7 Acids and Bases
7 Acids and Bases
7 Acids and Bases
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
• State the meaning of acid, base and alkali
• State uses of acids, bases and alkalis in daily life
• Explain the role of water of water in the formation of hydrogen ions to show the
properties of acids
• Explain the role of water in the formation of hydroxide ions to show the properties of
alkalis
• Describe chemical properties of acids and alkalis
Activity 2 :
Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
2 Give the names of two common alkalis and write out their formulae.
Name of alkali Formula of alkali
(i)
(ii)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Aqueous (dissolved in
water)
Dissolved in propanone
(Refer to page 118 -119 F4 Chemistry textbook and page 84 – 86 F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
Place a tick in the box next to each of the following statements to indicate which are True
and which are False.
Statement True False
1. All acids are dangerous
2. All alkalis are dangerous
3. Acids taste sweet
4. Alkalis taste bitter
5. Acids taste sour
6. Most acids can burn skin
7. Alkalis feel soapy
8. Acids produce H+ ions in solution
9. Acids produce OH- ions in solution
10. Acids can corrode
11. Acids have a pH above 7
12. Acids have a pH below 7
13. Alkalis turn moist red litmus paper blue
14. Acids turn moist red litmus paper blue
Activity 5 : Chemical properties of acids
1 Acids react with bases to form salts and water only.
Write an equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and copper(II) oxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
2 Acids react with reactive metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas.
Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc .
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3 Acids react with carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide gas.
Write an equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium carbonate.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(Refer to page 119 - F4 Chemistry textbook and page 87 – 90 - F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
Activity 6 : Chemical properties of alkalis
Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and benzoic acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2 When a mixture of an alkali and an ammonium salt is heated, ammonia gas is liberated.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Write an equation for the reaction sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride .
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3 Alkalis react with most metal ion solutions to produce the insoluble metal hydroxides
(precipitation reaction)
Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and iron(II) sulphate.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(Refer to page 120 - F4 Chemistry textbook and page 91- F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
B: The strength of acids and alkalis
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to:
• State the use of a pH scale
• Relate pH value with acidic or alkaline properties of a substance
• Relate concentration of hydrogen ions with pH value
• Relate concentration of hydroxide ions with pH value
• Relate strong or weak acid with degree of dissociation
• Conceptualise qualitatively strong and weak acids
• Conceptualise qualitatively strong and weak alkalis
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Very………………. Very…………….
(Refer to page 121 – Chemistry text book)
Degree of dissociation
Ionization in water
Concentration of ions
pH value
Examples
2 Write the equation for the ionisation of the following substances in water :
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) sulphuric acid
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) hydrochoric acid
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) ethanoic acid
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Degree of dissociation
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Ionization in water
Concentration of ions
pH value
Examples
2 Write the equation for the ionisation of the following subtances in water :
(a) sodium hydroxide
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) potassium hydroxide
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) ammonia
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(Refer to page 122 - F4 Chemistry textbook )
C: CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
• State the meaning of concentration
• State the meaning of molarity
• State the relationship between the number of moles with molarity and volume of a solution
• Describe the methods for preparing standard solutions
• Describe the preparation of a solution with a specified concentration using dilution method
• Relate pH values with the molarity of acids and alkalis
• Solve numerical involving molarity of acids and alkalis
(a Concentration (g dm-3 ) =
)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
)
=
4 What is the mass of sodium carbonate required to dissolve in water to prepare 200 cm3
solution that contains 50 g dm-3 ?
[Answer: 10 g]
Activity 11
The number of moles of solute in a given volume of solution can be calculated using:
n = MV
n = MV n = M x V
or
1000 1000
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
5 Calculate the number of moles of ammonia in 150 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 aqueous ammonia.
6 A student pipetted 20.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide , KOH solution into a conical flask.
The concentration of the alkali was 1.5 mol dm -3 . Calculate the number of moles of
potassium , KOH in the flask.
7 Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions present in 200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples: To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
Calculate the mass of NaOH needed.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
1000
= 8g
3 Try this: To prepare 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 needed.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
[Answer : 26.50g]
4 0.25 mol dm-3 solution of sodium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving x g of sodium
hydroxide in 750 cm3 of water. What is the value of x ?
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]
[Answer : 7.5 g]
(Refer to page 126 - F4 Chemistry textbook )
5 Match the descriptions / procedures with the correct diagram below.
• Wash and rinse the weighing bottle
,small beaker and filter funnel to
ensure no solute remains in any of
the apparatus used.
• Transfer the dissolved solute into a
suitable volumetric flask.
• Add water slowly by using a dropper
to bring the level of the solution to the
calibration mark.
• The volumetric flask is closed tightly
and inverted several times to get a
uniform or homogenous solution.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
M1V1 = M2V2
Example: 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution from 2.0 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution
Before dilution After dilution
M1 V1 M2 V2
2.0 mol dm-3 ? 0.1 mol dm-3 50 cm3
2.0 x V1 = 0.1 x 50
V1 = 0.1 x 50
2.0
= 2.5 cm3
2 Try this: 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution from
1.0 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution.
[Answer : 50 cm3]
3 Match the diagram with the correct descriptions below.
(a) • Add water slowly by using a
dropper to bring the level of the
solution to the calibration mark.
• The volumetric flask is closed
tightly and inverted several times
to get a uniform or homogenous
solution.
(b) • Transfer the stock solution to a
suitable volumetric flask.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Fill in the blanks with the correct words .Use the words in the box.
The pH value of an alkali increases when the molarity of the alkali ………………..…….
(Refer to page 128 - F4 Chemistry textbook )
D: NEUTRALISATION
Learning Outcomes
You should be able:-
• Explain the meaning of neutralisation.
• Write equations for neutralisation
• Explain the applications of neutralization in daily life
• Describe the titration process of acid-base
• Determine the end-point of titration during neutralization
• Solve numerical problems involving neutralisation
Activity 15 : Neutralisation
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2 What are the only products of neutralisation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3 Write a balanced equation for the neutralisation of each of the following:-
(a) nitric acid and barium hydroxide
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4 Complete the flow chart below:-
1 What is titration?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 What is the function of an indicator?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3 Complete the table below.
4 Write out the procedure for carrying out an acid-base titration to determine the
molarity of nitric acid (0.5 mol dm-3) and label the diagram.
[ Alkali used : 25 cm3 (0.5 mol dm-3 ) potassium hydroxide]
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
(Refer to page 130 – F4 Chemistry textbook and Page 103 – F4 - Chemistry Practical Book)
Example:
In an experiment, 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of unknown concentration
required 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid for complete reaction in titration.
Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
1 What is the volume of 1.5 mol dm-3 aqueous ammmonia required to completely
neutralise 30.00 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid ?
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)) 2SO4
[Answer: 20 cm3]
2 Calculate the volume in cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid that is required to react
completely with 2.65 g of sodium carbonate.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
[Answer: 25 cm3]
3 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid was neutralised with 18.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol
dm-3. Calculate
(a) the number of moles of sulphuric acid that is used in this reaction.
(b) the molarity of sulphuric acid
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
Activity 18
1 A student carried out an experiment to determine the end-point for the titration of 25.0
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid. Phenolphthalein is
used as the acid-base indicator.
Table 1 shows the three titrations that were conducted and the magnification of the
burette readings.
13
1
hydrochloric hydrochloric 26 hydrochloric
acid acid acid
14 13
2
27
Initial burette
reading ………………….. ………………. ………………..
13 38
hydrochloric 26
acid hydrochloric
acid
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
hydrochloric
14 39 acid
27
Final burette
reading
…………………… …………………… …………………….
Table 1
(a) Record the burette readings for the three titrations in the space provided in Table 1.
(b) Construct a table and record the initial burette reading, final burette reading and the
volume of acid used for each titration.
(c) Calculate the average volume of hydrochloric acid used in the experiment.
(e) If the experiment is repeated by replacing 1.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid with 1.0
mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid, predict the end-point of the titration.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(f) Acids can be classified into strong acid and weak acid. Classify the following acids
into strong acids and weak acids.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
(g) State the colour change of the phenolphthalein indicator at the end point of titration.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(h) If phenolphthalein is replaced with methyl orange as the acid-base indicator, state
the colour change.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(i) Write a chemical equation for the neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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