Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Analysis and comparison of conventional slab and grid slab

for symmetric and asymmetric structures
Latha M.S a, Pratibha K b
a
Dept of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Affiliated to VTU, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
b
M.Tech in Structural Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Affiliated to VTU, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Grid slab consists of ribs spaced at regular interval in perpendicular directions which are monolithic with
Received 23 June 2020 slab. These grid slabs are generally used for architectural purpose for large spans such as public assembly
Received in revised form 20 December 2020 halls, show rooms, auditoriums, were to avoid internal columns in the structure. The square voided pat-
Accepted 21 December 2020
tern is used in present study. In the present study 12 stories structure of symmetric and asymmetric for
Available online xxxx
regular, plan irregular and vertical irregular structure for both conventional slab and grid slab is consid-
ered, analyzed and compared for both gravity load and lateral load conditions as per IS codes. The struc-
Keywords:
tures are analyzed using ETABS software. For regular and plan irregular structures static analysis is done
Grid slab
Conventional slab
as per IS code 1893:2002(Part 1) and for vertical irregular structures dynamic analysis is done for both
Symmetric conventional and grid slab structure as per IS code 1893:2002(Part 1). And compared the results of con-
Asymmetric ventional slab and grid slab for parameters of deflection, storey shear, displacement and storey stiffness.
Regular Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Plan irregular Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Regional Congress on
Vertical irregular Membrane Technology 2020 (RCOM 2020) and Regional Conference Environmental Engineering (RCEnvE
2020).

1. Introduction vertical irregular with respect to symmetric and asymmetric Fig 1

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5.
A slab is a structural element which is made up of concrete, and it
is used to create a horizontal flooring such as roofs, floors, decks etc.
A slab is having usually some inches of thick, slab is aiding the beam, 1.1. Grid slab
columns, walls or the ground. Concrete slabs can be prefabricated
off-site and may be poured in-situ the use of formwork. The present Grids are constructed to cover large areas without internal col-
work is carried out to understand the behaviour of structure, when umns. They are generally constructed for architectural reasons for
we replace conventional slab with grid slab, the step by step proce- large areas such as auditoriums, air ports, vestibules, theatre halls,
dures involved in modelling and analysis of structures with conven- show rooms where column free space. This type of structures can
tional slab and grid slab. The behaviour of the structure for gravity be defined as a grid ribs, these grids are distributed in one or more
and lateral loads relies upon parameters like shape of the structure, directions and they are regularly spaced, and which is connected to
dimension of the structure, intensity of the earthquake along with a top concrete slab. In this project, the analysis and design of grid
the type of slab. Structures designed for gravity loads in general floors and conventional slabs has developed using ETABS software.
may also not be able to sustain the horizontal vibrations of the earth. The grid beams which are regularly spaced and interconnected to
Hence it is imperative to ensure the adequacy of the structure slab is known as grid floor or waffle floor. In this type of floor, a
against horizontal vibration of the earth. Hence, it is necessary to mesh or grid of beams running in both the directions is the main
study variations in behaviour of multi-storeyed RC framed building structure, and the slab is of nominal thickness.
for different kind of various responses such as lateral displacements, A. Conventional slab
deflection, storey stiffness and storey shear. The work has been Conventional slab is supported with beams and columns, with
applied for special kind of structures are regular, plan irregular and the load transferred to those elements. A conventional slab is clas-
sified as:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1245
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Regional Congress on Membrane Technology 2020 (RCOM 2020) and Regional Conference
Environmental Engineering (RCEnvE 2020).

Please cite this article as: L. M.S and P. K, Analysis and comparison of conventional slab and grid slab for symmetric and asymmetric structures, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1245
L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

building and design is done for both gravity and lateral (earth
quake and wind) loads and this is compared with the flat slab.
The flat slab with and without drop panel is considered and the
structural analysis has done in zone 4 and zone 3. They have com-
pared various parameter like drift, displacement, time period, fre-
quency, base shear with the flat slabs with and without drop
panels. And they have concluded that flat slab possess maximum
deflection and displacement in both the zones.
Sudhir Singh Bhaduria et.al (2017)[3]
The authors described the comparative analysis and design of
flat slab and grid slab system with conventional slab system, they
have done comparison of parameter like quantity of concrete,
quantity of steel, cost of the structure, bending moment, shear
Fig.1. Example of grid slab (Ref.8). force and displacement of flat slab system and grid slab system
with conventional slab system. In this paper, slab system design
and analysis for G + 10 building for seismic zone III and having
 One-way: one way slabs are supported by beams on two oppo-
medium soil condition by using STAAD Pro V8i and these slab sys-
site sides and load carrying along the one direction.
tem analysed for different plan area or grid size/ spacing of the col-
 Two-way: two way slabs are supported by beams on four sides
umn. They finally concluded that the flat slab is most economical
and load carrying along the both direction.
for all span consider in the analysis. In flat slab system it is founded
from the study that maximum displacement, maximum force and
One way slab
maximum bending moment in , y and z direction is minimum
When a slabs is supported by beams or parallel walls on two
but in case of grid slab system maximum displacement, maximum
opposite sides the slab is known as one way slab. The load in one
force and maximum bending moment is found to be maximum.
way slab is always carried out along one direction. As per IS codes,
The quantity of steel and concrete required for flat slab system is
in one way slab the ratio of the longer span is equal to the shorter
minimum but for the grid slab system is maximum.
span is equal or greater than 2.
Sandesh D.et.al(2012)[4]
Two way slab
The authors has worked on dynamic analysis of special moment
The slab which is supported by beams are walls on all four sides
resisting frame building with flat slab and grid slab. Most of the
is known as two way slab the loads are carried out along both
popular form of concrete structures uses a flat concrete slab as
shorter and longer directions. as per IS codes the ratio of longer
the floor system. This type of flat slab system is very simple to con-
span to shorter span is always less than 2.
struct, and it is efficient that it requires the minimum building
Literature Review
height for a given number of stories. But, earthquake experience
Till date there are several researchers carried out studies on
has proved that this form of construction is vulnerable to failure,
conventional slab and grid slab system in structural buildings
when not designed and detailed properly, in which the thin con-
and some of the studies are as follows:
crete slab fractures around the supporting columns and drops
Mahesh Bakale et.al (2017)[1]
downward, leading potentially to a complete progressive collapse
The authors described the study of seismic behavior of different
of a building as one floor cascades down onto the floors below.
types of slab systems in various seismic zones, considering the
varying number of stories. They have done with the four types of
slab system i.e. conventional beam slab system, Flat plate system,
Table 2
Flat slab with drop system, and ribbed slab system for regular and
Deflection of slab.
irregular structures has done. The seismic behavior of these slab
systems is studied by modelling G + 6, G + 9 & G + 12 multi-story Deflection of slab in EQX in mm Conventional slab Grid slab

structure in ETABS software. They analysed and compared the Symmetric regular structure 12.9 11.7
results of story displacement and story shear. Symmetric plan irregular structure 20.3 21.6
Asymmetric plan irregular structure 20.2 21.2
Chintha Santhosh et.al, (2016)[2]
Symmetric vertical irregular structure 22 23.3
The authors described the analysis and design of multi-storeys Asymmetric vertical irregular structure 22.2 22.9
building with Grid slab using ETABS software. They analysed G + 5

Table 1
Specifications of the structural members for different models.

SPECIFICATIONS DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLAB SYSTEM

GRID SLAB CONVENTIONAL SLAB
1 Grade of concrete M 30 M 30
2 Grade of steel Fe-500 Fe-500
3 Plan dimension 40 m  40 m 40 m  40 m
4 Length of grid in x-direction 8m 8m
5 Length of grid in y-direction 8m 8m
6 No. of stories 12 12
7 Floor to floor height 3m 3m
8 Slab thickness 0.3 m 0.3 m
9 Size of beam 0.45 m  0.45 m 0.45 m  0.45 m
10 Size of columnColumn 1Column 2Column 3 0.8 m  0.8 m0.57 m  0.57 m0.43 m  0.43 m 0.8 m  0.80.57 m  0.57 m0.43 m  0.43 m
11 Size of ribs 0.2 m  0.2 m –
12 Spacing of ribs 1m –

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L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 3
Displacement of structure.

Displacement of slab in mm EQX Conventional slab EQX Grid slab RS Conventional slab RS Grid slab
Symmetric regular structure 27.8 32.2 – –
Symmetric plan irregular structure 46.7 52.6 – –
Asymmetric plan irregular structure 46.7 52.3 – –
Symmetric vertical irregular structure 58.8 61.1 61.6 65.6
Asymmetric vertical irregular structure 58.6 62.1 60.1 63.5

Table 4
Storey stiffness of structure.

Storey stiffness of structure in N EQX Conventional slab EQX Grid slab RS Conventional slab RS Grid slab
Symmetric regular structure 1,225,973 862496.1 – –
Symmetric plan irregular structure 537787.2 432723.1 – –
Asymmetric plan irregular structure 591455.8 474,297 – –
Symmetric vertical irregular structure 139929.3 96960.73 143288.8 100903.8
Asymmetric vertical irregular structure 472146.8 372399.8 470168.2 384752.3

Table 5
Storey Shear of Structure.

Storey shear of structure in EQX in KN EQX Conventional slab EQX Grid slab RS Conventional slab RS Grid slab
Symmetric regular structure 1906.68 1302.26 – –
Symmetric plan irregular structure 1134.24 914.13 – –
Asymmetric plan irregular structure 1264.93 1015.01 – –
Symmetric vertical irregular structure 601.44 454.91 996.34 757.81
Asymmetric vertical irregular structure 946.11 705.29 1555.5 1177.07

S. A. Halkude et.al (2015)[5] overall stiffness of the building thus, reducing the sway problem
The authors described by investigating various parameters in the structure. As building is in irregular the behaviour in both
involved, a solution for optimum structural configuration can be directions is not similar.
found for the grid floor. And they includes the parametric investi- Amit A. Sathwane (2015)[8]
gation in terms of flexural actions such as bending moments and The authors described the analysis and design of flat slab and
shear force. Spacing of grid beam is one of the important parame- grid slab and their cost comparison. And they determined the most
ters considered for investigations, along with depth of grid beam & economical slab between flat slab with drop, Flat slab without drop
depth of periphery beam. In this paper stiffness method is used for and grid slab. Analysis of the flat slab and grid slab has been done
analysis which is less time consuming as compare to other analysis both manually by IS 456–2000 and by using software also. Flat slab
methods, where spacing of grid beams i.e. (l/b) is varied for hall and grid slab has been analysed by STAAD PRO. Rates have been
size (L/B) with constant ratio. taken according to N.M.C. C.S.R and they have compared maximum
Navjot Kaur Bhatia et.al,(2016)[6] moments obtained manually and by software for flab slab and grid
The authors described the response of flat slabs & grid Slabs sys- floor, It is observed that the flat slab with drop is more economical
tems in conventional RCC buildings and they performed the than flat slab without drop and grid slabs. Concrete required in grid
dynamic analysis for seismic and wind loading of multi-storeyed slab is more as compared to flat slab with drop and flat slab with-
RCC buildings with flat slab & grid slab (10, 20, 30Storey) having out drop.
square, hexagonal orthogonal geometry, using response spectrum J. Prasad. et.al, (2005)[9]
analysis, considered different earthquake Zones as per the IS code The authors described the optimum dimensions of waffle slab
of practice IS 1893–2002 part-I: criteria for earthquake resistant for medium size floors and they elaborates the results obtained
structure (Zone II, III, IV, V). and they compared seismic behaviour from the analytical study carried out on waffle slab medium size
of multi-storeyed RCC building with flat slab and grid slab for dif- floor system with a view to achieve the optimum dimensions of
ferent earthquake intensities in terms of various responses such as, rib spacing, its depth and width. The waffle slab has been consid-
base shear, story displacements, story drift, axial force, time period. ered as monolithically connected to band beams, they found that
And they the relationship between earthquake intensities and the number of grid beams required for the optimum dimension.
responses. Analysis and design of the structure is carried out by
STAAD pro.
CH.Rajkumar et.al (2017)[7] 2. Summary of literature review
The authors described the analysis and design of multi-storey
building using ETABS, in this paper they analysed for G + 5 building Considerable research has been conducted on the behaviour of
is considered and analysis and design is done for both gravity and regular and irregular structures with conventional slab and grid
lateral loads. In this paper they also observed that the results are slab for different parameters like base shear, Story displacements,
more conservative in static analysis as compared to the dynamic story drift, axial force, time period. The above papers are summa-
method resulting uneconomical structure. The parameters like rized brief, in almost all the considered papers the comparison of
story drift, lateral displacement and time period are considered. flat slab, grid slab and conventional slab for different zones, differ-
Because of the box effect of modular type scheme, it is increasing ent height of the structures and for different type of irregularities
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L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

like plan irregularity and vertical irregularity, and also for different
length of the span and thickness of the slab as per Indian standards
by using ETABS and STAAD PRO software has been done. In litera-
ture papers, the structures are modelled and analysed for the dif-
ferent method of analysis like equivalent static analysis,
nonlinear static analysis, response spectrum method and time his-
tory method. An overlook on all the papers it proves that the reg-
ular structures with conventional slab and grid slab gives better
results. From the study it is clear that structures with large spans
can provide grid slab. From all these literature papers by consider-
ing the valuable information, in this present work analysis and
comparison of conventional slab and grid slab for regular and irreg-
ular, symmetric and asymmetric structures has done. From the
above reviews, it can be seen that there is not enough study on
the grid slab and conventional slabs with irregulates.

3. Objectives

The main objectives of this project is know the behaviour of the Fig.2. Plan irregularities (Ref.11).
structure under different parameters:

 To do manual design for conventional slab and grid slab.

 To consider assembly building for the analysis of conventional
slab and grid slab.
 yTo propose a plan layout for conventional slab and grid slab for
symmetric and asymmetric structures.
 To model the conventional slab and grid slab for 12 storey using
ETABS.
 To analyse the structure by applying different load patterns.
 To compare results for conventional slab and grid slab of deflec-
tion, storey shear, displacement, and storey stiffness conven-
tional slab and grid slab.

4. Methodology

The present work is carried out to understand the behaviour of

structure, when we replace conventional slab with grid slab, the
step by step procedures involved in modelling and analysis of
structures with conventional slab and grid slab is explained as
follows:
A. Irregularities in buildings Fig.3. vertical geometric irregularities (Ref.11).
There are two types of irregularities in building, they are:

 Plan Irregularities.
 Vertical Irregularities.
 In plan irregular buildings there are of five types they are:
 Torsion Irregularity.
 Re-entrant Corners.
 Diaphragm Discontinuity.
 Out-of-Plane Offsets.
 Non-parallel Systems.
 In vertical irregular buildings there are also five types they are:
 Stiffness Irregularity.
 Soft Storey.
 Extreme Soft Storey.
 Mass Irregularity.
 Vertical Geometric Irregularity.
 In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral
Force.
 Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Storey.

B. Modelling
A regular, plan irregular and vertical irregular of 12 stories
structures for symmetric and asymmetric modelling is carried
out in ETABS software. Fig.4. Conventional slab.

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L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig.5. Grid slab.

Fig.7. MODEL 3.

3) Model 3: Symmetric plan irregular conventional slab

structure.
4) Model 4: Symmetric plan irregular grid slab structure.
5) Model 5: Asymmetric plan irregular conventional slab
structure.
6) Model 6: Asymmetric plan irregular grid slab structure.
7) Model 7: Symmetric vertical irregular conventional slab
structure.
8) Model 8: Symmetric vertical irregular grid slab structure.
9) Model 9: Asymmetric vertical irregular conventional slab
structure
10) Model 10: Asymmetric vertical irregular grid slab structure.

(for all the models line of symmetry is along y-axis)

In this work a simple regular geometry symmetric structures
(model 1 & 2) having uniformly distributed mass and stiffness in
plan and elevation. And irregular buildings are broadly classified
into plan irregularities and vertical irregularities. In these type of
irregular structures there may be uneven distribution of mass,
strength and stiffness in both plan and elevation. In this study,
Fig.6. MODEL 1. compared all the models for conventional slab and grid slab. As
per IS 1893(part 1):2002 for regular structure and plan irregular
structures static analysis has done and for vertical irregular build-
Description of models ings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones II and III, dynamic analy-
sis, even though not mandatory, is recommended. The structures
1) Model 1: Symmetric regular conventional slab structure. are under 40 m height and in zone II and for vertical irregular
2) Model 2: Symmetric regular grid slab structure. structure dynamic analysis has done.

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Fig.9. MODEL 7.

Fig.8. MODEL 5.

As per : IS 1893(Part 1): 2002

Re-entrant Corners
Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral force resisting
system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the
structure beyond the re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent
of its plan dimension in the given direction. Model 3, 4, 5 & 6 are
plan irregular structures of re-entrant corners because A/L greater
than 0.15–0.20.5 Vertical geometric Irregularity
Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist
where the horizontal dimension of the lateral force resisting sys-
tem in any storey is more than 150 percent of that in its adjacent
storey. Model 7, 8, 9 & 10 are vertical irregular structures are ver-
tical geometric irregular because A/L greater than 0.15
C. Loading Conditions
The loads considered during design and analysis of multi-
storied building.

1. Floor finishes:1.5 kN/m2 IS-875(part 1):1987

2. Live load :4 kN/m2 IS-875(part 2):1987
3. Seismic load : IS-1893(part 1):2002
4. Zone factor, Z = 0.10 (zone II)
5. Type of soil = medium soil
6. Importance factor, I = 1.5 (SMRF)
7. Response reduction factor, R = 5.0
8. Wind load : IS-875(part 3):1987
9. Wind speed-33 m/s
10. Terrain-2 Fig.10. MODEL 9.

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Fig.12. MODEL 4.

Fig.11. MODEL 2.

considered and for dynamic analysis response spectrum (RS) is

11. Structure class-B considered.
12. K1 and K2 Factor-1 A. Deflection of slab
Deflection of slab due to dead load is considered. Deflection
D. Type of slabs should be span/250 as per IS:456:2000. Here all the slabs are
Conventional slab system: Beam-column system as shown in within permissible limits. Deflection of slab in regular structure
Fig. 2. is maximum in conventional slab when compare to grid slab. and
Grid slab system: The slab which is resting on the beams run- in irregular structure the grid slab is having maximum deflection.
ning in two direction as shown in Fig. 3.Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig6 Fig7 Fig8 B. Storey displacement:
Fig9 Fig10 Fig11 Fig12 Fig13 Fig14 Fig15 Fig16 Fig17 Fig18 Fig19. The maximum displacement of the buildings as per codal provi-
Specifications of the structural members for different models sion from IS1893-2002 should be H/250.In this paper the total
Extruded view of the models height of the structure is 36 m. Maximum allowable displacement
A structures having regular and irregular, symmetric and asym- in the structure is = (36*1000)/250 = 144 mm. Here the value of
metric with conventional slab system which are modelled in displacement of grid floor is maximum. In all the types of consid-
ETABS. ered models the displacement value is within the limit. The value
conventional slab structures : of displacement of conventional slab is maximum when compare
Grid slab structures: to grid floor. In the present case EQX is considered and response
A structures having regular and irregular, symmetric and asym- spectrum is considered for vertical irregular structure, for the
metric with grid slab system which are modelled in ETABS. structures the maximum lateral displacement is lesser than the
maximum allowable displacement, hence the structure is safe
under lateral displacement. The graph shows the displacement of
the structure is increased as the storey height of the structure
5. Results and discussions increases.
C. Storey stiffness:-
As per IS 1893(part 1):2002 for regular structure and plan irreg- Here the value of storey stiffness of conventional slab is maxi-
ular structures static analysis has done because the structures are mum in all the models when compare to and grid slab.
under 40 m height and in zone II and for vertical irregular structure D. Storey shear:-
dynamic analysis has done because the structures vertical irregu- Here the value of storey shear of conventional slab is maximum
lar. Here for static analysis earthquake load along x-axis(EQX) is when compare to grid slab.

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L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig.14. MODEL8.

Fig.13. MODEL 6.

6. Conclusion

The behavior of multi-storeyed structure for conventional slab

and grid slab is studied. As the buildings are irregular structures
the behaviour of the structures varies.
The following are the major conclusions:

1. Deflection of slab of regular structure is maximum in conven-

tional. And in irregular structures grid slab is having maximum
deflection. In regular symmetric structure deflection of conven-
tional slab is about 9.3% higher than the grid slab. In symmetric
plan irregular structure deflection of conventional slab is about
6.01% higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric plan irregular
structure deflection of conventional slab is about 4.7% higher
than the grid slab. In symmetric vertical irregular structure
deflection of conventional slab is about 5.57% higher than the
grid slab. . In asymmetric vertical irregular deflection structure
of conventional slab is about 3.05% higher than the grid slab.
2. Story displacement is maximum in grid slab system and least in
conventional slab for both regular & irregular structure. In reg-
ular symmetric structure Story displacement of conventional
slab is about 13.6% higher than the grid slab. In symmetric plan
irregular structure Story displacement of conventional slab is
about 11.2% higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric plan irreg-
ular structure Story displacement of conventional slab is about
10.7% higher than the grid slab. In symmetric vertical irregular Fig.15. MODEL10.
structure Story displacement of conventional slab is about 3.7%
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L. M.S and P. K Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig.16. Plot of Deflection of Slab. Fig.19. Plot of storey shear.

19.5% higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric plan irregular

structure Story shear of conventional slab is about 19.8% higher
than the grid slab. In symmetric vertical irregular structure
Story shear of conventional slab is about 30.7%(EQX) and
29.58%(RS) higher than the grid slab. . In asymmetric vertical
irregular Story shear structure of conventional slab is about
21.1% (EQX) and 18.16%(RS) higher than the grid slab.
4. Story shear is maximum in conventional slab system and least
in grid slab system for both regular & irregular structure. In reg-
ular symmetric structure Story shear of conventional slab is
about 31.7% higher than the grid slab. In symmetric plan irreg-
ular structure Story shear of conventional slab is about 19.4%
higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric plan irregular structure
Story shear of conventional slab is about 19.75% higher than the
grid slab. In symmetric vertical irregular structure Story shear
of conventional slab is about 24.36% (EQX) and 23.94%(RS)
higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric vertical irregular Story
Fig.17. Plot of Displacement of Structure. shear structure of conventional slab is about 25.45% (EQX) and
24.32%(RS) higher than the grid slab.

Finally concluded that, grid slab is better than conventional slab

because grid slab is more economic than conventional slab. And
percentage of steel and concrete used is less in grid slab. As the
structure is irregular the displacement of the structure is maxi-
mum and self-weight of the structure decreases storey shear and
storey stiffness decreases. The various changes in the different
parameters is due to thickness of slab, and ribs provided in gird
slab.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

References
Fig.18. Plot of stiffness of structure.
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with different types of slabs, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
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(EQX) and 6.09%(RS)higher than the grid slab. In asymmetric
[2] C H. Rajkumar, Dr. D. Venkateswarlu, Analysis and Design of Multi-storey
vertical irregular Story displacement structure of conventional Building with Grid Slab Using ETABS, International Journal of Professional
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[3] Chintha Santhosh, S. Venkatesh Wadki, S. Madan Mohan, Sreenatha Reddy,
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