CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Acid, Bases and Salts
PRASHANT KIRAD
 Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids Bases

Sour in tasteDerived from Greek

Bitter in taste
word’ ACIDUS’

Changes blue litmus into red Changes red litmus into blue

e.g. Hydrochloric acid HCl e.g. Sodium hydroxide NaOH

Sulphuric acid Potassium hydroxide KOH

Nitric acid Calcium hydroxide

Acetic acid Ammonium hydroxide

Acid-Base Indicators:
Natural indicators like litmus, turmeric, red cabbage leaves, and colored petals
from flowers like Hydrangea, Petunia, and Geranium can show acidity or alkalinity.
On the other hand, synthetic indicators such as methyl orange and
phenolphthalein are also used for the same purpose.

Some naturally occurring acids

Vinegar Acetic Acid

Orange Citric Acid

Lemon Citric Acid

Tamarind Tartaric Acid

Tomato Oxalic Acid

Sour milk (Curd) Lactic Acid

Ant and Nettle sting Methanoic Ac

What Is an Acid and a Base?
Ionisable and Non-Ionisable Compounds
An ionizable compound, when in water or molten form, breaks down into ions
almost completely. Examples include NaCl, HCl, KOH, and others.
In contrast, a non-ionizable compound does not separate into ions when
dissolved in water or in its molten state. Examples of such compounds are
glucose and acetone.

Acids and Bases

An acid is a substance that contains hydrogen and can donate a proton
(hydrogen ion) to another substance. On the other hand, a base is a molecule or
ion capable of accepting a hydrogen ion from an acid. Typically, acidic
substances are recognized by their sour taste.

Arrhenius’ Theory of Acids and Bases

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, breaks apart to
yield H+ (aq) or H3O+ ions.
An Arrhenius base is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates to
produce OH− ions.
Acids Bases
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Nitric acid (HNO3) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

Bronsted Lowry Theory

A Bronsted acid is an H+ (aq) ion donor.
A Bronsted base is an H+ (aq) ion acceptor.
examples:
In the reaction: HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) →NH+4(aq) + Cl− (aq)
HCl – Bronsted acid and Cl− : its conjugate acid
NH3 – Bronsted base and NH+4 : its conjugate acid

potential physical tests for identifying an acid or a base are:

Taste
Acids typically have a sour taste, while bases often taste bitter. However, relying on
taste to identify acids or bases is not recommended due to the risk of contamination or
corrosiveness.
For instance, substances like curd, lemon juice, orange juice, and vinegar exhibit a sour
taste because they contain acids. On the other hand, baking soda, despite having a
somewhat sour taste, serves as an example of a base. It is essential to use proper testing
methods rather than relying on taste alone.
 Effect on Indicators by Acids and Bases
An indicator is a chemical substance that exhibits a change in its physical properties,
particularly in color or odor, upon contact with an acid or a base.
Common indicators and the colors they display are as follows:

a) Litmus:
Neutral solution – purple
Acidic solution – red
Basic solution – blue
Litmus is provided in paper strip forms as red litmus and blue litmus.

Acid transforms moist blue litmus paper to red.

Base transforms moist red litmus paper to blue.

b) Methyl Orange:
Neutral solution – orange
Acidic solution – red
Basic solution – yellow

c) Phenolphthalein:
Neutral solution – colorless
Acidic solution – remains colorless
Basic solution – exhibits a pink color.

Acid-Base Reactions
A neutralization reaction takes place when an acid interacts with a base, resulting in the
formation of salt and water as the final products. In this conventional approach, an acid-
base neutralization reaction is expressed as a double-replacement reaction.
Reactions of Acids and Bases
a) Reaction of acids and bases with metals
Acids, in general, react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Bases, in general, do
not react with metals and do not produce hydrogen gas.
Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen + heat
2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2 ( )↑
Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Base + metal →salt + hydrogen + heat
2NaOH + Zn →Na2ZnO2 + H2 ( ) ↑
Sodium hydroxide + Zinc → Sodium zincate + Hydrogen
A more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its base.
2Na + Mg (OH) 2 → 2NaOH + Mg
Sodium + Magnesium hydroxide → Sodium hydroxide + Magnesium
b. Acid Interaction with Metal Carbonates and Bicarbonates:
When acids engage with metal carbonates or bicarbonates, the resulting reaction
generates carbon dioxide, metal salts, and water. For example, the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate produces sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and
water. Notably, if the evolved carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it causes
the lime water to exhibit a milky appearance.
Acid + metal carbonate or bicarbonate →
salt + water + carbon dioxide.
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
H2SO4 + Mg (HCO3)2 →MgSO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
Effervescence indicates the liberation of CO2 gas.
 SECRET QUESTIONS

1. Which gas is generally liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate
with a suitable ex. How will you identify and test for the presence of this gas?

Hydrogen gas is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal. For example: Take
some pieces of zinc granules in a test tube and add H2SO4 to it. Shake it and
pass the gas evolved into a soap solution. Bubbles are formed in the soap solution.
These soap bubbles contain hydrogen gas. The chemical equation of the reaction
is:
H2SO4+ Zn → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
Identification test- Hydrogen gas is identified by bringing a burning candle near
the soapy bubbles. The candle will burn with a pop sound.

2. Explain why Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Give

reasons.

Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container because moisture

can affect the plaster of Paris by slowing down the setting of the dressing
application because of hydration. It will turn the plaster useless.

Explanations: Plaster of Paris (POP) should be stored in a moisture-proof

container because it is a powdery mass that can absorb water or moisture to form
a hard solid mass known as gypsum. The reaction takes place as follows:
CaSO4.½ H2O + 1½ H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
Plaster Of Paris water gypsum(hard solid)

3. What do you understand by olfactory indicators?

Some indicators show a change in their odor in the presence of acids or bases.
Such indicators are called olfactory indicators. They are very useful for visually
challenged students because such students cannot use other indicators.
Clove, vanilla, and onion are examples of olfactory indicators.

4. What is meant by the term water of crystallization? How would you show that copper
sulphate crystals contain water of crystallization?

The molecules of water associated with a crystalline substance are called water of
crystallization.
When hydrated copper sulphate is heated its color changes from blue to dirty white
and water droplets are formed.
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O.
If we add little water to anhydrous CuSO4, we get blue color again. It is the
presence of molecules of water of crystallization that was lost on heating.
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O
c) Reaction of Acid with Base
1. Metal Oxides and Hydroxides with Acids:
Metal oxides or metal hydroxides exhibit basic properties.
→
Acid + Base Salt + Water + Heat
→
Acid + Base Salt + Water + Heat
→
Examples: H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O
2HCl + Mg (OH) 2 → MgCl2 + 2H2O
2. Non-Metal Oxides with Bases:
Non-metal oxides demonstrate acidic properties.
→
Base + Nonmetal Oxide Salt + Water + Heat
→
Base + Nonmetal Oxide Salt + Water + Heat
→
Example: 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

3. Reaction of acids and base

A very common acid is hydrochloric acid. The reaction between
strong acid, says hydrochloric acid and strong base say sodium
hydroxide, forms salt and water. The complete chemical equation is
shown below.
HCl (strong acid) + NaOH (strong base) →NaCl (salt) + H2O (water)

Acids and Bases in Water

When added to water, acids and bases dissociate into their respective ions and help
in conducting electricity.
Base:
Neutralization Reaction: Bases participate in neutralization reactions with acids.
Composition: Composed of metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and metal
bicarbonates.
Solubility in Water: Most bases are insoluble in water.

Alkali:
Nature: An alkali is an aqueous solution of a base, predominantly metallic hydroxides.
Dissociation in Water: It dissolves in water and dissociates to yield OH⁻ ions.
Relationship with Bases: All alkalis are bases, but it is important to note that not all bases
are alkalis.

The hydronium ion is created through the acceptance of a lone pair of electrons from the
oxygen atom of a water molecule by a hydrogen ion, resulting in the formation of a
coordinate covalent bond.

Dilution
Dilution involves decreasing the concentration of a solution by incorporating additional
solvent, typically water. This process is highly exothermic. When diluting acid, it is essential
to add the acid to water and not vice versa.

Strength of Acids and Bases:

Strong Acid or Base: In the case of a strong acid or base, every molecule in a given
quantity undergoes complete dissociation in water, resulting in the formation of their
respective ions (H⁺(aq) for acids and OH⁻(aq) for bases).
Weak Acid or Base: Contrastingly, with weak acids or bases, only a few molecules from
a given amount undergo partial dissociation in water, producing their respective ions
(H⁺(aq) for acids and OH⁻(aq) for bases).
Dilute acid: contains less number of H+(aq) ions per unit volume.
Concentrated acid: contains more number of H+(aq) ions per unit volume.

A universal indicator spans a pH range of 0 to 14, providing information about

the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A solution is considered neutral when it has
a pH of 7.

pH Scale
The pH scale, developed for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, derives
the "p" from the German term 'potenz,' meaning power.
On the pH scale, readings range generally from 0 (indicating strong acidity) to 14
(indicating strong alkalinity).
pH is a numerical representation of the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
A lower pH value corresponds to a higher concentration of hydronium ions.
A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
Values below 7 on the pH scale represent an acidic solution.
As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, it signifies a rise in the concentration of OH⁻
ions, indicating an increase in the strength of the alkali.
The pH scale is often measured using paper impregnated with a universal indicator.

Importance of pH in everyday life

Are plants and animals pH sensitive?
Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
When pH of rainwater is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water. The survival of
aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.

pH in our digestive system

It's fascinating to observe that our stomach naturally produces hydrochloric acid, aiding
in the digestion of food without causing harm to the stomach lining. However, in
instances of indigestion, an excess of stomach acid can lead to discomfort and irritation.
To alleviate this pain, individuals often turn to bases known as antacids. These antacids
work by neutralizing the surplus acid. Magnesium hydroxide, commonly known as Milk of
Magnesia, is a mild base frequently employed for this purpose.
pH change as the cause of tooth decay
Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
Tooth enamel, made up of calcium hydroxyapatite (a crystalline form of calcium
phosphate) is the hardest substance in the body.
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles
remaining in the mouth after eating.
The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating food.
Using toothpaste, which is generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralize the
excess acid and prevent tooth decay.

Self-defense by animals and plants through chemical warfare

Bee-sting leaves an acid that causes pain and irritation. The use of a mild base like
baking soda on the stung area gives relief. Stinging hair of nettle leaves injects
methanoic acid causing burning pain.

Manufacture of Acids and Bases

Manufacture of acids and bases
a) Nonmetal oxide + water → acid b) Hydrogen + halogen →
acid
SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) HCl(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq)
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) →4HNO3(aq)
Non-metal oxides are thus referred to as acid
anhydrides.

→
c) Metallic salt + conc. sulphuric acid salt + more e) Metal + water →base or alkali +
volatile acid hydrogen
2NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) Zn(s) + H2O(steam) →
ZnO(s)+ H2(g)
2KNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)

f) Few metallic oxides + water →

alkali g) Ammonia + water →
ammonium hydroxide
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) →NH4OH(aq)

Salts
Salt is formed through the combination of an anion derived from an acid and a cation
derived from a base.
Examples of salts include KCl, NaNO3, CaSO4, and others.
Typically, salts are produced through the neutralization reaction between an acid and
a base.
Commonly known as common salt, Salts sharing the same cation or anion
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is extensively are considered part of the same salt
utilized globally in cooking. family. Examples include NaCl, KCl, LiCl.

pH of Salts
Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral with a pH value of 7.
Salts of a strong acid and weak base are acidic with a pH value of less than 7.
Those of a strong base and weak acid are basic in nature with a pH value of more than 7.
Chemicals From Commal Salt
The salt formed by the combination of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is
called sodium chloride (NaCl)/Common Salt.
The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material for various materials of daily
use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda, bleaching powder, and many
more.
Sodium hydroxide or lye or caustic soda
Baking soda or sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate
Washing soda or sodium carbonate decahydrate
Bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite
1.Sodium Hydroxide
When electricity is passed through salty water (brine), it breaks down to make
sodium hydroxide. This process is called the chlor-alkali process because it
produces chlorine and alkali (sodium hydroxide).
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
At one end (anode), chlorine gas is released, and at the other end (cathode),
hydrogen gas is given off. Close to the cathode, we get a solution of sodium
hydroxide.

Bleaching Powder
Chlorine gas is utilized in the manufacturing process of bleaching powder.
The production of bleaching powder involves the interaction of chlorine with dry slaked
lime [Ca(OH)2].
While bleaching powder is often represented as CaOCl2, its actual composition is more
complex.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O.
Bleaching powder is used –
for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper
factories, and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry;
as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries; and
to make drinking water free from germs.
Baking Soda
Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or
bicarbonate of soda, has the chemical formula NaHCO3 and is
recognized by the IUPAC name sodium hydrogen carbonate. This
salt is created by the combination of a sodium cation (Na+) and a
bicarbonate anion (HCO3). Found as a fine powder, sodium
bicarbonate is a white, crystalline substance. Its taste is mildly
salty and alkaline, resembling that of washing soda (sodium
carbonate).
Chemical name – Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula – NaHCO3
Water of Crystallization
The water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula
unit of salt. Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate. The
chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is CuSO4.5H2O.
Plaster of Paris
On heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373 K, it loses water molecules and
becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2H2O). This is called Plaster of
Paris.
Uses of Plaster of Paris
It is employed by medical professionals to create casts for maintaining fractured bones in the
correct position.
In the realm of creativity, Plaster of Paris is utilized for crafting toys, decorative items, and
achieving smooth surfaces.

Important activities

Take a few zinc granules in a boiling tube and add approximately 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid to it.
Observe the formation of gas bubbles on the surface of the zinc granules. Direct the gas being
produced through a soap solution in a trough using a glass delivery tube. This results in the
formation of gas-filled bubbles in the soap solution that rise into the air.
Bring a burning candle close to a gas-filled soap bubble. The gas within the soap bubble ignites
with a 'pop' sound, indicating a small explosion.
This demonstration confirms that only hydrogen gas, which has the characteristic 'pop' sound
when ignited, is evolved in the reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and zinc metal (present in
the form of zinc granules).
Take a boiling tube and place approximately 0.5 g of sodium carbonate in it.
Add about 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid to the boiling tube using a thistle funnel.
Observe the brisk effervescence of a gas being produced.
Pass the gas generated through lime water. Notice that the lime water turns milky,
indicating the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
Continue passing carbon dioxide gas through the milky lime water for some time.
Eventually, the lime water becomes clear again.
This demonstrates that the initially formed white precipitate of calcium carbonate
dissolves when excess carbon dioxide gas is passed.
Repeat the experiment using sodium hydrogen carbonate instead of sodium
carbonate. Again, carbon dioxide gas is produced, turning the lime water milky. Upon
passing an excess of carbon dioxide, the milky lime water once again becomes clear.

Place 1 g of solid sodium chloride (NaCl) in a clean, dry boiling tube.

Carefully add concentrated sulfuric acid, fitting the rubber cone over the glass
tube.
The reaction forms hydrogen chloride gas, observed escaping from the open end.
Test the gas with a 'dry' blue litmus paper, noting no change in color, indicating
HCl gas doesn't act as an acid in the absence of water.
Test the gas with a 'moist' blue litmus paper, observing a color change to red,
revealing acidic behavior of HCl gas in the presence of water.
Conclusion: HCl gas is not acidic in the absence of water but displays acidic
behavior in the presence of water.
 # Top Seven Questions:
1) A dry pellet of a common base B absorbs moisture and turns sticky when
kept open. The compound is also a by-product of the chloralkali process.
Identify B. What type of reaction occurs when B is treated with an acidic
oxide? Write a balanced chemical equation for one such solution.
Sol o : Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a commonly used base and is hygroscopic; it
absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes sticky. A neutralization
reaction occurs when acidic oxides react with the base to give salt and water.
2 NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O

2) Give reasons for the following:

(i) Only one-half of the water molecule is shown in the formula of the plaster of Paris.

(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an antacid.

(iii) On strong heating, blue-colored copper sulfate crystals turn white. (2020)

Sol o :
(i) Only one-half of the water molecule is shown in the formula of plaster of
Paris (CaSO4. 12H2O) as one molecule of water is being shared by two
molecules of calcium sulphate (CaSO4). So the effective water of
crystallization for one CaSO4 unit comes to half a molecule of water.
(ii) Acidity can be neutralized by a base. Sodium hydrogen carbonate can be used
as an antacid solution because it is a weak base and will react with excess acid
produced in the stomach due to hyperacidity and will neutralize it.
(iii) Blue colored copper sulphate crystals are hydrated copper sulphate,
CuSO4.5H2O. On heating blue copper sulphate crystals lose their water of
crystallization and turn into anhydrous copper sulphate which is white.

3) A white powder is added while baking cakes to make them soft and spongy. Name
its main ingredients. Explain the function of each ingredient. Write the chemical
reaction taking place when the powder is heated during baking. (AI2019)

The white powder added while baking cakes to make them soft and
Sol o :
spongy is baking powder. Its main ingredients are sodium hydrogen carbonate
and a mild edible acid like tartaric acid or citric acid. NaHCO3 decomposes to
give out CO2 which causes the cake to rise and makes it soft and spongy. The
function of tartaric acid or citric acid is to neutralise sodium carbonate
formed during heating which can otherwise make the cake bitter. The
reaction taking place when the powder is heated:

4) The pH of a salt used to make tasty and crispy pakoras is 14. Identify the salt
and write a chemical equation for its formation. List its two uses. (2018)

Sol o : Salt used to make tasty and crispy pakoras is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), pH = 9. On a
large scale, sodium bicarbonate is prepared as:

5) A white-colored powder is used by doctors to support fractured bones.

(a)Write the chemical name and formula of the powder.
(b)When this white powder is mixed with water a hard solid mass is obtained. Write the balanced
chemical equation for this change. (Board Term I, 2016)

Sol o : (a) Chemical name of the powder is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The chemical
formula of the powder is CaSO4. 12 ApH2O.
(b) When water is added to the plaster of Paris, it sets into a hard mass in about half an
hour. The setting of the plaster of Paris is due to its hydration to form crystals of
gypsum which set to form a hard, solid mass.

6) List the important products of the Chlor-alkali process. Write one important use of each.
(2020)

Sol o : Sodium hydroxide is prepared by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride

(brine). The complete reaction can be represented as:

The process of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution is called chlor-alkali process because of the
 products formed : chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. The three very useful
products obtained by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution are sodium hydroxide, chlorine,
and hydrogen.

At anode: Cl2 gas is liberated At cathode: H2 gas is liberated.

Uses of sodium hydroxide: In the manufacture of soaps and detergents.
Uses of chlorine: As a germicide and disinfectant for sterilization of drinking water and for
water of swimming pools.
Uses of hydrogen: In the manufacture of ammonia which is used for the preparation of
various fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate, etc.

7) How is washing soda prepared from sodium carbonate? Give its chemical equation. State the
type of this salt. Name the type of hardness of water which can be removed by it. (2020)

Sol o : Washing soda is prepared by recrystallization of sodium carbonate:

It is used to remove the permanent hardness of water. Hard water is treated with a calculated amount of
washing soda when chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium present in hard water get
precipitated as insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates which can be easily filtered off. The water
thus becomes soft.

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl

MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → MgCOsub>3↓ + Na2SO4

# Competency-Based Question:
1. A compound, X of sodium forms a white powder. It is a constituent of baking powder and is
1)used
Saltin is
some
an antacids. When heated
ionic compound it gives
that a compound,
results from the Y which is anhydrous and
neutralization absorbsof an
reaction
water to become a hydrated salt. When this salt is kept in open air, it loses water molecules in a
acid and
process a base.
called It is composed
efflorescence. of related
When dissolved in water numbers of cations
it forms a strong (positively
base and a weak acid,
Z.charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically
neutral (i) What is the compound, X?
(without a net charge). They may be simple salts such as NaCl, KCl,
(a) NaHCO3 (b) Na2CO3 (c) NaOH (d) NaCl
and Na2SO4; acid salts like NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4; or double salts like KAl
(ii) The compound, Y is
(SO4)2.(a) NaHCO3 (b) Na2CO3 (c) Na2CO3. 10H2O (d) NaCl
(iii) What is the nature of the solution formed by dissolving Y in water?
1. What
(a)isAlkaline
the general definition
(b) Acidic of (d)
(c) Neutral salt?
It remains insoluble.
(iv) Identify the compound, Z.
2. Provide examples
(a) CO2 of simple
(b) H2CO3 salts,
(c) NaOH (d)acid
H2Osalts, and double salts mentioned in the
passage.
(v) Sodium carbonate is a basic compound because it is a salt of a
(a) strong acid and strong base (b) weak acid and weak base (c) strong acid and weak base
(d) weak acid and strong base.
 3. Why does salt have an equal number of cations and anions?
2. Chemically, Plaster of Paris (POP) is calcium sulphate hemihydrate, i.e., containing half molecule
of water of crystallization. It is represented by the formula, CaSO4-1/2H2O. Half molecule of
Sol oof
water : 1.crystallisation
Answer: A salt means
is an ionic
thatcompound
one waterresulting from
molecule isthe neutralization
shared reactionunits
by two formula of anof
acid and a
CaSO4.
Hence, weisalso
base. It represent
composed its formula
of cations as (CaSO4)2
(positively H2O.
charged ions) andThe name,
anions plastercharged
(negatively of Paris, wasingiven
ions) to
related
this compound
numbers, because
leading for the
to electrical first time, it was made from gypsum which was mainly found in
neutrality.
Paris.
2. Answer: Examples include:
(i) The difference of water molecules in gypsum and plaster of Paris is
(a) 5/2 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 3/2
- Simple salts: NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4
(ii) Plaster of Paris hardens by
(a) giving off CO2 (b) changing into CaCO3 (c) combining with water (d) giving out water
- Acid salts: NaHCO3, NaH2PO4
(iii) Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Plaster
- Double of Paris is used to ornate designs on walls and ceilings.
salts: KAl(SO4)2
(b) On heating gypsum above 373 K, CaSO4 is obtained.
(c) Dead burnt plaster is CaSO4.2H2O.
3. Answer: A salt has an equal number of cations and anions to maintain electrical neutrality, ensuring
(d) Setting of plaster is due to its hydration into gypsum.
that the overall compound has no net charge. This balance results from the combination of positively
charged(iv) Select
ions the incorrect
(cations) from thestatement with respect
base and negatively to gypsum.
charged ions (anions) from the acid during the
(a) It is slightly
neutralization reaction. soluble in water.
(b) It is also known as alabaster.
(c) On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules and becomes calcium sulphate
2. Thehemihydrate.
pH is quite useful to us in several ways in daily life. One of its applications is the Control
of the(d)pHChemical
of the soil: Plants
formula of need
gypsuma specific pH1/2H₂O.
is CaSO4 range for proper growth. The soil may be acidic,
basic, or neutral depending upon the relative concentration of H* and OH-. The pH of any soil
(v) Plaster of Paris is obtained by
can be(a)determined
adding water by using pH paper.
to calcium If the soil is too acidic, it can be corrected by adding lime
sulphate
to it. If
(b)the soil sulphuric
adding is too basic,
acidit to
can be corrected
calcium by adding organic manure which contains acidic
hydroxide
materials.
(c) heating gypsum to a very high temperature
(d) heating gypsum to 100° C.
1. How is pH useful in controlling the growth of plants in soil?

2. What role does pH paper play in determining the pH of soil?

3. How can the pH of acidic soil be corrected, and what about basic soil?

1. Answer: The pH of the soil is crucial for proper plant growth. Plants thrive within specific pH ranges,
and the relative concentration of H+ (acidic) and OH- (basic) ions in the soil determines its pH. By using
pH paper, one can assess the soil's pH. If the soil is too acidic, adding lime can correct it. Conversely, if
the soil is too basic, adding organic manure containing acidic materials can help balance the pH.

2. Answer: pH paper is used to determine the pH of soil by providing a quick and simple method. It
involves placing the pH paper in contact with the soil, and the resulting color change on the paper
corresponds to the soil's pH level. This information is essential for adjusting the soil's acidity or
alkalinity to create optimal conditions for plant growth.

3. Answer: To correct acidic soil, add lime as it acts as a base, neutralizing excess acidity. For basic soil,
adding organic manure is recommended, as it contains acidic materials to neutralize excess alkalinity,
creating a suitable pH for plant growth.