Cte U1l3

Construction Technology &
Equipments
Unit- Construction Equipment & Management

Lecture – 03
Drilling Instruments
• Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a
drill to produce cylindrical holes in solid
materials. Different tools and methods are
used for drilling depending on the type of
material, the size of the hole, the number of
holes and the time to complete the operation.
• Selection of drilling equipments is guided by
various factors like-
(a) Availability of water for drilling purposes.
(b) Depth of holes required.
(c) Extent to which the formation is fractured.
(d) Extent to which the rock is to be broken.
(e) Hardness of rock
(f) Nature of terrain
(g) Purpose of the holes like grouting,
blasting,etc.
• Selection of drilling pattern – The term drilling
pattern is used to indicate the spacing of the
drill holes. The drilling pattern depends type
of drill employed, depth of drill holes, type of
rock, quantity and quality of explosives, etc.
• The two common drill pattern adopted in
tunnelling work are- Centre cut pattern and
Pyramid cut pattern.
• In centre cut pattern, the drill holes are
arranged nearly parallel in horizontal plane
with a slight inclination
• In Pyramid cut pattern, the drill holes slope
both in horizontal and vertical planes. Four cut
holes are arranged in such a manner that
when these holes are blasted, pyramidal
shaped rock is removed from rock surface.
Types of Drills
• Drills can be broadly classified into following
two categories-
(a) Abrasion Drills
(b) Percussion Drills
• Abrasion Drills – In this type of drill, the
grinding of rock into small particles is carried
out through the abrasive effect of a bit which
rotates in the hole.
• Common types of abrasion drills include -
Blasthole drill – It consists of a steel pipe stem
on bottom of which is attached a roller bit. As
the bit rotates, it disintegrates the rock and
the cutting are removed by a stream of
compressed air.
Diamond drill – This is a rotary type drill and
its bit consists of a metal mould or matrix
containing a large number of diamonds. The
drill is rotated and the diamonds disintegrate
the rocks
Shot drill – This is a rotary type drill and its
abrasive power depends on the bit which is in
the form of a section of steel pipe with a
roughened lower end. The bit is rotated under
pressure and the cuttings are removed by
water which is supplied through the drill rod.
• Percussion Drills – In this type of drill, the
disintegration of rock is achieved by impact
from repeated blows. Common types of
percussion drills include-
(a) Churn Drill
(b) Drifters
(c) Jack Hammer
(d) Piston drill
(e) Rotary hammer drill
(f) Steam Hammer and stop hammer
• Laser Drilling – Laser hole drilling in materials
such as ceramic, copper, brass,etc. offers high
accuracy, repeatability and reproducibilty for
the medical device industry, semiconductor
manufacturing and nanotechnology support
systems.
• It works similar to a conventional drill, except
the process is done using a fiber laser beam.
This beam can be precisely and accurately
controlled, so that the beam intensity,
duration, and heat output are always firmly
under the user’s control.
• This varying level of control and adaptability
means that laser drilling can create holes of all
different shapes and sizes, and can work with
a great deal of materials, including various
metals such as stainless steel and nickel,
rubber, plastics, semi-conductors, composites,
and other materials such as tough diamonds.
Laser drilling is a non-contact process,
meaning that, unlike conventional drills, the
laser doesn’t physically touch the material it is
working with itself
• Trepan laser drilling uses multiple lasers to
produce the required hole. A single hole is at
first created using percussion laser drilling,
and then the laser enlarges, resulting in the
hole enlarging too. The laser moves round in
circles to enlarge the hole. The excess molten
material falls out through the hole.
• Helical laser drilling is extremely similar to
trepan laser drilling, with the difference being
that no initial pilot hole is created. Instead,
with helical laser drilling, the laser moves in
circles from the outset and most of the excess
material shoots upwards instead.
• Single shot and percussion laser drilling
A single laser is used to produce the necessary
hole or thru-hole. Multiple holes can be
produced, one at a time, very quickly using
this method. With percussion laser drilling, it
is still only one beam that is used, but in much
shorter bursts. This creates a much deeper
and more precise hole.
• Bit – The portion of drill that contracts the
rock and disintegrates it. It may be-
(a) Carbide Insert Bit
(b) Detachable Bit
(c) Diamond Bit
(d) Downhole Bit
(e) Forged Bit

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Construction Technology &

Unit- Construction Equipment & Management

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