Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 13

The derivative of a function f at a is defined by

f (a + h) − f (a)
f ′ ( a )= lim
h →0 h
Let f(x) = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + – – +a1x+a0 be a 1.
Eg: Find derivative of f ( x ) =
polynomial function, where ai s are all real numbers x
and an≠0. Then the derivative function is given by f (x + h) − f (x)
Sol: We have f ′ ( x ) = lim
d f ( x)
h →0 h
+ ( n − 1 ) an − 1 x + − − + 2a2 x + a1
• We say lim
n −1 n− 2
= nan x 1 –1
dx x+h x 1  −h  f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given that the
 = −12
x →a
= lim = lim 
−

h h →0 h x ( x + h ) values of f near x to the left of a. This value is called the left

h →0
  x
hand limit of f at ‘a’

D er
• We say lim f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given that the

iva
x →a +

a values of f near x to the right of a. This value is called the

of ‘a’
tiv
For functions u and v the following holds:
at
fun

eo
right hand limit of f ‘at a’.

e
• •

fu ativ
( u ± v )′ = u′ ± v′
c ti

fp

n
ly If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call that common

tio
riv
on
no
o

nc
Algebra m it

De
value as the limit of f(x) at x=a and denoted it by lim f(x) .
• ( uv )′ = u′v + v′u of de
of fun
riva
tiv
ial Lim
Eg: Find limit of function f(x)=(x–1)2 at x=1.
x →a

ction es
′ s Limits and
•  uv  = u′vv− uv′ provided all are defined
2 Derivatives
Sol: For f(x)=(x–1)2
and v ≠ 0
( x − 1) = 0
2
Left hand limit (LHL) (at x=1)=xlim
d → 1−
ar
d
du dv

Al
nd s ( x − 1) = 0
2
ndar

Here, u′ = and v′ = and Right hand limit (RHL) (at x=1)= xlim

ge
dx dx t a e → 1+
e S ativ

br
ts
Some Sta

ao
m
Limi

o iv
er .. . LHL = RHL

fL
S

im
lim ( x − 1) = 0
2

its
x →1

• d n
( )
x = nx n −1
dx • lim
x n − an
= na n −1
For functions f and g the following holds:
x →a x−a
• lim  f ( x ) ± g ( x )  = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x )
• d
( sin x ) = cos x
x →a x →a x →a

dx
• lim
sin x
=1
lim  f ( x ) . g ( x )  = lim f ( x ) .lim g ( x )
x →0 x
• x →a x →a x →a

• d
( cos x ) = − sin x 1 − cos x f (x)
dx
• lim
x →0 x
=0
•
 f ( x )  lim
lim 
x →a g ( x )
 = x →a
g (x)
, .. . lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
x →a
  lim
x →a