Chapter 1

SYMMETRY
The concept of symmetry can be defined as a transformation of

a mathematical structure, of a specified kind, that leaves specified
properties of the structure unchanged. However, because a
complete definition appears elusive, it is best explained through
examples: wheels display circular symmetry; the shape of a
rainbow is due to the rotational symmetry of refraction in rain
droplets; and waves display a variety of symmetries. (Stewart, 2013)
SYMMETRY
THREE MAIN TYPES OF SYMMETRY
a. Translation
Translational symmetry results from moving a figure a
certain distance in a certain direction also called translating
(moving) by a vector (length and direction)
SYMMETRY
b. Reflection
Reflection symmetry is also known as line symmetry or
mirror symmetry. In reflection symmetry, there exists at least one line
that divides a figure into two halves such that one-half is the mirror
image of the other half.
SYMMETRY
c. Rotation
Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry, is
the property a shape has when it looks the same after
some rotation by a partial turn.
SPIRALS
In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a
point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point.
FRACTALS
a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole. Fractals are useful in modeling
structures (such as eroded coastlines or snowflakes) in which similar
patterns recur at progressively smaller scales, and in describing
partly random or chaotic phenomena such as crystal growth, fluid
turbulence, and galaxy formation
THE GOLDEN PROPORTION
(A.K.A. THE GOLDEN RATIO)
THE GOLDEN RECTANGLE
THE GOLDEN SPIRAL
THE GOLDEN SPIRAL
Some of Da Vinci’s works where the concept of
golden ratio has been observed
Some of Da Vinci’s works where the concept of
golden ratio has been observed
Aside from Da Vinci, there are a lot of artists that
intentionally used the concept of golden ratio
MICHAELANGELO
BOTTICELLI
NOTRE DAME CHURCH IN PARIS EIFFEL TOWER

TAJ MAHAL PYRAMID OF GIZA

The Golden Ratio in Human Body
1. The height of a person and the distance between the ground and
belly button
2. Distance from the top of the head to shoulder and top of the head
to the chin
3. Distance from fingertips to elbow and wrist to elbow
4. Distance from top of the head to belly button and top of the head to
shoulder
5. Distance from belly button to knee and knee to toes
6. Length and width of the face
7. Width of the two upper front teeth and their height
8. Distance from lips to center point of eyebrows and length of nose
9. Distance between two pupils and distance between eyebrows
10.Width of the lips and width of the nose
Start with a male and a
female rabbit. After a
month, they mature and
produce a litter with
another male and female
rabbit. A month later, those
rabbits reproduce and out
comes — you guessed it —
another male and female,
who also can mate after a
month. (Ignore the wildly
improbable biology here.)
After a year, how many
pairs of rabbits would you
have?
NO. OF PAIRS NO. OF PAIRS
MONTH
(Infant) (Mature) Start with a male and a
0 female rabbit. After a
1 month, they mature and
2 produce a litter with
3 another male and female
4 rabbit. A month later, those
5 rabbits reproduce and out
6 comes another male and
7 female, who also can mate
8 after a month. (Ignore the
9 wildly improbable biology
10 here). After a year, how
11 many pairs of rabbits would
12 you have?
Start with a male and a
female rabbit. After a
month, they mature and
produce a litter with
ANSWER: another male and female
233 pairs rabbit. A month later, those
rabbits reproduce and out
comes — you guessed it —
another male and female,
who also can mate after a
month. (Ignore the wildly
improbable biology here.)
After a year, how many
pairs of rabbits would you
have?
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, …
This sequence looks familiar

to me, isn’t it?
Leonardo Pisano (ca. 1170 – 1250)

(A.K.A. Leonardo of Pisa)
Son of Bonacci (Fibonacci)
That is from the book
Liber Abaci.
I named that as
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE,
named after you sir!
Edouard Lucas (1842 – 1871)

Paris, France
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
AND NATURE
Number of spirals in a Number of spirals in a

sunflower pinecone
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
AND NATURE
Number of a flower’s petals

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
AND NATURE
Number of a flower’s petals

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
AND NATURE
Number of tree branches per section

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
AND THE GOLDEN RATIO
RECAP:
The Golden Ratio is considered as nature’s

“perfect” ratio and is denoted by Φ (Phi), equal to
1.61803…
The first few terms of the Fibonacci Sequence are as

follows:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …

HOW IS FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
RELATED WITH GOLDEN RATIO?
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …
Let’s take any consecutive term in the sequence and

divide the leading term by the preceding term.
1 3 8 55
=1 = 1.5 = 1.6 = 1.61764
1 2 5 34
2 5 13 89
=2 = 1.66 … = 1.625 = 1.61818
1 3 8 55
HOW IS FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
RELATED WITH GOLDEN RATIO?
The ratio between any two successive terms in the

Fibonacci sequence appears to approach the
golden ratio.
(especially for larger numbers in the sequence)
This is why Fibonacci numbers/terms are considered

as “Nature’s Special Numbers” because these are the
numbers followed by different occurrences in nature.
MATHEMATICS FOR
ORGANIZATION
Mathematical tools can

help us in organizing
and presenting data for
better understanding of
various phenonmena
MATHEMATICS FOR
PREDICTION
Using concepts associated

with statistics and
probability, experts can
calculate chances of an
event occurring, thus,
enabling us to make sound
judgments and predictions
MATHEMATICS FOR
CONTROL
Through the use of

Mathematics, humanity
is able to impose control
measures over itself and
minimize the effects of
changes in the nature
MATHEMATICS IS
INDISPENSABLE
Medical Sciences
Food Sciences
Information Technology Engineering

MATHEMATICS IS
INDISPENSABLE
Language
Navigation
Aviation
MATHEMATICS IS
INDISPENSABLE
Sports
Banking & Finance
Image and Film Restoration

Image taken from https://www.zeneifromkohima.com/now-fibonacci-poem/poetry/

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SYMMETRY

The concept of symmetry can be defined as a transformation of

NOTRE DAME CHURCH IN PARIS EIFFEL TOWER

TAJ MAHAL PYRAMID OF GIZA

This sequence looks familiar

Leonardo Pisano (ca. 1170 – 1250)

Edouard Lucas (1842 – 1871)

Number of spirals in a Number of spirals in a

Number of a flower’s petals

Number of a flower’s petals

Number of tree branches per section

The Golden Ratio is considered as nature’s

The first few terms of the Fibonacci Sequence are as

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …

Let’s take any consecutive term in the sequence and

The ratio between any two successive terms in the

This is why Fibonacci numbers/terms are considered

Mathematical tools can

Using concepts associated

Through the use of

Information Technology Engineering

Banking & Finance

Image and Film Restoration

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