SCIENCE THESIS-2

BY: Saara Godani

Grade 8.
 ABSTRACT
It’s not just diet, it’s a lifestyle change. In this paper, I
will be focusing on Diet and growth. What is diet? Why
is diet important? How is diet helping us? What is
growth? What are the resources needed for a healthy
growth? All these questions are going to be answered in
this thesis. It also talks about various other topics that
fall into diet and growth like vitamins, minerals,
proteins, etc. The paper also provides information about
meds, drugs and side effects.
We will discuss about this in detail in the upcoming
pages.
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs. Gladlin
mam for their guidance and support throughout the
project. I am also thankful for Mr. Amit and Mrs.
Priyal. They have helped me in making this project.
 PREFACE
These sheets discuss about the food we eat, it’s effects,
exercising and its benefits, types of foods, how to keep
ourselves fit, side effects and much more. These topics
come under Diet and Growth. It comes under
Nutritional science. Nutritional science is a study
of food, nutrients, and other food substances, the intake
and biochemical processing of food substances, their
relationship to health and disease, and the application of
this information to policy and programs. It has had a
major impact on public health by identifying optimal
nutrient intakes on a population-wide
basis. Trophology is a term used globally for nutritional
science in other languages, in English the term is dated.
 INTRODUCTION
Diet refers to the total amount of food consumed by
individuals; whereas nutrition is the process of utilising
food for growth, metabolism and repair of tissues. The
relationship between diet and nutrition and health is 2-
way; health status can be affected by nutrient deficiency
and vice versa. Growth refers to the increase in mass
and size of a body or organs. It typically occurs through
the multiplication of cells and an increase in
intracellular substance. Development refers to the
physiological and functional maturation of the
organism.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents:
1. Nutrition
 Carbohydrates
 Fats
 Proteins
 Vitamins
 Minerals
2. Diets
 Balanced Diet
 Energy
3. Growth
 Growth
 Development
 Exercise
4. Addiction
 Smoking
 Drinking
5. Health
 Emotional health
 Physical health
 Sleep
 Nutrition
 Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules.
Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one
of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks.
Your body breaks down carbohydrates into
glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main
source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and
organs.
The main purpose of carbohydrates is to produce
energy after their break down through a series of
reactions. The reactions that carbohydrates undergo
are glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and
electron transport chain.
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both
healthy and unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk,
popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks,
corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of
forms. The
 most common and abundant forms are sugars,
fibers, and starches.
 Fats:
Fats are compounds that are mostly insoluble in
water and soluble in organic solvents. Room
temperature makes them solid. Solid fats are
composed of two types. The first type is saturated
fat, while the second is trans fats. Fats that are
saturated are also called solid fats.
We need a certain amount of fat in our diets to stay
healthy. Fats provide needed energy in the form of
calories. Fats help our bodies absorb important
vitamins—called fat-soluble vitamins—including
vitamins A, D and E. Fats also make foods more
flavorful and help us feel full.
Fats in food come in several forms, including
saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated.
Too much fat or too much of the wrong type of fat
can be unhealthy. Some examples of foods that
contain fats are butter, oil, nuts, meat, fish, and
some dairy products.
Saturated fats:
a type of fat containing a high proportion
of fatty acid molecules without double bonds,
considered to be less healthy in the diet
than unsaturated fat.
Unsaturated fats:
 a type of fat containing a high proportion
of fatty acid molecules with at least one double
bond, considered to be healthier in the diet
than saturated fat.
 Proteins:
Proteins are macromolecular polypeptides, that is, very
large molecules (macromolecules) made up of several
amino acids bound to the peptides. Most common ones
contain more than 100 amino acids that are linked
together in a long chain of peptides.
Protein is a body building nutrient. Proteins are
important to generate new cells and to replace old and
worn out cells. Hence, they play a role in growth of the
body.
Examples of proteins are meat and fish, eggs, dairy
products.
seeds and nuts, legumes like beans and lentils.
 Vitamins:
Vitamins are substances that our bodies need to develop
and function normally. They include vitamins A, C, D,
E, and K, choline, and the B vitamins (thiamin,
riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6,
vitamin B12, and folate/folic acid).
Vitamins are essential for bodily functions such
as helping to fight infection, wound healing, making our
bones strong and regulating hormones.
Iron — meat, poultry, fish, and beans, vitamin A —
carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach,kale, vitamin B12 —
meat, poultry, fish, vitamin E — nuts, seeds, vegetable
oils.
 Minerals:
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or
compound having an orderly internal structure and
characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and
physical properties.
Minerals are vital components of our food. They fulfil a
wide variety of functions, such as building materials for
our bones, influencing muscle and nerve function, and
regulating the body's water balance [1]. They are also
components of hormones and enzymes and other
biologically active compounds.
Minerals are found in foods like cereals, bread, meat,
fish, milk, dairy, nuts, fruit (especially dried fruit) and
vegetables. We need more of some minerals than
others. For example, we need more calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and
chloride than we do iron, zinc, iodine, selenium and
copper.
 DIET

 Balanced diet:
a diet consisting of a variety of different types of food
and providing adequate amounts of
the nutrients necessary for good health.
A well-balanced diet provides all of the: energy you
need to keep active throughout the day. nutrients you
need for growth and repair, helping you to stay strong
and healthy and help to prevent diet-related illness, such
as some cancers.
The 5 food groups are:
 vegetables and legumes (beans)
 fruit.
 grains and cereals.
 lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans), tofu,
nuts, seeds.
milk, cheese, yoghurt or alternatives.
 Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. In the
context of nutrition, it refers to the energy we get from
food and beverages, which our bodies use for all
activities, including breathing, circulating blood, and
moving our muscles.
Energy fuels your body's internal functions, repairs,
builds and maintains cells and body tissues, and
supports the external activities that enable you to
interact with the physical world. Water, your body's
most important nutrient, helps facilitate the chemical
reactions that produce energy from food.
In the body, thermal energy helps us to maintain a
constant body temperature, mechanical energy helps us
to move, and electrical energy sends nerve impulses and
fires signals to and from our brains.
 GROWTH
 Growth
An increase in the size of an organism or part of an
organism, usually as a result of an increase in the
number of cells. Growth of an organism may stop
at maturity, as in the case of humans and other
mammals, or it may continue throughout life, as in
many plants.
Growth is an absolute necessity in any form of life,
human or otherwise. If a species does not grow,
adapt and adjust, based on its environment and
surroundings, it will eventually face stagnation and
ultimately extinction.
An active growth requires a healthy body.
1. Base your meals on higher fibre starchy
carbohydrates. ...
2. Eat lots of fruit and veg. ...
3. Eat more fish, including a portion of oily fish. ...
4. Cut down on saturated fat and sugar. ...
5. Eat less salt: no more than 6g a day for adults. ...
6. Get active and be a healthy weight. ...
7. Do not get thirsty. ...
8. Do not skip breakfast.
These are some ways to be healthy.
 Development:
 Development of the human body is the process of
growth to maturity. The process begins with
fertilization, where an egg released from the ovary
of a female is penetrated by a sperm cell from a
male.
There are six stages of human development include
the foetus, infancy, toddler years, childhood,
puberty, adolescence, adulthood, middle age and
senior years.
Foetus stage:
At the end of the 8th week after fertilization (10 weeks
of pregnancy), the embryo is considered a fetus. During
this stage, the structures that have already formed grow
and develop. The following are markers during
pregnancy: By 12 weeks of pregnancy: The fetus fills
the entire uterus.
Infant stage:
Infancy is the period from birth through the completion
of the 12th month of life.
Toddler stage:
Experts commonly use the word toddler when babies
turn 1 year of age. The toddler age range usually runs
from 1 year to 3 years of age, and before you know it,
your little one will be a preschooler! Each of these
stages brings its own exciting developmental milestones
and learning curves for your child.
Childhood:
Child development involves the biological,
psychological and emotional changes that occur in
human beings between birth and the conclusion of
adolescence.3-12 years.
Puberty:
Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes
sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens
between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for
boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and
girls differently.
Adolescent stage:
Adolescence is the developmental transition to
adulthood that includes rapid changes in the brain and
body, often at different rates and is a time for healthy
exploration of identity and learning independence. It
can also be a stressful or challenging for teens because
of these rapid changes.
Adult stage:
Adulthood, the period in the human lifespan in which
full physical and intellectual maturity have been
attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as
beginning at age 20 or 21 years.
Middle age:
Middle age is the period in your life when you are no
longer young but have not yet become old. Middle age
is usually considered to take place between the ages of
25 and 55.
Old age:
The last period of human life, now often considered to
be the years after 55.
 Exercise:
Exercise can facilitate statural growth and is a
necessary stimulus for reparative growth through
its stimulatory effects on secretion of growth
hormone (GH) and other anabolic hormones.
It is a basic way to keep our body fit. Keeping your
body fit is very important as it can improve your
brain health, help manage weight, reduce the risk
of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and
improve your ability to do everyday activities.
Adults who sit less and do any amount of
moderate-to-vigorous physical activity gain some
health benefits.
8 ways to keep your body fit:
1. Get Enough Sleep. Getting enough sleep is vital to
maintain a fit and healthy body. ...
2. Eat a Balanced Diet. ...
3. Exercise Daily. ...
4. Drink More Water. ...
5. Cleanse Your Body. ...
6. Do Not Skip Meals. ...
7. Avoid Smoking and Drinking. ...
8. Practise Yoga and Meditation.
 ADDICTION
 Smoking:
Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the
fumes of burning plant material. A variety of plant
materials are smoked, including marijuana and
hashish, but the act is most commonly associated
with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or
pipe.
Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung
diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes
emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking also
increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases,
and problems of the immune system, including
rheumatoid arthritis. It also causes addiction to it.
Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your
airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in
your lungs. Lung diseases caused by smoking
include COPD, which includes emphysema and
chronic bronchitis. Cigarette smoking causes most
cases of lung cancer.
Cigarettes contain carbon monoxide, tar and
nicotine.
Nicotine is a drug that can get a human addicted to
it.
The basic components of most cigarettes
are tobacco, chemical additives, a filter, and paper
wrapping. The tobacco is burned and then the
smoke is inhaled. People who smoke are exposed
 to a toxic mix of over 7,000 chemicals, including
more than 70 that can cause cancer, when they
inhale cigarette smoke.
 Drinking:
Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other
liquids into the body through the mouth, proboscis,
or elsewhere. Humans drink by swallowing,
completed by peristalsis in the oesophagus. The
physiological processes of drinking vary widely
among other animals.
Humans usually take a drink that contains alchohol.
Like all drugs, alcohol can damage your body,
especially if you drink heavily every day or in binges.
Potential short-term effects of alcohol include hangover
and alcohol poisoning, as well as falls and accidents,
conflict, lowered inhibitions and risky behaviours. It
contains ethanol.
Long-Term Health Risks. Over time, excessive alcohol
use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and
other serious problems including: High blood pressure,
heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive
problems. Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat,
esophagus, voice box, liver, colon, and rectum. It is also
addictive. Sometimes people lose their mind and act
crazy as they had takn in a lot of alchohol. They are
usually called sychopaths.
 HEALTH
 Emotional health
Emotional health is about how we think and feel. It
is about our sense of wellbeing, our ability to cope
with life events and how we acknowledge our own
emotions as well as those of others. It doesn't mean
being happy all of the time.
Controlling your mental health is very necessary. Here
are some ways that can help:
1. Deep breathing. ...
2. Sensory grounding. ...
3. Mindfulness activities. ...
4. Practice accepting your emotions. ...
5. Challenge your thoughts. ...
6. Seek professional support.
 Physical Health:
Physical health can be defined as a state of well-
being when all internal and external body parts,
organs, tissues and cells can function properly as
they are supposed to function.
Being physically active can improve your brain
health, help manage weight, reduce the risk of
disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and
improve your ability to do everyday activities.
Some ways to keep yourself physically fit.
Be physically active for 30 minutes most days of
the week. Break this up into three 10-minute
 sessions when pressed for time. Healthy movement
may include walking, sports, dancing, yoga,
running or other activities you enjoy. Eat a well-
balanced, low-fat diet with lots of fruits, vegetables
and whole grains.
 Sleep:
The natural condition of rest when your eyes are
closed and your mind and body are not active or
conscious.
Sleep is as important for good health as diet and
exercise. Good sleep improves your brain
performance, mood, and health. Not getting enough
quality sleep regularly raises the risk of many
diseases and disorders. These range from heart
disease and stroke to obesity and dementia.
If your school or work schedule requires you to be
up between 5:00 and 7:00 a.m., these are the
suggested bedtimes: School-age children should go
to bed between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m. Teens should try
to go to bed between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. Adults
should try to go to sleep between 10:00 and 11:00
p.m.

Reference: Google chrome.

END OF THESIS