A P P E N D I X

C
Physical and Chemical
Property Data
TABLE C.1 Atomic Weights and Numbers
Relative Atomic
Name Symbol atomic mass number

Actinium Ac 89
Aluminium Al 26.9815 13
Americium Am 95
Antimony Sb 121.75 51

Argon Ar 39.948 18
Arsenic As 74.9216 33
Astatine At 85
Barium Ba 137.34 56
Berkelium Bk 97
Beryllium Be 9.0122 4

Bismuth Bi 208.98 83
Boron B 10.811 5
Bromine Br 79.904 35
Cadmium Cd 112.40 48
Caesium Cs 132.905 55
Calcium Ca 40.08 20

Californium Cf 98
Carbon C 12.011 6
Cerium Ce 140.12 58
(Continued)

Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Second Edition 861 © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
862 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.1 Atomic Weights and Numbers (Continued)

Relative Atomic
Name Symbol atomic mass number

Chlorine Cl 35.453 17

Chromium Cr 51.996 24
Cobalt Co 58.9332 27
Copper Cu 63.546 29
Curium Cm 96
Dysprosium Dy 162.50 66
Einsteinium Es 99

Erbium Er 167.26 68
Europium Eu 151.96 63
Fermium Fm 100
Fluorine F 18.9984 9
Francium Fr 87
Gadolinium Gd 157.25 64

Gallium Ga 69.72 31
Germanium Ge 72.59 32
Gold Au 196.967 79
Hafnium Hf 178.49 72
Helium He 4.0026 2
Holmium Ho 164.930 67

Hydrogen H 1.00797 1
Indium In 114.82 49
Iodine I 126.9044 53
Iridium Ir 192.2 77
Iron Fe 55.847 26
Krypton Kr 83.80 36

Lanthanum La 138.91 57
Lawrencium Lr 103
Lead Pb 207.19 82
Lithium Li 6.939 3
Lutetium Lu 174.97 71

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 863

Magnesium Mg 24.312 12
Manganese Mn 54.938 25
Mendelevium Md 101
Mercury Hg 200.59 80
Molybdenum Mo 95.94 42

Neodymium Nd 144.24 60
Neon Ne 20.183 10
Neptunium Np 93
Nickel Ni 58.71 28
Niobium Nb 92.906 41

Nitrogen N 14.0067 7
Nobelium No 102
Osmium Os 190.2 76
Oxygen O 15.9994 8
Palladium Pd 106.4 46
Phosphorus P 30.9738 15

Platinum Pt 195.09 78
Plutonium Pu 94
Polonium Po 84
Potassium K 39.102 19
Praseodymium Pr 140.907 59
Promethium Pm 61

Protactinium Pa 91
Radium Ra 88
Radon Rn 86
Rhenium Re 186.2 75
Rhodium Rh 102.905 45
Rubidium Rb 85.47 37

Ruthenium Ru 101.07 44
Samarium Sm 150.35 62
Scandium Sc 44.956 21
Selenium Se 78.96 34
Silicon Si 28.086 14
(Continued)

APPENDICES
864 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.1 Atomic Weights and Numbers (Continued)

Relative Atomic
Name Symbol atomic mass number

Silver Ag 107.868 47

Sodium Na 22.9898 11
Strontium Sr 87.62 38
Sulphur S 32.064 16
Tantalum Ta 180.948 73
Technetium Tc 43
Tellurium Te 127.60 52

Terbium Tb 158.924 65
Thallium Tl 204.37 81
Thorium Th 232.038 90
Thulium Tm 168.934 69
Tin Sn 118.69 50
Titanium Ti 47.90 22

Tungsten W 183.85 74
Uranium U 238.03 92
Vanadium V 50.942 23
Wolfram (Tungsten) W 183.85 74
Xenon Xe 131.30 54
Ytterbium Yb 173.04 70

Yttrium Y 88.905 39
Zinc Zn 65.37 30
Zirconium Zr 91.22 40

Note: Based on the atomic mass of 12C. Values for atomic weights apply
to elements as they exist in nature.

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 865
TABLE C.2 Degree of Reduction of Biological Materials
Degree of reduction Degree of reduction
Compound Formula γ relative to NH3 γ relative to N2

Acetaldehyde C2H4O 5.00 5.00

Acetic acid C2H4O2 4.00 4.00

Acetone C3H6O 5.33 5.33
Adenine C5H5N5 2.00 5.00
Alanine C3H7O2N 4.00 5.00
Ammonia NH3 0 3.00
Arginine C6H14O2N4 3.67 5.67

Asparagine C4H8O3N2 3.00 4.50

Aspartic acid C4H7O4N 3.00 3.75
n-Butanol C4H10O 6.00 6.00
Butyraldehyde C4H8O 5.50 5.50
Butyric acid C4H8O2 5.00 5.00
Carbon monoxide CO 2.00 2.00

Citric acid C6H8O7 3.00 3.00

Cytosine C4H5ON3 2.50 4.75
Ethane C2H6 7.00 7.00
Ethanol C2H6O 6.00 6.00
Ethene C2H4 6.00 6.00
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 5.00 5.00

Ethyne C2H2 5.00 5.00

Formaldehyde CH2O 4.00 4.00
Formic acid CH2O2 2.00 2.00
Fumaric acid C4H4O4 3.00 3.00
Glucitol C6H14O6 4.33 4.33
Gluconic acid C6H12O7 3.67 3.67

Glucose C6H12O6 4.00 4.00

Glutamic acid C5H9O4N 3.60 4.20
Glutamine C5H10O3N2 3.60 4.80
Glycerol C3H8O3 4.67 4.67
Glycine C2H5O2N 3.00 4.50
(Continued)

APPENDICES
866 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.2 Degree of Reduction of Biological Materials (Continued)

Degree of reduction Degree of reduction
Compound Formula γ relative to NH3 γ relative to N2

Graphite C 4.00 4.00

Guanine C5H5ON5 1.60 4.60

Histidine C6H9O2N3 3.33 4.83
Hydrogen H2 2.00 2.00
Isoleucine C6H13O2N 5.00 5.50
Lactic acid C3H6O3 4.00 4.00
Leucine C6H13O2N 5.00 5.50

Lysine C6H14O2N2 4.67 5.67

Malic acid C4H6O5 3.00 3.00
Methane CH4 8.00 8.00
Methanol CH4O 6.00 6.00
Oxalic acid C2H2O4 1.00 1.00
Palmitic acid C16H32O2 5.75 5.75

Pentane C5H12 6.40 6.40

Phenylalanine C9H11O2N 4.44 4.78
Proline C5H9O2N 4.40 5.00
Propane C3H8 6.67 6.67
iso-Propanol C3H8O 6.00 6.00
Propionic acid C3H6O2 4.67 4.67

Pyruvic acid C3H4O3 3.33 3.33

Serine C3H7O3N 3.33 4.33
Succinic acid C4H6O4 3.50 3.50
Threonine C4H9O3N 4.00 4.75
Thymine C5H6O2N2 3.20 4.40
Tryptophan C11H12O2N2 4.18 4.73

Tyrosine C9H11O3N 4.22 4.56

Uracil C4H4O2N2 2.50 4.00
Valeric acid C5H10O2 5.20 5.20
Valine C5H11O2N 4.80 5.40

Biomass CH1.8O0.5N0.2 4.20 4.80

Adapted from J.A. Roels, 1983, Energetics and Kinetics in Biotechnology, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 867
TABLE C.3 Heat Capacities
Temperature
Temperature range (units
Compound State (T) unit a b.102 c.105 d.109 of T)

Acetone l C 123.0 18.6 230 60

Air g C 28.94 0.4147 0.3191 21.965 0 1500
g K 28.09 0.1965 0.4799 21.965 273 1800

Ammonia g C 35.15 2.954 0.4421 26.686 0 1200

Ammonium sulphate c K 215.9 275 328

Calcium hydroxide c K 89.5 276 373


Carbon dioxide g C 36.11 4.233 22.887 7.464 0 1500

Ethanol l C 103.1 0

l C 158.8 100

g C 61.34 15.72 28.749 19.83 0 1200

Formaldehyde g C 34.28 4.268 0.000 28.694 0 1200

n-Hexane l C 216.3 20 100

Hydrogen g C 28.84 0.00765 0.3288 20.8698 0 1500

Hydrogen chloride g C 29.13 20.1341 0.9715 24.335 0 1200

Hydrogen sulphide g C 33.51 1.547 0.3012 23.292 0 1500

Magnesium chloride c K 72.4 1.58 273 991


Methane g C 34.31 5.469 0.3661 211.00 0 1200
g K 19.87 5.021 1.268 211.00 273 1500

Methanol l C 75.86 16.83 0 65

g C 42.93 8.301 21.87 28.03 0 700

Nitric acid l C 110.0 25

Nitrogen g C 29.00 0.2199 0.5723 22.871 0 1500

Oxygen g C 29.10 1.158 20.6076 1.311 0 1500

n-Pentane l C 155.4 43.68 0 36

Sulphur
(rhombic) c K 15.2 2.68 273 368
(monoclinic) c K 18.3 1.84 368 392

Sulphuric acid l C 139.1 15.59 10 45

Sulphur dioxide g C 38.91 3.904 23.104 8.606 0 1500

Water l C 75.4 0 100

g C 33.46 0.6880 0.7604 23.593 0 1500

Cp (J gmol21  C21) 5 a 1 bT 1 cT2 1 dT3

Example. For ammonia gas between 0 C and 1200 C:
Cp (J gmol21  C21) 5 35.15 1 (2.954 3 1022)T 1 (0.4421 3 1025)T2 (6.686 3 1029)T3
where T is in  C. Note that some equations require T in K, as indicated.
State: g 5 gas; l 5 liquid; c 5 crystal. Equations for gases apply at 1 atm.
Adapted from R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 2005, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd ed., John Wiley.

APPENDICES
868 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.4 Mean Heat Capacities of Gases

Cpm (J gmol21  C21)

T( C) Air O2 N2 H2 CO2 H2O

0 29.06 29.24 29.12 28.61 35.96 33.48

18 29.07 29.28 29.12 28.69 36.43 33.51

25 29.07 29.30 29.12 28.72 36.47 33.52
100 29.14 29.53 29.14 28.98 38.17 33.73
200 29.29 29.93 29.23 29.10 40.12 34.10
300 29.51 30.44 29.38 29.15 41.85 34.54

Reference state: Tref 5 0 C; Pref 5 1 atm.

Adapted from D.M. Himmelblau, 1974, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall.

TABLE C.5 Specific Heats of Organic Liquids

Compound Formula Temperature ( C) Cp (cal g21  C21)

Acetic acid C2H4O2 26 95 0.522

Acetone C3H6O 3 22.6 0.514
0 0.506
24.2 49.4 0.538
Acetonitrile C2H3N 21 76 0.541
Benzaldehyde C7H6O 22 172 0.428
Butyl alcohol (n-) C4H10O 2.3 0.526
19.2 0.563
21 115 0.687
30 0.582
Butyric acid (n-) C4H8O2 0 0.444
40 0.501
20 100 0.515
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 0 0.198
20 0.201
30 0.200
Chloroform CHCl3 0 0.232
15 0.226
30 0.234

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 869

Cresol C7H8O
(o-) 0 20 0.497
(m-) 21 197 0.551
0 20 0.477
Dichloroacetic acid C2H2Cl2O2 21 106 0.349
21 196 0.348
Diethylamine C4H11N 22.5 0.516

Diethyl malonate C7H12O4 20 0.431

Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 20 0.431
Diethyl succinate C8H14O4 20 0.450
Dipropyl malonate C9H16O4 20 0.431
Dipropyl oxalate (n-) C8H14O4 20 0.431
Dipropyl succinate C10H18O4 20 0.450

Ethanol C2H6O 0 98 0.680

Ether C4H10O 25 0.525
0 0.521
30 0.545
80 0.687
120 0.800
140 0.819
180 1.037
Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 20 0.457
20 0.476
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 211.1 0.535
0 0.542
2.5 0.550
5.1 0.554
14.9 0.569
19.9 0.573
Formic acid CH2O2 0 0.436
15.5 0.509
20 100 0.524
Furfural C5H4O2 0 0.367
20 100 0.416
Glycerol C3H8O3 15 50 0.576
Hexadecane (n-) C16H34 0 50 0.496
(Continued)

APPENDICES
870 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.5 Specific Heats of Organic Liquids (Continued)

Compound Formula Temperature ( C) Cp (cal g21  C21)

Isobutyl acetate C6H12O2 20 0.459

Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O 21 109 0.716
30 0.603
Isobutyl succinate C12H22O4 0 0.442
Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 20 0.450

Lauric acid C12H24O2 40 100 0.572

57 0.515
Methanol CH4O 5 10 0.590
15 20 0.601

Methyl butyl ketone C6H12O 21 127 0.553

Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 20 78 0.549
Methyl formate C2H4O2 13 29 0.516
Methyl propionate C4H8O2 20 0.459
Palmitic acid C16H32O2 65 104 0.653
Propionic acid C3H6O2 0 0.444
20 137 0.560
Propyl acetate (n-) C5H10O2 20 0.459
Propyl butyrate C7H14O2 20 0.459
Propyl formate (n-) C4H8O2 20 0.459
Pyridine C5H5N 20 0.405
21 108 0.431
0 20 0.395
Quinoline C9H7N 0 20 0.352
Salicylaldehyde C7H6O2 18 0.382
Stearic acid C18H36O2 75 137 0.550

Adapted from R.H. Perry, D.W. Green, and J.O. Maloney (Eds.), 1984, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th ed.,
McGraw-Hill.

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 871
TABLE C.6 Specific Heats of Organic Solids
Compound Formula Temperature T ( C) Cp (cal g21  C21)

Acetic acid C2H4O2 2200 to 25 0.330 1 0.00080T

Acetone C3H6O 2210 to 280 0.540 1 0.0156T
Aniline C6H7N 0.741
Anthraquinone C14H8O2 0 to 270 0.258 1 0.00069T
Capric acid C10H20O2 8 0.695
Chloroacetic acid C2H3ClO2 60 0.363

Crotonic acid C4H6O2 38 to 70 0.520 1 0.00020T

Dextrin (C6H10O5)x 0 to 90 0.291 1 0.00096T
Diphenylamine C12H11N 26 0.337
Erythritol C4H10O4 60 0.351
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 2190 to 240 0.366 1 0.00110T
Formic acid CH2O2 222 0.387
0 0.430
D-Glucose C6H12O6 0 0.277
20 0.300
Glutaric acid C5H8O4 20 0.299

Glycerol C3H8O3 0 0.330

Hexadecane C16H34 0.495
Lactose C12H22O11 20 0.287
C12H22O11 H2O
20 0.299
Lauric acid C12H24O2 230 to 40 0.430 1 0.000027T

Levoglucosane C6H10O5 40 0.607

Levulose C6H12O6 20 0.275
Malonic acid C3H4O4 20 0.275
Maltose C12H22O11 20 0.320
Mannitol C6H14O6 0 to 100 0.313 1 0.00025T
Oxalic acid C2H2O4 2200 to 50 0.259 1 0.00076T

C2H2O4 2H2O 0 0.338
50 0.385
100 0.416
Palmitic acid C16H32O2 0 0.382
20 0.430
(Continued)

APPENDICES
872 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.6 Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Continued)

Compound Formula Temperature T ( C) Cp (cal g21  C21)

Phenol C6H6O 14 to 26 0.561

Phthalic acid C8H6O4 20 0.232
Picric acid C6H3N3O7 0 0.240
50 0.263
100 0.297
Stearic acid C18H36O2 15 0.399
Succinic acid C4H6O4 0 to 160 0.248 1 0.00153T
Sucrose C12H22O11 20 0.299
Sugar (cane) C12H22O11 22 to 51 0.301
Tartaric acid C4H6O6 36 0.287

C4H6O6 H2O 0 0.308
50 0.366
Urea CH4N2O 20 0.320

Adapted from D.W. Green and R.H. Perry (Eds.), 2008, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York.

TABLE C.7 Normal Melting Points and Boiling Points, and Standard Heats of Phase Change
Melting Δhf at melting Normal boiling Δhv at boiling
Molecular temperature point point point
Compound weight ( C) (kJ gmol21) ( C) (kJ gmol21)

Acetaldehyde 44.05 2123.7 20.2 25.1

Acetic acid 60.05 16.6 12.09 118.2 24.39
Acetone 58.08 295.0 5.69 56.0 30.2

Ammonia 17.03 277.8 5.653 233.43 23.351

Benzaldehyde 106.12 226.0 179.0 38.40
Carbon dioxide 44.01 256.6 8.33 sublimates
(at 5.2 atm) at 278 C
Chloroform 119.39 263.7 61.0
Ethanol 46.07 2114.6 5.021 78.5 38.58
Formaldehyde 30.03 292 219.3 24.48
Formic acid 46.03 8.30 12.68 100.5 22.25

Glycerol 92.09 18.20 18.30 290.0

Hydrogen 2.016 2259.19 0.12 2252.76 0.904

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 873

Hydrogen chloride 36.47 2114.2 1.99 285.0 16.1

Hydrogen sulphide 34.08 285.5 2.38 260.3 18.67
Methane 16.04 2182.5 0.94 2161.5 8.179
Methanol 32.04 297.9 3.167 64.7 35.27
Nitric acid 63.02 241.6 10.47 86 30.30

Nitrogen 28.02 2210.0 0.720 2195.8 5.577

Oxalic acid 90.04 decomposes
at 186 C
Oxygen 32.00 2218.75 0.444 2182.97 6.82
Phenol 94.11 42.5 11.43 181.4
Phosphoric acid 98.00 42.3 10.54
Sodium chloride 58.45 808 28.5 1465 170.7
Sodium hydroxide 40.00 319 8.34 1390

Sulphur
S8 rhombic 256.53 113 10.04 444.6 83.7
S8 monoclinic 256.53 119 14.17 444.6 83.7
Sulphur dioxide 64.07 275.48 7.402 210.02 24.91

Sulphuric acid 98.08 10.35 9.87 decomposes

at 340 C
Water 18.016 0.00 6.0095 100.00 40.656

Note: All thermodynamic data are at 1 atm unless otherwise indicated.

Adapted from R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 2005, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd ed., John Wiley.

TABLE C.8 Heats of Combustion

Molecular Heat of combustion

Compound Formula weight State Δhc (kJ gmol21)

Acetaldehyde C2H4O 44.053 l 21166.9

g 21192.5
Acetic acid C2H4O2 60.053 l 2874.2
g 2925.9

Acetone C3H6O 58.080 l 21789.9

g 21820.7
Acetylene C2H2 26.038 g 21301.1
Adenine C5H5N5 135.128 c 22778.1
g 22886.9

Alanine (D-) C3H7O2N 89.094 c 21619.7

(Continued)

APPENDICES
874 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.8 Heats of Combustion (Continued)

Molecular Heat of combustion

Compound Formula weight State Δhc (kJ gmol21)

Alanine (L-) C3H7O2N 89.094 c 21576.9

g 21715.0
Ammonia NH3 17.03 g 2382.6
Ammonium ion NH1
4 2383
Arginine (D-) C6H14O2N4 174.203 c 23738.4
Asparagine (L-) C4H8O3N2 132.119 c 21928.0
Aspartic acid (L-) C4H7O4N 133.104 c 21601.1

Benzaldehyde C7H6O 106.124 l 23525.1

g 23575.4
Butanoic acid C4H8O2 88.106 l 22183.6
g 22241.6

1-Butanol C4H10O 74.123 l 22675.9

g 22728.2
2-Butanol C4H10O 74.123 l 22660.6
g 22710.3

Butyric acid C4H8O2 88.106 l 22183.6

g 22241.6
Caffeine C8H10O2N4 s 24246.5*
Carbon C 12.011 c 2393.5
Carbon monoxide CO 28.010 g 2283.0

Citric acid C6H8O7 s 21962.0

Codeine

C18H21O3N H2O s 29745.7*
Cytosine C4H5ON3 111.103 c 22067.3
Ethane C2H6 30.070 g 21560.7
Ethanol C2H6O 46.069 l 21366.8
g 21409.4
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 g 21411.2
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 62.068 l 21189.2
g 21257.0
Formaldehyde CH2O 30.026 g 2570.7

Formic acid CH2O2 46.026 l 2254.6

g 2300.7
Fructose (D-) C6H12O6 s 22813.7

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 875

Fumaric acid C4H4O4 116.073 c 21334.0

Galactose (D-) C6H12O6 s 22805.7
Glucose (D-) C6H12O6 s 22805.0
Glutamic acid (L-) C5H9O4N 147.131 c 22244.1
Glutamine (L-) C5H10O3N2 146.146 c 22570.3

Glutaric acid C5H8O4 132.116 c 22150.9

Glycerol C3H8O3 92.095 l 21655.4
g 21741.2
Glycine C2H5O2N 75.067 c 2973.1
Glycogen (C6H10O5)x per kg s 217,530.1*

Guanine C5H5ON5 151.128 c 22498.2

Hexadecane C16H34 226.446 l 210,699.2
g 210,780.5
Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.429 c 29977.9
l 210,031.3
g 210,132.3
Histidine (L-) C6H9O2N3 155.157 c 23180.6
Hydrogen H2 2.016 g 2285.8
Hydrogen sulphide H2S 34.08 2562.6

Inositol C6H12O6 s 22772.2*

Isoleucine (L-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.1
Isoquinoline C9H7N 129.161 l 24686.5
Lactic acid (D,L-) C3H6O3 l 21368.3
Lactose C12H22O11 s 25652.5
Leucine (D-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.7

Leucine (L-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.6

Lysine C6H14O2N2 146.189 c 23683.2
Malic acid (L-) C4H6O5 s 21328.8
Malonic acid C3H4O4 s 2861.8
Maltose C12H22O11 s 25649.5
Mannitol (D-) C6H14O6 s 23046.5*

Methane CH4 16.043 g 2890.8

Methanol CH4O 32.042 l 2726.1
g 2763.7
(Continued)

APPENDICES
876 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA

TABLE C.8 Heats of Combustion (Continued)

Molecular Heat of combustion

Compound Formula weight State Δhc (kJ gmol21)

Morphine

C17H19O3N H2O s 28986.6*

Nicotine C10H14N2 l 25977.8*

Oleic acid C18H34O2 l 211,126.5
Oxalic acid C2H2O4 90.036 c 2251.1
Papaverine C20H21O4N s 210,375.8*
Pentane C5H12 72.150 l 23509.0
g 23535.6

Phenylalanine (L-) C9H11O2N 165.192 c 24646.8

Phthalic acid C8H6O4 166.133 c 23223.6
Proline (L-) C5H9O2N 115.132 c 22741.6
Propane C3H8 44.097 g 22219.2
1-Propanol C3H8O 60.096 l 22021.3
g 22068.8
2-Propanol C3H8O 60.096 l 22005.8
g 22051.1
Propionic acid C3H6O2 74.079 l 21527.3
g 21584.5
1,2-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 76.095 l 21838.2
g 21902.6
1,3-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 76.095 l 21859.0
g 21931.8
Pyridine C5H5N 79.101 l 22782.3
g 22822.5
Pyrimidine C4H4N2 80.089 l 22291.6
g 22341.6

Salicylic acid C7H6O3 138.123 c 23022.2

g 23117.3
Serine (L-) C3H7O3N 105.094 c 21448.2
Starch (C6H10O5)x per kg s 217,496.6*
Succinic acid C4H6O4 118.089 c 21491.0

Sucrose C12H22O11 s 25644.9

Thebaine C19H21O3N s 210,221.7*
Threonine (L-) C4H9O3N 119.120 c 22053.1

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 877

Thymine C5H6O2N2 126.115 c 22362.2

Tryptophan (L-) C11H12O2N2 204.229 c 25628.3
Tyrosine (L-) C9H11O3N 181.191 c 24428.6
Uracil C4H4O2N2 112.088 c 21716.3
g 21842.8
Urea CH4ON2 60.056 c 2631.6
g 2719.4
Valine (L-) C5H11O2N 117.148 c 22921.7
g 23084.5
Xanthine C5H4O2N4 152.113 c 22159.6
Xylose C5H10O5 s 22340.5

Biomass CH1.8O0.5N0.2 24.6 s 2552

Reference conditions: 1 atm and 25 C or 20 C; values marked with an asterisk refer to 20 C.
Products of combustion are taken to be CO2 (gas), H2O (liquid), and N2 (gas); therefore, Δh3c 5 0 for CO2 (g), H2O (l),
and N2 (g).
State: g 5 gas; l 5 liquid; c 5 crystal; s 5 solid.
Adapted from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1992, 73rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton; Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 1976, 57th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton; and R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 2005, Elementary Principles of
Chemical Processes, 3rd ed., John Wiley, New York.

APPENDICES