Introduction To Mining MNE - 201 (ESO1) : Lecture-12

INTRODUCTION TO MINING
MNE - 201 (ESO1)

Lecture-12
Drilling:
Drilling means to make a hole in the ground or
rocks for the purpose of getting information about
interior of the earth
The length of the hole is very large compared to

the diameter
Purposes of Drilling:
For the purpose of blasting
For prospecting and exploration
To prove the existence of minerals,
To define ore body at depth, thickness and gradient
For estimation of ore reserve
(to estimate the tonnage and grade of a
discovered mineral deposits)
For study of quality of ore
For rock study (lithology)
For analysis of core
For knowing of faults (rock structures )
For the purpose of ground water
To access ground stability (geotechnical)
Types of Drilling: By purpose
1. Production drilling i.e. for making holes for placement
of explosives for blasting. The objective of drilling and
blasting is to prepare well-fragmented loose rock amenable
to excavation with better productivity from the excavation
machinery. The holes drilled for this purpose are defined as
blast hole.
2. Exploration drilling for sample collections to estimate
the quality and quantity of a mineral reserve. The samples
are collected as core and the drilling for such purposes are
referred as Core drilling. As diamond bits are used for such
drilling, core drilling is often called diamond drilling.
3. Technical drilling for a specific purpose for generating
technical data (during development of a mine for drainage,
slope stability and foundation testing purposes.)
Operating Components of the Drilling System:
There are four main
functional components
of a drilling system,
that work together to
penetrate the rock
1. The drill (Energy source): It acts as prime mover converting the
original form of energy that could be fluid, pneumatic or electric
into the mechanical energy to actuate the system.
2. The rod (Energy transmitter) (drill steel or pipe): It transmits
the energy from prime mover to the bit or applicator.
3. The bit (Energy applicator): It is the applicator of energy
attacking the rock mechanically to achieve penetration.
4. The circulation fluid: It cleans the hole, cools the bit, and at
times stabilizes the hole. It supports the penetration through
removal of cuttings. Air, water or sometimes mud can be used for
this purpose.
Types of exploration drilling
Size of drill Economic
Types of drill Application
holes, mm depth, m
Percussive
250-300
Percussive with 50-75 mm Soft and medium hardness
m
rods
Churn drilling or 300-600 Placer deposits, moderately
75-500 mm
cable drilling m soft formations
Rotary drilling 100-300 Any rock formations except
500m
Non-coring mm very hard
Any rock formations except
100-3000
Diamond drilling 30-200mm fissured, used mainly for
m
coring
Calyx or Chilled 75-1800 Any rocks except the

< 450 m
shot drilling mm hardest
Classification of Drilling:
A. On the basis of material obtained from the hole,
there are two main types
1. CORE DRILLING: (Prospecting and exploration stages)
where by means of drilling core can be obtained
2. NON CORE DRILLING: (Development and exploitation)
where only rock cuttings along with slurry can be
obtained
B. On the basis of presence of water, there are two main
types
1. DRY DRILLING:
in this type of drilling, water is not involved
2. WET DRILLING:
in this type of drilling, water is used for the
drilling operation
C. On the basis of principal involved in the operation,
drilling may be classified as
1. PERCUSSION: (Pneumatic)
2. ROTARY DRILL
Different System of Rock Drilling:
• Mechanical: Percussive, Rotary &
Rotary-percussive
• Sonic: High Frequency Vibration
• Chemical: Micro Blast, Dissolution
• Eletric: Electric Arc, Magnetic Induction
• Seismic: Laser Ray
• Nuclear: Fusion, fission
• Thermal: Flame, Plasma, Hot Fluid
• Hydraulic: Jet, Cavitation
The various drill types are:
1. Percussion drilling.
2. Percussive cum rotary drilling.
3. Auger drilling.
4. Diamond drilling.
5. Wire-line drilling.
6. Reverse circulation drilling.
Percussive drilling:
In percussive drilling, the rock is broken by a
combination of rotation of the bit and high-
frequency percussive impacts transmitted by
the bit to the rock
The percussive impact is delivered by either
pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
The depth of percussive drilling with top
hammer drills is limited to approximately 76 m,
due mainly to losses in energy transfer at joints
in the drill string
1. Percussive drilling:
With smaller hole sizes
(diameters up to 150 mm),
the impact and rotation of
the bit used to fracture the
rock is transmitted from
the drill (top hammer) to
the bit through a drill rod
or series of drill rods
Top-hammer drilling
coupled together (referred In this system the top-hammer’s
to as a drill string) piston hits the shank adapter and
creates a shock wave, which is
transmitted through the drill string
to the bit
1. Percussive drilling:
With larger hole sizes
(diameters from 75 mm to
500 mm), the hammer is
located down the- hole
(DTH) or in-the-hole
(ITH) at the bottom of the
drill string immediately
Down-the-hole (DTH) drilling
above the bit, and the In this system the down-the-hole
impact is transmitted hammer and its impact mechanism
operate down the hole
directly to the bit The piston strikes directly on the
bit, and no energy is lost through
joints in the drill string
2. Rotary drilling
Drag bits are used for 75–250 mm
holes in soft rock
Tri-cone bits are used for 75–300 mm
holes in medium and harder rock
Larger roller bits are used for holes
larger than 300 mm
In rotary drilling energy is transmitted via drill rod, which

rotates at the same time as the drill bit is forced down by high
feed force
All rotary drilling requires high feed pressure and slow rotation
Feed pressure and rotation varies with the type of rock
For soft formations low pressure and higher rotation rate and
vice versa

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Introduction To Mining MNE - 201 (ESO1) : Lecture-12

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INTRODUCTION TO MINING

MNE - 201 (ESO1)

The length of the hole is very large compared to

Calyx or Chilled 75-1800 Any rocks except the

In rotary drilling energy is transmitted via drill rod, which

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