed at stimulating analytical and creative faculties of the
individual. Education generally refers to formal instruction in a school
or college, whereas training is often imparted at the workplace. There is
some education in all training and in all education, there is some training.
The two are complementary and both involve development of talent and
human potential.
Training and Development: Employee training is distinct from management
development. Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and
organized procedure by which non-managerial personnel learn technical
knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. It refers to instructions in
technical and mechanical operations like operation of a machine. It is
designed primarily for non-managers. It is for short duration and for a
specific job-related purpose.
On the other hand, development is a long-term education process utilizing
a systematic and organized procedure by which managerial personnel learn
136 PAGE
conceptual and theoretical knowledge for general purpose. It involves Notes

philosophical and theoretical educational concepts, and it is designed for
managers. It involves broader education, and its purpose is long-term
development.
Training involves helping an individual learn how to perform his present
job satisfactorily. Development involves preparing the individual for a
future job and growth of the individual in all respects. Development
complements training because human resources can exert their full potential
only when the learning process goes far beyond simple routine.
1.3.1 Importance of Training

A well planned and well executed training programme can provide the
following advantages:
1. Higher Productivity: Training helps to improve the level of performance.
Trained employees perform better by using better method of work.
Improvements in manpower productivity in developed nations can
be attributed in no small measure to their educational and industrial
training programmes.
2. Better Quality of Work: In formal training, the best methods are
standardized and taught to employees. Uniformity of work methods
and procedures helps to improve the quality of product or service.
Trained employees are less likely to make operational mistakes.
3. Less Learning Period: A systematic training programme helps to
reduce the time and cost involved in learning. Employees can more
quickly reach the acceptable level of performance. They need not
waste their time and efforts in learning through trial and error.
4. Cost Reduction: Trained employees make more economical use of
materials and machinery. Reduction is wastage and spoilage together
with increase in productivity help to minimize cost of operations
per unit. Maintenance cost is also reduced due to fewer machine
breakdown and better handling of equipment’s. Plant capacity can
be put to the optimum use.
5. Reduced Supervision: Well-trained employees tend to be self-reliant
and motivated. They need less guidance and control. Therefore,
PAGE 137
Notes supervisory burden is reduced, and the span of supervision can be

enlarged.
6. Low Accident Rate: Trained personnel adopt the right work methods
and make use of the prescribed safety devices. Therefore, the
frequency of accidents is reduced. Health and safety of employees
can be improved.
7. High Morale: Proper training can develop positive attitudes among
employees. Job satisfaction and morale are improved due to rise
in the earnings and job security of employees. Training reduces
employee grievances because opportunities for internal promotion
are available to well-trained personnel.
8. Personal Growth: Training enlarges the knowledge and skills of the
participants. Therefore, well - trained personnel can grow faster in
their career. Training prevents obsolescence of knowledge and skills.
Trained employees are a more valuable asset to any organisation.
Training helps to develop people for promotion to higher posts and
to develop future managers.
9. Organisational Climate: A sound training programme helps to improve
the climate of an organisation. Industrial relations and discipline are
improved. Therefore, decentralization of authority and participative
management can be introduced. Resistance to change is reduced.
Organisations having regular training programmes can fulfil their
future needs for personnel from internal sources. Organisational
stability is enhanced because training helps to reduce employee
turnover and absenteeism.
1.3.2 Types of Training

Training is required for several purposes. Accordingly, training programmes
may be of the following types:
1. Orientation Training: Induction or orientation training seeks to
adjust newly appointed employees to the work environment. Every
new employee needs to be made fully familiar with the job, his
superiors and subordinates and with the rules and regulations of
the organisation. Induction training creates self-confidence in the
138 PAGE
employees. It is also known as pre-job training. It is brief and Notes

informative.
2. Job Training: It refers to the training provided with a view to
increase the knowledge and skills of an employee for improving
performance on-the-job. Employees may be taught the correct
methods of handling equipment and machines used in a job. Such
training helps to reduce accidents, waste and inefficiency” in the
performance of the job.
3. Safety Training: Training provided to minimize accidents and damage
to machinery is known as safety training. It involves instruction in
the use of safety devices and in safety consciousness.
4. Promotional Training: It involves training of existing employees to
enable them to perform higher level jobs. Employees with potential
are selected and they are given training before their promotion, so
that they do not find it difficult to shoulder the higher responsibilities
of the new positions to which they are promoted.
5. Refresher Training: When existing techniques become obsolete
due to the development of better techniques, employees have to
be trained in the use of new methods and techniques. With the
passage of time, employees may forget some of the methods of
doing work. Refresher training is designed to revive and refresh the
knowledge and to update the skills of the existing employees. Short-
term refresher courses have become popular on account of rapid
changes in technology and work methods. Refresher or re-training
programmes are conducted to avoid obsolescence of knowledge and
skills.
6. Remedial Training: Such training is arranged to overcome the
shortcomings in the behaviour and performance of old employees.
Some of the experienced employees might have picked up appropriate
methods and styles of working. Such employees are identified and
correct work methods and procedures are taught to them. Remedial
training should be conducted by psychological experts.
7. Sensitivity Training: Employees that receive sensitivity training
become more welcoming and sensitive to the diversity that exists
in the workplace. It improves communication among team members
PAGE 139
Notes and makes it possible to form positive interpersonal bonds with

them. Sensitivity training teaches employees how to act positively
and encouraging all employees to develop suitable behavioural and
emotional behaviours towards everyone. It also helps the employees
to understand the feelings and emotions of other employees and
workers.
1.3.3 Identifying Training Needs

All training activities must be related to the specific needs of the organisation
and the individual employees. A training programme should be launched
only after the training needs are assessed clearly and specifically. The
effectiveness of a training programme can be judged only with the help
of training needs identified in advance. In order to identify training needs,
the gap between the existing and required levels of knowledge, skills,
performance and aptitudes should be specified. The problem areas that
can be resolved through training should also be identified.
Training needs can be identified through the following types of analysis:
1. Organisational Analysis: It involves a study of the entire organisation
in terms of its objectives, its resources, resource allocation and
utilization, growth potential and its environment. The important
elements that are closely examined in this connection are:
Analysis of Objectives: This is a study of short term and long
term objectives and the strategies followed at various levels
to meet these objectives.
Resource Utilization Analysis: How the various organizational
resources (human, physical and financial) are put to use is
the main focus of this study. The contributions of various
departments are also examined by establishing efficiency
indices for each unit. This is done to find out comparative
labour costs, whether a unit is under-manned or over-manned.
Environmental Scanning: Here the economic, political, socio-
cultural and technological environment of the organisation is
examined.
140 PAGE
Organisational Climate Analysis: The climate of an organisation Notes

speaks about the attitudes of members towards work, company
policies, supervisors, etc. Absenteeism, turnover ratios generally
reflect the prevailing employee attitudes. These can be used
to find out whether training efforts have improved the overall
climate within the company or not.
2. Task or Role Analysis: This is a detailed examination of a job,
its components, its various operations and conditions under which
it has to be performed. The focus here is on the roles played by
an individual and the training needed to perform such roles. The
whole exercise is meant to find out how the various tasks have to
be performed and what kind of skills, knowledge, and attitudes are
needed to meet the job. Questionnaire, interviews, reports, tests,
observation and other methods are generally used to collect job
related information from time-to-time.
3. Person Analysis: Here the focus is on the individual in a given job.
There are three issues to be resolved through manpower analysis.
First, we try to find out whether performance is satisfactory and
training is required. Second whether the employee is capable of
being trained and the specific areas in which training is needed.
Finally, we need to state whether poor performers on the job
need to be replaced by those who can do the job. Other options
to training such as modifications in the job or processes should
also be looked into. Personal observation, performance reviews,
supervisory reports, diagnostic tests help in collecting the required
information and select particular training options that try to improve
the performance of individual workers. An appropriate programme
that meets the company’s objectives, task and employee needs may
then be introduced.
1.3.4 Designing a Training Programme

In order to achieve the training objectives, an appropriate training
policy is necessary. A training policy represents the commitment of top
management to employee training. It consists to rules and procedures
concerning training. A training policy is required:
PAGE 141
Notes To indicate the company’s intention to develop its employees;

To guide the design and implementation of training programmes;
To identify the critical areas where training is to be given on a
priority basis; and
To provide appropriate opportunities to employees for their own
betterment.
A training programme is an integral part of human resource management.
It consists of the following inter-related steps:
Figure 1.1: Steps of designing a training programme

1. Identification of Training Needs: The technological changes taking
place is the main cause of identification of the training needs in
an organisation. Earlier the people were acquiring training through
apprenticeship and vocational courses, which are not sufficient in
the modem era of industrialization. It is necessary to identify the
training needs because of the following reason:
Adoption of new techniques in an organisation and introduction
of modern working methods. For example, computerization of
the office as has been done in railways bookings or airline
bookings.
Poor performance by the workers is reflected by low output,
lack of initiative, incompetence and bad decisions. This requires
systematic training of the work force.
Wide gaps between what workers should be doing and what
they are doing.
Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of an organisation
may reveal the areas of weaknesses which need to be handled
seriously.
More information could be obtained from the organisation’s human
resource plan. While preparing plans, the current skills with expected
142 PAGE
needs for future should be kept in mind and the deficiencies be Notes
highlighted. Some organisations prepare ‘skills-inventories’ classifying
employees according to their qualifications, technical knowledge,
skills, performances and attitudes should be specified. The problem
areas that can be resolved through training should also be identified.
2. Setting Training Objectives: Once the training needs are identified,
the next steps is to set training objectives in concrete terms and to
decide the methods to be adopted to achieve these objectives. The
overall aim of any training programme is to increase organizational
effectiveness. However, each training programme must also have
specific objectives such as increased productivity, improved quality,
better human resource planning, better health and safety, prevention
of obsolescence and enhanced personal growth. These objectives
contribute to organizational effectiveness.
3. Organisation of Training Programme: Every training programme
includes trainees, trainers, a training period and training material.
These constituents of training are discussed below:
(a) Selection of the Trainees: The proper selection of trainees is
of major importance if permanent and gainful results are to
be obtained. A trainee should be trained for the kind of job
he likes and is fitted to perform. In this respect, training is
closely related to the selection of personnel. Careful screening
of candidates for training will raise the effectiveness of the
training programme. Moreover, the trainee must be given the
proper background information before he starts learning the
new skills and knowledge. In case of supervisory training,
it is better to include all supervisors and other employees
considered suitable for promotion to such posts.
(b) Preparation of the Instructor: The instructor or trainer is a key
figure in an effective training programme. He can contribute
immeasurably to its success. Qualified instructor may be
obtained from inside or outside the organisation. Trainee needs
many qualifications besides knowing how to do the work. He
must be able to divide the job into logical parts so that he
may take up one part at a time without losing his perspective
of the whole. The trainer needs professional expertise in order
PAGE 143
Notes to fulfil his responsibility. An effective instructor or trainer

can present the operations involved in doing a particular job
by various ways.
(c) Determination of Training Period: The length of the training
period depends upon the skill to be acquired, the trainee’s
learning capacity and the training methodology used. For
instance, a simple indoctrination programme for clerks may
require an hour a day over a period of one week, while a
course in computer programming may be given two hours a
week for 15 weeks. The use of effective and visual material
usually helps to reduce the training time. To maintain interest
and secure maximum accomplishment, no single session should
last longer than two hours.
(d) Training Methods and Material: There are several on-the-job
and off-the-job methods of training. The choice of any method
would depend upon the specific objectives of the training
programme. To increase the effectiveness of training, some
written material is usually desirable as a basis for instruction,
review and reference. A complete outline of the whole course
should be made with the main topics included under each
heading. The training material should be distributed among
the trainees well in advance so that they may come prepared
in the lecture class and may be able to understand the subject
prepared in the lecture class and may be able to understand
the subject quickly and may remove their doubts by asking
questions from the instructor.
4. Evaluation of Training: Training is indispensable for both the
organisation and the individuals working therein. It is very costly and
time consuming process. It is essential to determine its effectiveness
in terms of achievement of specific training objectives. Self-graded
tests and programmed learning kits provide the necessary feedback
to a person on his progress on a particular subject. Evaluation of
training would provide useful information about the effectiveness of
training as well as about the design of future training programmes.
It will enable an organisation to monitor the training programme
and also to modify its future programmes of training.
144 PAGE
1. __________ helps to improve the level of performance. Trained

employees perform better by using better method of work.
2. Training is the process of increasing the general knowledge
and understanding of employees. (True/False)
3. Which of the following is not a step in training process?
(a) Identification of Training Needs
(b) Setting training objectives
(c) Organisation of training program
(d) Step by step learning
4. __________ involves training of existing employees to enable
them to perform higher level jobs.
5. __________ training seeks to adjust newly appointed employees
to the work environment. Every new employee needs to be made
fully familiar with the job, his superiors and subordinates and
with the rules and regulations of the organisation.
1.4 Methods of Training

A wide range of training methods and techniques have been developed
over the years by various organizations and training experts. Different
training methods are suitable for different categories of personnel in the
organisation: managerial and non-managerial, technical, administrative,
skilled, unskilled, senior, junior and so on. Each organisation has to
choose those methods and techniques of training which are relevant for
its training needs. The various methods of training may be classified into
the following categories:
Figure 1.2: Methods of training
PAGE 145
Notes 1.4.1 On the Job training

On the Job Training: On the job training is considered to be the most
effective method of training the operative personnel. Under this method,
the worker is given training at the work place by his immediate supervisor.
In other words, the worker learns in the actual work environment. It is
based on the principle of ‘learning by doing’. The following methods of
on the job training are described below:
(a) Job Instruction Training (JIT): The JIT method is a four-step
instructional process involving preparation, presentation, performance
try out and follow up. It is used primarily to teach workers how
to do their current jobs. A trainer, supervisor or co-worker acts as
the coach. The four steps followed in the JIT methods are:
The trainee receives an overview of the job, its purpose and
its desired outcomes, with a clear focus on the relevance of
training.
The trainer demonstrates the job in order to give the employee
a model to copy.
The trainer shows a right way to handle the job.
Next, the employee is permitted to copy the trainer’s way.
Demonstration by the trainer and practice by the trainee are
repeated until the trainee masters the right way to handle the
job.
Finally, the employee does the job independently without
supervision.
(b) Coaching: Coaching is a kind of daily training and feedback given
to employee by immediate supervisors. It involves a continuous
process of learning by doing. It may be defined as informal,
unplanned training and development activity provided by supervisors
and peers. In coaching, the supervisor explains things and answer
questions; he throws light on why things are done the way they are;
he offers a model for trainees to copy; conducts lot of decision-
making meetings with trainees; procedures are agreed upon and
the trainee is given enough authority to make divisions and even
commit mistakes. Of course, coaching can be a taxing job in that
146 PAGE
the coach may not possess requisite skills to guide the learner in a Notes
systematic way. Sometimes, doing a full day’s work may be more
important than putting the learner on track.
(c) Mentoring/ Understudy: Mentoring is a relationship in which a senior
manager in an organisation assumes the responsibility for grooming a
junior person. Technical, interpersonal and political skills are generally
conveyed in such a relationship from the more experienced person.
A mentor is a teacher, spouse, counsellor, developer of skills and
intellect, host, guide, supporter and facilitator in the realization of
the vision the young person has about the kind of life he wants as
an adult. The main objective of mentoring is to help an employee
attain psychological maturity and effectiveness and get integrated
with the organisation. In a work situation, such mentoring can take
place at both formal and informal levels, depending on the prevailing
work culture and the commitment from the top management. Formal
mentoring can be very fruitful, if management invests time and
money in such relationship bundling exercises.
(d) Job Rotation: This kind of training involves the movement of
trainee from one job to another. This helps him to have a general
understanding of how the organisation functions. The purpose of job
rotation is to provide trainees with a larger organizational perspective
and a greater understanding of different functional areas as well as
a better sense of their own career objectives and interests. Apart
from relieving boredom, job rotation allows trainees to build rapport
with a wide range of individuals within the organisation, facilitating
future co-operation among departments. The cross-trained personnel
offers a great amount of flexibility for organizations when transfers,
promotions or replacements become inevitable. Job rotation may
pose several problems, especially when the trainees are rolled on
various jobs at frequent intervals. In such a case, trainees do not
usually stay long enough in any single phase of the operation to
develop a high degree of expertise. For slow learners, there is little
room to integrate resources properly. Trainees can become confused
when they are exposed to rotating managers, with contrasting styles
of operation. To get the best results out of the system, it should
PAGE 147
Notes be tailored to the needs, interests and capabilities of the individual

trainee, and not be a standard sequence that all trainees undergo.
(e) Apprenticeship Training: Most craft workers such as plumbers and
carpenters are trained through formal apprenticeship programmes.
Apprentices are trainees who spend a prescribed amount of time
working with an experienced guide, coach or trainer. Assistantships
and internships are similar to apprenticeships because they also
demand high levels of participation from the trainee. An internship
is a kind of on-the-job training that usually combines job training
with classroom instruction in trade schools, colleges or universities.
One important disadvantage of the apprenticeship methods is the
uniform period of training offered to trainees. People have different
abilities and learn at varied rates. Those who learnt fast may quit
the programme in frustration. Slow learners may need additional
training time.
(f) Committee Assignments: In this method, trainees are asked to solve
an actual organizational problem. The trainees have to work together
and offer solution to the problem. Assigning talented employees
to important committees can give these employees a broadening
experience and can help them to understand the personalities, issues
and processes governing the organisation. It helps them to develop
team spirit and work unitedly towards common goals. However,
managers should very well understand that committee assignments
could become notorious time wasting activities.
The above on-the-job methods are cost effective. Workers actually produce
while they learn. Since immediate feedback is available, they motivate
trainees to observe and learn the right way of doing things. Very few
problems arise in the case of transfer of training because the employees
learn in the actual work environment where the skills that are learnt are
actually used. On-the-job methods may cause disruption in production
schedules. Experienced workers cannot use the facilities that are used in
training. Poor learners may damage machinery and equipment. Finally,
if the trainer does not possess teaching skills, there is very little benefit
to the trainee.
148 PAGE
1.4.2 Vestibule Training Notes
Vestibule Training: The term ‘Vestibule training’ is used to designate

training in a classroom for semi-skilled jobs. It is more suitable where
a large number of employees must be trained at the same time for the
same kind of work. Where this method is used, there should be well
qualified instructors in charge of training programme. Here the emphasis
tends to be on learning rather than production. It is frequently used to
train clerks, machine operators, typists, etc.
Vestibule training is adapted to the general type of training problem that
is faced by on-the-job training. An attempt is made to duplicate, as nearly
as possible, the materials, equipment’s and conditions found in the real
workplace. The human resource department makes ‘arrangements for
vestibule training when the training work exceeds the capacity of the
line supervisors. Thus, in vestibule training, the workers are trained on
specific jobs as they would be expected to perform at their workplace.
Vestibule training is particularly suitable where it is not advisable to
put the burden of training online supervisors and where special kind of
learning is required. The trainers include expert and specialist instructors.
The trainees avoid confusion and pressure of the work place and are thus
able to concentrate on training. Their activities do not interfere with the
regular processes of production. Moreover, the trainees get an opportunity
to become accustomed to the work routine and recover from their initial
nervousness before going on to their work place.
1.4.3 Off the Job Training

Off the Job Training: It requires the worker to undergo training for a
specific period away from the workplace. Off-the-job methods are concerned
with both knowledge and skills in doing certain jobs. The workers are free
of tension of work when they are learning. There are several off-the-job
methods of training and development as described below:
(a) Role Playing: It is defined as a method of human interaction that
involves realistic behaviour in imaginary situations. This method
of training involves action, doing and practice. The participants
play the role of certain character, such as the production manager,
PAGE 149
Notes mechanical engineer, superintendents, maintenance engineers, quality

control inspectors, foreman, workers and the like. The method is
mostly used for developing interpersonal interactions and relations.
(b) Special Lecture cum Discussion: Training through special lectures
is also known as ‘classroom training’. It is more associated with
imparting knowledge than with skills. The special lectures may
be delivered by some executives of the organisation or specialists
from vocational and professional institutes. Many firms also follow
the practice of inviting experts for special lectures for the staff on
matters like health, safety, productivity, quality, etc. The lecture
method can be used for providing instructions to large groups. Thus,
the cost per trainee is low. However, it has certain limitations also.
The learners may be passive. It violates the principle of learning
by doing and constitutes one-way communication.
(c) Conference Training: A conference is a group meeting conducted
according to an organized plan in which the members seek to
develop knowledge and understanding by oral participation. It is
an effective training device for persons in the position of both
conference member and conference leader. As a member, a person
can learn from others by comparing his opinions with those of
others. The literal meaning of conference is ‘consultation’. But
in practice, conference implies sharing some information with an
audience of a large number of people. It is conducted in a big hall
where the participants are allowed to exchange their views and raise
queries. These days video conferencing is also gaining popularity
under which people can participate in the conference.
(d) Programmed Instruction: This method has become popular in recent
years. The subject matter to be learned is presented in a series of
carefully planned sequential units. These units are arranged from
simple to more complex levels of instruction. The trainee goes
through these units by answering questions or filling the blanks.
This method is, thus, expensive and time consuming.
(e) Case Study: The case method is a means of simulating experience in
the classroom. Under this method, the trainees are given a problem
or case which is more or less related to the concepts and principles
already taught. They analyse the problem and suggest solutions
150 PAGE
which are discussed in the class. The instructor helps them reach Notes
a common solution to the problem. This method gives the trainee
an opportunity to apply his knowledge to the solution of realistic
problems. Cases may be used in either of the two ways. Firstly,
they can be used subsequent to the expansion of formal theory
under which the trainees apply their knowledge of theory to specific
situations. Secondly, the trainees may be assigned the cases for
written analysis and oral discussion in the class without any prior
explanation of pertinent concepts and theory. The case study places
heavy demands upon the trainees and requires that they should have
a good deal of maturity in the subject-matter concerned.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. Under _________ type of training an attempt is made to duplicate,
as nearly as possible, the materials, equipment’s and conditions
found in the real workplace.
7. Role playing is a technique included under off the job training
programmes. (True/False)
8. Which of the following is a technique under on the job methods?
(a) Case study
(b) Conference training
(c) Discussion
(d) Job rotation
9. The JIT method is a four-step instructional process involving
preparation, presentation, performance try out and follow up.
(True/False)
10. _________ is a relationship in which a senior manager in an
organisation assumes the responsibility for grooming a junior
person.
1.5 Benefits and Effectiveness of Training

Training is useful to both employers and employees in the following ways:
PAGE 151
Notes 1.5.1 Benefits of training to Employers

1. Higher Productivity: Trained employees perform better by using
better method of work.
2. Better Quality of Work: Trained employees are less likely to make
operational mistakes. Uniformity of work methods and procedures
helps to improve the quality of product/service.
3. Cost Reduction: Trained employees make more economical use of
materials and machinery. Reduction in wastage/spoilage together
with increase in productivity helps to minimize cost of operations
per unit.
4. Reduced Supervision: Supervisory cost is reduced as well-trained
employees tend to become self-reliant and motivated.
5. Low Accident Rate: Trained employees adopt the right work methods
and make use of the safety devices. Therefore, the frequency of
accidents gets reduced.
1.5.2 Benefits of training to Employees

1. Self-confidence: Training helps to improve the self-confidence of
an employee. It enables him to approach and perform his job with
enthusiasm.
2. Higher Earnings: Trained employees can perform better and thereby
earn more.
3. Safety: Training helps an employee to use various safety devices. He
can handle the machines safely and becomes less prone to accidents.
4. Adaptability: Training enables an employee to adapt to changes in
work procedures and methods.
5. Promotion: Through training, employee can develop himself and
earn quick promotions.
6. New Skills: Training develops new knowledge and skills among
employees. The new skills are a valuable asset of an employee and
remain permanently with him.
152 PAGE
1.5.3 Effectiveness of Training Notes
Training effectiveness is the degree to which trainees are able to learn

and apply the knowledge and skills acquired during the programme. It
is influenced by the attitudes, interests, values and expectations of the
trainees and the training environment. A training programme is likely to
be more effective when the trainees want to learn, are involved in their
jobs and have career plans. Contents of training programme, and the ability
of trainers also determine training effectiveness to a certain extent. The
following criteria may be used to measure the effectiveness of training:
1. Reactions: Trainees’ reaction to the objectives, contents and methods
of training, are good indicators of effectiveness. In case the trainees
considered the programme worthwhile and liked it, the training can
be considered effective.
2. Learning: The extent to which the trainees have gained the desired
knowledge and skills during the training period is a useful basis
of evaluating training effectiveness.
3. Behaviour: Improvements in the job behaviour of the trainees
reflects the manner and extent to which the learning has been put
to practice.
4. Results: Productivity improvements, quality improvements, cost
reduction, accident reduction, reduction in labour turnover and
absenteeism are the outcomes of training which can be used for
evaluating effectiveness.
1.5.4 Essentials of a Good Training Programme

Training is an important tool of management capable of making significant
contribution to the goals of the organisation. Training tends to improve
the performance of employees by narrowing the gap between expectations
and achievements. Because of its significant role, it is essential to have
an effective training programme in the enterprise. An effective training
programme should possess the following characteristics:
(a) The contents of training programme should be chalked out after
identifying the training needs or goals. It should have relevance to
the job requirements.
PAGE 153
Notes (b) An effective training programme should be flexible. It should make

due allowance for the differences among the individuals as regards
ability, aptitude, learning capacity, emotional make-up, etc.
(c) A good training programme should prepare the trainees mentally
before they, are imparted any job knowledge or skill.
(d) An effective training programme should be conducted by well
qualified and experienced trainers.
(e) An effective training programme should emphasize both theory and
practice. It should help in acquiring knowledge and its application.
(f) An effective training programme should have the top management’s
support. The top management can greatly influence the quality of
training in the organisation by the policies it adopts and the extent
to which it supports the training programme.
(g) An effective training programme should be supported by a system
of critical appraisal of the outcome of the training efforts.
1.6 Retraining
Retraining is the process of providing training to persons who underwent
training earlier in their job. Retraining programme are generally arranged
for employees who have long been in the service of an organisation. Such
programmes are designed to avoid obsolescence of a person in terms of job
requirements. Retraining is required on account of the following factors:
I. Some employees concentrate on a narrow task and lack all-round
knowledge and skills. Training is required to widen their knowledge
and attitudes.
II. Employees who are called back to work after layoff are given training
so as to handle highly skilled jobs.
III. Due to technological changes some jobs may become unnecessary.
Employees working on such jobs are retrained for other jobs.
IV. Retraining is necessary to develop a versatile workforce capable of
performing more than one job.
154 PAGE
V. Retraining becomes necessary when the knowledge and skills of Notes

employees become obsolete due to rapid changes in technology.
With automation and computerization, new skills become necessary.
VI. Due to changes in demand for goods and services, some new jobs
are created. Retraining of existing staff is needed to handle new
jobs.
Retraining may be required at all levels. But it is more common for
rank-and-file workers. This is so because technological changes make
an immediate impact on these people. Moreover, they are less equipped
to foresee their personal needs and, therefore, require greater assistance
than others. Workers need refresher courses to help them recall what they
have forgotten. They require retraining when work tools and methods
change due to technological progress.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
11. _______ is the process of providing training to persons who
underwent training earlier in their job.
12. An effective training programme should be flexible. (True/False)
13. Training helps an employee to use various safety devices. He
can handle the machines safely and becomes less prone to
accidents. (Yes/No)
1.7 Summary
Training is a planned programme designed to improve performance and to
bring about measurable changes in knowledge, skills, attitude and social
behaviour of employees. Training makes employees versatile, mobile, flexible
and useful to the organization. Development is future-oriented training,
focusing on the personal growth of the employee. Learning principles are
the guidelines to the way people learn most effectively. More effective
training incorporates more of these principles. The various types of training
include: Skill training, refresher training, diversity training, and literacy
training. In order to have effective training programmes, the systems
approach is recommended. The systems approach consists of three phases:
PAGE 155
Notes need assessment, implementation and evaluation. Formal training methods

include (i) on the job training covering job instruction training, coaching,
mentoring, job rotation, apprenticeship training, committee assignments
and (ii) off the job training includes lectures, conferences, simulation
exercises and programmed instructions. Training can be evaluated at five
levels: Reaction, learning, behaviour, organization and result.
1. Training
2. False
3. (d) Step by step learning
4. Promotional training
5. Orientation training
6. Vestibule
7. True
8. (d) Job rotation
9. True
10. Understudy
11. Retraining
12. True
13. Yes

1. What are the reasons for the growing usage of external training in
present day organizations?
2. What do you mean by ‘training’? Distinguish between training,
development and education.
3. Explain the various methods of training?
4. Explain whether and how the effectiveness of training programmes
can be evaluated?
156 PAGE
5. Distinguish between on the Job and off the Job training and explain Notes
two methods of each.

Thomson Learning.
Chhadha, T.N., “Human Resource Management”, Dhanpat Rai & Co.,
Delhi, 2004.
Chand & Sons.
PAGE 157
L E S S O N
2
New Concepts in Training
Ms. Ritika Sharma
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
2.2 Introduction
2.3 New Methods of Training and Development
2.4 Management Development Programs
2.5 Training Process Outsourcing
2.6 Scope of Training
2.7 Summary
2.10 References

The concept of Hands on learning.
The concepts of E-learning and shadowing with their advantages.
The meaning, purpose, process and benefits of management development programs.
The concept, benefits and activities included under Training Process Outsourcing.
About scope of training.
2.2 Introduction
Although conventional training methods will always be useful for helping employees
learn, some concepts cannot be taught using traditional knowledge transmission strategies.
158 PAGE
In this chapter we will discuss about the concept of hands on training, Notes
e-learning and shadowing. Students might be familiar with some of the
topics as they are using them in their daily lives. This chapter will help
the students to become more aware about HR practices being followed
now days. The field of HR is evolving with a great pace, training methods
are changing and different types of training is being focused in today’s
world. In this chapter we will also discuss about planned and intentional
learning process known as management development programme that aims
to increase managerial efficacy of the employees.
When a company employs an outside provider to handle all of its learning
and development activities or processes, that arrangement is known as
training process outsourcing which has different benefits discussed below.
Next the chapter focuses on the scope of training that is considered to be
very wide when compared to other activities of the enterprise, it covers
many new concepts namely: onboarding training, quality management
training, product and services training, soft skills training and technical
skills training.
2.3 New Methods of Training and Development
2.3.1 Hands on Training

Training that allows each student to gain experience while performing
tasks, making decisions, or using tools suitable to the job assignment for
which the training is being conducted is referred to as hands-on training.
Training that involves students performing tasks they will be required to
perform on the job location is referred to as hands-on training.
“Hands-on training means direct practical experience in the operation
or functioning of a skill or task and involves active participation by a
student.”
Following are the reasons for taking Hands on approach:
1. Employees gain knowledge by doing practical: Many tasks in the
business cannot be learnt just by reading about them but a real-
life experience is necessary. Therefore, hands on training allows
PAGE 159
Notes employees to learn by practicing, interacting and getting instant

feedback.
2. Work seems more engaging: Even though the majority of people
are keen in improving their skills, the actual process can be tiresome
and boring. By creating an in-depth experiment, practical experience
that is enjoyable and engaging, a hands-on technique does the task
by overcoming boredom. According to a research, having a fun and
enjoyable learning increases motivation while improving focus and
memory.
3. Suits almost every task: People prefer to learn in various methods,
and learning is not a consistent process. For instance, while some
students may learn just by seeing the concept, others may prefer
to perform it. A hands on training suits all kinds of tasks and help
the learners to engage better with their work.
4. Employees feel confident: Despite the fact that traditional training
methods impart knowledge, it is rare for employees to use the
learnings in their places of employment and instantly put that
knowledge into practise. A hands-on approach however, enables
participants to learn new behaviours that have an instant effect on
performance and productivity which makes them feel more motivated
and confident.
2.3.2 E-Learning
An planned course or learning exercise that is presented electronically is
known as e-learning; it may contain study materials, practice exercises,
video lectures, etc. It is sometimes referred as web-based learning. Unlike
traditional learning methods, e-learning enables participants to take part
in a structured learning experience regardless of their physical location.
E-Learning
Synchronous Asynchronous
Figure 2.1: Types of E-learning
160 PAGE
E-learning or web-based learning is of two types namely, synchronous Notes

and asynchronous.
1. Synchronous web-based learning is instructor-facilitated and it requires
all participants to be virtually present at the same time and on the
same platform. A live class is the example of this type of e-learning.
2. Asynchronous web-based learning is a self-paced learning and
everyone can learn according to their availability and need.
Advantages of E-learning on the workplace:
1. Cost-efficient: It is considered as a cost-efficient solution for the
employee as well as the employer. Travelling and setting a premise
cost for giving training is almost nil under e-learning.
2. Easy access to material: The training study material can be accessed
easily and in one click. Some companies also offer access to these
materials for the life time of the employee.
3. Flexibility: E-learning is the most flexible kind of learning as it can
be accessed from any place at any particular point of time. Learners
(employees) have more freedom to access these sources of learning
in their busy schedules.
4. Employees become self-dependant: Employees learn things on their
own by gaining knowledge from different software’s, so they feel
less dependant on anyone and pursue their training according to
their pace of learning.
2.3.3 Shadowing
It’s a form of on-the-job training where a worker picks up knowledge
from a more experienced co-worker by imitating and watching them. It
can be a very effective training method because it allows one individual to
learn from another. It is a practical way of learning a work. The purpose
of job shadowing is to assist interns, students, or employees who want
to learn more about performing a task that they are not familiar with.
Benefits of Shadowing:
1. Helps in gaining experience: It is an excellent way to give interns
and workers valuable work experience. This kind of on-the-job
training can actually help interns learn new skills and to understand
PAGE 161
Notes the industry and the position, when compared to internships that
only involve simple and repetitive tasks.
2. Helps in assessing the prerequisites of the job: Job shadowing can
assist you in deciding whether or not to pursue a particular field
as a career by providing a glimpse into the day-to-day activities of
a job position. It can also assist you in determining whether you
possess the necessary skills to perform the work.
3. Helps in building network: Job shadowing is a good method to build
networks with people in the industry who already work there or
want to. Establishing professional connections is possible by job
shadowing.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. _________ It’s a form of on-the-job training where a worker
picks up knowledge from a more experienced co-worker by
imitating and watching them.
2. Synchronous web-based learning is instructor-facilitated and it
requires all participants to be virtually present at the same time.
(True/False)
3. Which of the following is not a benefit of E-learning?
(a) Cost efficient
(b) Flexible
(c) Time saving
(d) Requires a device to access
4. _________ means direct practical experience in the operation or
functioning of a skill or task and involves active participation
by a student.
5. Hands on training allows employees to learn by practicing,
interacting and getting instant feedback. (True/False)
162 PAGE
2.4 Management Development Programs Notes
Through a planned and intentional learning process, management

development programmes aim to increase managerial efficacy. When
compared to traditional training, management development programmes
focus on improving the conceptual and interpersonal skills of managers
and leaders through planned and structured processes. These programs aim
to sensitize managers about emerging issues in the corporate environment.
“It is a programme of training and planned personal development purporting
to prepare and aid managers in their present and future jobs.” (Yoder)
2.4.1 Characteristics of Management Development Program

1. Continuous Activity: Since managerial skills cannot be acquired
overnight, it is a continuous process rather than a “one-off” event.
Because there is no end to learning, it goes on throughout an
executive’s complete professional career.
2. Improves Performance: The goal of management development is to
better equip managers with the skills they need to operate at their
highest levels.
3. Organised Process: Rather than learning haphazardly or through
trial and error, it is a systematic procedure to prepare managers
and executives for developments happening in the corporate world.
4. Guided Development: The managers are guided by professionals
to pursue a work undertaken in a sequential manner, so that their
development process proceed towards achieving goals and mastering
things.
5. Deficiency Improver: Programs under management development
are tailored to cater each manager’s needs in order to address both
functional and personal weaknesses.
2.4.2 Purpose of Management Development

1. Participating in management development programmes helps the
managers and executives to maintain and sustain their performance
throughout their lives despite of challenging situations.
PAGE 163
Notes 2. It helps to enhance the existing performance level of managers and

executives.
3. Helps in preparing the current employees to become good managers
in the future and handle every situation calmly.
4. To make it possible for the organisation to have access to the
necessary number of managers with the necessary qualifications to
meet its current and expected requirements.
5. To make sure that the organization’s management resources are
used effectively and efficiently.
2.4.3 Benefits of Management Development Programs

There are many benefits of opting for management development programmes
at individual, manager and organisational level.
Figure 2.2: Benefits of Management Development

(A) Benefits at individual level:
1. Improves motivation and capacity of an individual to achieve his
personal and professional goals.
2. Decrease in the tension caused by unresolved performance requirements
gaps for individuals.
3. Individuals feel more confident in the work they perform and submit
it on time.
164 PAGE
4. Individuals develop a capacity to face any future challenges calmly. Notes

5. Chances of getting retained in the same job in tough times (Like
mass layoffs).
(B) Benefits for the managers:
1. They will face less performance related (on the job) problems as
employees are fully trained and motivated.
2. They get more helping hands in facing new challenges emerging
in ever changing business environment.
3. They face less challenges as all tasks are completed and submitted
on time by the trained employees.
(C) Benefits for the organization:
1. An improved capacity and ability to meet the present and old
organisational needs is shown by the employees.
2. Improved success and improved results in a higher level of effectiveness
for the unit.
3. Increased commitment is shown by employees towards achieving
organisational goals as a result of people’ improved level of
motivation.
4. Increased provision of continuous learning rather than on the spot
training, which helps the employees to stay engaged with the tasks
and finish them on time.
2.4.4 Steps Involved in Management Development Programs

The steps of a comprehensive management development programme are
as follows:
1. Considering Organisational Objectives: This is the first stage of this
programme which focuses on looking into organisational objectives.
These objectives and goals provide direction and create a structure
for the management programme.
2. Ascertaining Development Needs: Identifying development needs
help in forecasting organisations present and future workforce
needs. This step involves ascertaining all job-related components
and helping the organisation to perform a critical job analysis.
PAGE 165
Notes 3. Appraisal of present management talent and preparation of

Manpower inventory is the next step. Here existing management
is evaluated and their qualifications and contributions are recorded.
4. Planning of training and development program: Organising and
conducting a training and development program is the task of the
personnel department. Interests of the organisation and the individuals,
both are kept in mind while framing such program.
5. Establishment of training program: The personnel department after
finalizing a particular training program launches it. This program
can contain one or a number of crash courses in different fields of
human relations, creative thinking, decision making, professional
development, etc.
6. Evaluation of the launched program: Next step focus on the
systematic gathering and assessment of data obtained from the
employees (participants in the training program) for determining
the effectiveness of the training program.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. _________ is a programme of training and planned personal
development purporting to prepare and aid managers in their
present and future jobs.
7. When compared to traditional training, management development
programmes focus on improving the conceptual and interpersonal
skills of managers and leaders through planned and structured
processes. (True/False)
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of management
development program?
(a) Continuous activity
(b) Organised process
(c) Does guided development
(d) Creates confusion
9. The first step in management development program is planning
of training and development program. (True/False)
166 PAGE
10. The last step of management development program is looking Notes

into organisational objectives. (True/False)
2.5 Training Process Outsourcing

Almost every sector has experienced changes in job roles and responsibilities.
For the current workforce to effectively perform these jobs, new skill
sets are required. Due to the widespread adoption of more adaptable
workplace models by many organisations, employee training programmes
have shifted to digital platforms. Many organisations have also adopted
outsourcing to simplify the training and development programmes and
give these a digital form.
When a company employs an outside provider to handle all of its learning
and development activities or processes, that arrangement is known as
training process outsourcing. This type of outsourcing is different from
others. Or when an organisation gets its employees trained by an outside
agency, it is called training process outsourcing.
2.5.1 Benefits of Training Process Outsourcing

1. Helps in Prioritising work: Training is a requirement for almost every
business, but the creation, administration, and delivery of training
can divert attention from the main objective and core activities of a
business. That is why many companies prefer to outsource training
and learning experts and activities.
2. Reduces Costs: Companies primarily sublet training in order to
save money. They hire an agency and an amount is fixed to deliver
services. This improves money management and wastage is reduced,
as the expert agency is already hired.
3. Improvement of skills and talent: No business has all the internal
information it requires to succeed. You may occasionally require a
unique collection of abilities. When specialised knowledge is needed,
a managed-services expert can bring in the appropriate consultants
or train staff members for the new skill emerging in the market.
PAGE 167
Notes 4. Reduction of Risk: Training helps to avoid failures. If we don’t give

our clients or workers the training they require when they need it on
upgraded software’s, technologies, machines, etc. this will put the
company in a bad position and the rivals will take the first mover
advantage. So, due to expertise of the outsourcing agency in this
area, they assist the management in lowering danger and avoiding
unnecessary expenses.
5. Helps in saving time: When companies outsource training agencies,
they are free to focus on other tasks and training does not hamper
the other operations of the business. Also, when knowledge is
imparted by an expert the candidates grasp things quickly and tend
to come on floor using these skills in a minimal time frame.
6. High quality learning: When training is imparted by an expert the
learning is more focused and is of high quality.
7. Flexible contracts: Outsourcing is flexible, giving businesses the
freedom to end a contract early or alter its terms without paying
huge fees if they are unhappy with the results and way services
are provided.
2.5.2 Activities included in Training Process Outsourcing

Following are some of the activities that are included in training process
outsourcing:
1. Strategy Development: In order to reskill their existing workforce,
many organisations are concentrating on creating new learning
strategies today. Learning strategies that optimise training will be
developed through a strategic process by an experienced training
provider. These outsourced training agencies helps in formulating
the best training strategies, that will help the business to grow in
the right direction.
2. Learning Administrative tasks: Training Process outsourcing involves
imparting training related to various tasks of business operations like
planning, budgeting, and content administration. They might also
involve running a learning management system. These administrative
tasks can be learned easily from experts while outsourcing.
168 PAGE
3. Measurement of the results: After the training has been completed Notes
and employees start using these tools in their daily work, their
current performance is compared to past performance and results
are measured. This helps in determining if the training program
was useful or not.
4. Monitoring the learning: A professional training outsourcing agency
helps in monitoring the learning process of the employees, it has
its own analytics to keep an eye on an employees performance. It
makes the task of organisation easy and also helps the employees
to improve themselves.
2.6 Scope of Training

Scope of training is very wide, and it depends on the type of employees
and type of jobs to be trained. A variety of areas are covered under scope
of training, which is discussed below:
Figure 2.3: Scope of training
2.6.1 On Board Training

“On board training means practical training on board training vessel or
merchant ship in operation, as part of an approved training, carried out
PAGE 169
Notes under the direction of a qualified person, the master or an officer authorized
thereof and in accordance with an approved programme”. The process
of onboarding helps new hires develop the abilities, attitudes, and habits
necessary to contribute positively to a company. On board trainings are
intended to help new hires or internal transfers adjust to their new roles.
Onboarding’s primary objectives are to familiarize new employees with
the company and give them the relevant information necessary for their
positions.
2.6.2 Soft Skills Training

Rather than a person’s technical abilities, social skills are a combination
of abilities linked to people and socialisation. Relationship development,
partnership, communication, problem-solving, and leadership are a few
examples of soft skills we see around us. Organisations are seen giving
more importance to development of hard skills and underestimate the
importance and need of soft skills. Following are the benefits that are
linked to soft skill training:
(a) Improvement in customer service: Employees will perform better
by being able to actively listen to customers to determine their
requirements, spot issues, and offer solutions for their problems.
After improving their soft skills, they are also likely to have
more empathy and compassion, which can significantly improve
organizations customer relations.
(b) Increase sales: Sales team will gain from developing soft skills when
engaging in sale negotiations. Customers will certainly appreciate
this if employees can use their skills to connect with customers on
a more personal level while maintaining the crucial professional
limits.
(c) Employee retention: Investment in employees professional learning
and development, helps the company to retain more talent. Soft
skills also help employees retain information and take charge of
their own personal growth. Employees would always want to stay
connected with these kinds of organisations.
(d) Retention of Customers: The company’s that treat their customers
politely and give solutions to their problems within a short time
170 PAGE
are more likely to retain more customers as compared to their Notes

competitors.
Following are some of the soft skills whose training should be imparted
to gain more competitive advantage:
(i) Leadership: The soft skill that relates to the ability to lead others
while achieving the objectives and purpose of the organisation is
leadership. Employees who receive leadership development training
will be better able to share, offer and accept constructive criticism,
and assume accountability for the project’s deliverables. They will
also be able to distribute the work well and motivate others in the
right direction.
(ii) Communication: Oral and written communication abilities enable
productive speech at work. Organisation will enable the employees
to convey themselves more clearly, attend calls more actively and
attentively, and produce better results from difficult conversations
by enhancing their communication skills.
(iii) Time Management: Skills in time management show the ability to
use work time efficiently by planning in advance and allocating it
fair work to all employees. Enhancing time management enables
your staff to accomplish work objectives more swiftly and improves
productivity.
(iv) Problem Solving: In order to come up with answers, problem-solving
skills combine analytical and creative thinking. When it comes to
identifying issues and possible obstacles to projects employees
will surely behave in a proactive manner. Additionally, they’ll be
trained better in using, and developing alternative remedies for the
problems.
(v) Critical thinking: This is the capacity to evaluate data neutrally,
consider various viewpoints, and draw logical conclusions free of
prejudice or emotion. It also encourages your staff to “think outside
the box.”
PAGE 171
Notes 2.6.3 Technical Skills Training

Technical skills are the specialised knowledge and proficiency needed to
carry out particular duties and make use of particular tools and programmes
in practical settings. Technical skills, also known as hard skills, are the
application of your practical information to tasks. Benefits of providing
technical skill training:
(a) Equip employees: Imparting technical skill training to employees
equip them with the latest tools and up to date information about
the industry.
(b) Increases confidence among employees: Job satisfaction and
participation can rise when workers are able to keep up with the
most recent skill requirements of their positions. This is because
confident workers are more likely to execute their duties with high
quality.
(c) Timely deliveries: When an employee is equipped with latest tools
and know its correct usage, the task is tend to complete on time
with quality.
(d) Increased productivity: Imparting technical training to employees
not only enhances employees work quality but also increases their
productivity. In less time more tasks are achieved.
Types of technical skills that are in demand:
(i) Data analytics: Discovering hidden patterns, unseen trends, finding
correlations, and gaining insightful knowledge from big datasets
are all part of the process of data analytics, which is used to make
business predictions. Your company runs more quickly and effectively
as a result.
(ii) Cybersecurity Skills: You could assist in defending a company’s
networks from cyberattacks and looking into real security breaches
if you have these and other technical skills in cybersecurity.
(iii) Social Media Management: Social media management is the process
of researching target audiences on social media, coming up with
a strategy that works for them, producing and distributing content
for social media profiles, keeping an eye on online discussions,
172 PAGE
working with influencers, and doing volunteer work. It is a very Notes

popular skill in today’s scenario.
(iv) Programming Languages: They are a type of written language that
instructs machines on what to do. Any aspiring programmer should
be acquainted with popular programming languages like HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript.
(v) Financial Tools: You could assist a business track its financial
performance and remain up to date on investment regulations and
policies by using these and other financial technical skills and tools.
There are many more technical skills that are being imparted on a regular
basis to the employees. Some of them are listed here and many more are
coming up daily. It is the duty of the personnel department to identify
these skills and impart them to the employees. These skills can definitely
earn the company a feeling of competitive advantage over the competitors.
2.6.4 Product and Service Training

A learning programme called “product knowledge training” contains all the
details about your products or services that trainees need to be familiar
with in order to do their jobs well. Product training can concentrate on
a variety of topics, have a variety of learning objectives, and help the
company in a variety of ways depending on the roles and responsibilities
of the participants. Benefits of giving product and service training:
(i) Easy customization: Having a full knowledge about the product and
service helps the employee to create customizations easily as they
are trained to do so when a customer demands about customized
products.
(ii) Upcoming technology and updates: Products and services are seeing
innovations every day. With proper training employees tend to have
proper and timely information about these innovations.
(iii) Enhanced knowledge of the product and service: Training helps
employees to have an enhanced and detailed knowledge about the
products and services offered by the organisation.
(iv) Creation of loyal customers: When employees are well informed
about products and services offered by the firm, they have answer to
PAGE 173
Notes all the queries asked by the customers. When customers get timely
responses and answers to their queries, they tend to become loyal
to the organisation and its products.
2.6.5 Quality Training

An excellent, thorough training program gives staff members a better
understanding of the goals, methods, and policies of your company. Also,
it equips individuals with the information and abilities necessary for them
to perform their jobs well. Businesses that care about giving customers
the most value for their money are preferred by the public to work with
and conduct business with. By providing quality management training,
organisations earn the following benefits:
(a) More focus on the customer: Staff members will have a better grasp
of what customers need, a delighted customer might serve as an
unofficial brand spokesman, enhancing the company’s toughness,
prosperity, and stability. Therefore, employees are imparted with
this training.
(b) Waste minimisation: Employees’ focus on quality will rise once
they are engaged in quality management training programs, this
contributes to lowering waste and errors, boosting profit margins,
and driving growth.
(c) Better quality: Errors can be decreased with the assistance of an
effective quality management training programme. When you develop
a habit of making fewer mistakes in the beginning, proficiency and
customer satisfaction rise.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
11. When a company employs an outside provider to handle all
of its learning and development activities or processes, that
arrangement is known as ________.
12. Learning programming languages and data analytics is a form
of soft skill training. (True/False)
174 PAGE
13. Onboarding’s primary objectives are to familiarize new employees Notes

with the company and give them the relevant information
necessary for their positions. (Yes/No)
2.7 Summary
Training is a planned programme designed to improve performance and to
bring about measurable changes in knowledge, skills, attitude and social
behaviour of employees. Scope of training has expanded to different areas
covering soft skills training, technical skills training, quality management
training, products and services training etc.
Hands-on training means direct practical experience in the operation or
functioning of a skill or task and involves active participation by a student
it has many benefits including imparting of practical knowledge, seems
more engaging and creates highly confident workforce.
Similarly e-learning is another popular concept, it means imparting
knowledge electronically. It is highly flexible and time saving for
employees. Shadowing is a form of on-the-job training where a worker
picks up knowledge from a more experienced co-worker by imitating
and watching them. It can be a very effective training method because
it allows one individual to learn from another.
We have also discussed about management development program which
is a programme of training and planned personal development purporting
to prepare and aid managers in their present and future jobs. When an
organisation gets its employees trained by an outside agency, it is called
training process outsourcing it has many benefits for the employees and
the organisation both. It includes activities like strategy development,
learning administrative tasks, monitoring the learning and measurement
of the results.
1. Shadowing
2. True
PAGE 175
Notes 3. (d) Requires a device to access

4. Hands-on training
5. True
6. Management development program
7. True
8. (d) Creates confusion
9. False
10. False
11. Training process outsourcing
12. False
13. Yes

1. What are the new methods of training and development in todays
scenario?
2. What do you mean by ‘e-learning’? Discuss its advantages and
disadvantages for the employees.
3. Explain the concept of shadowing and discuss its benefits for the
employees?
4. Explain the concept of management development programmes? List
its characteristics and benefits for the employees and management.
5. What are the steps involved in formation of management development
program?
6. Define the concept and benefits of training process outsourcing?
7. What do you mean by training? Discuss how scope of training has
evolved during the recent years?
(a) Hands-on training
(b) Quality management training
176 PAGE
(c) Soft skills Notes

(d) Technical skills training
9. Differentiate between soft skills training and hard skills training.
How according to you training has evolved in the recent times?
Which one from these is more important for a startup?
2.10 References
https://trainingindustry.com/blog/leadership/5-reasons-to-take-a-hands-
on-approach-to-soft-skills-training/
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/hands-on-training
https://www.infoprolearning.com/blog/what-are-the-benefits-of-training-
process-outsourcing/
https://isg-one.com/articles/top-10-reasons-you-should-outsource-some-
training-and-its-development
https://www.ispringsolutions.com/blog/soft-skills-training
Chand & Sons.

Thomson Learning.
Chhadha, T.N., “Human Resource Management”, Dhanpat Rai & Co.,
Delhi, 2004.
PAGE 177
UNIT - IV
PAGE 179
L E S S O N
1
Performance Appraisal
Dr. Anudeep Arora
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
STRUCTURE
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Overview of Performance Appraisal
1.4 Summary
1.7 References

To create a competitive compensation plan aligning with the job market.
To evaluate the company budget.
To analyze the behaviour of individuals.
To apply validating objectives using the SMART principle.
To understand the employees output and increase their full potential.
To remember the performance management system.
The evaluation system is a tool for appraising an employee’s job performance. Reviewing
is a prolonged process that entails gathering, investigating, evaluating, and documenting
information about an employee’s real value.
The foremost purpose of performance assessment is to quantify and boost employee productivity
so as to boost their future prospects and value to the business. Other aspirations include
formative assessment, enhancing communication, identifying training needs, articulating
roles and responsibilities, and determining how to disseminate rewards.
PAGE 181
Notes HR leaders act as a catalyst in forming compensation plans that meet

the needs and desires of employees while also keeping in sync with the
company’s vision. Maintaining excellent pay can escort to an improvement
in Engagement, Retention, and Productivity.
Companies that would provide competitive and life-enhancing compensation
can increase workplace motivation and improve work performance, resulting
in greater company success.
1.2 Introduction
Meaning of Performance Appraisal:
Performance appraisal is the critical examination of employees’ effectiveness
and recognition of a person’s abilities for future growth and development.
Performance analysis is typically carried out in the following ways:
1. Supervisors evaluate employee pay and compare it to targets and
plans.
2. The supervisor explores the factors that determine employees’ work
performance.
3. Employers are in a position to motivate and inspire employees to
improve their performance.
Performance in connection to the job’s specified criteria. It involves a
subjective statement of the employee’s strengths and limitations, relative
worth to the company, and the likelihood of future advancement.
The assessment of an employee’s job-related achievement with the intention
in mind of enhancing the individual’s performance is recognized as
performance management. It also serves as justification for determining
an employee’s pay and advancement opportunities.
The judgment is a process, whereas performance supervision is a system. In
contrast to appraisals, which is dependent upon fixed metrics, performance
management takes a pragmatic approach. Management of performance is
a strategic solution or tool. Performance evaluation is a tactical solution
or tool.
182 PAGE
1.3 Overview of Performance Appraisal Notes
1.3.1 Nature, Objectives and Process

Nature of Performance Appraisal:
The evaluation system serves three primary purposes:
1. To provide valuable input on every employee’s skill.
2. To provide a foundation for modifying or changing behaviour
patterns toward more productive work habits.
3. To provide managers with information to assist them while determining
on future job assignments and compensation.
Objectives of Employee Appraisal:
Performance appraisal can be conducted with the following goals in mind:
1. To keep track so as to establish salaries and bonuses, pay structure,
annual bonuses, and so on.
2. To identify employees’ quality and weak point such that they place
the right men at the accurate jobs.
3. To preserve and evaluate a human’s potential for development and
advancement.
4. To assists workforce with suggestions on their performance and
related status.
5. It sets the stage for influencing employees’ working habits.
6. To analyze and maintain advertising and other skills training.
Advantages of Annual Reviews:
Annual reviewing is an effective assessment structure in a corporation’s
opportunity to invest in such a way that it can be substantiated by the
numerous advantages:
1. Advancement: The appraisal system aids supervisors in constructing
promotion activities for efficiently and effectively as possible. In
this regard, inefficient employees may be dismissed or demoted.
2. Remuneration: Performance appraisal aids in the growth of worker
compensation packages. Performance assessment allows for job
PAGE 183
Notes evaluation. Performance appraisal makes an attempt to allocate

financial value for its effective output. Performance-based compensation
packages include bonuses, maximum wage, worker profit, allowances,
and prerequisites. Merit should be favoured and laced above white
seniority.
3. Employee Development: The methodical process of performance
assessment supports supervisors in creating training programs and
policies. It aims to assist in evaluating workers’ shortcomings and
strengths in order to develop new job opportunities for competent
work. It also aids in the planning of future production schemes.
4. Selection Validation: Job evaluation administration and compliance
in recognizing the authenticity and relevance of the collection
method. Supervisors gain knowledge about the truthfulness and
thus the advantages and disadvantages of the selection method.
Adjustments to selection methods could be ready in the upcoming
period of time.
5. Communication: Employer and worker interaction must be effective
for an entire organisation. Communication can be sought through
performance appraisal in the following ways:
(a) Employers can comprehend and accept subordinates’ skills
throughout performance evaluation parameter.
(b) Subordinates to recognize and inculcate superiors’ assurance
and faith.
(c) It aids in the maintenance of cordial and amicable labour-
management relations.
(d) It fosters positive job atmosphere thereby boosting employee
morale.
These aforementioned factors contribute to valuable statement.
6. Inspiration: Performance review can be utilized to encourage
workers. If goals are met, a person’s effectiveness can be assessed
by evaluating their performance. This efficiently and successfully
encourages an individual to do a pretty good job and supports him
in enhancing his performance over time.
184 PAGE
Process of Performance review: Notes

1. Setting performance benchmarks: The very first stage in performance
review is to create the benchmarks that will be utilized to draw
comparisons staff members’ actual performance.
Setting the yardstick for assessing employee productivity as either
successful or else ineffective. This will help in determining the
degrees of contribution to organizational goals, is needed in this
step. The standards recognized are meant to be clear, understandable,
and measurable.
If the employee’s performance cannot be evaluated, the benchmarks
must be made explicit.
Figure 1.1: Process of Performance review

2. The dissemination of norms: Once established, its management’s
responsibility to share information the benchmarks to all employees
of the organization. Employees must be informed, and the standards
must be clearly explained to them. Eventually it will lend a hand
them in understanding their roles and what is expected of them. The
standards should also be communicated to appraisers or evaluators,
and if necessary, the standards can be modified at this stage based
on relevant employee feedback or evaluators.
PAGE 185
Notes 3. Actual performance evaluation: The trickiest aspect of the evaluation

process is attempting to determine the performance of the employee,
which refers to the staff members’ final release over the period
of time specified. It is a currently underway method that involves
performance tracking all year long. This stage typically requires
the cautious selection of suitable monitoring systems, guaranteeing
that biasness does not affect the findings.
4. Actual performance versus expected outcome: True performance
is assessed in contrast to preferred or level of performance. The
comparison reveals distinctions in job performance from the accepted
rules. The consequence may appear to suggest that performance
level is higher than desired performance or that current results is
lower than desired performance, indicating a critical deviation in
organizational performance. It entails recalling, evaluating, and
analyzing employee performance data.
5. Discussing results [Feedback]: The evaluation outcomes are
communicated by debating with employees one-on-one. This conversation
focuses on interaction and listening. The outcomes, problems,
and potential solutions are now being discussed with the goal of
conflict resolution and reaching consensus. Positive feedback must
be given with a favourable feeling since it may impact the workers’
future results. Management staff’ job evaluation input ought to be
beneficial in fixing problems made by employees and encourage
them to do better, rather than disheartening them. If the assignment
of supplying constructive feedback is not treated carefully, emotional
outbursts can happen. Staff members should often be trained prior
to actually soliciting feedback.
1.3.2 Performance Management

Performance appraisal is a commercial tool that enables managers to
track and assess the work done by their staff. The objective of actual
supervision is to foster a setting where individuals can conduct themselves
towards the finest of their potential and deliver the work of the highest
calibre in the most efficient and effective manner:
186 PAGE
1. Achievement frameworks assist participants in conducting to the Notes

highest level possible and generating the superior work in the most
effective and efficient way.
2. The quality management commandment is to perceive folks within
the context of the overall workplace system.
3. The performance approach involves accountability and transparency
while inspiring clear expectations.
1.3.3 Methods of Performance Management

Conventional methods for quality management involve creating and
evaluating aims, expectations, and deliverables. They also want to define
what effective performance looks like and create processes for measuring
it. Performance management, as opposed to the traditional model of year-
end reviews, perspectives every communication with an employee as an
opportunity to learn.
Every employee in a company desires to progress in terms of social status,
funds, and abilities. Over the last century, businesses have recognized
the value of having a system for performance evaluation for marketing
and remuneration decision making. However, most companies and staff
are discontented with annually assessment methods.
It is believed that 45% of HR managers believe yearly review sites do
not provide an accurate picture of an appraisal.
There are five modern methods of appraisal system that can be employed
to create a more genuine and truthful system for performance evaluation:
Management Based on Objectives (MBO)
Method of 360-Degree Feedback
Assessment Center Method
Method of Accounting for Human Resources
Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) Method
These methods are effective in evaluating the qualitative and quantitative
aspects of an individual’s performance. These methods should be implemented
being a part of your digital system of performance management to ensure
PAGE 187
Notes a higher rate of success and derive maximum benefits. There are five
modern methods of appraisal system that can be employed to create a
more genuine and truthful system for performance evaluation:
Modern Performance Appraisal Methods:
1. Management by Objectives (MBO)
Managers and employees work together to determine strategy, arrange,
and interact targets in this technique. The SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-sensitive) method is
utilized to verify targets for a specific evaluation period. After
establishing specific goals, managers and employees meet on a
regular basis to discuss the feasibility of achieving those objectives
and the progress made. These progress indicators aid in analyzing
an employee’s contributions towards the end of review period.
Success is recognized with appraisals such as salary increases or
promotions, whereas others are re-evaluated for additional training.
With constant interaction between manager and employee, success is
measured on tangible and measurable goals. But in such a scenario,
Intangible factors such as interpersonal skills are not taken into
account. The MBO concept is suitable for various sizes of businesses
wherein evaluation for 360-Degree Feedback Method is adopted.
360-Degree level of opinion is gaining popularity as a multi-dimensional
method of performance evaluation. The technique concentrates on
collecting input from each individual whom an employee comes into
contact, such as managers, customers, peers, and so on. When data
is gathered from multiple sources, the possibility of a manager’s bias
influencing an appraisal which is being eliminated. Furthermore, it
leads to a clearer picture of the employee’s work competence.
Businesses recognize that in order to stay motivated and engaged,
employees seek impartial and objective feedback on their performance.
A continuous 360-degree digital feedback method provides the
employee with additional channels of feedback. The objective
evaluation is regarded as fair and encourages employees to boost
their performance in illumination of the appraisal. In fact, managers
improve the profitability by 8.9%.
188 PAGE
2. Assessment Center Method Notes

The assessment center concept, initially launched by the German
Army in the 1930s, has been modernized to fit the current business
environment. Employees are evaluated based on their performance in
social-stimulating activities such as position, judgments, conversations,
and so on. Employee performance is examined in order to identify
future leaders and managers.
The Assessment Center Method’s effectiveness enables employees
to gain a clear portrait of their own effectiveness as well as how
others perceive them. These exercises can also demonstrate the
influence of other cultures and nationalities on their performance. It
is simpler to assess an employee’s actual performance and predicting
future performance.
This method can be tailored to meet a specific requirement, position,
placement, or goals, and it can focus on providing insight into an
employee’s public persona. But many a times it can be time-consuming
and costly activity. It is generally suitable for producers; service
providers, academic facilities, and consulting firms. Evaluations are
employed by Philips and Microsoft so as to recognize leaders of
tomorrow in their institutions.
3. Human Resource Accounting Method
It is used to assess an employee’s score dependent upon economic
rewards they receive from the organization. It is also known as the
Human Capital Cost Accounting Method. This means that such an
employee’s performance is assessed against the salary and other
benefits provided by the company.
The expense of retaining an employee in terms of their contributions
is calculated to determine the employee’s cost to the organization.
This method of performance assessment takes into account factors
like work quality, overhead expenses, component average service
value, communication skills, and so on. The objective is to see
how the efforts compare in terms of cost (recruiting and selection,
employing, mentoring, and improvement) to the organization. The
company ascertains employees using this method based on the
expense to the company.
PAGE 189
Notes The valuation an employee brings to the organisation can be effectively

measured but there are no clear requirements for calculating the
cost and value of an employee. It may vary based on the evaluator.
Thus, it is ideal for Small and medium-sized businesses in which
each employee’s contribution are crucial to the company.
4. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
Both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of an employee are
assessed in these modern techniques of performance appraisal.
BARS compare an employee’s performance to specific behavioural
examples that are rated numerically. BARS have a set of
pre-determined standards known as BARS statements that are based
on an employee’s role and job level. These statements serve as
yardsticks for assessing performance at each BARS scale level.
BARS sets up typical workplace behaviours based on a job role and
evaluates an employee’s performance in relation to these established
standards. The appropriate results of an employee in any given
situation (critical incidents) are measured. BARS-based performance
appraisal yields more accurate and unbiased results.
Thus, BARS establish clear standards and delivers accurate and
consistent results.
Organizations comprehend the importance of providing staff with
performance reviews. However, it sometimes ignores the fact that
employees are also people who need guidance to stay motivated
and improve. Performance evaluation will become more human-
centered in the coming years. That means the human aspect of the
manager-employee relationship will be prioritized.
A forward-thinking approach to your performance management
system and performance appraisal can aid in the conception of a
proactive working environment. Staff members will be more satisfied
with their work if you take a more realistic and human approach
to evaluating their performance. An employee satisfaction makes
a significant contribution to the business survival by operating to
the highest level possible.
190 PAGE
1.3.4 Potential Appraisal Notes
Potential appraisal is a future-oriented appraisal with the primary goal

of determining and assessing employees’ potential to presume higher
positions and duties in the organization chart.
A highly promising appraisal system should allow every employee to know
the outcomes of the assessment. The identification of a person’s hidden
talents and skills is referred to as potential appraisal. The person may or
may not be aware of them. To put it simply, performance appraisal is a
guess of how well an employee conducted, whereas potential appraisal
is an estimate of how well he might perform.
Techniques of potential appraisal:–
Self-appraisals.
Peer appraisals.
Superior appraisals.
MBO.
Psychological and psychometric tests.
Management games like role playing.
Leadership exercises etc.
Potential appraisal is a component of performance evaluation that aides
in recognizing individuals’ hidden talents and potential. Identifying these
human potential assists individuals in preparing for greater positions and
stances in the future.
1.3.5 Employee Counselling

Employee counselling: all you need to know. Employee counselling is an
integral part of annual reviews and potential evaluations if they want to
achieve their real purpose of aiding employees in growing and developing.
Employees may be even more displeased after counselling if not been
handled carefully and sensitively. Employee guidance is a technique
of understanding and trying to assist individuals who are starting to
experience technological, individual, and sentimental adjustment issues
that are meddling with their job performance.
PAGE 191
Notes “Employee consultation involves a debate of an emotional issue with an

employee with the overall goal of decreasing it”, says Keith Davis.
Employee Counseling: An Overview:
In today’s modern highly complex environment, HR consultation has
become a vital responsibility of HR managers, as counselling plays a
crucial role in a assortment of the job.
Thus a nostalgic moral dilemma might have resulted from the employee’s
dysfunction as a result of personal attributes. The nature of the job, the
nature of supervision, an emotionless work group, conflict, and others
are a few of the constructs that may be causing this mental instability.
Personal factors may include the employee’s personal and family life,
unwelcome events in his family life, inability to meet job requirements.
All of these factors contribute to emotional maladjustment, and if its not
addressed through proper counselling, the employee may exhibit signs
of dissatisfaction, which is detrimental to both the organization and the
employee.
There may be instances in an institution when, despite having everything
in order, an employee does not accomplish it well. This continues to pose
serious dangers. An individual who does the work but does not perform
well is a liability to the organization. Counselling is the most effective
and proven method of dealing with these types of issues. Counselling has
numerous advantages. It not only encourages good employee performance
but also addresses the underlying causes of poor and marginal performance.
Employee guidance is the most essential tool for a manager who wants
to enhance an employee’s behaviour and performance. If glitches remain
despite feedback and coaching, two other important tools with a manager,
counselling may be required.
Counselling is positive and constructive, focusing on the problem rather
than the employee. Counselling is a formal, face-to-face conversation
between a supervisor and an employee about behaviour and performance. It
is an effective way for a manager to have a positive impact on employee
performance.
A successful counsellor must meet specific criteria. The first and most
important requirement is that he or she be approachable and have good
interpersonal and communication skills. Should have a genuine desire
192 PAGE
to help others and an open mind, as well as a flexible and challenging Notes
attitude.
Employee counselling takes place as part of a supportive process in which
the psychologist and the staff collaborate to solve a problem, change
behaviour, or promote personal growth and awareness. The therapeutic
relationships confidential and not reciprocal. The focus of a counsellor
is to offer support and encouragement to the employee.
It is based on the assumption that if an employee is properly counselled
by skilled managers, his or her performance will improve. Employee
consultation is defined as working to assist poor or underperforming
employees improve, so having an effective and well-documented counselling
curriculum is critical for two reasons: first, to improve performance,
and second, to serve as support and possible evidence for subsequent
termination if the employee fails to improve.
Employee counselling is a vital part of performance review and potential
appraisal, if these are to achieve their basic purpose of helping employees
to improve and develop. Unless carefully and sensitively handled, employees
may become more dissatisfied after the counselling than before.
Counselling is described as the help provided by the manager so as
to manage the subordinates in analyzing their performance and other
behaviours at the workplace, such that the performance is enhanced.
Counselling is also used sometimes as a part of coaching and reviewing
one’s performance. Such a review identifies not only the potential for
development but also the training needs for further improvements.
Employee counselling is a method of understanding and assisting individuals
who are beginning to experience technical, personal, and emotional
adjustment issues that are interfering with their job performance. An
employee’s personal adjustment is frequently improved when he is able
to obtain the information he necessitates to reach an intelligent solution
to his problems or when he is able to express his feelings without fear
of retaliation. Counselling is a sophisticated form of communication in
which efforts are made to maintain favorable perceptions.
Counselling, in this sense, has been practiced in some manner or another
since the dawn of time. Psychotherapy is essential in any field that
involves dealing with people. The psychoanalytic method is the basis of
PAGE 193
Notes counselling as a scientific process. Though counselling in the circumstance

of employment is different from counselling in a therapeutic setting,
what is commonly applicable to both is a strong relationship between
the client and the counsellor by developing and expressing attitudes of
congruence, acceptance and empathy by the counsellor. These attitudes
must have been experienced by a client and he be obliged to feel that
he is psychologically well received by the counsellor.
The counselling activity in industries may be said to have emerged from
the founding stages of the human relatives movement when the Hawthorn
Plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago installed a personnel
counselling programme that utilized special rules for interviewing derived
from the need of eliciting from the employees matters of emotional
significance to them.
Since then, counselling in industries has been playing a key role of special
assistance in alleviating attitudes that are detrimental to mutually the
individual and the organization. At present, counselling in industries can
be thought of as a type of interview in which attention is paid attention
towards the individual’s feelings and attitudes towards a problem area
and in which an attempt is made to lend a hand to the person to reach
a satisfactory solution to his problem.
Counselling in industries is an extraordinary method of finding a solution
to the given problem which adopts the perspective that individuals can
think well when they think aloud with someone else who will question
their thoughts, facilitate them to clarify their thoughts and help to start the
procedure of generating solutions or managing situations more effectively.
Counselling is a two dimensional approach wherein a psychologist offers
assistance and direction to workforce. There are numerous instances in
the workplace when an employee considers the desire for advice and
assistance. The term ‘consultation’ refers to the aid given by a higher
authority to an underling in order to enhance the other’s achievement.
It is a mechanism that assists the workforce in better adjusting to his work
environment in order to behave as a mentally and emotionally thoughtful
person, as well as in gaining a greater understanding with others in order
for his dealings with them to be efficacious and deliberate. Thus, the
primary goal of counselling is the employee’s overall advancement.
194 PAGE
According to Keith Davis – Employee counselling involves a discussion Notes

of an emotional problem faced by an individual with the general objective
of decreasing it.
This definition has three concepts:
(i) Counselling deals with emotional problems.
(ii) Counselling involves discussion i.e., it is an act of communication.
Successful counselling depends on communication skills, primarily
face-to-face, by which one person’s emotions can be shared with
another.
(iii) The general objective of counselling is to understand and/or decrease
an employee’s emotional disorder. If two individuals merely discuss
an emotional problem of either of them, a social relationship may
be established, but hardly a counselling one, because intent is not
there. For counselling to exist, an employee must be seeking an
understanding or help and/or the other (known as a counsellor)
must be offering it.
Need for Employee Counselling:
Employees undergo tremendous stress of completing the targets, work-load,
meeting deadlines, relations with subordinates or colleagues, work-life
balance, lack of time and higher responsibility.
Therefore, following are the reasons as to why there should be counselling
at work places:
1. It is necessary for staff members to escape the troubles, which offers
a fresh way to deal with the issues.
2. The employees need to know as to what further worries the company
has about the worker.
3. A need to identify the workplace issues and ineffective results.
4. There is a need to increase the productivity of employee and the
confidence about the work.
Objectives of Employee Counselling:
The main agenda behind employee counselling is a multi-dimensional
approach and all concerned parties are to be benefitted due to employees
counselling. The parties involved in benefits from employee counselling
PAGE 195
Notes are employee, family member, peers, subordinates, seniors, organization

and society as a whole.
Due to this the popularity of employee counselling is increasing day-
by-day in corporate section and mainly in medium and large sizes of
organizations. The role of employee counselling in future will be more
important.
The logic behind counselling could be stated as follows:
(i) Counselling is a two-person exchange of ideas and feelings.
(ii) It is involved with both individual and professional issues.
(iii) Counselling can be executed by both experts and non-specialists.
(iv) Counselling is typically kept confidentially in order to make room
for open conversations and debates.
(v) It aims to improve organisation effectiveness by providing employees
in resolving issues.
In an organizational setup, the trusting connection with supervisors is
known as a dynamic relationship but the dyad need not always be the
subordinate’s supervisor. He/she may be his/her mentor with whom the
subordinate has developed a gullible connect which nurture, support, and
guide him/her.
Mentoring is defined as sentimental assistance and direction supplied by
a senior person to a younger person known as a protege. Counselling
and mentorship both involve an experienced member offering assistance
and guidance to a younger person.
The three basic ingredients of the process are:
(i) Communication
(ii) Empowering
(iii) Serving.
Receiving messages (listening), sending messages (responding), and
providing feedback are all part of communication. All of this is done by
the counsellor or mentor. The process of enabling allows the other person
to exercise more autonomy by providing positive reinforcement so that the
desired behaviour is enhanced further and by fostering an environment in
which the person can learn from the mentor’s behaviour. Finally, helping
196 PAGE
entails identifying the formative requirements of the person being advised Notes
so that he or she can develop and increase his or her efficacy.
1.3.6 Job Transfer and Promotion

When substantive, measurable changes occur in responsibilities, a job
review is in order. Reviews are handled at the local level through the HR
office and may be requested by a supervisor, HR officer, or an employee.
Once the request is submitted to HR, decisions are typically made within
a reasonably short time period. In most cases, a salary increase is granted
when a person is reclassified to a higher grade.
The motion of a worker from one task to another is referred to as a
transfer. “A transfer involves a change of job without any significant
increase in responsibility or income, and a promotion involves a change
in which a significant increase in responsibility or income occurs”.
Only the working place is changed. Therefore, it refers to the horizontal
movement of the workers. Transfer does not involve any drastic change
in the responsibilities and status of the employee. Promotion: It refers
to the shifting of employees from one job position to the other with a
higher level of authority.
A transfer is the shift of a worker from one place to another. A promotion
is the advancement of an employee from a lower to a higher level of
responsibility. No change in rank, responsibility and salary. Results in
increase in rank, responsibility and salary.
“Transfer” means the association of a worker from a site in a job class
to a vacant position for which the employee qualifies in the similar
or different job class in the same pay grade. A transfer may include a
modification in duties, work location, days of work or hours of work.
Whereas, a promotion is situation in which a worker advances to a spot
that is classified at a higher salary grade, or in certain circumstances,
an acknowledgement of significant greater responsibilities surrounded by
the equivalent grade.
A salary increase is typically appropriate at the time of the promotion, based
upon an evaluation of relevant experience, performance, relative position
in the new salary range, internal equity, and external competitiveness.
PAGE 197
Notes IN-TEXT QUESTIONS

1. ________ is an objective analysis of an employee’s skill with
well defined standards.
(a) Assessment
(b) Planning of human resources
(c) Goal recognition
2. ________ is in connection with performance valuation.
(a) Task creation
(b) Training and Development
(c) Employment Review
3. Performance appraisal is also known as?
(a) Production volume
(b) Technical skills
(c) Employee evaluation
4. Match the following overall quality evaluation implementations
to their particular reasons.
I. Managerial Usage/ Solutions A. Performance Evaluation
II. Credentials B. Job cuts
III. Organisational safeguarding/ C. Assisting in reaching statutory
Objectives obligations
IV. Developmental Uses D. HR system evaluation
(a) I-C, II-D, III-B, IV-A
(b) I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A
(c) I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-D
(d) I-A, II-B, III-D, IV-C
5. Which among the following is the primary goal of performance
appraisal?
198 PAGE
(a) Productivity Notes
(b) Job Knowledge

(c) Employee Evaluation
CASE STUDY
A doctor discharged a staff member who had been working for him
for nine months. She then claimed that her civil rights were violated
and that she was discriminated against because of her age. She was
46 years old. During an investigation, the doctor was asked to provide
copies of her performance evaluations to justify the contention that the
discharge was based on her performance, not her age. No performance
evaluations had been given to any employees. This claim led to an
out of-court settlement.
Considerations:—
The employee had been with the doctor for nine months and had not
received a performance appraisal. She claimed that she was not aware
that her performance was not satisfactory and was surprised when she
was terminated. She alleged that the sole reason for her discharge
was her age that the doctor wanted to hire a younger person. The
doctor said she had been warned on several occasions, but nothing
had been documented.
This is not an isolated incident; such claims are made against doctors
every day. What can you do to prevent this from happening?
1.4 Summary
Systems for performance management are utilized to “manage and integrate”
each of a organization’s resources so that it can achieve great results and
overcome problems caused by individual employees who fail to meet
the company’s goals. “The management of output in the organization
helps determine the organization’s accomplishment or malfunction to a
large extent. As a result, optimizing performance judgment for all human
resources should is at the top priorities for modern enterprises”.
PAGE 199
Notes Performance assessment can be carried out with the following objectives:—
To keep duplicates in order to calculate reward systems, pay structure,
salary increases, and more.
Recognizing employees’ positive attributes and drawbacks in order
to place the right men in the right jobs.
Preserving and assessing a person’s potential for expansion and
development.
To provide employees with feedback on their performance and
related status.
It is the foundation for influencing employees’ working habits.
Evaluate and maintain marketing and other training programmes.
Its so rightly said—

“Performance management involves embracing employees’ strengths and
being open to innovative ideas – even ones that change the status quo.”–
Steve Jobs, Co-founder, Apple Inc.
1. (a) Assessment
2. (c) Employment Review
3. (c) Employee evaluation
4. (b) I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A
5. (b) Job knowledge
200 PAGE
1.6 Self-Assessment Questions Notes
1. What do you mean by the term performance appraisal? Define the

various components of performance appraisal.
2. What is the difference between job transfer and job promotion?
Discuss.
3. Discuss the modern methods of performance appraisal. Which method
according to you is the best for startups?
4. What do you mean by potential appraisal?
5. Elaborate four traditional and modern methods of performance
appraisal with examples of each.
(a) Potential appraisal
(b) Employee counselling
(c) Promotion of employee
7. What is meant by performance review? Elaborate the whole process
of performance review.
1.7 References
Vasava (2021): A Study on Performance Appraisal of Employees.
Ayomikun Idowu (2017): Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal
System and its Effect on Employee Motivation.
Cross Ogohi Daniel (2019): Analysing the Concept of Performance
Appraisal System on Employees Development.
https://nanopdf.com/download/need-of-employee-engagement-mba-
projects-free-on-hr_pdf.
PAGE 201
L E S S O N
2
Compensation
Dr. Anudeep Arora
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
STRUCTURE
2.2 Concepts and Policies
2.3 Base and Supplementary Compensation
2.4 Individual, Group and Organizational Incentive Plans
2.5 )ULQJH %HQH¿WV
2.6 Performance Linked Compensation
2.7 Employee Stock Option
2.8 Pay Band Compensation System
2.9 Job Evaluation
2.10 Summary
2.13 References

To create an incentive scheme that aligns with the task at hand.
To evaluate the incentive plans.
To analyze the behaviour of individuals.
To apply a compensation philosophy.
To understand the employee feedback mechanism.
To remember the job evaluation system.
202 PAGE
2.2 Concepts and Policies Notes
The Human Resources department has the task of assisting in the stipulation
and creation of a productive environment for all organisation employees
that will nurture the accomplishment of the organization’s top objectives
of research and education through great customer delivery. Furthermore,
Human Resources promotes the opportunity for employees to accomplish
their full potential and maintain a high standard through the administration
and explanation of corporate policies and procedures, applicable federal
and provincial legislation, and participation in the administration and
delivery of personal and professional growth programmes.
This responsibility starts by concentrating on excellent employee relations.
The Manager, Salary Presidency is expected to establish and maintain
positive working relationships with all employee groups on campus, which
contributes to a favourable work environment.
Compensation is a technique of providing monetary compensation to
staff in lieu of the work done. Compensation can be utilized to help with
talent acquisition, work performance, and job involvement. Compensation
and benefits are crucial aspects of human resources. Earnings along with
paychecks are descriptions of reimbursement, so although benefits include
things like group medical insurance, layoff and allowance. Benefits and
compensation plays an essential part due to their ability to hire and keep
talented employees.
Remuneration is generally described as a financial payment made to a
person in lieu of their services. Workers earning their compensation in
the place of work. It includes salaries or wages, expenses, rewards or
perks along with the position of an individual.
Compensation is the oversight of the various types of compensation that
an organisation provides. Compensation managers or business owners
are quite often held accountable for this. There are four major types.
Straightforward pay, employee compensation, incentive compensation, and
assistance programs are instances of these. It is essential that organizations
understand not only how each type operates. They should also understand
why it is critical to communicate with employees about pay.
Compensation management is a systematic discipline that entails adjusting
the task relationship through providing employees to monetary and non-
PAGE 203
Notes monetary benefits. Rewards, dividends, bonus pay, goal is to convey, and
commission based are all some of the examples in case of compensation.
Non-quantifiable benefits to name a few business car, business habitation,
and some convertible preferred shares can also be built-in within
reparation. Employee productivity and organization performance are aided
by compensation.
An ideal remuneration system will have a beneficial effect on the
professionalism and outcomes. It will encourage employees to work harder
and encounter the established standards. Workers’ trust, performance, and
partnership will enhance as a result of compensation. Workers will be
pleased if you are just and fair. A good compensation and incentives system
brings harmonious relationship to the manager-employee relationship;
cooperation focuses primarily on financial compensation.
An ideal compensation system guarantees that staff is satisfied and
content. This reduces worker turnover. Thus, the organisation achieves
market stability.
If the industry has a talented, skillful, and pleased workforce, it can devise
a compensation strategy and thrive. An effective compensation system is
an indication of an organization’s prosperity and wealth.
Compensation has been a key problem for both the employee and the
employer.
This is due to the fact that money is a significant motivator and is
directly or indirectly related to satisfaction of all social beings. Staff
members sell their hands and intelligence to meet their basic needs, while
employers hire them to achieve organisational goals. As a consequence,
the perspectives of the employer and the employee on recompense differ.
Because of the total operating costs, effective compensation management
becomes critical from a cost standpoint alone. Another point of view from
an employer is to evaluate its impact on a wide range of employees’
perceptions, behaviour patterns, and, finally, its potency on organisational
effectiveness. Compensation has a direct impact on key outcomes such
as employee satisfaction, appeal, retainment, achievement, competence,
partnership, and versatility, among others.
The compensation policy outlines the particulars of the compensation
components in the institution, which of them are used, and the circumstances
204 PAGE
in which the remuneration element can be used in the workers’ specific Notes
situation. Many compensation elements are used by each institution and
must be described. Employees are driven to show up to work if they are
fully compensated. Their morale still seems to be high, and their employee
satisfaction is rising. High morale guarantees that employees are motivated
enough to come to work each day and perform their finest work.
Since reimbursement elements are utilized by one and all institutions and
hence ought to be characterized. The reimbursement strategy describes
the essential layout of compensation, the way they are calculated, who
seems to be suitable for usage, and the endorsement method.
The compensation course of action is the browsed and debated in-house
policies as a part of organisation since it specifies a person’s salary.
Every single employee is involved with the remuneration package along
with forthcoming overall amount accessible within an organization.
The compensation document is the principal means to gain insights on
compensation mechanism and means to achieve maximum ready money.
The compensation policy is the fundamental document that drives the
specific details of the organization’s compensation practices. Whereas the
reward policy generates the companies’ reputed level of remuneration goals,
the remuneration guideline talks about precise details of the individual
components of compensation, followed by behavioural patterns, individual’s
involvement in the organization’s payment system.
Compensation Policy: The way it is linked to other HR Elements:
Compensation Strategy
Recruitment Policy
Performance Management
Talent Management
Employee Segmentation
HR Operations
Corporate Culture
Business Partnering
Employee effort and achievement are inspired by compensation policies
since staff is responsible for finding out the brainiest and quickest
means to earn the most funds with the least quantity of individual
PAGE 205
Notes performance. The incentive policy must be crafted in such a way that
potential counter measures and violent behaviour are managed to avoid.
The compensation policy has to be straight forward, as well as provide
only one interpretation. It is crucial that managers and staff are evident
about the remuneration component and comprehend the terms that pertain
to the authorization of the specific compensation component.
Key principles of Modern Compensation Policy
Engaging Processes
Self Explanatory
Freedom to Act
Simple Language
Clear guidelines
Appealing procedure
The policy must cover all remuneration elements used in the organisation
as it actually impacts large population. The extraordinary supervisory
element methods can be referred to the overall pay structure, but individuals
ought not to be kept under wraps. Coworkers could indeed rely on a
compensation policy that does not specify all components of pay.
206 PAGE
2.3 Base and Supplementary Compensation Notes
Remuneration entails a variety of both monetary and non-monetary bonuses

offered to staff in exchange for their services to the organisation. It is
paid in the form of salaries, wage, and other benefits such as vacations,
maternity leave, medical coverage, and so on. Compensation aids in
employee motivation and reduces labour turnover.
Base compensation comprised of financial benefits offered to employees
in the form of salaries and wages. It attempts to compensate employees
for their efforts. Staff is typically paid on an hourly, daily, weekly, or
monthly basis. Wage, on the other hand, is the compensation given to office
workers. Wages can be calculated based on the number of units produced
(piece wage system) or the amount of time worked (time wage system).
However, salary is always resolute by the amount of time spent on the
job. When judging the company’s outcome is challenging, remuneration
is paid in the form of a salary.
2.4 Individual, Group and Organizational Incentive Plans

Reward system concentrate on the best performers who accomplish individual
goals, so although team incentives help to remunerate performance of the
organization. Individual and collaborative benefits occur may be used in
tandem. Participants in a blended rewards arrangement will still be paid
fairly for their contributions.
A group incentive plan is centered on the collective achievement of a
group, whereas an individual incentive plan is based on the success of
individuals. Individual incentive plans of this type reward individuals for
their performance regardless of the success (or failure) of their department
or team all together.
Individual Incentive Plan: Individual incentive plans are emphasizes
the value which has been linked to the individual performance of the
employees. These plans are created for a specific group of employees.
Generally, a certain pay rate is assured under this plan, and the incentives
represent extra compensation.
PAGE 207
Notes Individual wage incentive plans might include three types of personnel. They
are blue-collar workers, white-collar workers such as sales representatives,
and management staff. All of these employee categories have various
needs; vary in certification and kind of work, resulting in distinct plans
designed for each other.
An incentive programme is a strategy for encouraging individual or group
achievement. A reward system consists primarily of cash incentives, i.e.,
reward wage, but it could encompass non-monetary benefits.
Incentives are variable rewards given based on the level of achievement in
case of specific results. Incentives include compensation for achievement
and payment based on outcomes.
To put it another way, a motivation programme must incorporate
elements of both time related and achievement-based salary payment
system.
208 PAGE
2.5 Fringe Benefits Notes
Fringe benefits belong to a category of additional benefits supplied to

an employee in addition to their basic pay for completing a particular
category of service. A few ancillary benefits, such as social security
and health coverage, are mandated by law, whereas others are offered
by the employer willingly and knowingly. Medical insurance, workers’
remuneration, pension plans, and medical and family leave are just a
few common examples of fringe benefits. Paid holiday, meal incentives,
public transport benefits, and other less common fringe benefits may be
available.
A fringe benefit is an incentive received by an employee in lieu of
their regular wage. It may include a number of benefits, such as: Health
coverage, meals were being subsidized, corporate phone or laptop.
While companies may involve several fringe benefits for all members of
the team, they can also be promised as bonuses to specific individuals.
Benefits may be provided by employers based on your sector or the
corporation itself. For example, if you are employed at a restaurant, you
will be given complimentary meals. Collaborating at an athletic centre
may entitle you to free fitness classes.
Different types of fringe benefits:–
Stock Options: Stock options provide employees with an ownership
stake in the company. Beneficiaries can purchase stock at a set price
and financial gains as the company grows in value.
Free or Discounted Meals: As a perk, employers may provide free
or discounted meals. This could include designed to cater meals,
coffee, or food discounts from the company.
Free or Discounted Gym Memberships: If you work in an athletic
store, free or discounted gym subscriptions may be a popular fringe
benefit. If your company has an in-house fitness centre, you may
be able to use it for free.
If you commute to work, your employer may provide transportation
aid, such as repayment for buses, railways, car parks, or fuel. If
your work entails lots of travel, your employer may provide direct
exposure to a commercial vehicle.
PAGE 209
Notes Tuition Reduction or Advice: Some employers may offer tuition

reduction or assistance to help you pay for your course fees.
Employers benefit from advanced degrees because they enhance
team members’ skill sets and the quality of their output.
Life, Dental, and Vision Insurance: Some employers offer various
types of coverage to their employees. The kinds of insurance and
coverage plans available may differ to meet the requirements of
various team members.
Daycare Reimbursement: Some employers will reimburse for some
or all of your childcare expenses while you are at job. Others
provide on-site care for children.
While some employers provide a set number of PTO (Paid Time
Off) days, others provide unlimited PTO days to team members
who consistently meet management performance objectives.
Subsidized Amusement Park Tickets: Staff members who enjoy
touring various amusement parks with friends or family will appreciate
this fringe benefit. This is an outstanding way for employers to
demonstrate their support for a healthy work-life balance.
Contributions to a Retirement Plan: Employer-contributed 401(k)
plans assist you in saving for retirement. When your employer
matches or makes qualified contributions to your 401(k), the amount
of your overall retirement can increase.
Paid Sick Days: Most employers include a certain percentage of
paid sick days annually for times when you are ill. These days are
in addition to any other paid time off.
2.6 Performance Linked Compensation

Performance-Based Compensation (PBC) is a framework for financially
lucrative workers in addition to the standard wages. Individual workers,
divisions, the organisation, or the quotation which is compensated based
on how people perform over a particular time period and in complies
with the group’s pre-set plans. These programmes are also referred to
as Pay-For-Performance systems. Companies that use these systems must
be prepared to describe and monitoring performance, as well as provide
210 PAGE
compensation, such as rewards, when benchmarks are met. Employees Notes

will face tax repercussions as a result of the supplemental income.
Advantages of Performance based compensation
There are many benefits of performance linked compensation. Some of
them are discussed below:
1. Retention of Best Employees: Employers can distinguish between
high and low-performing workers by taking the help of performance
linked compensation plans. Top performers and low formers can be
easily identified by the employer and they are more likely to be
rewarded.
2. Motivation to Employees: A performance-linked pay plan tends
to encourage more significant and contributing employees to
keep producing their best as they are fairly compensated for their
contributions. Additionally, these employees are more likely to serve
as your company better and attract more talented personnel towards
your organisation.
3. Improved Recruitment: Businesses can enhance their hiring procedures
by identifying the workers who perform better. They can use this
information to hire candidates with similar traits, objectives, and
personalities rather than screening each and every application and
hiring staff that might not add to the company.
4. Less Turnover Costs: When employees will be paid according to
their work and efforts, they are less likely to leave their current
employer and switch to some other company, this helps in reducing
the turnover costs of the employer.
For more understanding, do refer the article:
https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/9712-performance-based-pay.html.
2.7 Employee Stock Option

Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs) or Employee Stock Ownership
Plans (ESOPs) are employee benefit strategies that allow employees to own
stock in the company. Employees purchase these shares at a price below
the market price, or at a discount. Employees are granted possibilities
under the employee stock option plan, which allow them to buy stock
PAGE 211
Notes at a lower cost than the current market price/value of the stock, or they
are given a certain proportion of their compensation in company stock.
Employee Stock Options (ESOs) are a form of equity compensation given
to employees and executives by companies. Instead of directly authorizing
shares of stock, the company grants derivative options on the stock.
These options are similar to regular call options in that they give the
employee the right to purchase the company’s stock at a predetermined
price for a limited time. The terms of ESOs will be fully spelled out in
an employee stock options agreement.
Overall, the getting benefits of a stock are discovered when the underlying
stock of a company rises above the exercise price. Unlike standard listed
or exchange-traded options, ESOs are typically issued by the company
and cannot be sold. When the price of a stock rises above the exercise
price of a call option, the call option is executed and the bearer acquires
the company’s value at a price reduction. The owner could opt to sell
the stock in the market place for a profit straight away or to hold onto
the stock over time.
2.8 Pay Band Compensation System

A pay band is a component of the salary process in which different jobs
are ranked according to education and experience. It is used to place
applicants in the appropriate position and ensure that they are fairly
compensated. Employers are required by law to publish the minimum
and maximum amount they are willing to pay for each band:
A pay band is a salary range given to a specific job or group of jobs.
Employers typically use pay bands to standardize their remuneration
structure and establish basic pay ranges based on current market
rates.
Pay bands can also help employers regulate labour costs even though
they limit the amount of money that an employee can obtain.
Rather than a set wage, pay bands focus on providing employees
with a range of possible salaries for their position. This allows
employees to make more money as they gain experience and skills
in their position.
212 PAGE
Pay bands also provide employers with some salary-setting flexibility, Notes
as they can adjust the band based on business needs or the market
rate for similar roles.
Support employee development: Organizations can encourage employee
development and progression by relocating employees to different
pay bands as they gain new skills and experience.
Pay bands can help to improve organisational efficiency and effectiveness
by ensuring that employees are paid fairly and in accordance with
their skills and experience.
A pay band is a set salary range for a group of jobs with known to have
similar characteristics, qualifications, and levels of responsibility. Pay
bands can be used by an organisation to control labour costs and make
salaries more equitable among employees. While pay bands can add
structure and stability to a firm’s payment scheme, they can also make
it challenging to retain and recruit top performers.
Some of the most common difficulties encountered when implementing
pay bands are as follows:
Employees must be informed about the rationale for pay bands.
Choosing the right size and structure for pay bands.
Making certain that pay scales are equitable and internally consistent.
Creating compensation programmes that work within the pay banding
constraints.
Creating an efficient procedure for managing exceptions to pay band
limits.
2.9 Job Evaluation

Job evaluation is a systematic and logical approach to determining the
comparative value of different jobs within such a corporation. Performance
assessment seeks to compare jobs with an intention of establishing a
compensation arrangement that is reasonable, egalitarian, and coherent
for all.
PAGE 213
Notes Job evaluation entails determining the significant meaning of various

jobs within an corporate body. It takes time and patience to develop a
technique for evaluating a broad range of jobs.
The ‘human factor’ complicates job evaluation schemes even more.
Despite the fact that job analysis considers the job instead of the individual
employee, staff members tend to identify with the jobs they do. Making a
choice of relative importance of employees within a company will surely
increase anxiousness and aspirations for all parties involved.
Evaluation process does not ascertain academic results or wage scales,
but it does create a job hierarchy that may not be representative of
everyone’s notion. In order to provide accurate information about the jobs
at hand, some basic job analysis is required. The job analysis and resulting
job description are frequently used as a starting point. This is used to
evaluate the job. One of the most important aspects of the evaluation
is the job’s added value to the organisation. Based on this assessment,
the task is introduced to the job structure. Women and minorities will
benefit from equal pay and openness as a consequence of the leadership
and management.
Certain processes are used in job evaluation in such a way that the
accepted means in the possession of personnel administration are
trying to dodge employment rate discrepancy. As a result, it would
lead to uniformity in the entire salary framework.
Job analysis is the purposeful process of determining the value of
one worker in the organization in comparison to the other. During
job evaluation, the relative worth of numerous positions is assessed
so that salaries can be paid regardless on the job’s worth.
Staff members must be reimbursed based on the job they will perform
in order to improve their performance and retain a high level of
efficiency at work.
Job evaluation is referred to as the method of establishing the
worth of each job when compared to the worth of other jobs in a
company. Its primary objective is to establish a logical, orderly power
214 PAGE
structure of jobs based on their value to the firm by examining the Notes
complexity of the services performed as well as its contribution to
the business. The aspects used to evaluate the value of a position
are identified, described, and evenly distributed in the company’s
job evaluation plan.
Generally, job evaluation comprises four steps:

1. Job Analysis: Job analysis is the practice of accumulating and
measuring appropriate job description. The piece of information
gleaned should explain the essence of the task undertaken (primary
tasks, responsibilities, and commitments) along with the level of the
work being done. The data should embrace the different categories
and extensiveness of data, talent, physical and intellectual effort
expended, as well as the typical conditions of employment.
2. Job Description: The process of capturing job content information,
typically in the form of a written task description, is one of the
most important outcome of job analysis. Thus many job descriptions
include a description of the responsibilities, instances of quintessential
work, and a declaration recognizing the expertise, competences,
abilities, and other qualities (KASOCs) that are required to perform
the responsibilities adequately. The perfect job description for
remuneration would include data about not only “what” a job does,
but also “how” and “why” the responsibilities are executed.
3. Job Analysis Based on the Organization’s Job Evaluation Strategy:
In the third step, the designated duties of a job are evaluated with the
help of job assessment strategy or device elected by the organisation.
The job evaluation methods centre on three fundamental models:
PAGE 215
Notes (a) Job classification

(b) Job evaluation
(c) Point factor schemes
4. Establishing the Job Hierarchy: A job evaluation plan yields a
patriarchal ranking of job positions according to their relative
importance to the company. The arising ranked list, whether created
by totaling the points assigned to each position, should reflect an
ordering of positions that makes sense and is meaningful for a
specific organisation.
The goal of a compensation plan is to develop a programme that is
both internally equitable and externally competitive. The next step
is to consider market pay such that the organisation can effectively
complete for employees.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. _________ can take the form of Compensation.
(a) Monetary
(b) Non-monetary
(c) Both (a) and (b)
2. Wages represent _________ pay rates.
(a) Hourly
(b) Daily
(c) Weekly
(d) Monthly
3. Which of the following is also known as ‘payments by outcome.’
(a) Allowances
(b) Claims
(c) Incentives
(d) Fringe benefits
216 PAGE
4. The incentive is ascertained by _________. Notes
(a) Productivity
(b) Sales
(c) Profit
5. _________ is paid when an employee leaves after more than
five years of service.
(a) Perquisites
(b) Claims
(c) Gratuity
(d) Allowances
CASE STUDY
XYZ Ltd. is a multinational company with 10,000 employees spread
across different countries. The company is facing several issues
with its current compensation management system and has hired a
consultant to review the current system and suggest recommendations
for improvement.
1. What are the key components of Compensation Management
System?
2. What are some of the common challenges faced by companies
in managing compensation effectively?
3. How can XYZ Ltd. ensure that its compensation system is
competitive and attracts top talent?
4. What are some of the best practices for designing and implementing
a compensation management system?
5. How can XYZ Ltd. measure the effectiveness of its compensation
system and make necessary adjustments?
2.10 Summary
HRM, or “human resource management,” can facilitate in the management
of various human resource-related tasks. Businesses generate different
PAGE 217
Notes types of employee management software to control and continuously

monitor employee data, enabling them to achieve and evaluate higher
efficiency. The core of compensation management is to assess positions
in the organization and guarantee that pay rates for each type and level
of job seem to be ‘fair.’ Then ‘management’ is required to get supervisors
to place their staff members in those pay ranges, usually based on the
amount of expertise the employee has in the job, gather that data, and
reimburse those employees. Compensation and benefits play critical role
of HRM since individuals assist in keeping employees motivated, which
is one of the most essential physiological need. It assists in providing
perks to employees based on their basis of employee’s performance and
behaviour, thereby bring out the best in workers at work.
The expanding diversity of the company’s workforce has created a delicate
environment when it came of opportunities and employee awareness. As a
result, it is more important than ever for HR teams to look for alternatives
to ensure that their employees’ needs are met and that they are satisfied.
Compensation management system helps a company in assembling the
data and resources needed to develop and enforce a reward program
for the employees. Compensation management can be described as the
simple method of assessing, maintaining, and making assumptions on
each employee’s salaries and benefits and perks within an organisation.
It ensures that employees are appropriately and fairly remunerated.
Compensation management also aids HR in strategizing a foundation
for employee benefits and perks. Managers ensure that they present an
attractive compensation plan to their employees in order to keep them in
the company and provide employee satisfaction. This also motivates the
employee to be dedicated towards their work as they notice the company
dedicated towards them. Compensation management also keeps a check on
the company budget and ensures that all the benefits and salary packages
fall within the limits of it.
The likelihood of earning rewards and royalties inspires staff to increase
their productivity level and create a significant sense of dedication to
the company and to themselves. Employment satisfaction is significantly
related to their remuneration and the opportunities to increase it and
complement their monthly or yearly bonus. It is a form of encouragement
that is more effective than words or gifts.
218 PAGE
Compensation is also an outstanding way to control the income statement. Notes

It enables the management to impose rewards in a deliberate way without
continuously raising their overall pay while rewarding them with extra
bonuses, rewards, and reimbursements.
It’s so rightly said:
“A day’s pay for a day’s work is more than adequate when both the
work and the pay are appreciated as much as they are expected.” Cullen
Hightower.
1. (c) Both (a) and (b)

2. (a) Hourly
3. (c) Incentives
5. (c) Gratuity

1. “The most basic problem is that performance appraisals often don’t
accurately assess problems,”
Justify the above statement with respect to Compensation Management.
2. What are the ways to judge an employee’s effectiveness of being
an asset or a liability to the company?
3. Write the merits and demerits of Fringe benefits?
4. Do you agree that Performance linked compensation aids in employee
morale? Justify.
5. Differentiate between Base and Supplementary compensation along
with its features?
2.13 References
Mannu Garg (2020): Impact of Compensation Management on
Employees performance.
PAGE 219
Notes Mitesh Mukeshbhai Mali (2020): A Study on Compensation Management

towards Employees Satisfaction at Spectrum Dyes & Chemical Pvt.,
Ltd.
e-Odunlami (2014): Compensation Management and Employees
Performance in the Manufacturing Sector, A Case Study of a
Reputable Organization in the Food and Beverage Industry.
https://razorpay.com/payroll/learn/compensation-managements.
220 PAGE
UNIT - V
PAGE 221
L E S S O N
1
Employee Maintenance
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
Ms. Ritika Sharma
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Employee Health
1.4 Employee Safety
1.5 Employee Welfare
1.6 Social Security
1.7 Summary
1.10 References

After going through this lesson, you should be able to:
Discuss the meaning and significance of Employee Health.
Understand the meaning of Employee Safety and different causes of industrial accidents.
Elaborate the concept, features and significance of Employee Welfare.
Understand the concept, need, approaches and scope of social security.
1.2 Introduction
Working conditions have attracted a great deal of attention of management of business
and other organizations in the recent years. There are two basic reasons for this. Firstly,
PAGE 223
Notes the growth of trade union movement has compelled the managements to
provide better working conditions to the employees. Secondly, enlightened
managements realize the significance of better working facilities to
the employees for achieving greater productivity and efficiency in the
organization. An employee spends about 8 hours at the place of work
during any working day. He must be provided with such types of facilities
which will maintain his health and keep interested in his work.
1.3 Employee Health
1.3.1 Meaning and Significance of Occupational Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease. It is the outcome of the interaction
between the individual and his environment. He is healthy who is well-
adjusted. Workers spend a great deal of their time in industrial settings.
In many industries, workers are exposed to various types of health
hazards. Unless the working conditions- lighting, ventilation, cleanliness,
temperature, space, etc. are proper workers cannot concentrate on work.
They do not feel working hard continuously for long time. As a result
productivity will be low. Secondly, ill health will force workers to be
absent from work. There will be high rate of absenteeism and labour
turnover. The quality of work will suffer and the firm’s resources will
be wasted. In addition, industrial discontent and indiscipline will arise.
Thus, industrial health is essential for the following reasons:
I. To maintain and improve productivity and quality of work.
II. To minimize absenteeism and labour turnover.
III. To reduce industrial unrest, indiscipline and accidents.
IV. To improve employee motivation and morale.
V. To reduce spoilage and cost of operations.
VI. To preserve the physical and mental health of employees.
In recent years, increasing attention is being paid to industrial health and
safety due to pressure from trade unions, labour laws and enlightened
attitudes of employers. National commission on Labour and other
committees have stressed the creation and maintenance of as healthy
an environment as possible both at the work place and in the homes of
224 PAGE
workers. According to the recommendation of ILO “Occupational health Notes

services should be established in or near a place of employment for the
purpose of (a) protecting the workers against any health hazards arising
out of work or conditions in which it is carried on, (b) contributing
towards worker’s physical and mental adjustment, and (c) contributing to
establishment and maintenance of the highest possible degree of physical
and mental well-being of the workers”.
1.3.2 Working Conditions Affecting Health

The main physical factors influencing workers’ health are as follows:
1. Cleanliness: Hygiene is essential to health. Dirt should be removed
daily from the workplace, furniture, staircase etc. Properly cleaned
and disinfected spittoons must be provided at convenient places.
Arrangements should be made for proper disposal of industrial
waste. Rats, pests and insects should be destroyed as these are
worst carriers of diseases. Drinking water, toilets, restaurant and
canteen facilities should be provided for workers.
2. Lighting: Adequate and proper lighting is essential for higher efficiency
and good quality of work. Poor lighting on the other hand causes
eye strain, mental fatigue, accidents and spoilage of materials. A
good lighting system should provide (a) the right degree of intensity
of light depending upon the nature of work, (b) well diffused· and
uniformly spread light all over the work place, and (c) protection
from any glare.
3. Temperature and Ventilation: Flow of fresh air with right temperature
and humidity is necessary for protection of health. Stale air causes
headache to workers. In hot and humid climate, employees feel
tired and sleepy ventilators, fans, coolers/heaters, air conditioners
help to maintain right temperature and humidity. These also keep
the air free from dust, smoke, fumes etc.
4. Freedom from Noise: Too much noise inside and outside the work
place causes disturbance. It does not allow workers to concentrate
on the work and their efficiency declines. Internal noise occurs due
to conversations, movement of workers and machines, telephone
calls, etc. Use of sound absorbent materials in walls and ceilings,
PAGE 225
Notes carpets on the floors, installation of noise producing machines in

a separate room, etc. help to minimize such noise. External noise
is caused by the movement of persons and vehicles near the work
place. Proper location of factory/office, sound proof walls, double
doors and glass panels may be used to avoid external noise.
5. Dust Control: At some work places, there is higher ratio of dust.
For example, work areas in cotton and jute industries are laden with
dust. Dust affects workers’ health as well as the life of machinery.
Therefore, it is necessary to keep the work place from dust. Several
measures can be taken for this purpose. Regular cleaning of doors,
windows, walls and ceilings is necessary. Floors should be washed
daily to avoid accumulation of dust. Electrical installations should
be regularly cleaned to maintain the level of lighting, machines,
furniture and records should be cleaned regularly.
6. Working Space and Seating Arrangements: Adequate space
should be provided for free movement of persons, machines, etc.
Proper seating arrangements are essential for comfort and health
of employees. Over-crowding should be avoided as it spoils health
and efficiency.
1.3.3 Occupational Hazards and Diseases

In certain industries workers are exposed to health hazards and disease.
These arise due to the following:
(i) Chemical Substances: Carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid, limes and
alkalis cause injury when-they are absorbed through skin and inhaling.
Workers may suffer from skin disease, neurological disorders and-
cancer. Their effect is slow but cumulative. These are difficult to
diagnose and may became chronic and uncurable. Gas, fumes and
dust in stone quarries, mines, stone crushing, lead or zinc smelting,
etc. cause serious diseases.
(ii) Biological Hazards: Bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, malnutrition
excessive drinking and job stress affect employee health.
(iii) Environmental Hazards: These include radiation, noise, vibrations
shocks, etc. X-rays or radioactive exposure may cause eye strain,
genetic disorders, and cancer. High noise of machinery may cause
226 PAGE
hearing loss. Vibrations and shocks may cause nerve injury and Notes
inflammation of tissues in the body.
(iv) Atmospheric Conditions: Inadequate ventilation, improper lighting,
extreme temperature, etc. affect health and efficiency of employees.
Under the Factories Act, 1948 hazardous process is defined as any process
or activity in relation to an industry specified in the First Schedule where,
unless special care is taken raw materials used therein or the-intermediate
or finished products, wastes or effluents therefore would:
(i) cause material impairment or the health of the persons engaged in
or connected therewith, or
(ii) result in the pollution of the general environment.
1.3.4 Protection against Health Hazards

Two types of measures can be taken to protect employee health against
occupational hazards:
Preventive Measures
Curative Measures
The former category includes (i) pre-employment and periodic medical
examination, (ii) Removal of health hazards to the maximum possible
extent, (iii) check over women, and other worker exposed to special risk,
(iv) training of first aid staff, and (v) educating workers in health and
hygiene etc.
The curative measures consist of treatment for the affected workers of
course prevention is always better than cure. Use of less toxic materials,
providing protection devices, controlling noise, dust fumes, gases, etc.
are some of the convenient and inexpensive measures that can be taken
by employers to prevent health hazards.
1.3.5 Industrial Health Programme

Every industrial establishment should formulate and implement a positive
policy and programme to maintain the good health of its employees. Such
a programme should consist of the following steps:
PAGE 227
Notes I. Maintenance and supervision of satisfactory sanitation and hygiene

in the factory/office.
II. Inoculation and after programmes for the prevention of communicable
disease.
III. Active cooperation with public health agencies and accident prevention
authorities.
IV. Maintenance of adequate and confidential medical records.
V. Health education and information services for employees.
VI. Proper medical examination of every new employee.
VII. Annual medical check-up of those exposed to occupational hazards/
disease.
VIII. Employment of professional physicians and nurses.
IX. Proper first and treatment for occupational injuries and diseases.
X. Reasonable first aid treatment for non-occupational ailments, e.g.
cold, sore throat, skin disorders, etc.
XI. Adequate emergency care and hospitalization facilities.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. _________ is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
2. Working conditions- lighting, ventilation, cleanliness, temperature,
space, etc. are covered under social security. (True/False)
3. Two types of measures can be taken to protect employee health
against occupational hazards are?
(a) Preventive and curative
(b) Work and safety
(c) Curative and security
4. Maintenance and supervision of satisfactory sanitation and hygiene
in the factory/office is covered under industrial health program.
(True/False)
5. The curative measures consist of treatment for the affected
workers. (True/False)
228 PAGE
1.4 Employee Safety Notes
It is the responsibility of every management to ensure workers safety

while they are at work. Industrial safety and efficiency are directly related
to a great extent. Safety measures not only result in reduced industrial
accidents but also raise industrial efficiency. Therefore, employers should
lay emphasis on safety measures in their plants. Moreover, rules and
regulations, as laid down in the labour laws, - make it obligatory on
the part of industrialists to provide certain minimum measures of safety
for their employees. Such measures are intended to ensure protection to
workers, avoid industrial accidents and raise overall efficiency of the
enterprise.
Industrial safety measures include precautionary steps to be taken by the
management of an enterprise in order to prevent accidents. Thus, accident
prevention is the main objective of any safety programme. Accidents in
an industry cause damage to property and life. It must be pointed out
that the rate of industrial accidents has been on the increase inspite of
several statutory regulations imposed by the government.
1.4.1 Some benefits of a Safe and Healthy working Environment

The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive
employees are an asset to all companies. For instance, productive
employees can produce more output in less time, reducing operational
costs.
Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers
alike. Better safety equates to better health. Healthier employees
do tasks more efficiently, and they are happier in general.
There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This
results in less downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs
for worker’s compensation. This also reduces the time needed for
employees to heal from injuries.
Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and
repair. Avoiding workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment
will incur fewer expenses and increase profit.
PAGE 229
Notes 1.4.2 Causes of Industrial Accidents

Industrial accidents take place due to several reasons arising from people,
working conditions, and other factors. These causes may be classified
as follows:
1. Unsafe Conditions: These refer to work related or technical causes.
These are the biggest cause of accident in industry. Work related
causes are as follows:
(a) The job itself: Some jobs are inherently more dangerous than
others. For example, the job of a craneman as compared to
that of a supervisor is more risky.
(b) Work Schedules: Night shift is more accident prone than day
shift due to fatigue and sleepiness.
(c) Psychological Conditions: Emotional disturbance and mental
preoccupation often cause accidents. Over-work, monotony,
boredom, anxiety, fatigue and frustration disturb concentration
and mental alertness leading to accidents.
(d) Machinery and Equipment: Defective equipment, unguarded
machinery, breakdown of machines, hazardous arrangement
of machines and equipment inadequate safety/control devices,
overloading improper illumination, insufficient ventilation, poor
house-keeping, poor maintenance and supervision are common
causes of accidents in industry. Safety experts point out that
there are some high danger zones like handlift trucks, wheel
barrows, gear and pulleys, saws and hand rails, etc.
2. Unsafe Acts: These arise due to lack of knowledge and skills, bodily
defects and faulty attitude. Some examples are given below:
I. Operating without authority.
II. Failure to use safety devices.
III. Failure to listen to warning.
IV. Careless throwing of materials on the floor.
V. Operating at unsafe speeds.
VI. Using unsafe equipment.
VII. Removing or disconnecting safety devices.
230 PAGE
VIII. Personality and behaviour which make some people more Notes
accident prone.
3. Miscellaneous Causes: Young, untrained and inexperienced workers
cause more accidents than old, trained and experienced workers.
Alcoholic and drug addicted prone. Workers having disturbed family
life are likely to cause accidents due to stress. Unsatisfactory
behaviour of supervisions may also cause accidents on the part of
workers.
1.4.3 Steps taken to ensure safety of Employees

The main steps that can be taken to ensure safety and security of
employees, are as follows:
1. Safety Policy: Every industrial establishment should formulate and
implement a safety policy. Once the safety policy has been spelt out,
the establishment should formulate a safety programme. The main
aim of the programme should be to reduce the number of hazardous
factors which are likely to cause accidents, and to develop safe
working habits among its employees. The safety programme must
have top management support and active cooperation of employees.
Safety must be an integral part of all phases of planning, supervision
and control. The job should be engineered for safety, employees
should be educated in safe procedures and safety rules should be
properly enforced.
2. Safety Committee: A safety committee should be constituted in every
large factory. It should consist of the representatives of both the
employer and the employees. The committee should be constituted
under the chairmanship of a safety director/manager. The committee
should educate and impress upon the line managers about the safety
measures required in the establishment. The safety programme should
be formulated and implemented through the safety committee.
3. Safety Engineering: Proper engineering procedures must be adopted
to eliminate or minimize work hazards. Full attention should be
paid to safety in the design, layout and installation of plant and
machinery. Safety engineering helps to minimize unsafe conditions.
The main elements of safety engineering are as follows:
PAGE 231
Notes (a) Guarding of Machines: The machinery which pose danger to

the employee working on it, should be properly covered or
fenced. According to Rule 82 of the I.LO. Model Safety Code,
guards should be properly designed, constructed and used so
that they will provide positive protection, prevent access to
the danger zone, cause no inconvenience to the operator and
protect against unforeseen operational contingencies.
(b) Mettles Handling Equipment: Materials handling is the common
source of accidents. Therefore, the flow of materials during all
stages of production should be properly planned to eliminate
hazards. Proper equipment, adequate space and aisles should
be provided to ensure risk free and smooth flow of materials.
In addition, there should be a well-designed system for the
detection, prevention and control of fires. Inflammable liquids
and materials expose workers to great risks. Therefore, utmost
care should be exercised in handling and storage of such
materials.
(c) Safety Devices: Safety glasses to protect the eyes from hazards
of fire, glare, dust and fumes should be provided to workers.
Hard protective caps may be provided head injuries. Gas masks
may be given to prevent the inhalation of poisonous fumes.
Gloves to protect hands against acids, safety shoes, overalls,
skin guards, and safety apparel, etc. may be provided for use
by workers.
(d) Ergonomics: It deals with physiological and anatomical aspects
of man and his interactions with the working environment. It
is being increasingly used to improve man-machine system.
For example, equipment, machinery and work procedures
should be redesigned to minimize accidents.
(e) Plan Maintenance: All equipments and machines should be
kept in perfect working order through regular cleaning, oiling,
repairing, etc. There should be periodic inspections of machines,
equipment, electrical installations and cables.
(f) General House-keeping: All passages meant for movement
of employees should be kept free all obstructions. Tools and
232 PAGE
parts should be stored safety after use. There should be solid Notes
and even flooring. All floors should be kept clean and dry.
Waste cans and sand pails should be safely stored.
4. Safety Education and Training: Safety education and training should
be provided to workers, supervisors and executives to develop safety
consciousness and safe working habits. Workers should be trained in
the proper use of safety devices. The need for good house-keeping
and safe materials handling should be stressed. Principles of first
aid and precautions required in case of fire and the accidents may
be explained. Posters, bulletin boards, house organs, displays,
cartoons, slogans, signs and safety films, may be used for safety
education, training and safety publicity campaign. Safety contests
may be organized and prizes awarded to the most safe employee/
work group/department to develop safety competition. Disciplinary
actions/punishments may be used for breach of safety regulations.
5. Role of Government: The Government of India established the
Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute, Mumbai. The institute
renders advice on safety matters and enforces safety laws. A
‘National Programme for Coordinated Action Plan’ for control of
hazards and protection of health and safety of workers in dangerous
manufacturing process has been launched. Model scheme for setting
up full safety control system cell in hazardous industries and ‘Safety
and Health’ Accidents Reduction Plan (SAHARA) in all industries
are in operation.
1.5 Employee Welfare

Employee or labour welfare is a comprehensive term including various
services, benefits and facilities offered to employees by the employer.
Through such generous fringe benefits the employer makes life worth
living for employees. The welfare amenities are extended in addition to
normal wages and other economic rewards available to employees as per
the legal provisions. According to Dr. Parandikar, “Labour welfare work
is work for improving the health, safety and general well being and the
industrial efficiency of the workers beyond the minimum standard lay
down by labour legislation.” Welfare measures may also be provided by
PAGE 233
Notes the government, trade unions and non-government agencies in addition

to the employer. According to a I.LO. report, “workers” welfare may
be understood as including such services facilities and amenities which
may be established in, or in the vicinity of undertakings to perform their
work in healthy and congenial surroundings and to avail of facilities
which improve their health and bring high morale. The basic purpose of
labour welfare is to enrich the life of employees and keep them happy
and contented. Welfare measures may be both statutory and voluntary.
Labour laws require the employer to extend certain benefits to employees
in addition to wages. Voluntary benefits are the result of employer’s
generosity, enlightenment and philanthropic feelings.
1.5.1 Features of Employee Welfare

On the basis of these definitions, the following features of employee
welfare can be identified:
I. Employee welfare is a comprehensive term including various services,
facilities and amenities provided to employees for their betterment.
II. Employee welfare is a dynamic concept varying from country to
country and from region to region within same country. It is a
flexible and ever changing concept as new welfare measure is added
to the existing measures from time to time.
III. Welfare measures are in addition to regular wages and other economic
benefits available to employees under legal provisions and collective
bargaining.
IV. Welfare measures may be provided not only by employers but by
the government, trade unions and other agencies too.
V. The basic purpose of employee welfare is to improve the lot of the
working class and thereby make a worker a good employee and a
happy citizen.
VI. Employee welfare is an essential part of social welfare. It involves
adjustment of an employee’s work life and family life to the
community or social life.
VII. Welfare measures may be both voluntary and statutory. Voluntary
measures are the result of paternalistic and philanthropic feelings of
234 PAGE
employer. These may also be provided due to customs or traditions Notes

in the particular industry or region. Statutory measures are prescribed
under labour laws.
VIII. Employee welfare measures are also known as fringe benefits and
services.
1.5.2 Significance of Employee Welfare

Employee welfare is in the interest of the employee, the employer and the
society as a whole. For the employee, welfare measures help to counter
act the negative effects of the factory system. These measures enable
the employee and his family to lead a good life. Welfare facilities like
housing, medical and children’s education, recreation, etc. help to improve
the family life of employees. For the employer, welfare measures lead to
higher morale and productivity of labour. Employee welfare is also in the
interest of the larger society because the health, happiness and efficiency
of each individual represent the general well-being of all. Well-housed,
well-fed and well-looked after, labour is not only on asset to the employer
but serves to raise the standards of industry and labour in the country.
The important benefits of welfare services are given below:
I. Welfare facilities provide better physical and mental health to the
workers and make them happy.
II. Such services facilities like housing scheme, medical benefits, education
and recreation facilities for the workers’ families. This will help
them to devote greater attention towards their work. The gain in
terms of productivity and quality of work will be large indeed.
III. Employees services serve to maintain some degree of peace with the
employees’ unions in as much as these constitute a considerable
part of the bargaining package. The harmony and the good relations
that result are the kingpin of higher productivity.
IV. Employers get stable labour force due to the provision of welfare
facilities. Workers take active interest in their jobs and work with
a feeling of involvement and satisfaction. They also find their work
interesting.
PAGE 235
Notes V. Employers secure the benefits of high efficiency, cordial industrial

relations and low labour absenteeism and turnover.
VI. Labour welfare measures raise labour productivity and bring industrial
peace and cordial labour-management relations.
VII. An employer is able to attract talented workers from the labour
market by providing attractive welfare facilities.
VIII. The social evils prevalent in the labour-force such as gambling,
drinking, etc. are reduced. Welfare activities by the employer bring
improvement in the health of the workers and keep them cheerful.
1.5.3 Agencies of Labour/Employee Welfare

In India, the main agencies engaged in labour welfare include: (a) Central
Government (b) State Government (c) Employer’s and (d) trade unions.
The contribution of these agencies is discussed below:
(a) Central Government: The Central Government has passed a number of
Acts for the welfare of different types of workers. It also administers
the implementation of industrial and labour laws. The important
Acts which incorporate measures for the welfare of the workers
are: Factories Act, Indian Mines Act, Employment of Children Act,
Maternity Benefits Act, Plantation Labour Act, etc. Under these
Acts, employers have to provide certain basic welfare facilities to
the workers. For example, under the Factories Act, 1948, employer
has to provide canteen, rest and lunch rooms, creches, medical aid,
proper lighting, ventilation, drinking water, etc. at the work place.
Appointment of Welfare Officer is also made compulsory. In the
case of coal mines, the provision of welfare fund has been made.
It is called Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund. This fund is to be
utilized for providing housing, medical, educational and recreation
facilities to the workers in mines. Mica mines Labour Welfare
Fund has been constituted under the Mica Mines Labour Welfare
Fund, 1946. The Government also provides housing, medical care,
canteens, educational aid etc. to the workers employed in public
sector enterprises.
(b) State Governments: The implementation of many provisions of
various labour laws rests with the State Governments. The State
236 PAGE
Governments run health centers, educational centers, etc. for the Notes
welfare of the workers. They also keep a vigil on the employers
that they are operating the welfare schemes made obligatory by the
Central or State Government. The State Governments have been
empowered to prescribe rules for the welfare of workers and appoint
appropriate authorities for the enforcement of welfare provisions
under various laws. In Assam, a statutory welfare fund is created
for offering medical, educational, recreational and other facilities to
plantations workers. In Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Karnataka,
Labour Welfare Centers are administered by welfare boards. However,
the number of these welfare centers is not inadequate to serve the
growing needs of workers at various places. These centers do not
have adequate funds and dedicated staff to carry out welfare work.
(c) Employers: Many employers provide voluntarily welfare facilities
along with the statutory welfare facilities. These include residential
accommodation to employees, medical and transport facilities, reading
rooms, scholarships to children of workers, patronize teams of
employees for hockey, football, etc. Employers can provide welfare
facilities individually or collectively, i.e. through their associations.
Employers have to play a major role in providing welfare facilities
to industrial workers. The welfare facilities offered by the employers
on their own are called voluntary welfare facilities. Some associations
of employers also provide welfare facilities collectively. Enlightened
employers like TISCO, Hindustan Lever, Godrej, L&T Siemens,
Voltas, Bajaj, Birlas, Sandoz, Philips, HMT, LIC, BHEL etc.
have undertaken welfare activities in the interest of workers. The
management of TISCO runs a well equipped hospital in Jamshedpur,
supported by health centers and dispensaries in different residential
localities. Family planning clinics, credit societies, gymnasiums,
club, creches, canteens, schools are also set up by TISCO for the
benefit of workers. Employees Associations have also joined hands
with employers in doing some welfare work for their workers.
(d) Trade Unions: Trade unions are supposed to raise the welfare of
workers and naturally they are expected to provide certain welfare
facilities to their members. Unions can provide educational, cultural
and other facilities to their members. In Bombay, some unions
PAGE 237
Notes provide sports and educational facilities. Co-operative stores are

also run by some unions. Some trade unions like the Rashtriya Mill
Mazdoor Sangh are doing good work in the field of labour welfare.
In addition, Textile Labour Association, Ahemdabad provides certain
facilities like school, social centers, libraries, legal aid, etc. to the
textile workers. Thus, Textile Labour Association of Ahemdabad is
doing good work in the field of labour welfare. On the whole, the
role of trade unions in the field of labour welfare is insignificant
as they face the problem of shortage of funds in providing welfare
services to their members.
(e) Charitable Organisations: Charitable organizations conduct social
welfare activities which are useful to all sections of the society
including industrial workers. These agencies provide medical aid,
educational facilities, scholarships, etc. However, the contribution
of such organizations in labour welfare is not so significant.
The overall picture regarding labour welfare work in India is somewhat
distressing. Welfare amenities have not been properly provided, except
in units managed by progressive employers or in modem units where the
latest technology demands maintenance of adequate standards. The latter
of the law has also not been strictly observed in most units, owing to
poor supervision. Employers, however, argue that welfare work would eat
into the finances of the organization and where the facilities have been
provided these have either remained unutilized or improperly used by
the workers. The need of the hour, to sum up, is to extend the coverage
of statutory welfare amenities to all units employing a minimum number
of employees and create a proper administrative network to oversee the
implementation strictly.
1.5.4 Types of Welfare Facilities

Welfare services relate to physical and social well-being of the employees
both within and outside the organization. Within the organization, these
include provision of medical benefits, recreational facilities, libraries,
canteens, rest rooms etc. They may also include meals and refreshments
supplied free of cost or at subsidized rates to the employees. But outside
the organization, welfare arrangements include provision of housing
238 PAGE
accommodation, education of children of employees, sports fields, medical Notes

advice for the family, etc. On the whole, these services may be basically
of three types: (1) Economic; (2) Recreational; and (3) Facilitative. These
are discussed below:
(1) Economic Services: These provide some additional economic security
over and above wage or salaries, such as pension, life assurance,
credit facilities, etc. Establishing a proper pension programme will
reduce dissatisfaction in the area of economic security. Pension is
a kind of deferred payment to meet the needs of the employees
in their old age. Generally, the amount of pension is related to
the last pay drawn and the total number of years of service put
in by the employee. Some organizations have a scheme of family
members, in case of demise of employee. Similarly, the employer
may contribute towards the premium of life insurance of each
employee. Some organizations also help the employees to start co-
operative credit societies to meet the urgent financial needs of the
employees or consumers’ co-operative stores to provide the workers
with consumers’ goods at ‘no profit-no-loss’ basis. The employees
often need money for purchase of cycle, scooter, T.V., sewing
machine, fan, etc. to raise their standard of living. In such cases
and at other times (e.g., marriage and other religious activities),
there should be some provision to meet their requirements. The
employer may advance them the money which is paid back by the
employees in the form of monthly instalments to be deducted from
their salaries. The employees may also be induced to build up their
own funds for future contingencies.
(2) Recreational Services: The employees are in need of occasional
diversion. Their attitude improves when the routine of everyday
living is broken occasionally. For this purpose, management may
provide for recreational facilities. More agreeable informal atmosphere
is promoted through the contacts and relationships built up in the
recreational events. The management may provide for indoor games
like Table Tennis in the common room for employees. In case of
big organizations, management may also arrange for playgrounds
for outdoor games and induce the workers to prepare a team to play
matches with other similar teams. Co-operations and understanding
PAGE 239
Notes among the employees will increase. Management may also provide
for reading rooms, libraries, radios, T.V. etc. for the recreation of
the employees.
(3) Facilitative Services: These are conveniences which the employees
ordinarily require such as:
(i) Canteen, rest rooms and lunch room: Eating is naturally a
very important thing for an employee to maintain his health
and efficiency. Unless proper facilities for food, tea and rest
rooms are available, health and consequential efficiency of
the workers will go down. Hence, almost all factories are
required to provide canteens where food can be obtained either
at a fair price or at subsidized rates. Similarly, lunch rooms
may be provided where workers may take their food which
they bring from their homes. Workers also need some place
or shelter for taking rest during leisure hours. This is also a
necessity for proper upkeep of health and efficiency.
(ii) Housing facilities: Some organizations construct flats for their
employees and provide the same either rent free or at a nominal
rent. In some cases, cash compensations are given while in
other cases, loans at cheaper rates of interest are advanced to
the employees to enable them to construct or purchase their
own houses or flats.
(iii) Medical facilities: Health is one of the foremost things for
the employees and it is but natural that there may be injuries
because of accidents while working. So first-aid facilities must
be provided for within the factory premises. In addition, medical
scheme is generally in operation under which reimbursement of
medical expenses actually incurred is allowed. The organization
may also prescribe doctors from whom the employees may
get services in case of need.
(iv) Washing facilities: It is necessary to provide for wash basins
and washing facilities to be conveniently accessible to all
workers which should be clean, properly separated and screened
for the use of male and female employees.
240 PAGE
(v) Educational facilities: Educational facilities may be provided Notes

by the organization to the employees’ children by starting a
school for them.
(vi) Leave travel concession: Many organizations reimburse actual
fares incurred by the employee in undertaking a tour along
with his or her spouse and dependent children once during a
specified number of years.
1.5.5 Labour Welfare Officer

The Factories Act, 1948, the Plantation Labour Act, 1951 and the Mines
Act, 1951 provide for the appointment of a Labour Welfare Officer if the
number of workers employed within a unit exceeds 500. The post has
been created specifically to (i) eliminate the malpractices of the jobber
system in the recruitment of labour, (ii) improve labour administration in
factories, (iii) serve as liaison with the State Labour Commissioner. The
Labour Welfare Officer was also expected to discharge the functions of a
policeman, with respect to law and order situation within an organization.
In each case the respective state governments may prescribe duties,
qualifications and conditions of service of such officers.
The Labour Welfare Officer should possess a university degree, degree
or diploma in social service/social work from a recognized institution
and adequate knowledge of local language of the area where the factory
is situated. The duties and responsibilities of a Labour Welfare Officer
may be summarized thus:
Advisory: He can advise and suggest the formulation of company labour
policies; promote training programmes, promote welfare schemes, secure
housing, recreational and educational facilities for workers etc.
Service Oriented: He can offer help to workers in solving family and
personal problems, in adjusting to work environment, in understanding
their rights and privileges, in forwarding application for leave etc. He
can offer help to management by making workers understand various
problems.
Supervisory: He can supervise, inspect and regulate welfare, health and
safety programmes, working of joint committees and paid vacations.
PAGE 241
Notes Functional: He can oversee the implementation of labour laws for the
benefit of workers.
Policing: He can forward workers’ grievances to management, can influence
industrial relations calm it when disputes arise, can restrain workers and
management from resorting to illegal strikes and lockouts.
Mediation: He can mediate and build harmony between labour and
management, secure speedy redressal of worker’s grievances, settle disputes
through persuasive efforts, maintain a neutral stance during strikes and
lockouts and thereby help in resolving troubling issues peacefully.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. _________ work is work for improving the health, safety and
general well being and the industrial efficiency of the workers
beyond the minimum standard lay down by labour legislation.
7. Statutory measures under labour welfare may be provided due
to customs and traditions followed in a company. (True/False)
8. Under _________ Act, employer has to provide canteen, rest and
lunch rooms, creches, medical aid, proper lighting, ventilation,
drinking water, etc.
(a) Factories Act
(b) Mines Act
(c) Contract Act
(d) LLP Act
9. Canteen, rest rooms and lunch room are a part of Economic
services. (True/False)
10. Which of the following roles are played by a Labour Officer
under the Factories Act?
(a) Advisory
(b) Service oriented
(c) Supervisory
242 PAGE
1.6 Social Security Notes
Social security is the welfare state that a society offers to individuals

and families to ensure that they have access to health care and to ensure
financial security, especially in cases of old age, unemployment, illness,
work injuries, maternity, or the death of a sole earner in the family.
It is based on business ethics “ideals of human dignity and social justice”.
“Social Security is a program of protection provided by society against
the contingencies of modern life like-sickness, unemployment, old age,
industrial accident against which the individual cannot be expected to
protect himself and his family by his own ability and foresightedness.”
–Fridlander
1.6.1 Features of social security

Social security provides financial help to the deceased individuals:
1. Applicable to all individuals: The social security scheme is for
those who are employed and a part of society. It is intended for
those in need who are elderly, disabled, jobless, or retired.
2. Improves standard of living: Programmes and aids covered under
social security helps in improving the standard of living of the
needy individuals.
3. Governments, non-governmental organisations, trusts, and volunteers
all play important roles in providing the amenities.
4. Financial help: It offers financial assistance in the event of unforeseen
circumstances like unemployment, pregnancy, work injuries, industrial
diseases, old age, widowhood, and orphanhood, among others to
the needy population in a country.
5. Dynamic concept: Social Security is a dynamic idea, and the scope
of its benefits varies depending on the social, economic, and political
climate in a particular nation at a particular moment.
6. Social security is considered as an instrument of ensuring social and
economic justice for individuals.
PAGE 243
Notes 1.6.2 Approaches of social security

In general, there are three different social security approaches:
Figure 1.1: Approaches to Social Security

1. Compensation: Compensation comprises income security during a
period of risk so that the individual and his family are not subjected
to a double tragedy involving both destitution and loss of life,
health, and employment. Workers are compensated under worker
compensation if they suffer a permanent disability that reduces
their earning potential permanently or temporarily. It compensates
workers who have suffered as a result of accidents and unexpected
mishaps by providing them some financial assistance.
2. Restoration: Giving people and their families the assurance that their
standard of living and quality of life won’t be adversely affected by
any societal or economic loss is restoration. “It seeks to restore the
employee’s prior social and economic status by offering financial
and social assistance under various social security Acts. The ability
to regain one’s original status and financial status helps an employee
to feel confident again.
3. Prevention: It not only aims at compensation and restoration of
one’s financial and social position, but it also aims to prevent
accidents, industrial injuries, and occupational diseases. Social
244 PAGE
Security is a fundamental instrument of social and economic justice Notes

among members of the community. The goal of prevention is to
prevent loss of productivity brought on by illness, accident, or
unemployment. The Industrial Safety Act, the Factory Act, and the
Worker’s Compensation Act all assist in preventing various industrial
hazards that can result in accidents and diseases.
1.6.3 Need of social security

Following points show why social security is necessary:
1. Improves morale of employees: When employees feel socially secure,
it improves their confidence in the employer and the workplace.
Employees work dedicatedly and their morale improves.
2. Improves productivity: When the employees work with full confidence
their productivity also improves. They complete their targets in time
and are ready to focus on the next task.
3. Work environment improve: A culture of cooperation is created
in the organisation by establishment of social security. There is a
growing sense of trust, faith, and confidence between management
and workers.
4. Helps in attracting and retaining talent: Companies that offer social
security benefits can acquire skilled and highly experienced workers
very easily. These companies become popular among candidates
and employee turnover is also less in these. Social security policies
enable in creating a dedicated, devoted, and cheerful workforce.
5. For securing the workforce: Social security offers protection and
assistance to society’s individuals against certain disasters that could
damage their financial and social stability.
1.6.4 Scope of social security

International Labour organization in its convention divided scope of social
security into nine components.
1. Medical care: Pregnancy and its effects, as well as ailments that
results in a fatal state, are covered under social security under
PAGE 245
Notes medical care. Medical care, expert care, the distribution of necessary
medications, and hospitalisation are part of this component.
2. Sickness Benefit: Inability to work due to illness can cause a
disruption of income. Under this benefit, the employee is paid for
maximum of 26 weeks a year as a benefit.
3. Unemployment benefit: When a worker is capable and available
for work but cannot find suitable job, the social security benefit
compensates for the loss of earnings during this unemployed time.
According to the Act, this compensation may only be paid for
maximum of 13 weeks a year.
4. Employment injury benefit: Under the Employment Injury benefit,
an injured employee is given appropriate medical attention and
regular payments in accordance with the Worker’s Compensation
Act’s law requirements.
5. Old age benefit: The amount of payment under this benefit is based
on the individual’s working ability during the time before and after
retirement. It also contains a portion of money that is provided after
reaching a certain age and lasts until death.
6. Maternity benefit: Under the Maternity Benefit Act of 1961, women
are given a fixed periodical payment three months before and three
months after the birth of their kid in many organisations.
7. Family Benefit: This insurance provides responsibility for the
children’s support for the duration of their childhood in the event
of the breadwinner’s death.
8. Survivors benefit: It pertains to the benefits provided to the impacted
family in the form of regular payments made to the family after
the death of the family’s primary breadwinner.
9. Invalidism: This benefit, which comes in the form of recurring
payments, for taking care of the requirements of employees who are
disabled due to an illness or accident faced by them on the work,
if is invalidism continues for full life, then after a certain age it
converts into old age benefit.
246 PAGE
1.6.5 Labour laws related to social security Notes
The organised labour force, which is defined as employees who have a

direct, regular employer-employee relationship within an organisation,
is covered under the social security programmes in India. The Directive
Principles of the State Policy found in the Indian Constitution give India’s
social security laws their power and spirit. These mandate the payment of
social security payments, either entirely at the expense of the employers
or jointly by the employers and the employees.
The most common schemes are:
1. The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948: The purpose of this
scheme is to provide health treatment and financial assistance in
the event of illness, pregnancy, or work-related injuries to the
employees of the organisation.
2. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961: All companies, businesses,
plantations, mines, and shops are subject to the act. The benefit under
the Act’s terms is paid out periodically in the event of childbirth,
miscarriage, or illness related to pregnancy.
3. The Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions
Act, 1952: The law offers retirement, disability, and survivorship
benefits to the organised sector’s workers.
4. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972: It includes a provision for
lump-sum death benefits given in addition to regular pension payments.
Workers of companies that operate factories, mines, energy fields,
plants, ports, and railroads are subject to the Act.
5. The Workmen Compensation Act, 1923: It covers losses brought
on by accidents that occur at work or in the process of job and
result in death or disability.
6. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: The legislative safeguards and
compensation provided against layoffs and dismissals is covered
here.
PAGE 247
Notes IN-TEXT QUESTIONS

11. ___________ approach comprises income security during a period
of risk so that the individual and his family are not subjected
to a double tragedy involving both destitution and loss of life,
health, and employment.
12. Social security is based on business ethics “ideals of human
dignity and social justice”. (True/False)
13. Which of the following can be identified as point under scope
of social security?
(a) Medical Care
(b) Unemployment benefit
(c) Old age benefit
1.7 Summary
Health is a general state of physical, mental and emotional well-being.
Safety involves protecting the physical well-being of people. Health
promotion covers areas such as healthy living, physical fitness, smoking
cessation, stress management etc. The main purpose of effective safety
programmes in an organization is to prevent work-related injuries and
accidents. Safety members in factories cover slipping and falling hazards,
collision and obstruction hazards, equipment hazards, fire hazards, hazards
from falling objects etc. Supervisors play a great role in reducing unsafe
conditions and unsafe acts.
1. Health
2. False
3. (a) Preventive and curative
4. True
5. True
248 PAGE
6. Labour welfare Notes

7. False
8. (a) Factories Act
9. False
11. Compensation
12. True

1. Explain the significance of industrial health and safety in effective
management of human resources.
2. How would you measure and record industrial accidents? Explain
the causes of such accidents?
3. Discuss the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 relating to safety
of industrial workers?
4. What do you mean by the concept of Employee Health? What
measures should be taken to protect employee health in industries?
5. Explain the qualifications, duties and responsibilities of a labour
welfare officer?
6. What do you mean by employee safety? According to you what are
the benefits of working in a safe and healthy environment?
7. Explain the concept of employee safety. What are different steps taken
in a workplace to ensure the safety of employees and workers?
8. Why is social security needed in a workplace? Also explain the
scope of social security.
9. List the types of hazards faced by employees in mines. How can a
employer provide protection against these hazards?
(a) Employee safety
(b) Significance of Employee welfare
PAGE 249
Notes (c) Types of welfare facilities

(d) Scope of social security
1.10 References

Chand & Sons.
250 PAGE
L E S S O N
2
Employee Grievance,
HRIS and E-HRM
Dr. Pooja Goel
University of Delhi
Ms. Ritika Sharma
University of Delhi
STRUCTURE
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Employee Grievance
2.4 Human Resource Information System (HRIS)
2.5 E-HRM
2.6 Summary
2.9 References

After going through this lesson, you should be able to:
Understand the concept, sources and procedures to handle employee grievances.
Know the concept of HRIS and its application in a workplace.
Understand the concept of E-HRM and its advantages and disadvantages to a company.
2.2 Introduction
Employee dissatisfaction with the company and its administration is referred to as an
employee grievance. A business or employer is expected to give an employee a secure
PAGE 251
Notes work environment, a clear understanding of their duties, sufficient pay,

respect, etc. Employee dissatisfaction, however, results from a mismatch
between an employee’s expectations and the employer’s response. This
lesson discusses about different sources of grievances, different procedures
to handle grievances and how grievances disturb the employee as well as
the work. We will further discuss about two electronic human resource
tools that are making the work of personnel department easy. These tools
are names as human resource information system (HRIS) and e-HRM.
2.3 Employee Grievance
2.3.1 Concept of Employee Grievance

There are many factors in industry which make a worker unhappy and
dejected. May be his fellow worker are non-co-operative or his foreman’s
sarcastic or harsh remarks or his own personal problems outside the
factory or domestic matters. Poverty, undernourishment, debts, unemployed
dependents, etc. may be working adversely in his mind, He is aggrieved
and wants to ventilate his feelings and reactions. A well-defined
grievance procedure is an important element of sound industrial relations
machinery. Prompt and effective disposal of workers grievance is the key
to industrial peace. The grievance procedure set up by agreement with
a union provides a medium for the workers to transmit his grievance
to management in an orderly manner and get the answer in writing.
Keith Davis has defined grievance as “any real or imagined feeling of
personal injustice which an employee has concerning his employment
relationship.” A grievance represents a situation in which an employee
feels that something unfavourable to him has happened or is going to
happen. In an industrial enterprise, grievance may arise because of several
factors such as:
Violation of management’s responsibility such as poor working
conditions.
Violation of company’s rules and practices.
Violation of collective bargaining agreement.
Violation of labour laws.
252 PAGE
Violation of natural rules of justice such as unfair treatment in Notes

promotion.
The essentials of a grievance in an organization are as under:
The Discontentment Arises out of Something Connected with the
Organization: The sources of grievances lie within the company such
as unfair treatment by the supervisor, violation of company rules, etc.
Personal reasons such as illness in the family, conflict with a neighbour,
etc. do not constitute a grievance. Such outside sources are beyond the
control of the employer.
A Grievance may be Expressed or Implied: It is comparatively easier
to identify express grievances. They are manifested in several ways,
e.g. gossiping, active criticism, augmentation, increased labour turnover,
carelessness in the use of tools, materials and poor workmanship, etc.
Grievances are also implied by indifference to work, day dreaming,
absenteeism, tardiness, etc. It is not wise to recognize only expressed
grievances and overlook the unexpressed ones.
The Discontent may be Rational or Irrational: Rational grievance is
a genuine one which must be removed by the arrangement. On the other
hand, there are grievances which are emotional in nature and are based
on sentiments, distorted perception, lack of proper thinking, etc. These are
totally irrational or psychological. It is difficult to handle such grievances.
2.3.2 Sources of Grievances

The causes of grievances may be grouped under three heads, viz., (i)
management policies; (ii) working conditions; (iii) personal factors.
(i) Grievances Resulting from Management Policies:
(a) Wage rates or scale of pay
(b) Overtime
(c) Leave
(d) Transfer-improper matching of the worker with the job
(e) Seniority, promotion and discharge
(f) Lack of career planning and employee development plan
(g) Lack of role clarity
PAGE 253
Notes (ii) Grievances Resulting from Working Conditions:

(a) Unrealistic
(b) Non-availability of proper tools, machines and equipment for
doing the job
(c) Tight production standards
(d) Bad physical conditions of workplace
(e) Negative approach to discipline
(iii) Grievances Resulting from Personal Factors:
(a) Narrow attitude
(b) Over-ambition
(c) Egoistic personality
2.3.3 Handling of Grievances

Grievances are symptoms of conflicts in enterprise. So they should be
handled very promptly and efficiently. Coping with grievances forms
an important part of manager’s job. The manner in which he deals with
grievances determines his efficiency in dealing with the subordinates. A
manager is successful if he is able to build a team of satisfied workers by
removing their grievances. While dealing with grievances of subordinates,
it is necessary to keep in mind the following points:
I. A grievance may or may not be real.
II. Grievances may arise out of not one cause, but multifarious causes.
III. Every individual does not give expression to his grievances.
For the purpose of handling grievances efficiently, it is necessary to find
and analyze the grievances of the subordinates. If a grievance is found
to be genuine or real, the corrective action should be taken immediately.
But if the grievance arises due to imagination or disturbed frame of mind
of the worker, then it is necessary to explain and clear up the matter.
Before dealing with the grievances, their causes must be diagnosed. But
when the grievances are not given expression by the subordinates, it is
manager’s job to detect the possible grievances and their causes. While
dealing with grievances, a manager cannot depend upon any readymade
254 PAGE
solutions. Every case has to be dealt with on its merit. The following Notes
guidelines may be followed to deal effectively with the grievances:
2.3.4 Grievance Procedure

A grievance is the embryo of more serious trouble to come because
accumulation of minor grievances may lead to major explosions. Therefore,
prompt and effective handling of grievances is the key to industrial peace.
This calls for a systematic procedure of handling grievances for the just
and speedy disposal of grievances. There are two types of grievance
procedures for redressing the grievances of the employees. These include:
(i) open door procedure, (ii) step-ladder procedure.
(i) Open Door Policy: Under this procedure, the employees are free to
meet the top executive of the organization and get their grievances
redressed. Such a policy may work well in the small organizations,
but in big organizations this may not be practicable because the top
executive will be too busy in other matters. Another disadvantage
of open door policy is that lower level executives feel bypassed.
This may complicate the human relations problems. Moreover, top
management is not too familiar with the working conditions of the
operative employees. It may be difficult for it to attend to employee
grievances because of lack of sufficient information. Lastly, it is
also said that the open door policy is suitable for executives to walk
through and not the operative employees. The employees may even
hesitate to go to top executives with their grievances. Because of
these difficulties, step ladder procedure may be adopted.
(ii) Step-ladder Procedure: Under this procedure, the aggrieved employee
has to proceed step by step in getting his grievance heard and
redressed. Firstly, he has to present his grievance in writing to his
supervisor or foreman. If he is not satisfied with his decision, he may
go to the head of the department. There may by a joint grievance
committee after the decision of the head of the department is not
acceptable to the employee. If the committee also fails to redress
his grievances, the matter may be referred to the chief executive.
The grievance procedure will be said to be exhausted if the chief
executive is also not able to redress the grievance. The workers
PAGE 255
Notes should not take any action against the management until the whole
grievance procedure has been exhausted. The grievance assumes the
form of a conflict after the worker is not satisfied with the decision
of the chief executive. For maintaining industrial peace in the plant,
it is advisable to refer such grievance to the voluntary arbitration.
The award of the arbitrator should be binding on both the parties.
2.3.5 Industrial Health Programme

It is advisable to set up an effective grievance procedure in the organization.
The procedure should be flexible enough to meet the requirements of
the organization. It should be simple so that an average employee is
able to understand it. Though such a procedure will vary in different
organizations, yet the following principles should be observed while
laying down a grievance procedure:
I. A grievance should be dealt with in the first instance at the lowest
level; that is to say, an employee should raise his grievance with
his immediate superior. It may be simple to settle it on the spot and
that will be the end of it. Even if it cannot be settled at that level,
the man’s superior will know what is happening. This is necessary
not only to maintain his authority, but also to prevent him from
being aggrieved as he will certainly be, if he is by-passed and later
hears of the complaint from his own superior.
II. It must be made clear to the employee what line of appeal is, so
that if he cannot get satisfaction from his immediate superior, he
may know the next higher authority to whom he can go.
III. Since delay causes frustration and tempers may rise and rumours
spread around the work, it is essential that grievances should be
dealt with speedily.
IV. It must be clearly understood in establishing a grievance procedure
that if the grievance is against an instruction given by a superior, it
is in the interest of discipline that instruction must be carried out.
Only then can the employee register his protest and set in motion
the procedure.
V. The grievance procedure should be set up with the participation of
the employees and it should be applicable to all in the organization.
256 PAGE
It should be agreed that there will be no recourse to the official Notes

machinery of conciliation unless the procedure has been carried
out and there is still dissatisfaction. Moreover, there must be no
direct action on either side which might prejudice the case or raise
tempers while the grievance is being investigated.
A good grievance procedure should be simple so that an average employee
is able to understand it. Secondly, it should lay down the time limit which
should not be exceeded at every step of the grievance procedure, and
lastly, the grievance procedure should be developed with the participation
of the leaders of the employees and must be applicable to all.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. A ________ represents a situation in which an employee feels
that something unfavourable to him has happened or is going
to happen.
2. Under step ladder procedure, the employees are free to meet
the top executive of the organization and get their grievances
redressed. (True/False)
3. Which of the following are grievances Resulting from Personal
Factors?
(a) Overtime
(b) Wage rate
(c) Over ambition
(d) Unrealistic
4. A Grievance may be Expressed or Implied. (True/False)
2.4 Human Resource Information System (HRIS)

Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a system designed to
supply information required for effective management of an organization.
Any organization is managed by taking various decisions at the various
levels of its management hierarchy. Information is needed to take these
decisions. Quality of decisions will largely depend upon the nature. and
type information provided for taking the decisions. Therefore, designing
of an effective information system is vital for the efficient working of
PAGE 257
Notes an organization. It can be built around electronic computers in case of

big organizations. Human Resource Management Information System is
designed to supply information required for effective management of
human resources in an organization.
2.4.1 Computerised Human Resource Information System

Computers can amplify the capabilities of human resource managers in
their job of efficient management of human resources. That is why; modern
organizations use computerized Human Resource Information Systems.
A computerized HRIS is designed to monitor, control and influence the
movement of people from the time they’ join the organization till the time
they separate from the organization. Thus, the scope of computerized HRIS
is very vast and it includes information about the following sub-systems:
(i) Recruitment sub-system Information: It includes advertisement
module, applicants’ profile, appointment and placement data.
(ii) Manpower Planning sub-system Information: It includes information
that could assist human resource mobilization, career planning,
succession planning and inputs for skill development.
(iii) Personnel Administration sub-system Information: It is intended to
keep personal records of each employee as regards leaves, transfer,
promotion, increments, etc.
(iv) Training sub-system Information: It provides information for
designing course material system for need based training, appraisal
of training programme, etc.
(v) Maintenance sub-system Information: It is designed to contain
data about health, safety and welfare of employees.
(vi) Appraisal sub-system Information: It contains information about
performance rating which serves as input for transfer, promotion,
increment, succession planning and career planning, etc. ·
(vii) Payroll sub-system Information: It consists of information concerning
wages, salaries, wage incentives, allowances, perquisites of fringe
benefits, deductions for provident fund, etc.
258 PAGE
(viii) Personnel Research Sub-system Information: It is a bank of Notes

historic and current data about employees’ attitude, absenteeism,
turnover, etc. which may be used for different types of analysis.
(ix) Job Analysis and Design Sub-system Information: Since individuals
are employed for various jobs, it is essential to computerize job-
related information about every job before and after redesigning.
The computerized HRIS virtually integrates the information relating to
various sub-systems of human resource management as discussed above.
It, in fact, serves as a common database of information on jobs, people
and organization variables. The Integrated HRIS involves the following
elements:
Automated Analysis Methods: Data on people, jobs and organisation
are gathered by the system through diagnostic questionnaires that
query human respondents and analyse the data.
Decision Support: This supports specific HRD decision making.
The formats are designed to answer specific questions.
Multiple Applications: Various segments of the Human Resource
Information System are integrated so that data generated by or
used by one HR sub-system can be accessed and used in other
sub-systems or functions.
Easy Access and User Friendliness: The computerized HRIS
facilitates easy access to data whenever required. Whosoever knows
the operations of a computer can retrieve the required information.
Application of computers in modern organizations can help in processing
Organisational data, Job data and Personnel data. Organisational data
include market or competitive information, e.g., the life cycle of a
company’s products; the mission, values and strategy of the company,
its structure and culture, management style, employee attitudes and its
output results. Job data include the proposed duties and responsibilities,
performance standards, compensable factors and competency requirements.
People or personnel data may include current and potential employees’
demographic information, work history, education level, training and
development history, competency-assessments, performance appraisal
data and career path.
PAGE 259
Notes 2.4.2 Need for HRIS

In order to conduct human resource audit and human resource research,
the human resource manager requires considerable amount of data.
Planning and control of human resources need a sound information
base. The information required for various functions of human resource
management are as follows:
1. Procurement Function: (a) Inventory of present and future needs
for manpower; (b) Reliable performance standards; (c) Possible
changes affecting skills; (d) Location and matching of required
and available skills; (e) Valid measures for testing and selection;
(f) Costs of recruitment and replacement.
2. Development Function: (a) Valid measures of employee performance;
(b) Cost benefit calculations of training and development;
(c) Linkages between individual aspirations and organizational needs;
(d) Career and succession plans.
3. Compensation Function: (a) Linkage between wages and productivity;
(b) Impact of money on work motivation of employees; (c) Employee
costs in terms of turnover; (d) Effect of inflation and technology
on wage levels and productivity; (e) Value of collective bargaining,
fringe benefits programmes, etc. to the company.
4. Maintenance Function: (a) Absenteeism, turnover, accidents, grievances,
discipline, Mondays lost and other indicators of organizational
health; (b) Environmental standards for physical and mental
health of employees; (c) Causes and costs of employee separation;
(d) Incentives for voluntary separation if necessary.
5. Integration Function: (a) Communication and leadership climate
in the company; (b) Adaptation to environmental changes;
(c) Causes of changes in productivity level; (d) Impact of changes
in technology and markets.
2.4.3 Objectives of HRIS

Some of the common objectives of HRIS in operation in various enterprises
are as follows:
260 PAGE
I. To make the desired information available in the right form to the Notes
right person and at the right time.
II. To supply the required information at a reasonable cost.
III. To use the most efficient methods of processing data.
IV. To provide necessary security and secrecy for important and/or
confidential information.
V. To keep the information up-to-date.
2.4.4 Functioning of HRIS

Human Resource Information System can be broadly classified into two
processes:
(a) Data Collection: Who should collect what data and in what form
and how often? The nature and the form of data will vary from
organisation to organisation depending upon its objectives. The
manner of data collection will depend upon the purpose for which
data is required. After collection of data, irrelevanted data should
be filtered out and the relevant data should be properly classified
and tabulated so that it can be used easily when needed.
(b) Data Management: A good data management system involves
following sub-functions:
1. Processing operations, viz., classifying, analyzing, summarizing
and editing the data.
2. Storage of data viz., indexing, coding and filling of information.
3. Retrieval of data, whenever required.
4. Evaluation, i.e. judging the usefulness of information in terms
of its relevance and accuracy.
5. Dissemination, i.e. providing the required data in the right form
at the right time.
The data management system should be capable of giving efficient service
in terms of day-to-day processing of information. At the same time,
the system design should not be rigid. With the changes in conditions,
demand on the information system may change. The same information
may be needed in different format or different levels of aggregation may
PAGE 261
Notes be needed. An efficient system should be able to quickly respond to these

types of demands from different sources.
2.4.5 Designing of HRIS

HR Information System is the linking mechanism which connects all
decision-making centers in an organisation. The development of an HRIS
should be a well thought-out process. It should consist of the following
steps:
1. Planning of System: Planning of Human Resource Information System
requires the identification of objectives of the system. This further
requires a clear formulation of objectives of the organisation; spelling
out of the activities required to be carried out; work relationship,
work patterns and their sequence; and above all the defining of
physical boundaries of the system. Thus, this step involves the
description in generalized terms of the course of action and the
limitations within which the system has to be designed.
2. Organising Flow of Information: The system designer should study
what is the prevailing flow of information and compare it with what
should be flow of information. He should also study how this gap
could be removed. This study is based on the following premises:
I. The critical deficiency under which most managers operate
is the lack of relevant information.
II. The manager needs the information he wants for decision-
making.
III. If a manager has the information he needs, the decision-making
will improve.
IV. Better communication between managers will improve organizational
performance.
V. A manager does not have to understand how his information
system works, only how to use it.
The system designer has to take the decision in respect of the number
of files to be maintained, the equipment to be used for processing
of data such as manual, electronic or automatic processing, etc.
the personnel to be employed for this purpose and the ways of
262 PAGE
processing, etc. the personnel to be employed for this purpose and Notes
the ways of processing and storing the information required on an
exceptional basis. Above all, a cost-benefit analysis of the system
is essential.
3. Implementation: This phase deals with the fitting in of HRIS into
the organisation structure. The various alternatives available in
this connection are: (i) the old information flow may be allowed
to continue as it is and new system may be installed to meet the
requirements of the new operation; (ii) the old system may be
scrapped completely and supplanted by the new one; and (iii)
phasing the installation of the new system and scrapping the old
one.
It is important to appoint and train personnel for operating the HRIS.
The procedures for actual installation of the installation of the
equipments to be used and development of the support facilities
is yet another major decision area. Obtaining the printed formats
and reports is the next task. The most difficult part of this phase
is the amalgamation of the information system and the organisation
structure.
4. Feedback: The regular feedback regarding the actual functioning
of the HRIS is a must for the designer to fill up the gap between
its planning and implementation. The changes in the environment
also need to be incorporated. If the HRIS is not corrected for these
deviations, it will lead to malfunctioning of the HRIS. Hence the
system should be continuously reviewed in the light of changes
in the environment both within the organisation and outside the
organisation. Necessary steps will have to be taken to modify the
system in the wake of these changes.
2.4.6 Applications of Computerised HRIS

The specific applications of computerized human resource system are as
follows:
1. Job Description: Produce printouts that describe jobs according
to user specification and information input into the system. As a
minimum job description includes job title, purpose, duties and
PAGE 263
Notes responsibilities, the computer programme should allow the authorized

users to update and reformat job descriptions.
2. HR Planning: Forecast demand for key jobs as well as employee
turnover and patterns of inter-organisational mobility. It can be used
to project future employee and competency needs for staffing and
development activities.
3. Staffing: Address recruitment, selection and placement functions and
can include the following modules:
(a) Applicant Tracking: Track key information on job applicants
and other relevant selection process information.
(b) Job Posting: Provides a listing of open jobs within the
organisation. The listing typically identifies title of the job,
job location, primary responsibilities and job requirements.
(c) Job Requirements Analysis: Analyse job duties and responsibilities
to identify competencies that predict effective job performance.
(d) Job person Matching: Compare competency assessments of
candidates to job competency requirements.
4. Succession Planning: Report information on the availability of
competent candidates for key positions. It will help in identifying
candidates for each key position. It will help in identifying candidates
for each key position and the development needs of candidates
where they fall short of the requirements for a target job.
5. Training and Development: Track recommended training for
skill levels, training site availability, course schedules, enrolments,
attendance, completion of course, trainer and trainee evaluation
results. It includes the following:
(a) Career Planning: Help employees understand alternative job
options and compare their competencies with the competency
requirements for these jobs.
(b) Development Needs Analysis: Identify employees and employee
groups that will best benefit from training and development.
(c) Development Advisor: Provide feedback to employees by
identifying gaps between an employee’s competencies and
job competency requirements of his or her current job.
264 PAGE
6. Performance Appraisal: Help managers direct employees to achieve Notes

organizational goals and develop their competencies. Generate
performance appraisal forms based on the goals and standards and
competencies required of a job and record appraisal ratings for
employees on goal accomplishment and competency assessment:
(a) Performance Assessments: Appraisals keep employees competency
data upto date.
(b) Goals Accomplishments: Record goals set for employees at the
beginning of the performance period and appraise employee
performance against these goals.
(c) Reward Management: Support compensation benefit adminis-
tration ensuring that internal and external pay equity is main-
tained and that pay effectively motivates employee towards
appropriate goals.
7. Job Evaluation: Computer assisted job evaluation system helps
manager determine job evaluation points or classification levels
and job hierarchies.
8. Compensation: Track, analyse and report compensation information
on pay grade structures, merit guidelines, support salary budgeting
e.g., by allocating increases according to alternative criteria and
tracking results in terms of ratios and other statistics.
9. Organisational Climate Analysis: Employee attitude survey data
which provide composite profiles of employee morale, concerns
and values, help managers take appropriate actions.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
5. A _________ is designed to supply information required for
effective management of human resources in an organization.
6. First step in designing a HRIS programme is Planning of the
system. (True/False)
7. Application of HRIS can be done on which of the following?
(a) Training and Development
(b) Appraisal
PAGE 265
Notes (c) HR Planning

8. HRIS can be broadly classified into four processes, namely data
classification, data operation, data analysis and data interpretation.
(True/False)
2.5 E-HRM
E-HRM is the use of information technology in human resource procedures
to facilitate simple exchanges between employees and employers. It
maintains data for various HR services like payroll, employee information,
performance management, training, hiring, etc. E-HRM is also termed as
electronic human resource management.
E-HRM has been defined as “a way of implementing HR strategies,
policies and practises in organisations through a conscious and directed
support of technology-based channels”.
2.5.1 Advantages of E-HRM

Adopting electronic HRM has the following advantages:
1. Providing Services Efficiently: E-HRM improves the quality of
services and fixes a particular form in which service is to be
provided, it has also been noticed that mistakes are also less in the
work.
2. Help in Cost Saving: Routine tasks like record keeping, collecting
and storing records, maintaining portfolios, etc. can be done easily
using software’s, therefore less workforce is needed by the company
which helps in saving money.
3. Maintenance of Employee Data: Huge bundles of data are stored
using electronic data and making any updations is also super easy
as compared to manual record keeping.
4. Quick Analysis of data: Employee performance can also be analysed
in no time using some analytical software’s, that help the company
to provide fair appraisal to the employees.
5. Improving Accuracy: Data stored here is more accurate and there
exists no chance of human biasness.
266 PAGE
2.5.2 Types of E-HRM Notes
In general, there are three types of E-HRM:
Figure 2.1: Types of E-HRM

1. Operational: Operational E-HRM is concerned with administrative
functions – payroll and employee personal data, for example. This
kind of e-HRM system is intended to increase the effectiveness of
HR procedures and simplify the work of HR professionals.
2. Relational: Relational E-HRM is concerned with supporting business
processes by means of training, recruitment, performance management,
etc. The relational E-HRM system is used to improve communication
and interaction between HR specialists and workers. The goal of
this kind of E-HRM system is to enhance employee and HR expert
interaction and communication.
3. Transformational: Transformational E-HRM is concerned with
strategic HR activities such as knowledge management, strategic
reorientation. An organization may choose to pursue E-HRM policies
from any number of these tiers to achieve their HR goals. This kind
of E-HRM system is intended to totally revamp how HR functions
are carried out, improving their effectiveness and efficiency.
2.5.3 Practices of E-HRM

E-HRM is widely used by leading firms all over the world. Its areas are
expanding gradually. Following are some areas where E-HRM is used:
1. E-recruitment: Recruitment through traditional advertising, print
media, booklets, and magazines are replaced with online recruitment
PAGE 267
Notes process. It makes the process of finding candidates and new business
opportunities quicker, cheaper and more efficient.
2. E-Selection: E-selection is a process of web-based testing, face to
face interviews and job offers. Most organizations use e-selection to
achieve some specific purposes, such as cost reduction, maximum
utilization of human resources and sustainability. To operate e-selection
properly, organizations need to consider few procedural requirements,
including design upfront, vendor selection, and project steps,
assessment steps, and protocol for the test event, and feedback to
candidates.
3. E-learning/web-based training: E-learning includes numerous types
of media that deliver text, audio, images, animation, and streaming
video, and includes technology applications and processes. There
are two primary models of Web-based instruction: Synchronous
(instructor-facilitated) and asynchronous (self-directed, self-paced).
4. E-performance management: E-Performance Management, a web-
based tool, has been designed to make the performance reviews easier
than ever. An online performance appraisal system is a software
program that facilitates the completion of performance evaluations
online. It may be integrated with an employee position description
module, allowing managers to pull data from the employee’s position
description and insert this information into the evaluation.
5. E-compensation: E-Compensation represents a web-enabled approach
to an array of compensation tools that enable an organization to
“gather, store, manipulate, analyze, utilize, and distribute compensation
data and information”. Introduction of electronic technology in the
human resource task results in better controlling and cost-saving.
6. Biometrics: It is the latest electronic technology design for accurate
attendance maintenance of human beings with zero errors or frauds.
Biometrics scan finger of human and stores permanently as his
identity and proof that he is present.
2.5.4 Disadvantages of E-HRM

1. Involvement of high costs and funds: It involves a high cost to
maintain and implement E-HRM.
268 PAGE
2. Maintenance of confidentiality: It is difficult to maintain the Notes

confidentiality of the input data. Extra security needs to be purchased
for securing this sensitive data.
3. Huge amounts involved in training: Organizations need to invest
more on training and development before adopting e-HRM as this
is a new concept and expertise is required to use and maintain it.
4. Data can be attacked: Electronic media are vulnerable, which may
be attacked by viruses from anywhere on the Internet. Contracting
a virus can disable your HR management system severely enough
to render it unusable for an indeterminate time. E-HRM is subject
to corruption, hacking or data losses.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
9. ________ has been defined as “a way of implementing HR
strategies, policies and practises in organisations through a
conscious and directed support of technology-based channels”.
10. E-recruitment and E-selection can be performed with the help
of E-HRM. (True/False)
11. Which of the following is a disadvantage of E-HRM?
(a) Improving accuracy
(b) Quick analysis of data
(c) Involvement of high costs
(d) Completion of work efficiently
2.6 Summary
For the purpose of handling grievances efficiently, it is necessary to find
and analyze the grievances of the subordinates. A grievance is the embryo
of more serious trouble to come because accumulation of minor grievances
may lead to major explosions. Therefore, prompt and effective handling
of grievances is the key to industrial peace. This calls for a systematic
procedure of handling grievances for the just and speedy disposal of
grievances. There are two types of grievance procedures for redressing
the grievances of the employees. These include: (i) open door procedure,
(ii) stepladder procedure.
PAGE 269
Notes A web-based tool called E-HRM is used to streamline and assist HR

procedures. E-HRM is a method of implementing HR strategies, policies,
and practises in organisations through deliberate and directed support
of and/or with the full use of web-technology-based channels. It is an
effective, dependable, easy-to-use tool that is available to a wide range
of different users. It covers every facet of human resource management,
including hiring practises, employee personal pages, job descriptions,
education and training, career development, corporate structure and
yearly employee interviews. With so many advantages it also has some
drawbacks namely more trained staff is required, expensive software’s
need to be purchased, trainings need to be imparted to existing staff and
the data may be prone to attack of online viruses.
1. Grievance
2. False
3. (c) Over ambition
4. True
5. HRIS
6. True
8. False
9. E-HRM
10. True
11. (c) Involvement of high costs

1. Explain the legal provisions relating to labour welfare in India.
2. Explain the qualifications, duties and responsibilities of a labour
welfare officer.
3. State the concept and nature of grievance. What are the sources of
grievances in industry?
270 PAGE
4. What are the essentials of a good grievance procedure? Discuss in Notes

brief. Explain the concept of employee safety. What are different
steps taken in a workplace to ensure the safety of employees and
workers?
5. Discuss the uses and advantages of human resource information
system.
6. The field of Human Resource Management has changed considerably
over the years. Explain with suitable examples how this change has
taken place in Indian industries and what challenges do you foresee
for the human resource specialists in the 21st Century?
7. What do you mean by E-HRM? Discuss its advantages and dis-
advantages to businesses.
(a) Functions of HRIS
(b) Advantages of E-HRM
(c) Step ladder employee grievance procedure
2.9 References

Chand & Sons.
PAGE 271
Notes Rao, V. S. P. (2020). Human Resource Management. Delhi: Second

272 PAGE
L E S S O N
3
Employer-Employee
Relationship
Dr. Virender Kaushal
STRUCTURE
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Components of Employer-Employee Relationship
3.4 Standards for Establishment of Good Employer-Employee Relationship
3.5 Summary
3.8 References

Understand the concept, need, features and importance of employer-employee relationship.
Know about the components, fundamentals, advantages and poor causes of employer-
employee relationship.
Be acquainted with the standards and approaches used to establish good relationship
and settle disputes among employer and employee in an organisation.
3.2 Introduction
When we talk about “employee-employer relationship,” we’re talking about the dynamic
between workers and their superiors at the office. Managers and employees depend on one
another to succeed in order to benefit the company. It’s imperative, then, that they have
PAGE 273
Notes a solid bond. Keeping this pair in check is essential in the contact point
industry. The greater the bond between the two parties, the happier and
more productive the employees will be. In order to reap these benefits,
it is critical to remember the significance of the employer-employee
partnership. An employment relationship exists between an employer and
an employee. It occurs when a person accepts a paid position or delivers
paid services under certain conditions.
3.2.1 Need for Employer-Employee Relationship

Keeping up positive ties between employees and employers can result in
a number of positive outcomes. The following points reveal the need for
employer-employee relationship in an industrial establishment:
Cordial Relationship: Relationships between employees and employers
that are friendly contribute to economic growth and development,
which in turn contributes to greater levels of productivity. A higher
level of performance and development can be attained when efficiency
is improved.
Interaction: If an employee feels valued by their employer, they will
do everything in their power to ensure that the business achieves its
goals. Good employee relations are the cornerstone of any successful
business. Bad employee relations will have a negative impact on
performance and will likely result in a high turnover rate.
Understanding: When employees have positive interactions with
senior management, they tend to remain with the company for
longer periods. This provides them with the opportunity to acquire
a comprehensive understanding of the company’s policies, practises,
and processes. Workers who have significant knowledge about the
organization’s operations are great assets to the company.
Empowerment: Businesses that have employees who are engaged
in their work as a result of great relationships between employees
and employers have higher levels of production. Disengagement
on the part of employees can cost firms millions of dollars due to
the damage it does to output. It is imperative for organisations to
274 PAGE
make their staff members feel valued and empowered in order to Notes
increase morale and self-assurance.
Conflict Management: Conflicts in the workplace have a detrimental
impact on the performance of an organisation. Concerns around
potentially discriminatory recruiting practises or hostile work
conditions are two examples of the kind of conflicts that can arise
in any type of company. Conflicts can also create an atmosphere
of mistrust between employees and managers, which can hinder
performance.
Productive Workforce: The most valuable resource that a firm
possesses is its workforce. If they are involved in their work and
driven, they will make an effort to meet the requirements set out
by the organisation. A strong relationship between employees and
employers is beneficial not only to the workers but to the company
as a whole.
3.2.2 Features of Employer-Employee Relationship

The following are some of the key features of employer-employee relations:
Employment Relationship: The employment relationship in the
workplace is what leads to employer-employee relations. Without
the two parties-the employer and the employees-these relations are
impossible.
Employer-Employee Relations: It encompasses both individual and
group relationships. Individual relationships imply employer-employee
relationships. Collective relations refer to the relationship between
employers’ associations and labour unions, as well as the state’s
involvement in regulating these relationships.
Complex Relationship: The idea of the relationship between an
employer and an employee is complicated and has many parts. The
idea isn’t just about how trade unions and employers work together;
it also includes how employers, employees, and the government
all work together. It includes both institutionalised and individual
relationships, as well as those that are regulated and those that are
not.
PAGE 275
Notes Dynamic Relationship: Relations between employers and employees

are always changing and growing. It changes as the structure and
environment of the industry do. It is not a fixed idea. It grows,
stays the same, or dies along with a society’s economic and social
institutions. Institutional forces in a country shape how employers
and employees work together.
Social Relationship: Employer-employee connections do not exist
in isolation. Rather, these are the product of the attitudes and
methods of employers and employees towards one another. Relations
between employers and employees are a fundamental aspect of
social connections.
Harmonious Relationship: The primary goal of this is to keep
management and labour in good terms. The participants learn skills
and methods for adjusting to or cooperating with one another. They
also use collective bargaining to try to solve their problems. To
govern the workplace, every employer-employee relations system
develops a complex set of rules, regulations, and procedures.
3.2.3 Importance of Employer-Employee Relationship

The importance of employer-employee relationship is given as under:
Productive Workforce: A strong relationship between an employer
and an employee creates a pleasant place to work for the employee
and makes the organisation more productive. After that, he works
with more confidence and motivation. This helps people do their
jobs better and makes them more productive.
Loyal Workforce: An improved employer-employee relationship fosters
more employee loyalty and increases the likelihood that employees
will stay on the job. The cost of an employee relations programme
is typically outweighed by the increased cost of employee turnover
for the majority of organisations. Additionally, it guarantees that
the company has a professional and trained workforce.
Positive Working Conditions: Conflicts are less likely to occur in
the workplace when employer and employee relations are good. This
boosts productivity and promotes the growth of friendly relationships
among employees.
276 PAGE
ACTIVITY Notes
Employer-employee relationship is essential for establishing cordial

relationship in an organization. Analyse the need and importance of
employer-employee relationship in doing so.
3.3 Components of Employer-Employee Relationship

The essential components of employer-employee relationship are given
as under:
Employers: Employers attempt to gain employee loyalty in a variety
of ways. They are primarily concerned with imposing motivation,
commitment and labour efficiency. Management can also have an
impact on workers’ interests by exercising their right to relocate,
close or merge a factory. Many employers employ dubious methods
to break unions and strikers.
Workers: Workers attempt to better their job terms and circumstances.
They communicate with management and express their complaints.
In addition, they desire to share decision-making authority with
management. Workers receive assistance in their struggle from trade
unions and labour laws. Unions wield influence at both the plant
and industry levels.
Government: The government is becoming more involved in employer-
employee relationships to protect both employers’ and employees’
interests.
3.3.1 Fundamentals of Employer-Employee Relationship

The basic elements must be taken into consideration while focusing on
creating healthy employer-employee relationship in an establishment:
Respect: Respect should exist between employers and employees.
Disrespectful behaviour is detrimental to the connection and also
results in low retention and negative word of mouth.
Knowledge: Understanding each other’s strengths and shortcomings
is crucial for the beginning of a strong relationship. By identifying
PAGE 277
Notes their shared and distinctive characteristics, it helps people comprehend

one another.
Open Communication: An open line of communication between
an employer and employee is essential. They end up being on the
same page, heading in the same direction, and working towards the
same thing as a result.
Unbiased: There should be a separation between personal and profes-
sional ties. It is advisable to keep your distance from employees
because doing so could confuse the line between employer and
employee. As a result, it could lead to claims of favouritism at
work.
Acknowledging Appreciation: Employers need to keep in mind
that praise and reward are just as significant as criticism. Use any
chance you have to thank your staff for their contributions, whether
it’s a town hall discussion or a celebration of spirit week.
Rules and Regulations: Employers are not required to use their power
to manage their workforce. The employer-employee relationship
should be maintained by using the usual legal test as a check and
balance.
3.3.2 Advantages of Employer-Employee Relationship

The effective management of employer-employees relationship at workplace
results in positive outcomes and advantageous for an organisation in the
following ways:
Lesser Conflicts: Less fighting happens when people get along at
work. When employees don’t fight with each other and work towards
the same goal, their trust in the company grows. That makes them
more productive by keeping them from getting confused and causing
more discord.
Increased Output: As was said above, when employees have a good
relationship with their boss, they are more productive and help the
company make more money. Because when the work environment
is good, people are more motivated and have better morale. And
when workers are happy, they’re more likely to do their best at
work.
278 PAGE
Employee Engagement: It is directly related to the organisational Notes

relationship. The majority of employees believe that their relationship
with their employer is important to their job satisfaction. As a result
of feeling valued, employees are more likely to grow and stay with
the company in the long run.
Employee Retention: Successful businesses understand the need
of cultivating great relationships with their staff in order to retain
their hard-working, dedicated employees. Costs associated with
replacing and retraining former employees will be avoided if they
remain loyal to the team and company.
Easy Delegation of Responsibilities: It is essential for an employer
to be aware of the employees’ strengths, limitations, and current
and future expertise ranges. It assists in distributing responsibilities
and preventing confusion. It enables the staff to remain motivated
and efficiently execute the assigned task. Some firms also design
assignments to help employees overcome their limitations. As people
discover new strengths, they experience happiness at work and can
be themselves.
Problem Solving: When employer have good relationships with the
employees, they can communicate freely and honestly about the day-
to-day business. Such open conversations help people understand
the problems and flaws in their business, which makes it easier to
find quick solutions.
Equality: Most employers don’t treat everyone the same at work.
And employees don’t feel important if they don’t work in a fair
and equal place. Because of this, they don’t usually work harder
and get more done. By making sure all employees are treated the
same, employer can build a strong and productive team, which is
important for the success of any business.
3.3.3 Causes of Poor Employer-Employee Relationship

Frequent strikes, gheraos, lockouts, and other forms of industrial disputes
show that there are problems between employers and employees. Having
bad relations between an employer and an employee can be caused by a
PAGE 279
Notes number of economic, social, psychological, technological, and political

factors. These are given as under:
Economic Causes: Poor pay and working conditions are the main
causes of strained relationships between management and labour,
as well as unauthorized wage deductions, fringe benefits, lack of
advancement possibilities, and flawed incentive programmes.
Organisational Causes: Poor relations between employers and
employees in industry are caused by the way the workplace is set
up. This includes a bad communication system, a lack of supervision
and command, not recognising trade unions, unfair practises, and
breaking collective agreements, standing orders, and labour laws.
Societal Causes: Workers are now under the control of machines
because of the large-scale factory system and the high level of
specialisation in the production system. This is called bringing
machine culture into production systems. Because of this, workers
in these factories are less proud of their work and less happy with
their jobs. The breakup of the joint family system and impatience
has caused tensions and conflicts that have made things worse
between employers and employees.
Psychological Causes: Unhappy employer-employee relationships can
be caused by things like a lack of job security, a bad organisational
culture, not being recognised for merit and performance, a bossy
boss, and bad relationships between employees.
Political Causes: There are a lot of political issues that have made
it hard for employers and employees to get along. Some of these
problems include the fact that trade unions are very political, that
there are now many trade unions, and that competition between
these unions has made them less powerful in negotiations.
ACTIVITY
Analyse the basic causes of poor employer-employee relationship in
an organization. Why we have to consider these causes? Discuss in
the class and prepare an assignment on the same topic. Submit it
with the subject teacher.
280 PAGE
3.4 Standards for Establishment of Good Employer- Notes

Employee Relationship
In order to establish healthy employer-employee relations, it is essential
for the parties involved must have to follow certain standards. The
standards are give as under:
Good Policies for Human Resources: When it comes to pay,
transfers, promotions, etc., an organisation with clear and transparent
human resources policies has better relationships with its employees
than one that doesn’t make its policies clear to its staff and top
management. All of the human resource policies should be clear to
everyone in the business, including the leaders of the unions. Not
only do fair and strong policies need to be made, but they also
need to be carried out in a fair way.
Positive Attitude: Trade unions and management need to respect
and trust each other’s decisions and work. Management should see
union leaders as the ones who protect the rights of workers. On
the other hand, union leaders should know what the employers can
and can’t do. If each side has such a positive view of the other, it
would be much less likely that they will fight with each other.
Collective Bargaining: Collective bargaining between employers and
workers should be seen as a very important way for both sides to
negotiate. No unit should try to use its strong position in an unfair
way. Employers must want to bargain with workers on an equal
basis and be serious about it. The government has a big part to
play in making things better between these two groups.
Participative Management: Employees feel more a part of the
organisation if management gives them opportunity to participate in
the creation of policies and human resource initiatives. Employees
can have faith in their employers because they feel a sense of
belonging. Because of this, they view themselves as employees
of the business and give their all during the production process.
Management ought to view trade unions as a resource rather than
a source of obstacles. Employers are better able to gain the loyalty
of their workforce in this way.
PAGE 281
Notes Accountable Labour Unions: Many people have seen that labour
unions take a political stance rather than acting responsibly. Conversely,
unions must take a responsible stance towards employer-employee
relations. Each union should understand how crucially dependent the
efficient operation of the business and its output is on the wellbeing
of the workforce.
Worker Welfare: Businesses should be aware of the importance of
employee wellness. Companies must guarantee fair pay, comfortable
working conditions, chances for training and growth, and other
labour-related necessities. It is essential to have a sincere interest
in the welfare and advancement of the working class.
Grievance Handling Process: Improved employer-employee relations
can be achieved by implementing a quicker and easier grievance
resolution process. Employee tension and annoyance would have a
channel thanks to this. When workers perceive that their employers
care about their issues and are working to address them, they will
undoubtedly have positive opinions of the management and business
as a whole. As a result, their bosses and them would get friendly.
3.4.1 Approaches for Settlement of Disputes Among Employer-

Employee
The government of each and every country is particularly concerned with
the absence of strikes and the goodwill between employers and employees.
Each strike results in several issues and dislocations. Strikes, however,
are occasionally unavoidable because trade unions and associations boost
employee expectations to the point that the government occasionally finds
it nearly impossible to meet them. Yet, it is against the law for government
employees in India to organise into groups or unions. Strikes against vital
services are therefore strongly discouraged. Some of the techniques used
to resolve issues with employees include the following:
Express Issues: Opportunity is given to the employee representatives
to express their issues during departmental seminars, and every effort
is taken to ensure that any issues that are specific to a department
and may be resolved there are resolved as soon as possible. The
system of conferences and committees for debating employee issues
282 PAGE
is encouraged by the government. The government makes an effort Notes

to address human issues from a human perspective.
Negotiation: On a national level, employer employee representatives
gather occasionally and attempt to negotiate a solution to all disputes
that affect the vast majority of all government employees.
Instructions: The Ministry of Labour and other relevant ministries
have instructed all parties to analyse all employee demands and
accept those that may be implemented promptly in order to avoid
strained relations.
Lesser Unionism: The government aims to have only one association
or union for each department and each class of employee so that it
is easier for the government to reach an agreement with the workers.
Employer’s Constraints: Efforts are made to help government workers
understand their employer’s constraints, particularly its financial
ones, so they can make appropriate requests. So, despite efforts
to prevent strikes, it is regrettable that they occasionally happen.
These strikes inconvenience the public and lead to an unfavourable
conflict between employers and employees.
ACTIVITY
Visit the Hero Motors Plant situated at Manesar, Haryana and ask
the HR manager what strategies they are following to establish the
harmonious relationship between employer and employees? Prepare a
report on this and give suggestive measures to cope with the problem
of disputes. Submit this report with the course-coordinator.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. Who among the following depends upon one-another for the
success of an organisation?
(a) Employees
(b) Manager
(d) Only (a)
2. Why organisations need positive ties between employers and
employees?
PAGE 283
Notes (a) For cordial relationship and productive workforce

(b) Interaction and understanding
(c) Empowerment and conflict management
(d) All of the Above
3. What are the main features of employer-employee relationship?
(a) Employment relationship
(b) Rigid Relationship
(d) Only (a)
4. Why favourable employer-employee relationship is essential in
an organisation?
(a) Productive workforce
(b) Loyal Workforce
(c) Favourable working conditions
5. Which of the following are the essential components of employer-
employee relationship?
(a) (i) Employer, (ii) Customer, and (iii) Government
(b) (i) Employee, (ii) Financial Institutions, and (iii) Employees
(c) (i) Employer, (ii) Employee, and (iii) Government
6. Which of the following elements have been taken into consideration
while focusing on creating healthy employer-employee relationship
in an industrial establishment?
(a) Respect and Appreciation
(b) Two way communication and fairness
(c) Knowledge, skills and abilities
284 PAGE
7. Which of the following are advantages of managing harmonious Notes

relationship among employers and employees in an industrial
establishment?
(a) Conflict and higher output
(b) Higher Labour turnover and delegation
(c) Problem solving and biasness
CASE STUDY
Employee Relationship
Ms. Raksha works in the HR department at Prime Financial Services, a
payroll management company, and is well-known for her participation
in departmental activities. She is frequently burdened with duties,
which she accepts and sometimes accepts herself. However, she
learns that many of her coworkers accomplish their work on time
and attend to their personal lives in similar measure. This causes
her to question her skills due to her inability to complete her task
on time. Raksha came to the conclusion that it was time to leave
her job and scheduled a meeting with the head of human resources,
Mr. Johnson. Johnson devised alternative strategies to deal with her,
such as persuading her to work from home and minimising her tasks.
Mr. Yashasavi confronted Mr. Johnson with the question of how he
convinced Ms. Raksha to accept the offer to work from home, as
the manner in which she does her duties is an essential part of her
job description. Mr. Johnson answered with a smile, saying that she
should stick to her job description and that she won’t be able to
limit her responsibilities due to the way she works. He thought that
Johnson’s last words made him worry about how to replace her in
Johnson’s job as Head of HR.
Questions:
1. Who is more likely accurate, Raksha or Johnson’s assumption?
2. What do you think may be the cause of Raksha’s workload being
so high? Do you think it could be due to the organisational
structure or the very makeup of Raksha?
PAGE 285
Notes 3. In addition to that, please respond to Mr. Yashasavi’s inquiries

that were posed in the previous paragraph. Was this a show
that was prepared in advance?
Answers:
1. This is a question that is posed in the form of an imaginary
scenario. If Raksha’s identity could be ascertained, then it
would indicate that her assumption is probably accurate. But
if she were to be that rigid about her intention to minimise
responsibilities.
2. Mr. Johnson’s presumption would be accurate. If we examine
the evidence, there is a clue that suggests that Raksha is the
candidate of choice for Mr. Yashasavi, the President of the
company. This demonstrates that he is aware of everything
that is going on in the department. Also, he is aware of who
is working with a significant level of participation. As a result,
the structure of the organisation seems to be appropriate. In
the case, it is said that she takes on tasks even if they are not
listed on her profile. This is in spite of the fact that she is not
directly involved in the case. Both of the possibilities outlined
above might be the cause of her feeling overwhelmed, with her
nature being the primary contributor and the structure playing
a secondary role.
3. It would seem that Mr. Yashasavi, the department’s President, is
well aware of everything that is taking on inside the organisation.
His desire to find someone else to take Johnson’s place is an
indication that he does not have a high level of satisfaction with
Johnson. As a result, he has some reservations about Johnson
and wonders if he is intentionally weighing her down with
responsibilities in order to get her to take use of the work-
from-home option he offered her. He is gaining two things as
a result of this situation:
His rival Raksha will only work from home, which means
she will be absent from the corporation. Second, because
of Raksha’s type of involvement, he is able to get the
task out of her with relative ease. After examining the
situation, Mr. Yashasavi came to the conclusion that it was
likely an act that had been organised by Mr. Johnson.
286 PAGE
3.5 Summary Notes
Hiring a new employee is more than just adding a body to the workforce;
it’s the beginning of a brand-new connection between the company and
worker. Relationships between employers and employees are inevitable
due to the close confines in which they spend much of their time.
Maintaining these connections is critical to a company’s success since it
can enhance employee satisfaction and output. Those who are employed
by a company do their services directly for that company rather than as
independent contractors. The federal government considers everyone whose
job is directed or controlled by the company on a regular basis to be an
employee, especially if the manner in which the work is performed is
specified and routine. Workers typically report to an office or work from
home between the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. or 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., or in
shifts like the night shift and the day. Dependence on one another should
characterise the relationship between an employer and an employee. It is
the responsibility of the worker to carry out their duties and ensure that
the company continues to function normally as a result of their efforts.
On the other hand, the employee is dependent on the employer to pay
them and provide them with the means to financially support not only
employees but their family too.

2. (d) All of the Above
3. (d) Only (a)
5. (c) (i) Employer, (ii) Employees, and (iii) Government
7. (d) None of the above

1. What do you mean by, “Employer” and “Employee”? Discuss with
the help of suitable example.
PAGE 287
Notes 2. What do you mean by employer-employee relationship? Discus its

features and need for an organisation.
3. Why it is important to maintain good relationship between employer
and employees in an organisation? Elaborate with the help of suitable
example.
4. Discuss in detail the basic components of employee-employer
relationship.
5. What are causes of poor relationship among employer and employees?
Elaborate.
6. Being a manager of an organisation discuss the standards established
by you for managing or creating harmonious relationship among
employer and employees in your organisation.
7. What approaches have been undertaken by the management for
settling disputes between employer and employees? Discuss
3.8 References
Gupta, Shashi K. and Joshi, Rosy (2002). Human Resource Management
with case study. Kalyani Publishers. pp. 36.1-36.20.
Kaur, Daljeet and Chauhan, Nancy (2018). Human Resource Management.
Kalyani Publishers. pp.12.1-12.24.
Memoria, C.B. Personnel Management. 753-767.
Prasad, L.M. (2017). Human Resource Management. Sultan Chand
& Sons. pp. 883-508.
Rao, V.S.P. (2005). Human Resource Management-Text and Cases.
Excel Books. pp. 583-589.

Amisha, Rathod (2020). A Study on Employer Relationship. International
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 8(4): 3637-3647.
Chhabra, T.N. (2010). Human Resource Management-Concepts and
Issues. Dhanpat Rai & Co. pp. 562-565.
288 PAGE
Venkadesa, N.P. and Saranraj, M. (2017). Employer and Employee Notes

Relationship. International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation.
2(6): 380-389.
PAGE 289
L E S S O N
4
Industrial Disputes and
Stress-Free Environment
STRUCTURE
4.2 Introduction: Industrial Disputes
4.3 Stress Free Environment: An Overview
4.4 Rejuvenation Breaks
4.5 Leisure Activities
4.6 Summary
4.9 References

Understand the concept, characteristics, classification, reasons and effects of industrial
disputes.
Know about the methods used for resolving the industrial disputes.
Be acquainted with the meaning, importance, benefits of stress free environment.
Be familiar with the sources of stress and techniques for managing stress at the
workplace.
Value the suggestions to create an effective stress free environment at his workplace.
Learn the concept, benefits and methods of rejuvenation breaks.
Gain knowledge about the meaning, importance, need, types and advantages of leisure
activities.
290 PAGE
4.2 Introduction: Industrial Disputes Notes
The establishment of harmonious relationships among labour and employer

is of the utmost significance for economic growth and prosperity. Even
if the workers prevail in a labour dispute, both the employers and the
employees will suffer a loss. It is also injurious to society as a whole.
A labour dispute is a disagreement or conflict between management and
employees about employment. It is a dispute between an employer and
a trade union representing workers. Often, wages or working conditions
are the source of dissatisfaction. During a labour dispute, both sides
exert pressure on one another to accept their terms and conditions. The
industrial disturbance is characterized by worker strikes, lockouts, picketing,
gheraos, and indiscipline. Either particular organizational issues, such as
inadequate compensation, absence of benefits and help programmes, or
broader socioeconomic issues, such as poverty, unemployment, etc., are
responsible for this discontent.
4.2.1 Characteristics of Industrial Disputes

The characteristics of industrial disputes are as under:
Actors: Several parties might be involved in industrial conflicts. It
is between parties such as employers and employers, employers and
workers, and workers and workers.
Association: Disputes may include either the employee or the employer,
or both. Often, it pertains to a person’s appointment or dismissal;
terms of employment or working circumstances.
Structures: Industrial conflicts may take several forms, including
strikes, lock-outs, Gheraos, go-slow tactics, pens-down strikes, etc.
Verbal or Documented: There is no need to document a labour
disagreement. It may be verbal.
Factual: It must be authentic. It should pertain to the worker’s
employment, its termination, the terms and conditions of employment,
etc. Personal issues have no bearing on workplace disputes.
Participation: In matters concerning industrial disputes, either the
employer or the employee must have an interest.
PAGE 291
Notes Connected to an Industry: When a conflict involves industry, it

might be classified as an industrial dispute. Disputes must often
pertain to a functioning industry. Complaints from a now-defunct
industry shouldn’t be included.
Clarity: Disputes in the workplace should include transparent issues.
It is not feasible to resolve the matter unless it is transparent.
Unambiguous matters are readily resolved. When the matter is
unambiguous, the concerned party may safeguard its interests.
Source: Disputes often emerge when employees or trade unions
present their requests to the employer and the latter refuses to
accept them.
4.2.2 Classification of Industrial Disputes

Industrial disputes may be categorized according on the basis of given
factors:
Economic Disputes: Conflicts of interest and economic disputes
pertain to the introduction of new employment terms and conditions.
Often, such disagreements arise from union demands or suggestions
for a raise in salaries or other remunerations, fringe benefits, job
security, or other work conditions. There are no guiding principles
for resolving such conflicts. Conflicts of interest and economic
disputes relate to the nature of the relevant concerns.
Unfair Labor Practices: Disagreements between employees and
management can be resolved in line with the Act’s rules on labour
disputes. Such disagreements develop as a result of management’s
mistreatment of employees or labour unions. Examples of such
misconduct include interference, restraint, or violence of employees
from exercising their right to organize, join, or assist a union.
Grievances and Rights Conflicts: Conflicts between employees and
management are often referred to as “conflicts of rights” and “legal
disagreements”. These disputes involve issues such as punishment,
promotion, transfer, or termination of an employee, payment of salary,
fringe benefits, overtime, retirement benefits, seniority work-rules,
leave rules, etc. There are specific standards for settling a conflict,
such as the applicable section of the Act or collective agreement.
292 PAGE
Recognition Disputes: Conflicts develop when management refuses Notes

to recognize a labour union for collective bargaining reasons.
The management’s objection might be based on the fact that the
union seeking recognition does not represent a precise number of
Employees. Such norms may be codified by legislation, as they may
be Customary or drawn from the country’s prevalent practices.
4.2.3 Reasons of Industrial Disputes

The following are the basic reasons or causes of industrial disputes:
(a) Economic Reasons: The majority of industrial disputes are caused
by economic factors. Industrial conflicts are caused by economic
factors, either directly or indirectly. The following are the primary
economic causes:
Poor Pay: Most common cause of workplace conflicts is a
demand for greater wages. Workers demand that their salaries
be proportionate to the amount of labour they do. Wages
in industries are low and as a result, it is very difficult for
labourer’s to satisfy their basic needs. Such a demand results
in labour conflicts.
Dearness Allowance: Another element contributing to labour
conflicts is raising living costs. Workers want more pay in the
manner of dearness allowance to offset it. Increasing prices
are at the core of demand for dearness allowance, and refusal
to provide this need leads to a labour conflict.
Earnings from Industry: Employees’ desire to be seen as a
collaborator in production leads to a labour conflict when
employers reject their profit-sharing proposal.
Bonus: Bonus demand is often a source of industrial conflict.
Employees see bonuses as postponed wages. The demand for
bonus payment is the source of the industrial conflict.
Working Environment: Workers’ working conditions in India
are unacceptable. Machine obsolescence, a lack of safety
requirements and insufficient lighting are common elements
of industrial units.
PAGE 293
Notes Working Time: Working hours is another point of conflict

between companies and employees. Despite regulations to the
contrary, companies always want to keep employees working
long hours for low compensation.
(b) Management Reasons: An organization’s success is heavily reliant
on its management ability. The growth of the industrial unit will be
automatic if the management adopts proper strategies. Disagreements
are often exacerbated as a result of poor management procedures.
These are as under:
Non-Recognition of Unions: Companies’ attitudes towards
labour unions have been hostile from the start. As a result,
companies discourage employees from banding together; they
refuse to recognise their unions. This causes tension between
employers and employees. Employers purposefully recognise
the other union in order to sow discord among the employees.
Breach of Contract: Employers and employees do reach agreements
on a variety of topics. In many situations, employers do not
enforce or rigorously comply with these agreements. It also
takes into consideration any disagreements between the two
parties.
Neglect by Managers and Supervisors: Managers and bosses
believe they are superior. They mistreat the employees because
they are influenced by this superiority complex. The trade
unions are adamantly opposed to the same.
Poor Recruiting Procedures and Policies for Employee
Development: Poor recruitment systems can lead to labour
problems. Workers are often recruited by intermediaries who
get bribes from them. They take advantage of the employees’
weakness. Defective development strategies, such as partiality
in promotion, needless and biased transfer, and employers’
careless attitude towards training facilities, all lead to industrial
conflicts.
Injustice in Retrenchment, Demotion, and Termination: All
employers’ inflammatory actions provide fodder for industrial
confrontations. Labourers are sometimes laid off as a result
294 PAGE
of a drop in output. Workers who actively participate in trade Notes

union activity are demoted. Employers may terminate employees’
services without providing a cause. This is highly opposed
by trade unions, but also provides fodder for confrontations
between employers and workers.
Self-serving Leadership: The lack of appropriate and effective
leadership undermines trade unions, which the employer class
exploits. These leaders form an unholy alliance with employers
in order to fulfil their selfish interests at the expense of the
workers. This is often a source of contention.
Collective Bargaining and Employee Management Participation:
The labour class is experiencing a new awakening and is
being affected by management concepts. Trade unions want
to defend their interests as much as possible via collective
management. Employers are opposed to it and the unavoidable
outcome is a Labour-Industrial Union.
(c) Political Reasons: In accounting for industrial conflicts, political
factors are just as important as economic and managerial ones. The
following are the most important:
Political Influence: Politics has a strong impact on trade
unions in a nation like India. Political parties have abused
their control over labour unions for selfish reasons. Parties
deceive unions and cause industrial discontent.
Trade Union Activity: Industrial conflicts have increased since
the trade union movement gained legitimacy. At times, trade
unions take unfair advantage of their position, resulting in a
labour conflict.
Strikes: Throughout the war for independence, the working
class played a key role. This class is now directing their effort
towards the government, fueling industrial problems.
4.2.4 Effects of Industrial Disputes

The following are some effects of industrial disputes:
PAGE 295
Notes Production and service disruption: The disruption of manufacturing

activities and massive man-day loss caused by industrial conflicts.
A strike at a public utility disrupts all of public life and causes
the economy to falter. When an industrial dispute results in a work
stoppage, the supply situation for the item in question worsens and
its prices rise.
Effect on Employers: Employers incur significant costs in addition
to those caused by strike-related labour stoppages, sales declines,
and market loss as a result of insufficient or non-existent product
supplies. Employers must engage in public relations and propaganda
to present their viewpoint to the general public.
Effect on Employees: To pay for their daily costs, they must take
on debt. Future outlooks turn miserable. Family disruption, personal
difficulty, mental anguish, tortures and tensions grow. Workers are
oppressed by police, prosecuted, often intimidated, even victimized
or brutally assaulted by lenders and anti-social elements.
Effect on Society and Public: The law-and-order issues caused
by industrial unrest results in significant extra costs to the public
funds. Moreover, tension and animosity persist long after issues
are resolved, harming harmonious interpersonal and professional
relationships.
Effect on the national economy: The national economy is also
negatively impacted by industrial disputes when equipment and
labour in all or a portion of the industry is idle due to a strike
or lockout. The national economy is negatively impacted when
equipment and labour in all or a portion of the industry are idle due
to a strike or lockout. As a result, output declines, which eventually
lowers national revenue and reduces government spending on public
welfare. It can happen in one of two ways: on the one hand, it can
reduce the demand for goods made by other industries by making
the workers poorer as a result of the work stoppage; on the other
hand, if the struck industry provides goods and services to other
industries, it can reduce the supply of raw materials or working
equipment to those other industries.
296 PAGE
4.2.5 Methods for resolving Industrial Disputes Notes
The Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 includes many methods for resolving
conflicts after they have occurred, i.e., when they could not have been
avoided voluntarily. Under the Act, a system for resolving disputes has
been developed. The dispute resolution apparatus consists of the following
aspects:
Formation of Works Committees: Every industrial facility with 100
or more employees is required to create a works committee. The
primary purpose of the works committee is to eliminate sources
of contention between the two parties about the industrial life of
employees. In 1960 a tripartite committee of the Indian Labour
Conference compiled two lists of functions, one for works and the
other for works not to be dealt with by works committees.
Grievance Handling Authority: The Industrial Disputes (Amendment)
Act of 1982 authorised the establishment of a Grievance Resolution
Authority and the referral of specific cases to such agencies. When
such a disagreement develops, the affected worker or the union to
which he belongs may submit it to the Authority for resolution.
Such references must not be submitted to the Board or Tribunal.
Conciliation Officer: The Central or State Government appoints
conciliation officers for certain regions or businesses within a state.
Their primary responsibility is to bring the two parties together
and assist them in resolving their issues. From the date of dispute
registration, he is required to provide a ruling within 14 days. If
the conflict is resolved via his mediation and an accord is achieved,
he should send a report to the relevant government along with a
signed agreement of settlement.
Court of Inquiry: When conciliation officer and board of conciliation
efforts fail to settle an industrial dispute, the subject is submitted
to a court of inquiry. The court will examine the whole issue and
deliver a report to the government. The statute provides a three-tiered
mechanism for forced adjudication in the event that a settlement
cannot be reached.
Conciliation Committee: The government appoints an ad hoc board
of conciliation consisting of a Chairman and two to four persons
PAGE 297
Notes representing the employer and the employees. Within two months
after the dispute’s referral date, the board reports to the government
on the success or failure of its efforts, initiatives taken, and reasons
for its inability to reach a solution.
Labour Courts: State governments have established courts to
investigate disputed orders of employers, including dismissals,
discharges, and suspensions of employees by management. These
courts will render decisions and provide the government with a
report. They will decide the legality or otherwise of any order
passed by an employer under the standing orders.
Industrial Tribunals: The State Government is authorised to appoint
as many industrial tribunals as it deems necessary for the adjudication
of disputes concerning wages, hours of work and rest. The panel
will be comprised of a judge of the highest court. The decisions
of these courts are binding on both parties. State Government:
Bonus, profit sharing, provident fund, discipline, retrenchments,
establishment closure, etc.
National Tribunal: The tribunal decides on problems submitted
by the Central Government. If an issue is referred to the National
Tribunal by the Central Government, labour courts and industrial
courts are prohibited from hearing such disputes. It decides on
problems submitted by the Central Government.
Restrictions on Strikes and Lockouts: The Act prohibits strikes and
lockouts in public utilities during the pendency of a dispute-related
process and during the duration of a settlement or award.
Restrictions on Layoffs and Reductions in Force: Industrial Disputes
(Amendment) Act of 1984 stipulates that no industrial business
with 300 or more employees may lay off or retrench a worker
without the government’s authorization. The Act also specifies the
terms of layoff and retrenchment, the right of laid-off workers to
compensation and the method for shutting down an enterprise.
298 PAGE
ACTIVITY Notes
Analyse that disputes among management and workmen are not

beneficial for the growth and development of the economy of a nation.
Note down all the negative consequences of industrial disputes and
suggests the measures to cope with such disputes.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. What are the essential characteristics of Industrial disputes?
(a) Association and Participation
(b) Structures and Clarity
(c) Factual and Source
2. Which of the following are the different types of industrial
disputes?
(a) Economic Disputes
(b) Unfair Labour Practices
(c) Grievances and Rights Conflicts
3. The economic causes of industrial disputes are:
(a) Poor pay
(b) Dearness Allowance and Bonus
(c) Earning from Industry
4. Which of the following methods have been used for resolving
the disputes in an industrial established?
(a) Formation of works committee & Grievance handling
authority
(b) Conciliation officer & Court of Inquiry
(c) Conciliation committee and labour court
PAGE 299
Notes 5. Which of the following is not a form of resolving industrial

disputes?
(a) National Tribunals
(b) Layoffs
(c) Restrictions on strikes and lockouts
(d) Both (a) and (c)
4.3 Stress Free Environment : An Overview

Stress is a normal part of life. As an employee, you might feel stressed
about meeting organisational requirements, getting used to a new place
to live, or making new friends. The stress you feel might not always be
bad for you. Stress that isn’t too bad can be a motivator and get you
going. But if your stress level is too high, it can cause health and social
problems. One of the main causes of employee absences and poor output
is stress in the job. The research shows that stressed workers are less
reliable, less productive, and more likely to quit their jobs. Workplace
stress may be caused by many things, including but not limited to working
long hours, having too much work to do, having unrealistic deadlines,
not getting enough breaks, being in an unpleasant environment, or being
afraid for one’s job. Workplace drama with co-workers or superiors may
also be a major source of stress.
4.3.1 Sources of Stress at Workplace

The following are common sources of stress reported by stressed-out
workers:
Overtime: Find out more about alternatives to excessively lengthy
work weeks.
Repetitive tasks: Learn how the workload is related to the stress
levels, and take steps to reduce both.
Uncertainty: It creates emergency response plans using remote
workers.
300 PAGE
Role Conflict: Define the role of employee with clarity in order to Notes
avoid role ambiguity.
Communication: Never doubt your ability to delegate, advice, or
coach.
4.3.2 Importance of Stress Free Environment

Human Resource Management (HRM) recognises the importance of
stress free environment in assisting workers in meeting both the mental
and physical demands of their jobs. Anxiety, despair, impatience, and
inability to focus are just some of the side effects of stress that workers
may encounter on the job. Lack of attendance, tardiness, and overall
dissatisfaction with work might result. Interventions aimed at managing
stress may help workers relax and become more productive.
4.3.3 Benefits of Stress Free Environment

There are several reasons why stress free environment has to be maintained
among workers is so important:
Managing Productivity: When workers are anxious, they are less
efficient. As a result, deadlines may be missed, mistakes made, and
other problems may arise that hurt productivity and profitability.
Decreasing Absenteeism: It’s possible for stress to increase the
likelihood of absenteeism or presenters, both of which have negative
effects on efficiency and, ultimately, the bottom line.
Managing Health: Heart disease, anxiety, and depression are just
some of the health issues that have been linked to stress in the
workplace.
Organisational Effectiveness: Organizations may boost productivity,
profits, and employee health by taking steps to reduce stress in the
workplace by providing the stress free environment.
Educate: Promote positive coping mechanisms for stress by instructing
employees in this area both at the outset of their employment and at
regular intervals when progress is made towards company objectives.
PAGE 301
Notes 4.3.4 Creating Stress free Environment at Workplace

The following points should take into consideration in order to create a
stress free environment at the workplace:
Promotion of Workplace Health and Openness: This is something
that should be actively fostered in the workplace. More productivity
will result from the improved working conditions and employee
interactions that this fosters. Better communication and productivity
are the final result.
Reforming the Office Layout: Employers should evaluate working
conditions and make adjustments to ensure a positive work environment
and culture for younger workers.
Adaptable Work Hours: Workers who have more freedom to
work remotely or set their own hours can benefit from increased
productivity and contributions.
Promote Teamwork: Employers organise these events so that workers
can socialise and connect outside of the office. In contrast to more
traditional workplace environments, these sessions allow for open
communication between employers and workers.
Recreational Area: A leisure space at work has prevented a number
of conflicts from growing. A lot of arguments and tension may be
avoided if people simply find a quiet place to think and regain
their composure. Several things may lower morale in the workplace,
including lengthy, difficult meetings, criticism, and torture.
4.3.5 Techniques for Managing Employee Stress

The different methods or techniques used by the managers to manage the
stress and providing a stress free environment for its employees:
Facilitating Conversations: Doing so may be accomplished by
making sure everyone in the company knows what they’re supposed
to be doing. Meeting consistently and having defined roles might
help with this.
302 PAGE
Productivity Boosting: This is accomplished by communicating Notes

clearly what is expected of workers and why, and by giving them
with the tools they’ll need to succeed.
Reduce expenditures: To that end, it’s important to eliminate or
at least significantly lower the number of sources of stress in the
workplace. This might include, for example, deadlines that are
too short, workloads that are too heavy or unsatisfactory working
environment.
Establish and improve new standards for performance: Employee
stress may be reduced by eliminating the need for them to make
snap judgments about whether or not to take on random duties if
those assignments are clearly defined in advance. Managers should
also do regular audits and assessments of staff workloads to prevent
any individuals from becoming overburdened.
Culture of Incentives and Recognition: Before beginning to
implement any changes, ensure that the whole team is on board
with the concept of a rewards and recognition culture. Managers are
likely to face pushback if they attempt to execute changes without
team buy-in.
Promote social interaction: Since they spend so much time together,
employees will experience less stress if they are comfortable.
Expectations and communication barriers are lowered as employees
get to know one another, smoothing the way for future encounters.
Mental Health Counselling: HR personnel must conduct mental
health workshops in order to identify workers who are dealing with
their mental health. Furthermore, these workshops may contribute
to a more supportive workplace for all workers.
Work-Life Balance with Flexible Work Schedule: Employers should
provide flexible work hours to reduce employee stress and increase
productivity, as well as paid time off for doctor’s visits and errands
to promote a healthy work-life balance.
Healthy and Safe Workplace: HR professionals must provide a
healthy and secure workplace, clear rules and processes, access to
mental health treatments, relaxation methods, and routine supervisor
PAGE 303
Notes check-ins, and recognise the indicators of stress to intervene before

it escalates.
Management: There will always be friction amongst co-workers in
the workplace. It is the responsibility of HR to handle these disputes
in a manner that is equitable to all parties and doesn’t negatively
impact business morale.
Surveys and Feedback: Regular employee surveys and feedback
gathering are essential for HR practitioners to monitor workplace
stress levels and make necessary adjustments. This can be done
through annual performance evaluations, departure interviews, or
casual check-ins.
Harmonious Work Environment: HR is essential in fostering a
pleasant workplace culture to reduce employee stress levels by
promoting open communication, building a feeling of camaraderie,
and having a clear vision and set of core values. Employees should
be able to resort to a stress management policy if they are feeling
overburdened, and HR should make sure staff members are aware
of the tools and services available to manage stress. Regular
communications like emails, newsletters, or posters should be used
for this.
4.3.6 Suggestions to Create an Effective Stress Free

Environment at Workplace
The following are the suggestions to create an effective stress free
environment for the employees working in your organisations:
Effective Recruitment Procedure: Employers with poor or average
employee performance records, high turnover rates, or both have low
employee satisfaction ratings due to recruiting procedures that do
not account for management approval, team player skills, cultural
fit, and personality tests.
Careful Working Environment: Organisational initiatives and the
availability of people are inversely correlated. The more people
who are available to do the work, the more tasks a company may
304 PAGE
be able to manage or do more quickly. Poor production efficiency Notes

results in lower revenue and cash flow, which sometimes results in
the company’s inability to continue operating.
Focus on Work Profile: Businesses should provide individualised
orientation classes to assist new workers comprehend and accept the
demands of the workplace, according to our staffing service. Before
a candidate is recruited, our staffing firm suggests a consultation
meeting and online project-based training before a job is advertised.
Growing and Learning: These businesses are able to teach their
personnel and help them gain the knowledge, skills, and potential
necessary to handle the demands of complicated projects.
Compensation Guidelines: Many organisations have strict financial
compensation practises, which is a major barrier to recruiting and
retaining top employees. The hiring qualifications are restricted to
those who are willing to accept rigid work pay. These businesses
often have to make do with a less integrated work atmosphere and
affect employee interaction.
Consult an Expert: It wouldn’t hurt to speak with an expert if
an employer who is interested in fostering a stress-free work
environment. Improve company recruiting and training procedures
to find practical answers to workplace issues.
ACTIVITY
What is the significance of stress free environment? Why it is essential
to maintain stress free environment in an industrial establishment?
Analyse the positive and negative consequences and discuss with
your friends about their thoughts on this topic.
4.4 Rejuvenation Breaks

When the monotony of a long day at work is broken up with rejuvenating
breaks at strategic intervals, the day may be made to seem much shorter
and significantly less stressful. Employees may put their worries aside
during a rejuvenation break and sit quietly by themselves or with pleasant
coworkers to reenergize their spirits. During their daily break for renewal,
PAGE 305
Notes the majority of the staff felt reenergized and prepared to go back to
work. An employee that puts in a lot of effort deserves the opportunity
to take a break, receive some sustenance, and then come back to work
feeling more energised. It is even possible that it will lessen the amount
of weariness that workers experience and the number of accidents that
occur on the job.
4.4.1 Benefits of Rejuvenation Breaks

The following are the benefits of rejuvenation breaks for the employees:
Foster Creativity: Having employees take time off is not only good
for their physical and mental health, but it also helps the business.
When employees go back to work, they will be rested and full of
energy, which will help them be more efficient and creative.
Reduced Employee Burnout: Adopting this kind of policy shows
that the company cares about its employees’ health and wants to
reduce the chances of employee burnout.
Increased Productivity and Well being: Employers may be better
served by exploring strategies to reduce the fear and anxiety workers
connect with being away and unplugged if the objective is to build
a workplace culture where rest and rejuvenation are encouraged as
a means of increasing productivity and well-being.
4.4.2 Methods to Rejuvenate Mind and Body

The methods or techniques used by the management and individual to
rejuvenate the mind and body are given as follows:
Just go outside and enjoy nature: The simple act of spending some
time in nature, whether on the beach or a city sidewalk, may do
wonders for your state of mind. More movement during the day is
also beneficial.
Take in some reading material: The stress levels dropped after just
10 minutes of reading a book or any other article. Think about the
effects of reading the book from beginning to end. Reading is a
306 PAGE
great way to relax and get lost in another world, and it can might Notes
teach an individual something new also. If a person want to meet
new individuals who have common interests, consider joining a
book club.
Pranayama and meditation: Maintaining emotional and psychological
balance is part of a healthy frame of mind. Your health and wellbeing
may improve dramatically if you take a minute to quiet your rushing
thoughts and pay attention to your breathing. It may assist you in
unwinding, appreciating the present moment, and setting constructive
goals for the day.
Plan a Trip: Enjoying time with friends might improve your outlook
on life in general. Reduce stress by checking off that irritating item
on the list of places to visit.
Join fitness class: Exercise is fantastic therapy for the body and
spirit, whether it’s a spin class at a studio you’ve been itching to
try, barre work, or a trying a jogging group with a buddy. You
could even shed a few centimetres or kilos.
4.5 Leisure Activities

Workers are the most valuable resources in any business since they have
the power to either improve or harm a firm’s reputation. Hence, many
businesses prioritise leisure activities in an effort to satisfy their customers.
Leisure is referred to as being utilised to “recharge the batteries” and
enhance performance. Recreational exercise has a significant part in
boosting employee productivity since the objective of Human Resource
Management (HRM) is to ensure that employees and organisations reach
a high level of performance. People are exerting more effort to maintain
their standard of living in this challenging and unstable environment since
they have so little time left over for self-care. Everyone who works longer
hours may experience severe stress as a result of working too much. Those
who work longer hours and pay less attention to their health are more
likely to experience depression and other mental illnesses. Workplace
recreation will be advantageous to both parties.
PAGE 307
Notes 4.5.1 Importance of Leisure Activities for Employees
“Leisure has many diverse meanings; some include time, others involve
an activity being performed, and some involve a state of mind.” By
participating in various events planned by the business, workers may
engage in a variety of leisure activities that can help them relax.
Companies should get their staff involved in activities that encourage
social interaction, creativity, physical activity, and intellectual stimulation.
Maintaining a healthy work-life balance in the contemporary world is
getting more difficult. The pressure to meet goals at work and the need
to spend quality time with family is taking a toll on professionals in the
modern workplace. Employment is no longer limited to a 9-to-5 schedule.
A worker is no longer confined to his workstation with the development
of technology, particularly mobile devices. But, with authority comes
responsibility. Currently, the employee is expected to be accessible 24/7
through all electronic methods.
4.5.2 Need of Leisure Activities for Employees
The need for leisure activities for an employees are given as follows:
Stress and productivity go in the opposite direction: Stress can
lead to a lack of balance between work and life, so companies are
looking for ways to give their employees more energy and a positive
attitude.
Combining work and play: The companies do many things to make
their employees feel comfortable, such as letting pets in the office,
having poker nights, and going on adventure trips. These activities
are important for the growth of the company and its employees, as
well as for improving communication and breaking down barriers
between employers and employees. Recreational activities are a great
way to break this pattern, as they give employees a chance to talk
to senior leaders about their problems and break up monotony. This
keeps people on the job happy and spreads a good mood among
them, which leads to more work being done.
308 PAGE
Cost of Company: When a business grows in size, the expense Notes

of providing leisure activities for the workforce may become a
significant drawback. Time lost may result in missed deadlines
and financial losses, and staff disagreements can cause rifts, lower
productivity, and lower retention rates. Employee engagement is a
managerial endeavour that calls for a long-term perspective and is
more concerned with the efficacy and efficiency of each resource
than with controlling a flock of employees.
4.5.3 Types of Leisure Activities

The following are the types of leisure activities:
(a) Active Leisure: The term “active leisure” refers to pursuits that
require some level of physical or mental exertion, often overlap with
“recreational pursuits,” and typically take place in public settings
with other people (like volunteering, hobbies, and exercise).
(b) Passive Leisure: Most forms of passive recreation require little to no
effort on the part of the participant and may be enjoyed in private
(think vegging out in front of the television until bedtime).
4.5.4 Advantages of Leisure Activities

Leisure activities provide a break from daily obligations and can be used
for enjoyment, relaxation, or personal development. The advantages are
as follows:
Feeling of direction: Leisure activities help people get to know
themselves better, which helps them adapt and react to events and
keeps them from spiralling into stress and depression. Also, it
encourages self-care since self-awareness allows one to make time
for their own wellbeing.
Person’s mood is improved: Being more positive about oneself
and life will make it easier to manage time and responsibilities.
Doing something one is interested in is most likely to bring mental
relaxation and pleasure since it involves a free option of what to
engage in. So, this will aid in mental clarity and mood elevation.
PAGE 309
Notes Increased production: Taking a pause and engaging in leisure

activities might assist one’s thinking become more clear, giving
them the chance to approach problems with a new perspective.
Working continuously without taking a break lowers productivity
since errors might happen, according to experts.
Increases self-confidence: Participating in these activities will also
help boost your feeling of empowerment and self-worth. These
tasks will test people’s cognitive talents and improve their problem-
solving ability, which will increase their feeling of empowerment
and self-worth.
Experiences: People make friends providing various experiences
and meet people with diverse and similar interests. Participating
in leisure activities strengthens relationships with others. This
socialising facilitates learning from many professionals in various
industries.
Lessen stress: Participating in activities allows one to clear their
minds by immersing themselves in a peaceful environment, which
decreases heart rate, improves mood, and reduces stress.
Enhances both physical and mental health: An inactive lifestyle
increases the risk of heart disease, emotional anguish, and obesity,
which may be fatal. Participating in leisure activities, particularly
physical ones, enhances one’s body and, as a result, their mental
health. Actively engaging in these activities strengthens the immune
system and promotes lifespan, which benefits the body.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
6. Which of the following is the source of stress among employees
at workplace?
(a) Role Clarity
(b) Overtime
(c) Open Communication
310 PAGE
7. What are the benefits of stress free environment? Notes
(a) Managing Productivity

(b) Decreasing Absenteeism
(c) Only (a)
(d) Both (a) and (b)
8. Which of the following is not taken into consideration while
creating a stress free environment?
(a) Promotion of workplace health and openness
(b) Flexible work hours
(c) Individual working system
9. Which one of the following is a technique used by the management
for managing employee stress?
(a) Productivity boosting
(b) Restricted Communication
(c) Increase in expenditure
(d) Restricted social interactions
10. Which of the following are essential conditions to create stress
free environment at workplace?
(a) Effective recruitment procedure
(b) Consult an expert
(c) Employing unskilled workers
CASE STUDY
Toyota Unrest
Introduction
Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited (TKM), an Indian subsidiary
of Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) 4, announced a lockout at its
PAGE 311
Notes facility in Bidadi, Karnataka, on January 8, 2006, in protest of the firing

of three of their colleagues. This strike cast doubt on the viability of
the Japanese management model in the Indian setting. Honda Motor
Company Limited (HMCL) 7 employees also brought up the July 25,
2005 incident at the Gurgaon plant of Honda Motorcycle & Scooter
India Private Limited (HMSI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of HMCL.
These events demonstrated the need for healthy industrial relations
to guarantee the well-being of company management, employees,
and infrastructure. Sonar Group Surinder Kapur, Chairman of the
automotive component company Sonar Group, commented on the
rising incidences of disagreement between management and employees
at an event. He suggested that governments should seek to raise
minimum salaries if the public views them as inadequate. Toyota
Kirloskar Motor Private Limited (TKM) is a Japanese automaker and
an Indian auto component manufacturer that partnered to become
TKM. The case study analyses the labour relations issues at TKN
and explores the factors that contributed to the conflict between
its upper management and its staff. It also shows how external
parties like trade unions and political parties in India may influence
and inflame tensions between workers and company management.
Focal Points
Take into account the causes of industrial strikes and lockouts,
as well as their effects on both workers and management.
Look at how companies are using HR strategies to reduce the
likelihood of strikes.
Analyze the part that upper management plays in maintaining
harmony in the workplace.
Examine how outside groups like unions, political parties, and
others might impact a company’s culture and productivity.
Situation
TKM, a Toyota and Kirloskar Group joint venture, invested Rs. 7
billion (about $160 million) to open its Bidadi facility in 1997. Toyota
controlled 74% of the partnership and their ownership climbed to 89
312 PAGE
per cent in 1999. personnel issues have been tensed since the company Notes
began producing goods in 2000. In April 2001, TKM had its first
strike, which lasted for around two days, and in 2002 it was necessary
to implement a two-shift schedule for the employees. In 2006, three
of the fifteen employees who had been placed on administrative leave
were fired after a year-long investigation revealed they were guilty
of misconduct, including violent behaviour, disruption of work, and
assault on a supervisor. The management of TKM, TKMEU, and
CITU met with V N Hittanagi from Karnataka to discuss the labour
problem. The management decided to end the lockout on January 21,
2006, and announced that it would be removed. The dispute is still
ongoing. TKM, TKMEU, and CITU were all involved in a dispute
with the management of TKM in Karnataka in February 2006. The
management decided to remove the lockout in response to the request
of numerous workers who had indicated readiness to resume work. To
meet with V N Hittanagi, the Deputy Labour Commissioner (DLC) for
the state of Karnataka, they discussed the labour problem with him
and the management said they would not change their minds about
the decision to not reinstate the individuals who had been fired. The
employees were requested to submit their case before the office of
the DLC and overtime pay in the amount of four hours was requested
to the employees on this shift between the hours of 4 and 8 p.m.
Outcome
TKM was able to foresee no significant difficulties from the strike
by its employees or the lockout at its factory, as the company had
made enough preparations to fulfil the demand for their automobiles
on the market.
4.6 Summary
Workplace disputes are a common occurrence and can have a negative
impact on both economic expansion and prosperity. These disputes can be
caused by either the pay or working conditions of the job, or by specific
organizational concerns or socioeconomic issues. Stress in the workplace
PAGE 313
Notes can lead to difficulties in health and social life, and can also lead to
employees calling out sick and producing subpar work. Factors such as
working long hours, having an excessive amount of work, having deadlines,
not receiving enough breaks, being in an uncomfortable atmosphere, and
the potential for conflict at work can also contribute to stress. HRM is a
goal to ensure that both individuals and organizations attain a high level
of performance. During the rejuvenation break, employees are encouraged
to put their troubles to the side and either sits quietly by themselves or
with friendly colleagues. It is important to take breaks, get nutrition,
and return to work feeling more energized in order to reduce exhaustion
and accidents. Recreation activities can also be beneficial in enhancing
employee productivity and helping to keep up with life despite the
instability and difficulty of the environment. However, those who put
in longer hours at work and pay less attention to their health are at a
greater risk of developing mental diseases such as sadness and anxiety.
The participation of both parties in recreational activities at work will
be to their mutual benefit.

5. (b) layoffs
6. (b) Overtime
7. (d) Both (a) and (b)
8. (c) Individual working system
9. (a) Productivity boosting

1. How you define industrial disputes? Do these disputes are beneficial
for an economy? Explain.
314 PAGE
2. What do you mean by industrial disputes? Discuss its features and Notes
effects.
3. Describe the methods used to settle the disputes in an industrial
establishment.
4. What do you understand by stress free environment? Discuss its
importance and benefits.
5. What are the sources of stress? Is stress is beneficial for enhancing
the performance of an employee? Discuss
6. Describe the techniques used by the management for managing
employee stress at workplace.
7. What are the benefits of rejuvenation breaks for employees? Do
such breaks help in enhancing the performance and morale of the
employees? Elaborate
8. Leisure activities act as motivators. Do you agree? Give reasons to
support your answer.
4.9 References
Chhabra, T. N. (2010). Human Resource Management-Concepts and
Issues. Dhanpat Rai & Sons: 566-577 and 637-650.
Ibrahim, Durmus (2021). Human Resource Management and Recreation
Activities in the Leisure Time Activity of the Employees in the
Covid-19 Period. Uluslararasi Palandoken Bilimsel Calismalar
Kongresi. Gumushane University, Social Sciences Vocational School:
261-269.
Syed, F. A. And Siddiki, S. N. (2017). The Impact of Leisure activities
on Employee Performance in the Pharmaceutical Sector, Karachi.
Project Report. Saheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and
Technology, Karachi: 1-27.
The Toyota Unrest available at https://www.studocu.com/in/document/
indian-institute-of-technology-kharagpur/industrial-training/toyota-
unrest-case/36261167 retrieved on dated 19-Feburary-2023 at 4:30
PM.
PAGE 315
Notes 4.10 Suggested Readings

Gupta, Shashi K. and Joshi, Rosy (2002). Human Resource Management
with case study. Kalyani Publishers. pp. 34.1-34.16 and 36.1-36.20.
Kaur, Daljeet and Chauhan, Nancy (2018). Human Resource Management.
Kalyani Publishers. pp.13.1-13.13.
Prasad, L. M. (2017). Human Resource Management. Sultan Chand
& Sons. pp.527-546
Rao, V.S.P. (2005). Human Resource Management-Text and Cases.
Excel Books. pp. 590-608 and 643-658.
316 PAGE
L E S S O N
5
Human Resource Audit
and Talent Management
STRUCTURE
5.2 Human Resource Audit: Introduction
5.3 Talent Management
5.4 Summary
5.7 References

After studying this chapter students may able to:
Understand the concept, features, objectives, kinds, strategies, procedure, advantages
and disadvantages of HR audit.
Know about the concept, need, objectives, elements, procedures, pillars, obstacles,
benefits and drawbacks of talent management.
Be acquainted with the factors influencing and recent trends in talent management.
5.2 Human Resource Audit: Introduction

The auditing procedure is used by organisations to monitor the varied actions and results
of their numerous people. It is a process through which the finance department evaluates
and verifies the financial records of any department. In the context of the HR department,
it is an action that regularly evaluates the efficacy of all human resource policies, practices,
and activities carried out by the people employed by the organisation. HR audits are used
PAGE 317
Notes to plan and measure financial data, enhance processes, and serve as a
tool for organisational development. Auditing of human resources is an
essential component of HR management that is used to evaluate different
aspects of personnel operations. It evaluates the effectiveness of the
policies and procedures pertaining to human resources and gives feedback
on the degree to which operating managers are meeting their obligations.
5.2.1 Features of Human Resource Audit

A human resources audit will include the following features:
An HR audit is an investigation of how well an organization’s
human resources department is operating.
It’s a research method that digs into the inner workings of a company
to learn more about the people there, the policies they implement, and
the daily operations that keep the business running. Human resources
auditing helps find and fix the places where real performance falls
short of expectations.
It’s a metric that can tell you whether the HR department is following
the rules or not, as well as how well your employees are doing.
Human resources audit must take immediate action to correct the
problem.
Human resource audits are performed once a year, either in-house
by knowledgeable personnel or by outside specialists in HRM who
have a thorough working knowledge of auditing procedures.
Human resources audit reports are sent up the chain of command in
the event of a mistake being made in the report.
5.2.2 Objectives of Human Resource Audit

A human resources audit objectives to accomplish the following:
Human resources audits ensure that the HR division is running
smoothly. As part of its mission, it assesses the HR department’s
working conditions and the thoroughness with which its rules and
procedures are put into practise.
318 PAGE
Errors made by human resources while carrying out their duties are Notes
quickly identified via audits and appropriate remedial actions are
implemented.
The HR processes are examined to determine if they are being
executed in accordance with the company’s established rules and
norms.
It’s an indicator for the HR division’s flaws and triumphs. The HR
department is audited to determine if it is fulfilling the organization’s
rules and regulations in terms of things like hiring, education,
posting, advancement, working atmosphere, handling complaints
and so forth.
Human resources audits evaluate the various business processes within
an organisation to identify wasteful or unnecessary spending. Human
resource management encompasses a broad range of activities, such
as recruiting new workers, selecting and training them, keeping hold
of promising ones, dividing up the workforce and so on.
The regular evaluation of employee behaviour and activities via
HR audits helps keep workers disciplined and aware of their own
personal accountability for the sake of the business.
In addition, it reveals the HR division’s trouble spots. Thus, actions
are done to boost the efficiency of the HR department. That’s why
it’s important to keep an eye on their performance and praise them
suitably if they start showing signs of development.
By doing so, HR management is transformed from a theoretical to
a measurable field.
Human resources audits should also help businesses be ready to
defend themselves in court if any of their troublesome workers
decide to sue the company.
5.2.3 Kinds of Human Resource Audit

There are several kinds of audits that may be classified based on the
following criteria:
(a) Time Frame: Most organisations conduct an irregular audit, which
means that the time period for auditing is not specified; it may occur
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Notes once a year or once every three years. Yet, due to the changing
times, audits should take place on a specified time-period and on a
frequent basis so that a continual check can be maintained on the
workers’ performance.
(b) Manner: Assessment in this sort of auditing may be performed by
any of the following:
Internal Control: Internal management conducts this sort of
audit inside the organisation in order to analyse and supervise
the HR department’s operations.
External Review: The external audit may take place inside or
outside of the organization’s facilities. It is carried out by
external specialists who have been contracted specifically for
this reason. Unlike internal audit, the conclusion of external
audit review is always neutral.
(c) Function: Audits may be classified according to their function as
follows:
Compliance Check: A compliance audit determines whether or
not all departments are adhering to the organization’s rules
and regulations.
Organizational Best Practices Audit: The duties performed
by the HR department are compared to the ‘best practises’ of
the other organisation in this audit. Efforts should be taken
to ensure that their procedures are the “best practises among
all other comparable organisations”.
Strategy Review: Strategic auditing assesses the significance of
HR practises to the achievement of the organization’s strategic
objectives. It also monitors employee improved results by
offering them with safe working conditions.
Job-Specific Inspection: This audit focuses on the HR
department’s unique functions. These duties involve hiring,
training, remuneration, and promoting, among others.
320 PAGE
5.2.4 Strategies of Human Resource Audit Notes
The following are numerous ways that auditors might use to analyse HR
functions:
Comparison Strategy: The development of one organisation is
compared to the success of another organisation in this technique.
The outcomes of both organisations are comparable. In this situation,
the other organisation is regarded as a model organisation, and the
goal is to accomplish the same outcome as the model organisation.
External Authority Strategy: External experts establish the benchmarks
for comparison in this strategy, and the internal auditors of the
organisation utilise these yardsticks to assess their job.
Analytical Technique: In certain circumstances, a statistical or
analytical technique must be used to construct statistical performance
metrics using current information from the organisation. To assess
performance, for example, particular mathematical procedures are
necessary to quantify the rate of absenteeism, the quantity of income
collected and so on. As a result, this statistical method assists
auditors in obtaining the necessary information.
Regulatory Strategy: Past performance and actions of workers are
evaluated in this technique to ensure compliance with organisational
norms and regulations and the absence of any violations of legal
obligations.
Management by Objectives (MBO) Strategy: In this technique, the
auditor requests that department heads and operational managers
identify specific goals for their departments. The extent to which these
goals are met may readily assess the performance of departmental
personnel. This evaluation is then used by the HR audit to verify the
employee’s true performance and compare it to the stated objectives.
5.2.5 Procedure of Human Resource Audit

HR audit takes the following steps to make sure the evaluation is accurate:
Step 1 - Determining the Goals: The HR audit is the first step in
an organization’s history. It evaluates the functions and activities
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Notes of the HR department, following the law and order, and ensuring
that the HR strategies are in line with the corporate strategies. The
organization’s goal, schedule, and plans made by the HR audit must
be aligned in order to ensure success.
Step 2 - Drafting Rough Plan: An auditor should create a framework
for their audit plan to identify the number of people needed, cost,
and tools needed for the whole audit process. This plan should
include policies, areas need more attention, and best information
can be gathered.
Step 3 - Gathering information: Background data is essential for
an auditor to understand internal and external factors that can affect
the HR auditing process. External factors include the organization’s
goals, policies, and people doing their jobs in different parts of the
organisation.
Step 4 - Selecting Data Collection Method: HR auditors use various
methods to gather information, such as the interview method,
questionnaire method, task force method, and observation method.
The time and cost of the assessment are also set ahead of time to
ensure a efficient and timely process.
Step 5 - Finalizing Audit Plan: The sole responsibility of the assessor
is to have a clear idea of the goals to be reached, the methods
to be used, the areas to be covered, and the amount of time and
money needed for the whole auditing process before finalising the
audit plan. Background information and new information can help
improve an auditing plan.
Step 6 - Getting All Audit Information: The assessor must gather
information from various sources to understand the HR department’s
strengths and weaknesses. This information is then compared to the
final audit plan and the HR auditor should have gathered all the
information needed to do their job.
Step 7 - Putting together an audit report: The HR department
is assessed through an assessment programme which covers tasks
such as hiring, training, promoting, rewarding, keeping employees,
moving them to new jobs, transferring them and retiring. The audit
also looks at the working environment, how employees do their
322 PAGE
jobs, the HR unit’s goals, and the policies and strategies used by Notes
HR audit and HRIS. The auditor then reviews the whole valuation
process and writes a detailed audit report.
Step 8 - Decision Based on Final Audit Report: HR is the last
step in the organisation’s decision-making process, which involves
asking auditors for suggestions to make decisions. The HR auditor
can provide valuable insights into how the HR department sets
goals, strategies, and employees perform their jobs.
5.2.6 Advantages of Human Resource Audit

The advantages of HR audit are as under:
Communication of Strategic Plans: Strategic plans are essential for
organisations to achieve their goals, and workers share their ideas on
how to achieve them. The HR auditor must persuade management
to reveal these goals to workers to engage in the decision-making
process.
Role Clarity: HR audits should be used to raise employee knowledge
of their involvement in HRD and encourage upper management to
offer assistance. Clear job and responsibilities should be followed,
as this will ensure the organisation’s best interests are met.
Enhancing Competence: HR audit helps to determine the competence
level of an organisation by looking at strengths and weaknesses of
the current administrative structure. It helps to establish strategies to
increase productivity and improve employee performance. This can
be done through HRIS, working practises, role and responsibilities
delegation, clarity and information exchange.
Future Preparation: HR auditing is essential for the HR department
to prepare for future challenges and assess employee performance. It
also advises on environmental, policy creation, training, promotion,
maintenance, counselling and more.
Evaluation of Return on Investment: Organisations invest a significant
amount of money in HR development to achieve a higher Return on
Investment (ROI). HR auditing determines ROI and establishes the
need for different training courses to be used most effectively for the
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Notes development of human resources and the organisation. Developing

these programmes cost-effective also equips management to perform
these duties with ease.
Enhancing Employee Involvement: Human resource audits can be
used to gain employee involvement through employee performance
planning, discussing ambitions, recording duties, and providing a
pleasant working environment.
5.2.7 Disadvantages of Human Resource Audit

The disadvantages of HR audit:
Managers see audits as a threat: Managers in certain organisations
may be concerned about HR audits due to the fear of detection
and potential for wrongdoing. Organizations may use audit ratings
to judge performance, but manager evaluations should take into
account the implementation of remedial steps to mitigate the guilt.
However, certain unethical criminal behaviour cannot be avoided
and must be dealt with.
Lack of Well-Established Performance Criteria: Organisations lack
set metrics and performance criteria for evaluating the efficacy of
the HR audit process, so it is recommended that top management
should not undertake audits without acceptable metrics and perform
requirements. A meaningful audit process may be used to create
measures and performance criteria.
Absence of unity: Managers must possess relevant abilities and
impartiality to effectively analyse data, as the audit is often outsourced
to auditors with experience and knowledge. During auditing, the
senior audit specialist should be aware of potential misunderstandings
that may arise.
ACTIVITY
Organize a class seminar on the topic, “Importance of HR Audit for
Present Day Organizations”. Also prepare an assignment on the same
topic and provide your viewpoint.
324 PAGE
5.3 Talent Management Notes
The process of talent management involves making a conscientious and

intentional effort to recruit, engage, cultivate, and retain employees who
have the potential to satisfy both the present and the future requirements
of a business. In light of the issues that now confront businesses, talent
management has evolved into an absolute need. Businesses are coming
to the realisation that effective personnel management is the key to
good performance in progressively greater numbers. HR managers are
responsible for bringing in and keeping talented employees, but it is also
the responsibility of each and every worker at the organisation. Senior
management must demonstrate their commitment to people processes by
authorising finances, motivating staff, and developing policies that are
employee friendly. HR professionals need to work hand in hand with line
functions in order to produce value addition.
5.3.1 Need for Talent Management

The reasons for which talent management needed in an organisation are
given below:
To ensure that the demands of the company are met by the
workforce: Talent management ensures that the right individuals
are matched to the right needs for the job, creating synergy between
the personnel process and the organisation’s requirements.
To motivate the workers to achieve and maintain the higher level
of productivity: Production in the workplace increases when workers
are actively engaged in their task. To achieve this, a culture of talent
must be developed and nurtured, which encourages individuals to
learn, develop professionally, and achieve their full potential. An
EVOSKILLS model should be used to develop and maintain this
culture, so that it can achieve its maximum level of production.
Efficient management of human resources contributes to increased
levels of employee satisfaction: Employee satisfaction is a state
of mental, emotional, and social contentment experienced by
workers due to their employment in a company that upholds ethical
practises and values the opinions of its workers. It is an essential
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Notes component of talent management and is seen in the Great Place

to Work designation, where organisations use efficient personnel
management practices to ensure employee happiness.
To cultivate competent leaders inside the organisation who are able
to contribute their knowledge to the expansion of the business
in the following ways: Businesses have formed partnerships with
prestigious business schools to help their organisational leaders
acquire the appropriate skill set, in return for a minimum amount
of time.
To achieve an effective diversity balance in the workforce, therefore
allowing the best potential level of employee engagement:
Organisations are investing in diversity training to ensure employees
are treated equitably, and the legitimacy and access paradigm
asserts that businesses can benefit from the different experiences
and perspectives of their workforce.
5.3.2 Objectives of Talent Management

The objectives of talent management are as under:
It assists firms in improving their overall performance: If your
firm has access to the best professionals, it can accomplish anything.
When talent management incorporates three essential components,
such as quick talent allocation, a great employee experience,
and a strategic HR team, it is the most successful kind of talent
management.
It enables businesses to maintain their competitive edge: Your
company will grow more robust and better able to weather the
effects of change and uncertainty if you continue to seek out and
cultivate outstanding personnel.
It is the engine behind invention: No matter what sector you work
in, there is a constant influx of new technological developments.
Employees with talent are able to develop solutions to solve difficulties
or come up with creative ideas by maximising the potential of new
technologies.
326 PAGE
It assists in the formation of effective teams: If you have the right Notes
plan for managing your people, you will be able to put together a
team that is more productive. Having this rather than simply a lot
of creative and brilliant individuals in your business is going to be
of much more help to you.
It results in a lower turnover rate: If a firm makes its workers
feel appreciated and gives them confidence that there are many
prospects for advancement inside the organisation, such workers
are less inclined to look for employment elsewhere.
It results in a powerful brand for the employer: The management
of your company’s talent builds your reputation as an employer.
This makes it easier for you to entice the most qualified applicants
for positions in the future.
It inspires others to continue developing: Having people on your
team that are motivated and challenged by their work can help them
develop personally and professionally.
5.3.3 Elements of Talent Management

The following are some of the primary elements that make up a model
for talent management:
Planning: Integrating corporate objectives with a talent management
approach is essential for success. Planning is an essential component
of any model for managing talent, as it ensures that the organisation
will invest in the most suitable talent for meeting those requirements.
Attracting: Companies must have backup plans to prevent employees
from being transferred away from the company and create a pool
of desirable talent. Companies can increase their exposure to
prospective workers through recommendations, social networking,
and job portals to better attract the most qualified applicants.
Selecting: The selection process in a talent management model
consists of recruiting potential workers via in-person interviews
and written examinations, and then selecting the candidate who is
the best fit for the job description.
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Notes Developing: The model for talent management should be able to

guide employees towards a job that will be beneficial for them,
while also enabling them to recognize activities such as orientation,
coaching, mentoring, leading, and counselling to motivate them to
reach their potential.
Retaining: The model has to make it easier for the company to keep
hold of its most talented employees. It is a fantastic approach to
accomplish this goal to provide an employee with the opportunity
to grow further in his or her professional career by giving periodic
training, as well as providing incentives and bonuses along with
promotions.
Changes made to Employees: Since the corporation may transfer
or promote its current workers to different job profiles within the
organisation, the model has to provide room for employee transition
in order to function well.
5.3.4 Procedure of Talent Management

The procedure for managing talent entails the following steps:
Step 1 - Planning at work: It entails strategic planning to access
talent in terms of prospective and present employees’ behaviours,
knowledge, and skills in order to accomplish the aims and objectives
of a company organisation.
Step 2 - Career preparation: It includes locating excellent job
openings inside the company and pursuing training to prepare the
person to manage the move successfully.
Step 3 - Business branding: An employee ought to feel proud of
their affiliation with the company. His professional accomplishments
and advancement are essential for his entire development.
Step 4 - Talent co-ordination: Aligning current talent with needed
talent is a step in the talent management process that helps close
gaps and deficits.
Step 5 - Recruitment process: Key talent must be successfully hired
via interviews and advertising as part of the talent management
process.
328 PAGE
Step 6 - Efficient onboarding: In order to make new hires feel Notes

welcome, the process must involve a seamless onboarding through
orientation. New hires tend to be a little anxious in their first few
days.
Step 7 - Professional growth: The talent management process
synchronises strategies, training objectives, and career planning and
goal achievement.
Step 8 - Receiving comments: Obtaining employee input via stages
like 360-degree assessments or surveys is a crucial component of
the talent management process.
Step 9 - Planning strategically: Using strategic planning as part of
this talent management process phase will help it attain its goal in
the long run.
Step 10 - Performance management and expectations: To ensure
that objectives, duties, roles, expectations, and ultimately performance
are aligned with expectations, the talent management process involves
establishing clear communication channels.
Step 11 - Developing leadership skills: In order to build a bridge
between employees and leadership, the process entails offering
activities that will improve leadership traits.
Step 12 - Appreciation and payment: The talent management process
places a strong emphasis on rewarding workers for their contributions
via raises, perks and promotions. Also, the company has to have
a fair pay plan that balances the interests of both employees and
employers.
Step 13 - Retention: The goal of talent management is to keep a
company’s best employees by getting to know their personalities
and behavioural quirks. Ensure that the appropriate actions are made
to comprehend the issues and resolve any difficulties in order for
the business to retain high retention rates.
5.3.5 Pillars of Talent Management

The pillars of the talent management are as under:
PAGE 329
Notes Talent Acquisition: Selection is the process of selecting competent

members of the workforce for a position. Recruitment involves
creating a recruitment strategy that focuses on recruitment channels
and content, such as brand promise, employee value proposition,
and brand image. Selection decisions revolve around which selection
techniques should be used and which methods should be given.
Talent Development: Training programmes are essential for developing
the dynamic competencies of individuals, such as formal training
programmes, coaching and mentoring, job rotations, on the job
learning, special assignments, action learning, committee work,
stretch assignments, developmental assignments, job shadowing
and more. Formal training programs are the most often employed
approach for enhancing workers’ capabilities, but only 10-15% of
learning takes place through formal training programs.
Talent Engagement: It is essential for successful recruitment and
cultivating talent. It involves actively invested in work, going beyond
work obligations, and mentoring and assessing the performance and
potential of workers. Performance management involves performance
planning, performance coaching, and performance counselling, as
well as professional development plans and prospective appraisals.
Initiatives that promote Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also
contribute to the successful engagement of talent.
Talent Retention: Organisations are attempting to increase the
likelihood of employee turnover by requiring employees to sign a
bond to commit to terms and conditions indicating they will not
quit the organisation for a minimum period of time for a minimum
of xyz years. This clause is important to rationalise investment in
college graduates and ensure the continued viability of a competitive
staff, as incentives no longer just refer to monetary remuneration.
5.3.6 Factors Influencing Talent Management

The most important aspects that have a direct influence on the talent
management situation in companies today are:
Globalisation: Emerging countries are responsible for 88% of global
revenue growth, and developing nations are making efforts to keep
330 PAGE
both their consumers and their workers. Companies such as TCS and Notes
Infosys have a significant portion of their workers located outside
of India, and employees can be recruited away by competitors.
Age is a demographic variable: It affects workforce growth and
productivity. It is likely that developed countries will look to
emerging nations as the centre of their economic activity, as they
will eventually access the Asian market to sell goods and services
and recruit young workers. Globalisation has already brought about
the transformation of the world into a small town, and in the future,
it will become much more interconnected.
Future Leadership: Business organisations’ internal leadership pipelines
are a major issue, with 56% of executives having severe gaps in
their capacity to fill senior management posts. Boris Groysberg
found that only 22% of organisations had effectively prepared their
organisations for the future, while 19% did not have much trouble
attracting competent potential recruits. Companies must have the
capacity and effort to attract, recruit, develop, engage, and retain
personnel to gain a competitive advantage.
5.3.7 Obstacles in Talent Management

The various obstacles faced in the companies by the manager:
Communication: Effective communication can strengthen relationships
and lead to misunderstandings, but can also have a negative impact
on production due to cultural and linguistic barriers.
Controlling organisational culture: Organisations must conduct
regular cultural studies to identify problem areas and make changes
to manage organisational culture to create a more positive working
environment. This will help to increase communication and transparency
among employees.
Rigidity: It is possible that some sectors of the workforce may reject
this shift in order to create preparations for managing inclusion.
As a result, the task of the HR team to bring about a change will
be made even more difficult by this opposition.
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Notes Establishment of diversity-focused policy: It is not sufficient to

only provide training on diversity in order to bring about a diversity
management plan; rather, the HR department has to come up with
a strategy in order to bring about a culture of diversity.
Employee Involvement: Line managers must understand the history,
culture, values, and discrimination of the organisation in order to do
business successfully. They must be able to maintain a good morale
among their personnel by recognising the unique contributions of
their demographically varied workforce. Any prejudice, whether
genuine or perceived, among a varied collection of workers will
lead to disengagement on the part of the workforce, which can have
an effect on performance.
5.3.8 Benefits of Talent Management

There are several benefits to using a talent management system, including:
There is a reduction in the complexity of sharing information.
Establish a solid foothold in the market.
Facilitates Clear and Concise Speech.
Kept the top employees.
Making smart business choices is simple.
Time is not wasted.
Has a simple structure that permits in-depth examination.
Facilitates the development of staff members for the future.
Recruitment and hiring are simplified.
Improves morale and productivity.
Enhances satisfaction among workers.
With a stress-free beginning.
5.3.9 Drawbacks of Talent Management

The following are some of the drawbacks associated with talent management:
332 PAGE
The execution is seen as costly due to the significant amount of Notes

time, effort and money it requires.
If it is put into action, it will result in an increase in the company’s
total expenses.
Not every company has the resources necessary to put the talent
management concept into action.
It is not appropriate for companies that have a significant number
of workers who are employed on a contractual basis or who work
part-time.
Obtaining assistance from each and every division is a difficult task.
It has the potential to cause friction between management and the
staff.
It’s possible that a lack of a more thorough understanding might
result in a breach of trust.
5.3.10 Recent Trends in Talent Management

In order for businesses to successfully navigate situations that are in a
state of perpetual change, they need to build up their competencies and
abilities so that they can handle both known and unexpected difficulties.
But, modern businesses are struggling mightily to find and retain qualified
employees. Because of this, there is increased demand on firms to develop
systems that are efficient and competitive in acquiring, managing and
keeping personnel. Companies all over the globe are always striving to
develop more efficient methods of talent management; nevertheless, only
a select few firms are in a position to establish themselves as industry
leaders in such practises.
The leadership abilities of CEOs and the management teams that they oversee
have been put to the test by recent global events such as the recession,
the economic crisis, and the rise and fall of economic powerhouses.
As megatrends are shaking up and reshaping the business landscape all
over the globe, it is becoming more challenging to provide an adequate
supply of skills and knowledge at the appropriate moment. As a result,
CEOs in today’s businesses devote a significant amount of their time to
the process of recruiting and supervising employees. They are aware that
PAGE 333
Notes owning talent and keeping it is the only way for a business to prosper
in a market that is volatile.
Studies based on research have highlighted many important characteristics
that demand the attention of businesses that are attempting to manage
talent effectively. These characteristics are important for acquiring new
talent, managing existing talent’s performance, determining appropriate
remuneration, and keeping existing talent. According to research, talent
management should not be divided down into its component elements but
rather regarded as an integrated whole instead. This necessitates having
a solid ideology as well as culture.
ACTIVITY
Discuss in the class about the need and significance of talent
management. Also analyse the necessity of managing talent in an
organization.
IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
1. HR Audit includes:
(a) Evaluation of HR Policies
(b) Evaluation of the practices and activities carried out by
the employees
(c) Only (b)
2. HR Audit(s) is/are performed:
(a) Thrice in a year
(b) Twice in a year
(c) Once in a year
(d) On Monthly basis
3. The Audit conducted by internal management to analyse and
supervise the HR department activities is known as:
(a) Internal control
(b) Internal management
334 PAGE
(c) External review Notes
(d) Both (b) and (c)

4. Which strategy has been used by management to identify specific
goals for their departments?
(a) Analytical Approach
(b) Regulatory Strategy
(c) Management by Objectives (MBO)
(d) Comparison Strategy
5. Which of the following is first step in the procedure of HR
Audit?
(a) Drafting Rough Plan
(b) Gathering Information
(c) Selecting Data Collection Methods
(d) Determination of Goals
6. Effective personnel management results in:
(a) Higher Labour Turnover Rate
(b) Reduced Productivity
(c) Increased Absenteeism
(d) Higher Performance
7. Why talent management needed in organisation?
(a) Meeting demands and requirements of the company by
workforce
(b) To motivate the workers to achieve higher productivity
(c) Contributes to increased level of employee satisfaction
8. The main elements of talent management model are:
(a) Planning, Attracting, Selecting, Developing, Retaining,
Changes
(b) Planning, Selecting, Retaining and Changes
PAGE 335
Notes (c) Attracting, Selecting, Developing and Retaining

(d) Selecting, Developing, Retaining
9. Which of the following are the essential pillars of talent
management?
(a) Acquisition and Development
(b) Engagement and Retention
(c) Only (a)
10. Which of the following factor(s) have direct influence on the
talent management?
(a) Globalisation
(b) Age
(c) Future Leadership
CASE STUDY
Human Resource Audit Million Meal Movement
Introduction
Million Meal Movement is a non-profit group that distributes meals
to low-income families in Indiana. It has grown to 29 million meals
since 2007 and plans for expansion with four permanent workers and
a Board of Directors of seven business experts. The current head of
Human Resources (HR) for the company hopes to expand the company
to 20 full-time workers in the next three to five years. The Executive
Director is concerned about the company’s expansion, as no one has
an experience in human resources and the company may be threatened
by major threats. Human resource analysis/audit performed by BEST
Human Capital & Consulting Group is needed to identify potential
risks and provide a road map for optimal preparation and planning.
Objective
Assisting the company in understanding compliance challenges, risk
reduction, and providing resources and tools to create the groundwork
for compliance and HR function assistance.
336 PAGE
Application Notes
Best in Class Enterprises and Consultants (BEST) conducted an in-

depth study of eight categories that capture the essential skills within
the “SHRM Competence Body of Knowledge” as part of an evaluation
of the whole human resource function using BEST’s patented WR2
HR Analysis. Data collection was followed by analysis and a report
being drafted for the Executive Director. In its report to the Board
of Directors, BEST detailed the “risks and solutions” it had found.
Widow’s Jar Ministries provides Million Meal Movement with office
space, a conference room, a warehouse, and other facilities. The study
highlighted several successes that should be maintained and built upon
when the recommendations for improvement are implemented. It also
identified organizational weaknesses in strategic and tactical planning,
such as diversity and inclusion, HR information systems and metrics,
security, training and organisational growth. The Executive Director
has decided to devise a plan to enhance these aspects within the
next twelve months to lower the risk profile of various components.
Outcome
Using this strategy as a guide, the Million Meal Movement has
begun carrying out initiatives to enhance compliance, streamline
processes, make regulations more clear, and pick off the low-hanging
fruit. For the goal of aiding the Executive Director in carrying out
the organization’s remedial treatments, she put together a volunteer
team of human resources specialists, directed by Michael Maggiotto
Jr, PHR, SHRM-SCP and Sr. Human Capital Adviser at BEST.
Million Meal Movement’s HR was able to find its footing thanks
to this in-depth research, which lauded the organization’s successes
while also flagging potential threats and offering solutions. As the
company continues to develop, it is in a stronger position to take on
the long-term, challenging issues it has identified and to maintain
its competitive edge.
Source: https://bhcagroup.com/project-details/nonprofit
PAGE 337
Notes 5.4 Summary

The auditing procedure is used by organizations to monitor the actions
and results of their numerous people. HR audits are used to plan and
measure financial data, enhance processes, and serve as a tool for
organizational development. Talent management involves making an
intentional effort to recruit, engage, cultivate, and retain employees who
have the potential to satisfy both the present and the future requirements
of a business. HR managers are responsible for bringing in and keeping
talented employees, but it is also the responsibility of each and every
worker at the organization. Senior management must demonstrate their
commitment to people processes by authorizing finances, motivating staff,
and developing policies that are employee friendly.

2. (c) Once in a year
3. (a) Internal Control
4. (c) Management by Objectives (MBO)
5. (d) Determination of Goals
6. (d) Higher Performance
8. (a) Planning, Attracting, Selecting, Developing, Retaining, Changes

1. Define the concept of HR audit. Discuss its features and objectives.
2. What do you mean by HR audit? Elaborate the various types.
3. Describe the strategies used by the management for analysing the
HR functions.
338 PAGE
4. Elaborate the procedure of HR audit and also discuss its significance Notes
for an organisation.
5. What is the need of managing talent in a company? Discuss
6. What are the objectives of talent management? Describe the essential
elements of talent management.
7. Describe the different stages of talent management procedure followed
by a company for retaining the talented workforce with them.
8. Discuss the factors influencing talent management model of an
organisation and what obstacles have been faced by managers while
implementing talent management model in their organisation.
5.7 References
Dessler, Garry and Varkkey, Biju (2016). Human Resource Management.
Pearson. pp.82-108.
Gupta Shashi K. and Joshi Rosy (2012). Human Resource Management
with case study. Kalyani Publishers. pp. 44.1-44.7.
Pande, Sharon and Basak Swapnalekha (2012). Human Resource
Management-Text and Cases. Pearson. pp. 593-631.
Pravin Durai (2010). Human Resource Management. Pearson. pp.
565-577.

Excel Books.
Sons.
Company.
PAGE 339
L E S S O N
6
Emerging Horizons
STRUCTURE
6.2 Emerging Job Opportunities in HRM
6.3 Redundant Manpower
6.4 Employee Burnout
6.5 Work from Home
6.6 Summary
6.9 References

Know about the emerging opportunities in the field of HRM.
Be acquainted with the concept, need, significance, reasons, basis types and process
of redundancy.
Understand the concept, causes, symptoms, identification, and prevention of employee
burnout.
Be familiar with the concept, features, benefits and drawbacks of work from home.
6.2 Emerging Job Opportunities in HRM

Human resource management is the process through which an organisation anticipates, plans
for, and reacts to its changing demands for human capital. Human resource management
refers to the process of finding, recruiting, hiring, paying, training, developing, and retaining
340 PAGE
a company’s personnel. Recruiting, categorising employees, paying them, Notes

providing them with benefits, and managing their performance are all part
of human resource management. Those who take pleasure in assisting
others in discovering contentment and fulfilment in their job may find that
working in human resources management is a career path that offers many
opportunities for success. An efficient administration of human resources
complies with all relevant employment standards and contributes to the
development of a company culture in which workers have the sense that
they are appreciated. The following are the emerging job opportunities
in the Human Resource management department:
Work from Home: This individual would be responsible for making
sure the business’s procedures, rules, and tools are well-suited for
remote employees. The effectiveness of this position will be measured
in large part by how well it fosters a strong feeling of belonging
inside the business among remote employees by making sure they
are aware of their value to the company and feel truly cared for.
Human Bias Officer: He is accountable for assisting in the mitigation
of bias across all business processes. These experts would guarantee
that employees are treated properly throughout the whole employee
lifecycle, from recruitment to separation, regardless of their colour,
ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic position,
age, or culture.
Strategic Director of HR Business Continuity: This individual
oversees the Human Resources (HR) response team and consults
with the CEO, CFO, CIO, and FD to provide suggestions for making
the workplace secure for all employees.
Counselor for Virtual Reality Immersion: This position would
contribute to the realisation of the promise of leveraging virtual
reality to expand training programmes for a variety of use cases,
including onboarding, coaching, reskilling, upskilling, and even
medical and safety training. H&R Block is one corporation that
has previously used virtual reality simulations to teach customer
support workers on how to de-escalate client conversations.
HR Data Detective: They assist in resolving business issues, this
individual would be in charge of combining several data sources
(such as employee surveys, learning management systems, and
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Notes benefits portals). Data detectives would acquire and aggregate HR-
relevant insights to assist enhance employee performance and produce
better outcomes for the whole organisation. They were equally at
home being “in the weeds” of huge data as well as recognising and
describing “the big picture.”
Human-Machine Teaming Manager: It is a position that functions
at the nexus of human and mechanical interaction and seeks to
establish seamless partnerships. Instead than focusing on increasing
rivalry, these managers would seek to develop collaboration.
Chatbot Coach: He would collaborate with the DBS Bank hiring
team to train the chatbot to handle the routine tasks of screening
candidates and responding to frequently asked questions from
candidates, freeing up the recruiters’ time to work on more strategic
tasks like talking to hiring managers to better understand why a
candidate needs a new job and the shifting needs of the company
for new hires.
ACTIVITY
Organize a class seminar on the topic, “Importance of HR Audit for
Present Day Organizations”. Also prepare an assignment on the same
topic and provide your viewpoint.
6.3 Redundant Manpower

When there is no employment, an employee may be asked to quit or laid
off, which is known as redundancy. One of the grounds for terminating
a person’s employment under a fixed-term contract is redundancy. The
term “redundancy” refers to the termination of an employee’s fixed-term
employment when a job no longer exists or has become less important.
Lack of projects or the cessation of funding for research might be the
cause of the absence.
6.3.1 Need for Redundancy

A redundancy often results from a firm ceasing operations on or off the
employee’s site, a job decrease, a business moving to a new location,
a change in business procedures, or all of the above. Other workers’
342 PAGE
motivation, productivity, and morale are often affected as well. The Notes
following are some of the circumstances that might lead to an employee
being laid off and classified as redundant:
It has been determined that the employer’s business, or a portion of
the employer’s company, is no longer operational; and/or
There has been a change in the location of the employer’s place
of business; and/or
Because of declining or eliminated demand, the company is no longer
in need of a certain kind of labour to be performed.
6.3.2 Significance of Redundancy

The significance of redundancy is given as under:
It shows how important contracts are in a business. The contracts
actually say how much money the employer has to pay the employee
who is being fired. This amount depends on how badly the employer
broke the contract. Also, if the employee has ever broken a contract,
the employer can use that information to decide what to do with
the employee.
There should be a way to choose who gets laid off, like “last one
in, first one out.”
This is one of the most important ideas that this procedure shows
about how an organisation should act ethically. Also, when an
employer tells an employee that he or she is no longer needed,
the employee must be given proper legal notice well in advance
so that the employee has time to find a new job and keep earning
money. Also, there is a procedure with proper notice and payment
for employees who are considered to be in continuous employment
with the organisation and whose employment is not interrupted by
sick leaves, maternity leaves, or leaves due to disabilities or serious
accidents and injuries.
There are strict time limits on how long the fired employees have
to file a claim for compensation. Notice of redundancy has to be
given to employees at least one week before they are fired if they
have worked for 1 month to 2 years, at least two weeks before they
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Notes are fired if they have worked for 2 years, and one more week for
each additional year of service, up to a maximum of 12 weeks.
6.3.3 Reasons for Redundancy

There are several reasons why workers may be let off, and they are
seldom related to their ability to perform the job. These are as under:
The employment has been rendered obsolete by new technologies.
The position for which you were employed no longer exists.
The firm must decrease expenses by lowering the number of
employees.
The company is shutting or relocating.
Another firm has purchased the company.
6.3.4 Basis for Redundancy of Employees

It should be made obvious to the person being let go why they were
selected to be let go, without any bias. Also, there need to be a process
for appealing the choice if the individual feels the employer was unjustly
chosen or disagrees with the decision. The justifications given by the
employer may include credentials and talents, but they shouldn’t be the
only considerations. Other factors include:
Attendance data
Discipline history
Knowledge or expertise
Performance standards at work
Workplace successes or lack thereof
6.3.5 Types of Redundancy

The types of redundancy are as follows:
Voluntary Redundancy: The initial and most typical kind of
redundancy occurs when a worker leaves or retires. It is generally
carefully planned, with the employee providing notice and the
344 PAGE
employer intending to replace them. It is often accompanied with Notes

separation money.
Mandatory redundancy: The other type of redundancy occurs
when a corporation determines it requires fewer staff than it now
has, possibly because business is slow or because technology has
rendered them obsolete. Such redundancies are frequently unplanned,
and it’s possible that there’s no retirement compensation.
6.3.6 Process of Redundancy

The different stages of redundancy process are given as under:
Stage 1 - Preparing: This involves determining if redundancy is
genuinely required before beginning the procedure. You should also
determine your time schedule and prepare the necessary papers.
Stage 2 - Selecting: This involves narrowing down the pool of
candidates for redundancy. You’ll also need to decide on the criteria
for picking those people. It is critical that the selection criteria be
objective and that they can be applied consistently and equitably
throughout the workforce. Discipline records, for example, experience,
capacity, necessary skills, and competence.
Stage 3 - Individual Consultation: There are legal time limits for
consultation based on the number of individuals who are laid off.
In any instance, it is critical to explain why a person was chosen
and to discuss other career opportunities inside the organisation.
Stage 4 - Redundancy Notification and Appeals: Always remember
to notify your employee in writing of their dismissal and provide
them the opportunity to appeal.
Stage 5 - Termination procedure: Any workers with more than two
years of service are eligible for statutory redundancy compensation.
Ensure to keep a written record of how the statutory redundancy
payout was calculated for the workers.
Remember that communication is essential throughout the redundancy
process. It is best practise to have frequent and open communication after
determining the need for redundancy and selecting the criteria. This will
PAGE 345
Notes assist you in demonstrating that has been performed during the procedure
in a fair and equitable way in compliance with applicable law.
ACTIVITY
Discuss with your class teacher about the need and significance of
redundancy. Also list out all the reasons and causes of redundancy?
What are the impacts of redundancy on the employees? Note down
these and prepare a report.
6.4 Employee Burnout

Employee burnout is a type of workplace stress that has been recognised
by the World Health Organization (WHO). It happens when workers are
generally unhappy with their jobs and feel tired on multiple levels, such
as mentally, physically, and emotionally. The end result is an employee
who doesn’t feel up to doing their daily work and isn’t interested in
their job or profession in general. This causes mental distance and lower
productivity overall. Organizationally, this can lead to higher staff turnover
and loss, lower engagement scores, and a bad effect on the workplace
culture, all of which can hurt the performance of the business as a whole.
6.4.1 Causes of Employee Burnout

Burnout among workers does not just materialise out of thin air; rather,
it must be prompted in some way. In most cases, this is because of the
method in which an organisation functions, specifically how your people
processes react to the demands of your people. When things don’t go as
planned, burnout may be the result. The following is a list of some of
the most typical reasons why workers get burned out:
Excessive Work: There are too many things to accomplish, but not
enough hours in the day. One of the most typical reasons for burnout
in the workplace is when workers are coping with excessive amounts
of work. After all, when people’s responsibilities continue to pile
up without any sign of respite in sight, it may be very daunting
for them and drive them to shut down entirely.
Insufficient Work: On the other side, being overworked may also
be caused by a lack of available job. This does not imply that
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there is an insufficient amount of labour, at least not always, but Notes

rather that there is a lack of complexity with regard to the jobs.
Employees have a greater risk of experiencing burnout if they do
the same duties over and over again, which increases the likelihood
that they will get disengaged from their job.
Remuneration: Things have the potential to get extremely difficult
very quickly when workers don’t feel that the money they receive
is commensurate with the job they do or the quantity of work they
are expected to do. With the appropriate compensation plan and
bonus system in place, you have the ability to have some control
over this.
Culture and Management: Both the culture of the company and
the management style may have a significant impact on employee
burnout. When workers do not feel as if they look forward to going
into the workplace or simply opening their laptops each morning
to begin working, this may lead to a sense of burnout in a very
short amount of time. The same holds true if their supervisors exert
undue pressure on them or engage in excessive micromanagement.
6.4.2 Symptoms of Employee Burnout

In most cases, the symptoms and the outcomes of burnout in employees
are linked. Based on the main performance measures of the company,
this is how one may determine whether or not the workers are suffering
from job burnout:
Illness: It’s possible that the number of sick days taken off by
employees may increase, which would cost the business working
days.
Errors : Employees who are suffering from burnout may become less
enthusiastic or diligent about their day-to-day job, which may lead
to an increase in the number of errors that occur at the company.
Motivation: Less motivated people are less inventive and less
productive than less driven people. Employees may be suffering
from burnout if they have the impression that there has been a loss
of intellectual talent at the organisation despite the fact that no one
has departed.
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Notes Turnover: A greater staff turnover and attrition rate, as well as

people leaving the firm more rapidly, may lead to a decrease in
talent as well as an increase in the total cost of recruiting new
personnel.
Customer: It’s possible that burnout is to blame for the falling
ratings of the customer support department. There is a possibility
that the personnel are not approaching or reacting to consumers in
a constructive manner.
Hence, employee burnout has a clear impact on the financial results of an
organisation. That is why understanding what burnout is and coming up
with strategies to avoid it is of such critical importance for contemporary
businesses.
6.4.3 Identification of Employee Burnout

The ideal time to fight burnout is before it starts, but you can also halt
it after you notice it. These are some classic symptoms that an individual
is burnt out:
Exhaustion, whether physical, mental, or emotional.
Productivity has decreased.
Decreased performance (more mistakes).
Irritability, sensitivity, and acrimony.
Disinterest or withdrawal from talks or initiatives.
Working excessive hours or skipping work on a regular basis.
Unexpected sickness (fatigue, heart palpitations, shortness of breath,
dizziness, headaches).
6.4.4 Prevention of Employee Burnout

In order to deal with the employee burnout give company’s management
guidance on how to deal with staff burnout and some of them are as
follows:
Encourage a healthy work routine: If you see that the office is
still buzzing at 9 p.m. with individuals who arrived at 8 a.m., it’s
348 PAGE
time to speak to leaders about the costs and hazards of employee Notes
burnout.
Consider cultural issues: Employee burnout will be simpler to
avoid if your business culture is clear and your executives reward
workers, support everyone, and value work/life balance. Create a
wonderful culture that values vacation time, flexible scheduling,
and cooperation (and that can boost your recruiting and retention
efforts too).
Develop a mental health policy: Discuss solutions with your vice
presidents and other executives, such as employee support programmes,
counselling services, or therapy sessions covered by the company’s
insurance coverage.
6.5 Work from Home

It is the idea that a worker can do their job from home. When someone
works from home, they can set their own hours and don’t have to worry
about getting to and from work. It’s also easier for the employer to get
their job done. It encourages different religions and genders. Work-life
balance is easier for employees who can do some of their jobs from home.
They also help the company get things done. Telecommuting, also called
“working from home” or “e-commuting,” is a way for an employee to
work outside of the office, usually from home or a nearby place.
6.5.1 Features of Work from Home

These are some features of productive remote workers:
Consciousness: Many people who are able to successfully work
from home do so because they have an entrepreneurial spirit, which
allows them to succeed with minimal supervision and leads them
to assume responsibility for their actions. While working alone
has its benefits, it also has its own challenges, including a lack of
encouragement from others. All company owners, employees, contract
workers, freelancers, and those who work from home should take
this into consideration.
PAGE 349
Notes Communication Skills: Those who work from home must have
excellent communication skills. Without body language signals, it
may be more challenging to say what you mean. If you’re frustrated
about something, saying so in person is simple, but doing it in an
email (without being disruptive or misinterpreted) might be tricky.
Innovative: While working from home, you have complete control
over your day. Can you figure out where an issue is coming from
without assistance? Can you solve problems and handle emergencies
on your own? You should have these traits if you want to succeed
in a business environment.
Expertise in technology: Home-based workers should be familiar
with the hardware and software the organisation uses for internal
communications. Can you diagnose and fix issues with a computer,
network, or email? Can you communicate and share files using
Skype, and Google Hangouts and other tools.
Self-Evaluation: Feedback from the outside world is a big challenge
in this regard. In order to establish one’s value, one must respond
to the following questions: How well do you know yourself and
your abilities to evaluate them objectively? Until someone tells
you differently, do you consider your work to be of high quality?
Do you strive to improve your work performance in any manner
possible?
Faith and Patience: Work from home employees must have faith
in their skills and expertise. Individuals must also feel safe voicing
their thoughts and offering criticism without preconceived notions
of how others would react. In the comfort of your own home office,
you may find yourself voicing an unconventional and, at times,
disagreeable perspective.
Determination: Having self-discipline and a strong commitment to
the organisation is the single most important trait for successful
remote employment, I’ve found. There are more interruptions and a
greater need for concentration while working from home, so the day
tends to drag on longer than it would in an office setting. Finding
individuals with this trait is crucial for a remote workplace to be
successful.
350 PAGE
Time Management: Staff members that thrive in a remote setting Notes

are masters of time management. The day drags on and on as we
engage in endless video conferences, phone conversations, emails,
and project work. Effective time management and prioritisation
allow workers to get more done without feeling overwhelmed or
rushed.
6.5.2 Benefits of Work from Home

The benefits are as follows:
Pool of Talent: A varied talent pool contains job candidates for
a certain position with some individuals who have geographical
restrictions or handicapped persons who can apply for the job
and enjoy the chance, so there is a bigger pool from which an
organisation may pick.
Work-life harmony: Employees who work from home are relieved
of household duties and stress, giving them more time to focus on
their jobs. Workers who prefer a calmer or friendlier setting may
find it at home, which aids in their ability to focus and perform
efficiently.
Affordable: Costs associated with office infrastructure, such as
office space, power costs, specialised infrastructure for a workforce
with varying demands, and employee development amenities and
facilities, are significantly reduced.
Encouragement: When workers manage their work-life balance and
boost their output, they feel motivated. Retention of employees
helps to cut down on the expense of constant hiring.
Resource and Energy Saving: When there is no longer a need
to drive to work, working from home frees up time, energy, and
resources that may be utilised to boost productivity at work. Last but
not least, telework may lessen air pollution and traffic congestion
by lowering the number of vehicles on the road.
Encouragement of Autonomy: Working from home is a perk for
doing a profession that offers independence, freedom, and schedule
flexibility. Also, it could boost task accountability and the integrity
PAGE 351
Notes of completed work. As a consequence, these workers take more

ownership and responsibility for their job, which boosts productivity.
Adaptability: Since the employee has additional alternatives while
they are outside the workplace, it also enables schedule freedom.
These persons may arrange their work at various times of the day
since they are not constrained by workplace schedules. Employees who
work from home may multitask, do so in comfortable surroundings,
and have the choice to decide where they work, when they work,
and even what they wear to work.
6.5.3 Drawbacks of Work from Home

The drawbacks of working from home are listed as under:
The manager isn’t keeping an eye on the work. Keeping an eye on
the work is always a big problem.
The cost of setting up the technology needed to put the idea into
action. The organisation saves money on costs and maintenance,
but the employee has to pay for them.
Data transfers always have security problems that are hard to keep
an eye on.
Not all jobs can be done from home. When employees don’t talk to
each other, it can be hard to do a job.
Telework may affect problem-solving, decision-making, and having
a logical mind because employees may not have as many skills or
be able to do tasks that are meaningful to them as they did when
they worked in an office. However, working in a group can increase
skill variety and make tasks more meaningful for each person.
Directions, orders, prescriptions, and rules must be clearly given
in order for a job task to be done well. Feedback is a way for an
employee and a supervisor to talk back and forth. Because electronic
communication gives fewer cues, it can be hard for teleworkers to
understand and get information, as well as get feedback.
352 PAGE
1. Which of the following are the types of emerging job opportunities

in HRM?
(a) Work from Home
(b) Human Bias Officer
(c) Counsellor for virtual reality immersion
2. Redundancy means:
(a) Recruitment
(b) Termination of regular services of employees
(c) Training and development
3. What are the bases of employee redundancy?
(a) Attendance Data
(b) Performance Standards
(c) Only (a)
4. What are the causes of employee burnout?
(a) Work Overload
(b) Insufficient Work
(c) Work Culture
5. Which one of the following is a symptom of employee burnout?
(a) Illness
(b) Happiness
(d) Only (b)
PAGE 353
Notes 6. The another term used for work from home is:
(a) Telecommuting
(b) E-commuting
(d) None (a) and (b)
7. Which of the following are the positive effects of work from
home?
(a) Work-life harmony
(b) Encouragement
(c) Adaptability
CASE STUDY
Managing Employee Motivation and Employee Burnout
Issue
The operations department of the factory is short a few workers,
despite the fact that it is busier than it has probably ever been. As a
result of the overwhelming amount of work, they run the risk of losing
important personnel who are superstars in terms of their productivity.
Therefore, it is difficult for them to locate trustworthy assistance.
The leadership team is seeking for solutions, anything that can be
implemented quickly to help key employees avoid burnout while
also ramping up recruiting and orientation for long-term solutions.
Problem
How can I maintain critical personnel’s motivation when the
workload is excessive? I want to provide them some comfort
and hope.
The Perspectives
The agencies can be used to reduce the burden of production by providing
incentives and extra vacation time, altering order delivery schedules, and
providing incentives to present employees. Additionally, anyone in the
354 PAGE
workplace who is willing to let some unimportant jobs go unattended Notes

may free up some hands to assist with production for a few hours,
such as administrative tasks like filing, paying bills, or other minor
duties. Office personnel may also be paid OT if they choose to do
these activities when production isn’t running, which may bring the
team together. The most important details of the phrases presents,
gratitude, team, employ, and members are to minimize the burden
by pushing back the deliveries, establishing longer lead times for
new orders, delegating assistance for simpler production tasks,
showing team empathy and gratitude, sending handwritten cards to
important persons in the workers’ lives, sending out Cards to deliver
customised cards and presents, getting someone to do chair massages
for 30 minutes at the workplace, getting everyone out of the office
for lunch, rotating staff members for 1:1 breakfast, lunch, etc., and
expressing gratitude to them. These steps can help the organisation
achieve success and reduce the risk of labour-intensive tasks.
Results
Office personnel should be engaged in a collaborative atmosphere,
delaying delivery and providing financial incentives to clients. They
should also be available to help with customer orders and sent
thank-you notes to those affected by the “send out card” service.
Additionally, they should consider expanding and forming partnerships
with nearby businesses.
6.6 Summary
Human resource management is the process of finding, recruiting, hiring,
paying, training, developing, and retaining personnel. It is a career path
that offers many opportunities for success and complies with employment
standards. When there is no employment, an employee may be asked to
quit or laid off, known as redundancy. Employee burnout is a type of
workplace stress that can lead to mental distance and lower productivity,
which can lead to higher staff turnover and loss, lower engagement scores,
and a bad effect on the workplace culture. Telecommuting, also called
“working from home” or “e-commuting,” is a way for an employee to
PAGE 355
Notes work outside of the office, usually from home or a nearby place. It is
the idea that a worker can set own hours and don’t have to worry about
getting to and from work. It encourages different religions and genders,
and helps the company get things done.

2. (b) Termination of regular services of employees
5. (a) Illness

1. What do you mean by redundancy? Discuss the impacts of redundancy
on the employees working in an organisation.
2. Describe the process of redundancy followed by the management in
an organisation and also comment what are the reasons for doing
so?
3. What do you mean by employee burnout? What are its symptoms
and causes? Discuss
4. What do you mean by work from home? Why present day organisations
are focusing on this concept? Elaborate.
5. Discuss the contribution and impact of work from home on the
economic level of employees during the Covid-19 pandemic.
6.9 References
Jeanne C. Meister and Robert H. Brown (2020). 21 HR Jobs of the
Future. https://hbr.org/2020/08/21-hr-jobs-of-the-future.
356 PAGE
Stolz, Tina Corner (2023). Case Study-Employee Burnout. https:// Notes

www.lxcouncil.com/ceo-blog/case-study-employee-burnout.
Aczel, B., Kovacs, M. Lippe, T. V. D., Szaszi (2021). Researchers
Working From Home: Benefits and Challenges. Plos ONE. 16 (3):
1-13.
Australian Government Productivity Commission (2021). Working
From Home. Commonwealth of Australia 2021 available at https://
www.pc.gov.au. pp. 1-104.
Gatithi, Alice Wambui (2007). The Impact of Retrenchment/Redundancy
on Employees that remain in Employment: A Case study of Kenya
Breweries Limited. Research Project. University of Nairobi. pp.
3-47.
Franus, C. Anyim (2015). Redundancy and Its Socio-Psychological
effects on Employees in Nigeria. American International Journal
of Social Sciences. 4(1): 45-50.

Demers, J. (2022). 7 Traits You Need if You Want to Work From
Home available online at https://www.inc.com/
Gibbs, M. Mengel, F. & Siemruth, C. (2021). Work From Home
and Productivity: Evidence from Personnel and Analytics Data on
IT Professionals. Working Paper No. 2021-56 available online at
https://www.bfi.uchicago.edu.
Krasz, Katalin (2005). Outcomes of Redundancy-Different Aspects.
Periodica Polytechnica Sec. Soc. Man. SCI. 13 (1): 61-75.
Excel Books.
Sons.
Company.
PAGE 357
Glossary
Auxiliary: An auxiliary is a person who is employed to assist other people in their work.
Critical Incidents: In critical incident method the observer observes critical human
behaviours, skills used, incidents that occur on the job.
Employee: He/she is a person who works for another entity in exchange for monetary
compensation.
Employee Turnover: Employee turnover refers to the total number of workers who leave
a company over a certain time.
Employer: The owner of a business is an employer since they are the one who offers
workers jobs.
Halo or Horn effect: The “halo” or “horn” effect is a type of rater bias that happens
when a supervisor grades a worker highly or poorly in all areas because they judge them
to be particularly skilled in one particular area.
Hispanics: “Hispanic” is generally accepted as a narrower term that includes people only
from Spanish-speaking Latin America, including those countries/territories of the Caribbean
or from Spain itself.
HR Audit: It is an independent analysis of the HR operations and regulations of your
company. The objective is to find where things are going wrong or where improvements
might be made. Either have an external firm do the audit on your behalf, or give your
human resources team the go-ahead to do an internal audit.
Human Resource Planning: Human resource planning is essentially the process of get-
ting the right number of qualified people for the right job at the right time so that an
organization can meet its objectives. It is a system of matching the supply of people with
openings the organization expects over a given time frame.
Industrial Establishment: It refers to any facility involved in manufacturing or processing.
Industry: It is a collection of enterprises or manufacturers that create a certain range of
products or services. Workers in the textile sector create, manufacture, and market clothing.
All of the commercial elements of tourism are included in the tourism industry.
Job: It consists of a collection of comparable, purpose-driven activities.
PAGE 359
Notes Job Analysis: Job analysis is the methodical process of compiling all
relevant data on a particular job, such as skill requirements, roles, du-
ties, and procedures, in order to produce a reliable job description and
specification.
Job Specification: A job specification, also referred to as employee spec-
ifications, is a brief outline of the educational requirements, particular
qualities, level of experience, physical, emotional, technical, and commu-
nication skills necessary to perform a job and roles associated with a job.
Job Stress: It refers to the negative psychological and physiological
reactions that employee may have when their skills, resources, or needs
do not adequately meet the demands of their job. Workplace stress has
been linked to physical illness and even death.
Liaison: A liaison is a person who acts to arrange and assist interaction
between parties. A close synonym is intermediary.
Poaching: Poaching or employee poaching means recruiting the employees
who are currently working in the competing firms.
Redundancy: In the workplace, redundancy occurs when there are too
many workers performing the same tasks. This may occur as a result of
layoffs, retirements, or personnel transfers within a company.
Rejuvenation: It is the acts of making something looks and feels new
again.
Simulation test: A job simulation is a test that mimics actual tasks that
an employee would perform while being on the job.
Stress: It is a condition of concern or mental strain brought on by a
demanding circumstance. One of the human responses to stress is the
desire to take action in the face of adversity. One of the universal truths
of life is that everyone feels stressed sometimes.
Talent Management: Employers use talent management to find and cul-
tivate employees who will be both highly productive and likely to remain
in their positions for the long term. The strategic use of this method may
boost the company’s productivity and keep it in the competitive race.
Talent Retention: Talent Retention is considered as the practices imple-
mented to keep talented and skilled employees within the organization.
360 PAGE
GLOSSARY
Termination: When an employee’s employment with a firm comes to an Notes

end, it is said that the employee’s “termination of employment” has taken
place. When an employee departs voluntarily, it is considered a voluntary
termination. An involuntary termination takes place when an employer
terminates an employee or engages in a round of layoffs.
Weighted Application Blanks: To make the application form more job-re-
lated, some organizations assign numeric values or weights to responses
provided by applicants.
Work from Home: It is a kind of flexitime employment that permits
workers to do their duties away from the main office.
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Editorial Board

Dr. Sneh Chawla

© Department of Distance and Continuing Education

This Study Material is duly recommended in the meeting of Standing Committee

u Lesson 2 of Unit 1,2 & 3, Lesson 1 & 2 of Unit 4 and Lesson 3 to 6 of

© Department of Distance & Continuing Education, Campus of Open Learning,

© Department of Distance & Continuing Education, Campus of Open Learning,

Lesson 2 : Introduction to Human Resource Management

Lesson 2 : Job Analysis

Lesson 3 : Recruitment and Selection

3.3 Concept of Recruitment 93

Lesson 4 : Placement, Induction and Socialisation

Lesson 2 : New Concepts in Training

2.3 Base and Supplementary Compensation 207

Lesson 2 : Employee Grievance, HRIS and E-HRM

2.5 E-HRM 266

Lesson 3 : Employer-Employee Relationship

Lesson 4 : Industrial Disputes and Stress-Free Environment

Lesson 5 : Human Resource Audit and Talent Management

Lesson 6 : Emerging Horizons

1.1 Learning Objectives

Notes 1.2 Introduction

1.3 Concept and Evolution of HRM

1.3.1 Concept of HRM

Concerned with the employment, development and reward of people in Notes

1.3.2 Relevance and Spectrum of Human Resource

1.3.3 Evolution of HRM

etc. Changing demographics and increasing shortages of workers with Notes

1.3.4 Nature of HRM

Notes 2. Action Oriented: HRM focuses attention on action, rather than

1.3.5 Objectives of HRM Notes

The main objectives of HRM are as follows:

Notes 1.3.6 Importance of HRM

1.3.7 Functions of HRM

Figure 1.1: Functions of HRM

Notes on the organization. In the area of HRM, planning involves

(b) Human Resource Planning: It is the process of estimating Notes

Notes 3. Compensation Function: It refers to providing equitable and

(c) Educator Notes

1.4 Role, Status and Competencies of HR Manager

1.4.1 Role of HR Manager

Administrative Operational Strategic

Figure 1.2: Different Roles of HR Manager

Notes 3. Advisor: It is said that personnel management is not a line

3. Linking Pin: The HR manager is often deputed to act as a Notes

Notes to compete on the basis of market responsiveness, product

1.4.2 Competencies of HR Manager

3. Training and Experience: Training in industrial psychology, labour Notes

1.4.3 Status of HR Manager

1.5 HR Policies Notes

A policy is a predetermined course of action established course of action

Notes 1.5.1 Types of Personnel Policies

Figure 1.2: Types of HR/Personnel Policies

1.5.2 Advantage of Personnel Policies

 Delegation: They help managers operating at different levels to act Notes

1.5.3 Obstacles in Administrating Personnel Policies

Notes 5. In most of the Indian industries, human resources information system

1.5.4 Coverage of Personnel Policies

1.5.5 Formulation of Personnel Policies Notes

Delegation: They help managers operating at different levels to act Notes

Notes Understand the concept, need, importance and different strategies to