Definite

Integration

1.

 Definite Integration

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus:
b

∫ f ( x ) dx = Limh f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ... + f (a + n − 1h)

a
h→0
n→∞

Definition

∫ f (x) dx = F (x) () ()

 b
= F b −F a
a

a

is called the definite integral of

b n− 1 f(x) between the limits a and b.
Or
∫ f (x) dx = Limh∑ (
a
h→0
r =0
)
f a + rh where b – a = nh where
d
dx
( ( )) ( )
F x =f x
n→∞

Note :
Evaluating a definite integral by the limit of a
sum is called evaluating definite integral by Know the facts
first principle of by ab initio method
Put a = 0 and b = 1 ⇒ nh = 1, we have The word limit here is quite
1 n− 1
1 r different as used in differential
∫ f (x) dx = n ∑
0 r =0
f ;
 n calculus.
Here ‘a’ is called the lower limit
1 r
replace
n
→ dx; ∑→ ∫;n → x and ‘b’ is called the upper limit.

Basically divide the area under the curve into

′n′ vertical strips each of width h.
h + h + h + … n times = b – a
Now sum of areas of all rectangles (as h→ 0)
Gives the area under the curve as n → ∞ and
h → 0.

Ex. ∫ e dx as the limit of a sum.

x
Evaluate
Definite Integration

Sol. a = 0,b = 2,nh = b − a = 2, f x = ex ( )

n− 1

⇒ Limh
h→0
∑ f (a + rh)
r =0
n→∞

2.
 n− 1
= Limh
h→0
∑e
r =0
rh

n→∞

= Lim
(
h enh − 1 ) =e 2
− 1.
h
h→0
n→∞
e −1

Also, by initial definition,

b
b
∫ e dx = e
x x
= eb − ea
a
a

= e2 − 1 ( b = 2, a = 0)

Q. Evaluate ∫ ( x + 1) dx as the limit of sum.

0

Sol. a = 0,b = 5,b − a = nh = 5, f x = x + 1 ( )

5 n− 1
⇒ ∫(
0
)
x + 1 dx = Limh
h→0
∑ f (rh)
r =0
n→∞

n n − 1
= lim h 

h + n
( )
h→0  2 
n→∞  

 nh nh − h
= lim  + nh
 ( )
h→0  2 
n→∞ 

=
(
5 5−0 ) +5
2
35
=
2
Note :
π
2

∫ sin xdx = 1
0
π
2 π

∫ sin xdx = − cos x  2 = 0 − −1 = 1 ( )

Definite Integration

0
0
3π
2
⇒ ∫ sin xdx = 1 ( 1 + 1 + ( −1) = 1)
0

3.
 3π
2
⇒ ∫ cos xdx = −1
π
(Below x-axis)

So, we can tell the area of sinx and cosx by

counting the number of quadrants above and
below the x-axis.

Important Points :
(1) Definite Integration gives you net area
positive above the x-axis and negative
below the x-axis.
b
(2) If f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b), then ∫ f ( x ) dx > 0 .
a

( )
(3) If f x < 0∀x ∈ a,b , then ( ) ∫ f ( x ) dx < 0
a

b
(4) If ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 , then the equation f(x)=0 has
a

atleast one root in (a, b) provided f is

continuous in (a, b).
Note that the converse is not true.

Ex:

∫ e (ax ) ( )
1
x 2
+ bx + c dx = 0 ⇒ ex ax2 + bx + c = 0
0

has at least one root in (0, 1)

⇒ ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in
(0, 1) [ex is always positive]

b 
∫ ( lim f ( x )) dx
b
Definite Integration

n→∞   ∫ ()
(II) lim  fn x dx  =
n→∞
n
a  a

4.
 3
a n
 t3  2 2
Ex. If lim
n→∞
3
∫  1 −  t 2dt =

 n 
 3
(n ∈ N), then the value of find ‘a’.
− a
1 n 1
 a3t3  2 a3
Sol. ∫ ∫
3
L.H.S. = 1 lim  1 −  t dt = 1 e− t t 2dt \
−a 3 n→∞  n  −a 3
 
1
a3

 1
 3

 −a 3
31
=  − e− t  1 = ea − e−a  ⇒ ea − e−a = 2 2 or a = ln
3  ( 2+ 3 )
b ( )
g −1 b

(III) ∫ f ( x ) .d ( g ( x )) = ∫ f ( x ) .g ' ( x ) dx. Point to Remember!!!

a ( )
g −1 a

(IV) If f(x) is continuous in (a, b), Then π π

2 2
b

d
∫ ( ( )) = f ( x )
f x
b
and if f(x) is
(a) ∫ sin x dx = ∫ cos xdx = 1
a
dx a 0 0

π π
discontinuous in (a, b) at 2 2
π
∫ sin ∫ cos
2 2
b (b) x dx = xdx =
d 4
∫ dx ( f ( x )) = f ( x )
c− b
x = c ∈, then
a  ( )
+ f x  +
c
0 0

a π π
2 2
2
∫ sin ∫ cos
3 3
Proof : (c) x dx = xdx =
0 0
3
3 1
Hint : sin3 x = sin x − sin 3x
4 4 π π
2 2
3π
∫ sin ∫ cos
2 4 4
 1 − cos 2x  (d) x dx = xdx =
4
sin x =   0 0
16
 2 

Q. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 , then the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 must have a

root in (0, 1). State whether it is true or not.
1 1
 ax3 bx2 
Sol. ∫0 ( ax2 + bx + c dx = 
 3

+
2
)+ cx 

0
a b 2a + 3b + 6c
= + +c = =0
Definite Integration

3 2 6
1

∫ (ax )
2
Since + bx + c dx = 0, andax2 + bx + c is continuous in (0, 1), it implies that
0

ax2 + bx + c must have atleast one root in (0, 1).

5.
 Note :
If f(x) is not defined at x = a and x = b, and
defined in the open interval (a, b) then
b

∫ f ( x ) dx
a
can still be evaluated.

Area by a point is always zero.

Area of strip = limh f a = 0
h→0
( )
b− b
So, ∫ ()
a
f x dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx as area on point b is 0.
a
2

( ) ∫ ()
Ex: f x = x  , f x dx = 1 (from graph)
1

2−
Also ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
1

∴ Missed area by
Point is 0.

Geometrical Interpretation of the Definite

Integral
b
(i) ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
is numerically (with sign) equal to

the area of curvilinear trapezoid bounded by

the given curve, the straight lines x = a and
x = b and the x-axis
(ii) Area above the x-axis are taken positive,
While those below the y-axis are taken
negative (Only for the calculation of f(x) dx.
Since area is always positive
∫ f ( x ) dx = A 1
− A 2 + A 3 − A 4 + A5 − A6
Definite Integration

6.
 3π
2
Ex: ∫ sin xdx
π
2
3π 3π
2 π 2
∫ sin xdx = ∫ sin xdx + ∫ sin xdx
π π π
2 2

( )
= 1 + −1 = 0

Evaluation of Definite Integration by Substitution

While performing substitution in integration,
the limits of the integral must be changed
accordingly.
For example, if x lower limit and upper limit
π
are 0 and respectively and sin x is
2
substitution by ‘t’, then in new integral, lower
and upper limit will be 0 and 1 respectively
π
( sin(0) = 0 and sin = 1 ).
2
Note :
Substitution must be bijective

π
4
sin x + cos x
Ex. Find the value of integral ∫
0
3 + sin 2x
dx

( sin x + cos x ) dx
4

Sol. ∫0 3 + 1 − sin x − cos x 2

( )
Let sin x − cos x = t
Now, New Lower limit → sin0 – cos0 = –1
π π
Definite Integration

New upper limit → sin − cos = 0

4 4
0 0
dt dt
⇒ ∫4−t
−1
2
=− ∫t
−1
2
− 22

7.
 0
−1 t−2
= n 
4 t + 2  −1
 1   −1  ln(3)
=  − ln(1)  −  ln(3)  =
 4  4  4

Evaluating definite integrals by finding antiderivatives:

8
sin x + 1
Ex. Evaluate: ∫
3 x+1
dx

sin x + 1
Sol. ∫ x+1
dx = −2 cos x + 1

8
sin x + 1 8
⇒ ∫ dx =  −2 cos x + 1  = 2 cos 2 − cos 3
 3 ( )
3 x+1

π
4

Ex. Evaluate: ∫ cos 2x

0
4 − sin 2xdx

Sol. ∫ cos 2x 4 − sin 2xdx Put 4 − sin 2x = t ⇒ 0 − 2 cos 2x dx = dt

3 3
1 1 1
Integral becomes ∫ −
2
tdt = − t
3
( )2 =−
3
(
4 − sin 2x )2
π π
2
 1 3 4 8 − 3 3
∫
⇒ cos 2x 4 − sin 2xdx =  − 4 − sin 2x ( ) 2  =
0  3 0 3

1
3ln 3
Ex. Evaluate: ∫ xn ( 1 + 2x ) dx =
0
8

Sol. ∫ ( )
x ln 1 + 2 x dx = ln 1 + 2x .
II I
( ) x2
2
− ∫
2
.
1 + 2x 2
x2
dx =
x2
2
x 1 1  1 
ln(1 + 2x) −  −  +  ∫ dx
 2 4  4  1 + 2x 
1
x2 x2 1 1 3
=
2
(
ln 1 + 2x − )
4 4
+ x − ln 1 + 2x ⇒
8
( ) ∫ x ln ( 1 + 2x ) dx = 8 ln 3
0
Definite Integration

8.
 2008
 2 1 
( )
2
Ex. The value of the integral ∫
0
 3x − 8028x + 2007

+  dx equals
2008 

( ) ( )
2 2
(A) 2008 (B) 2009 (C) 2009 (D)1

Sol. (B)
 2 1  x
( ) ( )
2 2
∫
3 2
 3x − 8028x + 2007 +  dx = x − 4014x + 2007 x+
 2008  2008
2008
 x 
( )
2
⇒ value of integral = x3 − 4014x2 + 2007 x+  = 2009
 2008 0

4
x2 − 4
Ex. ∫2 x4
dx

4
2 1−
x −4 x2 dx Put 1 − 4 = t ⇒ 8x −3dx = dt integral becomes
Sol. ∫ x4
dx = ∫ x3 x2
4
1 3
3
4 2
 3
1 1 1  4 2 x −4  1  4 2  3
∫8 t 2 dt =
12
t2 = 1 − 2  ⇒
12  x  ∫ x 4
dx =   1 − 2   =
12 x   32
2  
 2

π
4

Ex. ∫ x sin
2
Evaluate: xdx
0

π π
4 4
x
Sol. ∫ x sin ∫ 2 ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx
2
Let I = xdx =
0 0

Integrating by parts, we have

π π
 π
4
 x  sin 2x  4  1 sin 2x  π  π 1   x2 cos 2x  4
I =  x −
2
 −
2 0  ∫ 
2
x −
2 
 dx =  − −
8  4 2   4
+
8 

  0 0
 
 π2 π   π2 1  π2 + 8 − 4π
= − − − =
Definite Integration

 32 16   64 8  64
   

9.
 1
2
x cos−1 x
Ex. Find the value of ∫
0 1 − x2
dx

1
2
x cos−1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫
0 1 − x2
dx

π 1
Let us put x = cost, dx = – sin t dt. Also, when x=0, then t = and when x = ,
2 2
π
then t =
3
Thus, we have
π π
3 3
t cos t
I= ∫ sin t
( )
− sin tdt = − t cos t dt ∫
π π
2 2

( )
π
π
π π 3
3 π π 3−1 1
=  −t sin t  3π + sin t dt = − .
2 3 2 ∫
− cos t  3π =
2 3
−
2
2 π 2
2

1
sin−1 x
Q.1 Find the value of ∫
0 1 − x2
dx

Sol. Let sin−1 x = t

π
⇒ sin−1 0 = 0, sin−1 1 = () 2
π π
2 2 2
t π2
⇒ ∫
0
t dt =
2
=
8
0

Note:
If we take x = sin t in previous problem,
Lower limit could have been π, 2π, 3π etc.
So there will not be a unique answer. So
Definite Integration

substitution should always be bijective

10.
 π
2
dx π
Q.2 Show that ∫a 2 2
2 2
=
cos x + b sin x 2ab
, a, b > 0 ( )
0
π
2
sec2 xdx
Sol. ∫0 a2 + b2 tan2 x
Let tan x = y
∞ ∞
dy 1 dy
⇒ ∫a
0
2
+b y 2 2
=
b 2 ∫
0 a
2
2
y + 
b
∞
 
1 1 y
= 2 × tan−1  
b a a
   
b  b 0
∞
1  by 
= tan−1  
ab  a 0

1 π  π
= ×  − 0 = Hence Proved.
ab  2  2ab
e2 2
dx ex
Q.3 If I1 = ∫
e
log e x
and I2 = ∫
1
x
dx , then what is the relation between I1 and I2 ?

Sol. In I1 , let log e x = t

1
⇒ dx = dt
x
⇒ x = et
2 2
et dt ex
⇒ I1 = ∫
1
t
= ∫
1
x
dx = I2

⇒ I1 = I2

2
dx 1
Q.4 Evaluate ∫ 4+x
−2
2
directly as well as by substitution x =
t
. Examine as to why
Definite Integration

the answer don’t tally.

2 2
1dx  x 
Sol. I=
−2
∫4+x 2
= tan−1   
2  2   −2

11.
 1 1 π

2
tan−1 1 − tan−1 −1 =
=
2 4
() ( )
1
By substituting x = ,
t
1  −1 
2  2 dt 
I=  t ∫ 
 1 
− 4+ 2 
1
2 t 
1

=
− tan−1 2t  2
 =
( )
−π π −π
− =
2  1 8 8 4
−
2

We can see that answer in both process are not same. This is because as
 −1   1 
( )
x ∈ −2, 2 , t ∈  −∞,  ∪  , ∞  .
2  2 

 1 1 1
But we have used the interval  − ,  . This all happened because t = is
 2 2 x
discontinuous at x = 0 so we should have solved it piecewise.
Lets try again,
0− 2
dx dx
−2
∫ 4+x 2
+ ∫ 4+x 2
0+
1
−∞

=
− tan 2t 
 −
−1
( )
tan−1 2t  2

( )
2  1 2 
− ∞
2

 π  −π    π π 
= −− −    −  − 
 4
  8   8 4 
π π π
= + = which is correct
8 8 4

π
2 n
an
( )
n

Q.5 Let a n = ∫ 1 − sin t sin 2t dt , then find the value of lim ∑

n= 1 n
n→∞
0

Sol. Let 1 − sin t = y

Definite Integration

⇒ − cos t dt = dy
0

∫ 2y ( y − 1) dy
n
⇒ an =
1

12.
 0
2yn+ 2 2yn+ 1 
= − 
n + 2 n + 1 
1

 2 2 
=0− − 
n + 2 n + 1
2 2
⇒ an = −
n+ 1 n+2
n  1 1 
⇒ lim
n→∞
2
∑
n= 1  n n + 1
−
n n+2 ( ) ( )



n 1 1 11 1 
= lim 2
n→∞
∑  n − n + 1 − 2  n − n + 2  
n= 1
∞
1 1   1 1 1 
= lim
n→∞
∑ 2  n − n + 1  − lim  1 + 2 − n + 1 − n + 2 
n= 1
n→∞

1 1
= 2− 1− =
2 2
a

Q.6
− log a x 
If the value of definite integral ∫ x.a
1
dx , where a > 1 and [x] denotes the

e−1
greatest integer function, is , then find the value of a
2

Sol. ( )
As x ∈ 1, a ⇒ log a x ∈ 0, 1 ( )
−
a
e−1
∫ x.a dx =
0
⇒
1
2
a
x2  e−1
⇒  = ( area due to point is O)
2  2
1
2
a −1 e−1
⇒ =
2 2
⇒ a = e

Q.7 ∫ (3 )
− 2.3− x dx ≥ 0
−2x
Find the true set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality
Definite Integration

is true.

13.
 0
 −2x
 3  −1  2 3
−x
( ) 
 ≥ 0
Sol. I=
 n3  2 
  
+
n3 

  a
 −1 2   −3−2a 2.3−a 
⇒  + − + ≥0
 2n3 n3   2n3 n3 

3 3−2a
⇒ + − 2 ⋅ 3− a ≥ 0
2 2
Let 3−a = t
t2 3
⇒ − 2t + ≥ 0
2 2
⇒ t 2 − 4t + 3 ≥ 0
(
⇒ t ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞ )
But since t = 3−a > 0 ,
3−a ∈ (0, 1] ∪ [3, ∞ )
⇒ −a ∈ ( −∞, 0] ∪ [1, ∞ )
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −1] ∪ [0, ∞ )

1 1
1+ x 1− x
Q.8 I=∫
0 1− x 0 1+ x
dx, J = ∫
dx then which of the following is/are correct?

(A) I + J = 2 (B) I–J=π

π π
(C) I = 2 + (D) J = 4 −
2 2

Sol. (BC)
1
1+ x 1− x
I+ J = ∫
0 1− x
+
1+ x
dx

1
1+ x + 1− x
= ∫
0 1− x
dx

1
dx
=2 ∫ 1− x
Definite Integration

0
1
1 
= −2
(1 − x) 2 

1 
2 0

14.
 ( )
= 0 − −4 = 4

⇒ I + J = 4
1
1+ x 1− x
I−J = ∫
0 1− x
−
1+ x
dx

1
2 x
= ∫
0 1− x
dx

π
2
cos θ
Let I − J = ∫ 2 sin θ . ( 2 sin θ cos θ) dθ
0
π
2
∫
= 4 cos2 θdθ
0
4π
⇒ I − J = =π
4
Also I+J=4
π
⇒ I = 2 +
2
π
⇒ J = 2 −
2
So, (B) and (C) option are correct.

Q.9 Evaluate ∫ n ( x )dx

0

( () )
1

Sol. I = n x − 1 x  +
0
1
( ) = lim
ln x
x →0+
( )
lim xn x = lim
x →0+ 1 x →0+
x
1
−
x x2
( )
lim −x = 0
x →0+

⇒ I=(0 – 1) – (0 – 0)
⇒ I = –1.
Definite Integration

15.
 ∞

Q.10 In = ∫ x e dx, n ≥ 0, n ∈ I then prove that In = n !

n −x

∞ ∞
 n e− x 
Sol. ∫
n− 1 − x
In =  x  + n x e dx
 −1 
 0 0

(
= 0 − 0 + nIn− 1)
⇒ In = nIn− 1

( )
⇒ In− 1 = n − 1 In−2

⇒ In−2 = (n − 2 ) In−3

⇒ I1 = 1I0

( )(
⇒ In = n n − 1 n − 2 ...2.1.I0 )
∞

( )
⇒ In = n! I0 = n! e− xdx ∫
0
∞
 e− x 
( )
= n! 
 −1


  0
= n!. Hence Proved.

1
x + x2 + 1
Q.11 Evaluate ∫
0 1 + x2
dx

Sol. Let y = x + x2 + 1
x + x2 + 1
⇒ dy = dx
1 + x2
1+ 2
dy
⇒I= ∫1 y
1+ 2
= 2 y  = 2 1+ 2 −2
1
β
dx
Q.12 Evaluate ∫ (β > α )
α ( x − α )(β − x )
Definite Integration

Sol. x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

⇒ when x = α ⇒ θ = 0
π
When x = β ⇒ θ =
2
16.
 (
dx = β − α 2 sin θ cos θdθ )
π
2
(β − α ) 2 sin θ cos θdθ
⇒ I= ∫ (β − α ) sin θ cos θ
0
π
= 2θ 2 = π
0

5
x 2 dx
Q.13 Evaluate ∫
3 ( x − 3 )( 5 − x )
Sol. Similarly to previous question,
x = 3 cos2 θ + 5 sin2 θ = 3 + 2 sin2 θ
dx = 4 sin θ cos θdθ

(3 + 2 sin θ)
π 2
2
2 .4 sin θ cos θdθ
⇒ I= ∫
0
2 sin θ cos θ
π
2

∫ (9 + 12 sin )
2
=2 θ + 4 sin4 θ dθ
0

π π  3π 
= 18   + 24   + 8  
2 4  16 
33π
=
2
1
2
dx
Q.14 Evaluate ∫ 0 ( 1 − 2x ) 2
1 − x2

Sol. x = sin θ
π π
6 6
cos θdθ
⇒ ∫ co2θ cos θ = ∫ sec 2θ dθ
0 0
π

( )
n sec 2θ + tan 2θ  6
Definite Integration

= 
2 
0

=
(
n 2 + 3 )
2

17.
 π
2
dx
Q.15 Evaluate ∫ 4 + 5 sin x 0

dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5 sin x = ∫ x
2 tan
4 + 5× 2
x
1 + tan2
2
x x
1 + tan2 dx sec2 dx
2 2

x
= ∫ x
=
2
∫ x x
4 + 4 tan + 10 tan 4 tan2 + 10 tan + 4
2 2 2 2
x 1 x
Let tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt
2 2 2
2 dt 2 dt
= 2 ∫
4t + 10t + 4
=
 10t  ∫
4  t2 + + 1
 4 
1 dt 1 dt
=
2 5 ∫ 25 25 2 
= ∫ 5
2
9
t2 + t + 1 + −
2 16 16 t +  −
 4 16
5 3
− t+
1 dt 1 1 4 4 +c
=
2 ∫ 5  3
2 2
= ×
2 3
log
5 3
2× t+ +
 t + 4  −  4  4 4 4

1 4t + 2 1 2t + 1
= log + c = log +c
3 4t + 8 3 2t + 4
x
2 tan +1
1 2
= log + c Hence this is required solution.
3 x
2 tan + 4
2
2
 1  x + x1
Q.16 Evaluate ∫1  1 + x − x  e dx
2 1 1
x+  1 
x+
Sol. I= ∫ e + xe x
 1 − 2 dx
x 
x
Definite Integration

1 ↓ 

f(x)
2 ↓
xf '(x)
2
x+
1  3
5
⇒ I = xe x  = e2
 1 2
2

18.
 π π

cos x
2 2
sin x
Q.17 Let I = ∫0 a cos x + b sin x dx and J = ∫0 a cos x + b sin x dx ,
Where a > 0 and b > 0. Compute the values of I and J.

π
2
a cos x + b sin x π
Sol. aI + bJ = ∫ a cos x + b sin x dx = 2
0
…(i)

π
2
b cos x − a sin x
bI − aJ = ∫ a cos x + b sin x dx
0
π
(
= n a cos x + b sin x ) 2
0

b
( )
⇒ bI − aJ = n b − n a = n   ( ) …(ii)
a
Solving (i) and (ii)

(a 2
+ b2 I = a ) π
2
b
+ bn  
a
b
aπ + 2bn  
⇒ I= a
2 a + b2
2
( )
b
bπ − 2an  
J= a
2 a + b2
2
( )
1
1−x
Q.18 Find the value of ∫
0
1+ x
dx

1 1
1− x  1 x 
Sol. I= ∫
0 1 − x2
dx = ∫ 
0 1 − x2
−  dx

1 − x2 
1
2  π 
 −1
=  sin x + 1 − x   =  + 0  − 0 + 1
  0  2
( )

π
Definite Integration

= −1
2

19.
 π
( sin x + cos x )
2
2

Q.19 Find the value of I = ∫ 0 1 + sin 2x

dx

( sin x + cos x )
2
2

Sol. I= ∫
0
sin x + cos x
dx

π
(
= − cos x + sin x  2
0 )
(0 + 1) − ( −1 + 0) = 2
3π
4
1
Q.20 Find the value of ∫ 1 + cos x dx π
4
3π 3π
4 4
dx  1 x
Sol. ∫ ∫  2  sec
2
I= =   dx
x 2
π 2 cos2 π
4 2 4
3π
 x  4
= tan   
 2   π
4
3π π
= tan − tan
8 8
= ( 2+1 − ) ( 2−1 )
=2

Some Standard Forms :

b  b
I.
n→∞ 
a

 a
∫
lim  fn (x)dx  = lim fn (x) dx
n→∞ ∫( )
Since n and x are independent, we can
take the limit inside.
1 n
 t
Ex. n→∞
−1 
n ∫
lim  1 −  dt
Definite Integration

1 n
 lim  1 − t   dt
Sol. ∫  n→∞ 
−1 
n 

n  −t 
n 
 t n
lim  1 −  = e   = e− t
n→∞
 n

20.
 1

∫e
−t
⇒ I = dt
−1

= −e− t dt
1
= −e− t 
 −1
= − e−1 − e ( )
1
= e −
e

 1 e x dx 
Q.1 Evaluate lim  ∫
n→∞  1 + x n
0


1
 ex 
Sol. I= ∫ lim
0
 dn
 n→∞ 1 + xn 

( )
If x ∈ 0, 1 , xn → 0 as n → ∞

If x > 1, xn → ∞ as n → ∞
1
⇒ I = ex 
0
⇒ I=e−1

cos x
∞

Q.2 Evaluate lim ∫ dx

( )
n→∞ n
0 1 + tan x −1

∞

 cos x 
Sol. ∫
I =  lim n 
dx
0

n→∞
1 + tan−1 x ( ) 

(
If x ∈ 0, tan 1 , tan−1 x ∈ 0, 1 ) ( )
( )
n
So, lim tan−1 x
n→∞
= 0 for x ∈ 0, tan 1 . ( )
( )
n
Similarly, for x > tan1, lim tan−1 x =∞
n→∞
tan 1 ∞
∴I= ∫ cos xdx + ∫ 0dx
Definite Integration

0 tan 1
tan 1
= sin x
0

(
= sin tan 1 )

21.
 b g −1 b ( )
II. ∫ ( ) ( ( ))
f x .d g x = ∫ f ( x ) .g ' ( x ) dx
a g −1
(a )
d g x ( ( ))  = g ' x dx
Hint: d g x ( ( )) =
 dx  ( )
 
( )
If g x = a ⇒ x = g −1 a ( )
If g ( x ) = b ⇒ x = g −1 (b )
Remember → Limit is of differential

Ex. −∫1 x d ( n ( x ) )
2

b
 1
Sol. I= ∫
a
x2 .   dx
x
( )
where n a = −1 and n b = 1 ( )
e
⇒ I = ∫ xdx
1
e

e2 1
= − 2
2 2e
3
2

Q.1 Evaluate ∫ tan x d ( sin x )

1
2
π
3

Sol. I= ∫ tan x cos x dx

π
6
π
3
= ∫ sin x dx
π
Definite Integration

6
π
= − cos x 3
π
6

22.
 1 3
= − − 
2 2 
 
3−1
=
2
b
d
∫ ( ( )) ( ( ))
b
III. f x dx = f x  if f(x) is continuous
dx a
a

in x ∈ a, b . ( )
However, if f(x) is discontinuous in (a, b) at
x=C

1
d  −1  1 

Ex. ∫ −1
 cot    dx
dx   x 
0− 1
 1   1   1 
Sol. I = cot    + cot −1   
−1
 discontinuous at x = 0 
 x   −1  x  0+  x 
 3π   π 
⇒ I = π −  +  − 0
 4   4 
π
⇒I=
2

IV. If g(x) is the inverse of f(x) and f(x) has

( )
domain x ∈ a,b where f(a) = c and

f(b) = d , then the value of

b d
∫ ()
a
∫ ()
f x dx + g x dx = bd − ac
c

Proof :
In 2nd Integral, let y = f(x).
⇒ dy = f ' x dx( )
Definite Integration

d b
⇒ ∫ ( )
c
g y dy = ∫ g ( f ( x )) f ' ( x ) dx
a

23.
 b
= ∫ xf ' ( x )dx
a
b
b
( )
= xf x  − f x dx
a ∫ ()
a
b d
b
⇒ ∫ ()
a
f x dx + g y dy = xf x 
a ∫ ( )
c
( )
= bd − ac

Q.1 If f : 0, 1 → e, e e  , is increasing function then find

 
e
1 e

∫ n ( n ( x ) ) dx .
ex
∫e
0
dx + 2
e

Sol. ( )
x
e
f x =e

( ( )) = e
n f x x

⇒ ( nf ( x ) ) = e
2
x

⇒ x = n ( nf ( x ) ) = 2n ( n f ( x ) )
2

⇒ f ( x ) = 2n ( n ( x ) )
−1

Now checking the limits, f(0) = e and f 1 = e () e

e
1 e

∫e ∫ 2n ( n ( x )) dx
ex
∴ +
0 e
e
=e × 1−e×0
e
=e

1
 1 1

Q.2 Evaluate (
∫0  1 − x
2008
) 2007
(
− 1 − x 2007 ) 2008
 dx
 
1

Sol. ( )
Let f x = y = 1 − x2008 ( )
Definite Integration

2007

⇒ x2008 = 1 − y 2007
1
⇒ x = 1 − y 2007 ( ) 2008

24.
 1

( )
⇒ f −1 x = 1 − x2007 ( ) 2008

1
( ) (
Now, f 0 = 1 − 0 ) 2007 =1
1
() (
f 1 = 1− 1 ) 2007 =0
1 0

∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1 × 0 − 0 × 1 = 0
−1
∴
0 1
1 0
⇒ ∫ ()
0
f x dx = − f −1 x dx ∫ ()1
1 1

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) d ( x )
−1
⇒
0 0
1

∫ ( f ( x ) − f ( x )) dx = 0
−1
⇒
0

Properties of definite Integral :

Properties :
b b
P-1: ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( t ) dt
a a
b a
P-2: ∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
a b
b c b
P-3: ∫ f ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

Provided f has a piece wise continuity

or when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)
Integral is broken at points of discontinuity
of ‘f’ changes.

Generalization :
The above property can be generalized as
b c1 c2 b

∫ () ∫ () ∫ () ∫ f ( x ) dx
Definite Integration

f x dx = f x dx + f x dx + ... +
a a c1 cn

where a < c1 < c2 < c3 ... < cn < b

25.
 π
1 + cos 2x
Ex. Evaluate: ∫
0
2
dx .

π
π 2 π π
π
Sol. ∫0 cos x dx = ∫
0
∫
cos x dx + − cos x dx = sin x  2 +  − sin x  π = 2
0
π 2
2

Ex. Evaluate : 5x − 9 dx . ∫
0

9
9 3
3 5 3
 5  5  5x2  117
Sol. ∫0 5x − 9 dx = ∫0 (9 − 5x ) dx + ∫9 ( 
)
5x − 9 dx = 9x − x2  + 
2 0  2
− 9x  =
 9 10
5
5
3
 1
Ex. Evaluate: ∫ x + 2  dx , [.] is the greatest Integer function
−1

1 1 3 5
−
2 2 2 2 3
 1  1  1  1  1
Sol. I= ∫
−1
x +  dx +
 2 ∫ 1
x +  dx +
 2 ∫
1


x + 
2
dx +
3 
2∫
x +  dx + ∫ x + 2 dx
5
−
2 2 2 2
1 1 3 5
−
2 2 2 2 3
= ∫
−1
−1dx + ∫ 1
∫
0 dx + 1dx + 2 dx + 3 dx = 4
1
∫
3
∫
5
−
2 2 2 2

4
Ex. Evaluate: ∫ 1
ln x  dx, . is the greatest integer function.

4 2 3 4
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1
ln x  dx = ∫ 1
ln x  dx + ∫
2
ln x  dx + ∫
3
ln x dx
3 4
= 0 + ln 2 ∫
2
dx + ln 3 ∫
3
dx = ln 2 + ln 3 = ln6

Ex. Find the value of following integrals

1 π
(a) ∫ | x + 1 | dx (b) ∫ | cos x − sin x | dx
Definite Integration

−3 0

Sol. (a) We have | x + 1 |= − x + 1 for x ≤ −1 ; x + 1 for x > – 1 ( )

Hence, we have

26.
 −1 1
1 −1 1
( x+12
) (
 x+12
)
| x + 1 | dx = ∫ ∫ − (x + 1) dx + ∫ ( )
x + 1 dx = − 
 2 
 +
 2 
 =4
−3 −3 −1
  −3   −1

(b) We have
 π  π π
| cos x − sin x |= 2 sin x  x −  = − 2 sin  x −  0 ≤ x ≤
 4  4 4
 π π
= 2 sin  x −  <x≤π
 4  4
Hence, we have
π
π 4 π
 π  π
0
∫ 0  π 
∫
| cos x − sin x | dx = − 2 sin  x −  dx + 2 sin  x −  dx
4 4 ∫
4
π
π
  π  4
  π 
= 2 cos  x −   − 2 cos  x −  
  4  0   4   π
4
 1   −1 
= 2 1 −  − 2 − 1 = 2 − 1+ 1+ 2 = 2 2.
 2  2 

a a
0 if f(x) is odd
 a
P–4 : ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( ( ) ( ))
−a 0
f x + f −x dx = 
∫ ()
2 f x dx if f(x) is even
 0

Proof :
a 0 a
I= ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx Put x = –t in first integral.
−a −a 0
0 a a a a a
= ∫ ( )(
a
) ∫ ( )
f −t −dt + f x dx =
0
∫ ( )
0
∫ ()
f −t dt + f x dx =
0
∫ ()
0
∫ ( )
f x dx + f −x dx
0
a
= ∫ {f ( x ) + f ( −x )} dx
0
1

Q.1 Evaluate ∫ | x | dx .
Definite Integration

−1

 x, x≥0
Sol. | x |= 
−x, x<0

27.
 0 1
⇒ I= ∫
−1
−x dx + x dx ∫
0
0 1
−x2  x2 
=  + 
2  2 
−1 0

1 1
= + =1
2 2
π
2

Q.2 Evaluate ∫ π
cos x − cos3 xdx
−
2
π
2

Sol. I= ∫ π
cos x sin2 xdx
−
2
π
2
=
π
∫ | sin x | cos xdx
−
2
π
0 2
=
π
∫ − sin x ∫
cos xdx + sin x cos xdx
0
−
2
π
0
2
3  2
3 2
=
3
cos x ( ) 2  − (
cos x ) 2 
 − π 3 0
2

2  2 4
= − −  =
3  3 3

Q.3 If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find the value
2

∫x [x]dx .
2
of
0

Sol. [x] will be discontinuous at x = 1.

1 2
So, I = ∫ ( )x2 0 dx + x2dx ∫
Definite Integration

0 1
2
x3  7
=0+  =
3  3
1

28.
 1.5

Q.4 ∫ [x ]dx , where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.

2
Find the value of
0

Sol. (As x ∈ 0, 1.5 , x2 ∈ 0, 2.25

∴ [x2] will be discontinuous when x2 = 1 and 2,

i.e., x = 1 and 2
1 2 1.5
∴, I = ∫
0
0 dx + ∫ 1
1. dx + ∫ 2 dx
2

=0+ ( ) (
2 − 1 + 2 1.5 − 2 )
= 2− 2
2

Q.5 Find the value of ∫ {x} dx where {x} denotes fraction part function.
0

Sol. {x} is discontinuous at x ∈ I.

2 1 2
∴ ∫ {x} dx = ∫ {x} dx + ∫ {x} dx
0 0 1
1 2
= ∫ x dx + ∫ ( x − 1) dx
0 1
1 2
x2   x2 
=  +  − x
2   2 
0  1
1 1
= + =1
2 2

∫{ }
9

Q.6 Evaluate
0
x dx , where {x} denotes fractional part function.

Sol. { x} will be discontinuous at x = 1, 4

9 1 4 9
∴ ∫{
0
}
x dx = ∫
0
xdx + ∫(
1
)
x − 1 dx + ∫(
4
)
x − 2 dx
Definite Integration

1 4 9
  3 3   3 
 2x 2
 2x 2   2x 2 
=  + − x  +  − 2x  
3   3   3 
0   1  4

29.
 2  4  1    8 
= +  −  −  + 0 +  
3  3  3    
 3 
2+5+8
= =5
3
100

Q.7 Evaluate ∫
0
 tan−1 x  dx , where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
 

Sol. (
tan−1 x ∈ 0, tan−1 100 as x ∈ 0, 100 ) ( )
tan−1 x = 1 for x = tan 1.
100 tan 1 100
So, ∫
0
tan−1 x  dx =
  ∫
0
0dx + ∫
tan 1
1.dx

(
= 0 + 100 − tan 1 )
= 100 − tan 1

2
  x2  x 

Q.8 Evaluate ∫  x +  x 2   dx , where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.

 

1 

Sol. [x2] is discontinuous at x = 2 and 3

2 3 2

∫( ) ∫( x2 + 2x dx +) ∫ (x )
3
∴, I = x + 1 dx + + 3x dx
1 2 3

2 3 2
 x2   x3 2x   x4 3x 
= + x  +  +  + + 

 2

  1  3

n 2 ( ) 
 2
 4

n 3 ( ) 
 3

2 3  2 3 2 2 2 2   9 9 3 3 
= + 2− + 3+ − − + 4+ − −
2 2 

n 2 3 n 2  
 
n 3 4 n 3 
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

Q.9 ∫  x + {x}dx , where [x] denotes greatest integer function

2
Find the value of
−1

and {x} denotes fraction part function.

Definite Integration

1 0 1

Sol. −∫1  {}
x2 + x dx =
 ∫ x2 + x + 1dx +
  ∫ x
2
+ x  dx

−1 0

 1 
(
As x ∈  −1, 0 , x2 + x ∈  − , 0
 4 
)
30.
 0

∫ x + x + 1 dx = 0
2
∴

−1

(
As x ∈ 0, 1 , x2 + x ∈ 0, 2 )
∴ [x2 + x] is discontinuous when x2 + x = 1
⇒ x2 + x – 1 = 0
−1 + 5
⇒ x =
2
−1+ 5
1 2 1
⇒ ∫
0
x2 + x  dx =
  ∫
0
0 dx + ∫ 1 ⋅ dx
−1+ 5
2

 −1 + 5 
= 1− 
 2 
 
3− 5
=
2
1
3− 5
∫ x + {x} dx = 2
2
∴
−1

2π

Q.10 Evaluate ∫ | 1 + 2 cos x | dx

0

Sol. |1 + 2 cos x| will change sign where 1 + 2 cos x = 0

−1 2π 4π
⇒ cos x = ⇒x= and
2 3 3
2π 4π
2π 3 3 2π
∴ ∫
0
| 1 + 2 cos x | dx = ∫ (1 + 2 cos x) dx − ∫ (1 + 2 cos x) dx + ∫ (1 + 2 cos x)dx
0 2π 4π
3 3
2π 4π
2π

0
( )
= x + 2 sin x  3 − x + 2 sin x  23π + x + 2 sin x  4 π

3 3

 2π   2π   2π 
= + 3 −  − 2 3 +  + 3
 3   3   3 
Definite Integration

2π
= +4 3
3

31.
 x2 xdx dx
∞ ∞ ∞

Q.11 If P = ∫
0 1+ x
4
dx ; Q = ∫
0 1+ x
4
and R = ∫
0 1+ x
4
, then prove that.

π π
(a) Q = (b) P = R (c) P − 2Q + R =
4 2 2
∞
xdx
Sol. (a) Q = ∫ 1+ x
0
4

Let x2 = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt
∞
1 dt
⇒ Q=
2 0 1 + t2 ∫
1
( )
∞
⇒ Q= tan−1 t 
2 0
π
⇒ Q = Hence Proved.
4
∞
x2dx
(b) P = ∫ 1+ x
0
4

1 dy
Let x = ⇒ dx = − 2
y y
 1
2 0
−dy ( )
⇒ P=  
y 
∞ 
∫ 1  2
 1 + 4  y
 y 
0
−dy
⇒ P= ∫ 1+ y
∞
4

∞
dx
⇒ P= ∫ 1+ x
0
4
= R Hence Proved.

∞
x2 + 1
(c) P + R = ∫ 1+ x
0
4
dx

 1 
∞ 1+

x2  dx
∫
= 

0 x2 +
1 
 
x2 
Definite Integration


 1 
∞ 1 + 2 
 x 
= ∫
0  1
2
dx

x −  + 2
 x

32.
 ∞
dt  1 
= ∫t
−∞
2
+2
 x − = t 
 x 
∞
1  t 
−1
= tan   
2  2   −∞
1  π  −π  
=  − 
2  2  2  
π
=
2
π 2π π
⇒ P − 2Q + R = − = Hence Proved.
2 4 2 2

P–4 :
a a
0 if f(x) is odd
 a
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( ( ) ( ))
−a 0
f x + f −x dx = 
∫ ()
2 f x dx if f(x) is even
 0

Proof :
a 0 a
I=
−a
∫ () f x dx = ∫ ()
−a
f x dx + f x dx ∫ ()
0
Put x = –t in first integral.

0 a a a a a
= ∫ f ( −t )( −dt ) + ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( −t ) dt + ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( −x ) dx
a 0 0 0 0 0
a
= ∫ {f ( x ) + f ( −x )} dx
0

Graphically :
In case of odd function:

a
∫ f ( x ) dx = ( −A ) + A = 0
−a

In case of even function :

a a

∫ () ∫ ()
Definite Integration

f x dx = A + A = 2A = 2 f x dx

−a 0

33.
 Remark :
(i) The graph of an even function is symmetric
about y-axis that is the curve on the left
side of y-axis is exactly identical to curve
on its right side.
a 0
∫ ()
∴ f x dx =
0
∫ f ( x ) dx
−a

(ii) In case of an odd function, the curve is

symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
0 a
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0

1
2
1− x
Ex. Show that ∫ sec x ln 1 + x dx = 0
1
−
2

1− x 1+ x
Sol. ( )
Let f x = sec x ln   then f −x = sec −x ln  ( )
 = −f x ( ) ( )
1+ x 1− x

1
2
  1 + x 1
Ex. Show that ∫  x + ln  1 − x   dx = − 2
1
−
2

1 1 1
2 2 2
  1 + x  1 + x
Sol. I=
1
∫
 x  + ln  1 − x   dx =
  ∫ ln  1 − x  dx + ∫ x dx
1 1
− − −
2 2 2
1
2
 1+ x 
= ∫ x dx + 0
1
 ln   is an odd function 
 1− x 
−
2
1
0 2
1
= ∫ −1dx + ∫ 0dx = − 2
1 0
Definite Integration

−
2

34.
 3
 x x2 + 1 
Ex. The value of ∫  tan−1 2

−1 
x + 1
+ tan−1
x
 dx is


5π
(A) π (B) 2π (C) 3π (D)
2
3
 x x2 + 1 
Sol. I= ∫  tan−1 2

−1 
x +1
+ tan−1
x 
 dx

1 3
 x x2 + 1    x  x2 + 1 


−1 
∫
=  tan−1 2
x +1
+ tan−1
x 
 dx + ∫  tan−1  2

1 

 x + 1
+ tan−1
x 
 dx

3 3
 x  −1  x  π π
∫ ∫ 2 dx = 2 × 2 = π .
−1
0 + tan  2  + cot  2  dx = 0 +
1  x + 1  x + 1 1

Ex. Evaluate: ∫x
3
( )
tan x2 dx
−1

Sol. ( )
Since x3 tan x2 , x ∈  −1, 1 is an odd function, hence by property (4), we have
1

∫x
3
( )
tan x2 dx = 0 .
−1

Q.1 Evaluate ∫
−2
1 − x 2 dx

Sol. 1 – x2 is an even function.

2 2
∴, ∫
−2
∫
1 − x2 dx = 2 1 − x2 dx
0

1 2 
∫(
= 2  1 − x2 dx +) ∫ (x )
2
− 1 dx 
 
0 1 
1 2
 x3   x3 
= 2 x −  + 2 − x
 3   3  1
0

2 4
= 2× + 2× = 4
Definite Integration

3 3

35.
 ∫( )
1

Q.2 Evaluate
−1
1 + x + x 2 − 1 − x + x 2 dx

Sol. Let f x = ( ) 1 + x + x2 − 1 − x + x2

⇒ f ( −x ) = 1 − x + x2 − 1 + x + x2 = −f x ( )
⇒ f(x) is an odd function.
1
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
−1

Q.3 ∫ ( ax )
+ bx + c dx depends on c.
3
Prove that the value of
−2
2 2 2 2

Sol. −∫2 ( ax3 + bx + c dx = ) ∫

−
ax3dx +
2
∫
−2 
bxdx + ∫ cdx
−2 
    
odd odd even

= 0 + 0 + 4c
= 4c Hence Proved.

∫ log ( x + )
1

Q.4 Find the value of the integral

−1
x 2 + 1 dx .

Sol. 
( )
Let f x = log  x + x2 + 1 


( )
f −x = log  −x + x2 + 1 
 
 1 
= log   ( rationalisation)
 2 
x+ x + 1

= − log  x + x2 + 1  = −f x .
 
( )
⇒ f(x) is an odd function.
1
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 .
−1

Trick:
Definite Integration

b
a +b
Limit of ∫ f ( x ) dx can be changed to –α to α is we substitute x − 
a
= y.
2 

36.
 11

Ex. −∫1 ( x − 3)( x − 7 )( x − 5)( x − 1)( x − 9) dx

 −1 + 11 
Sol. Let x − 
 2 
=y

⇒ x − 5 = y
6

∫ (y ) ( )
2
⇒ − 4 y y 2 − 16 dy = 0
↓
−6 ↓ odd ↓
even even



odd
π
−

∫ {( x + π ) }
2
+ cos2 ( x + 3π ) dx
3

Q.1 Find the value of

3π
−
2

  π   3π  
 −  + − 
  2  2 
Sol. Let x −
 2 
= y ⇒ x+π= y
 
 
 
π π
2 2

∫ (y ( )) ∫ (y )
3
⇒I= + cos2 y + 2π dy = 3
+ cos2 y dy
π π
− −
2 2
π
2

∫
= 2 cos2 y dy
0
( y3 is odd and cos2y is even function)

π π
= 2  =
4 2
0

Q.2 Evaluate I = ∫ {x + 3x 2 + 3x + 3 + ( x + 1) cos ( x + 1) dx }

3

−2
0

∫ ( x + 1) ( ) ( )
3
Sol. I=
−2
+ 2 + x + 1 cos x + 1 dx

Let x + 1 = y
1

∫ (y )
3
⇒ I= + 2 + y cos y dy
Definite Integration

−1
1

∫
= 2 2dy
0
( y3 and y cos y are odd function)

=4

37.
 2 x
cos x e x 2x cos 2  
2

Q.3 ( )
If f x = x 2 sec x sin x + x 3 , then find the value of
1 2 x + tan x

π
2

∫ (x
2
)( )
+ 1 f ( x ) + f '' ( x ) dx .
π
−
2

Sol. 1st and 2nd column of f(x) contains even function 3rd column contains odd func-
tion
∴, On solving, f(x) is an odd function.
( )
⇒ f ' x is even function

⇒ f '' ( x ) is an odd function.

π
2  
Now, I = ∫(π


) ()
    
( )
x2 + 1  f x + f '' x  dx ⇒ I = 0
− even  odd

2 
odd

π
4
 x 9 − 3x 5 + 7x 3 − x + 1 
Q.4 ∫π  cos2 x
dx

−
4

π
 x9
4 3x5 7x3 x 1 
 − + − + 
Sol. ∫ π
 cos x cos x cos x cos x cos x dx
2 2 2 2 2

− 
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 
4 odd odd odd odd even 

π
4
∫
= 2 sec2 x dx
0
π
= 2 tan x 4 = 2
0
Definite Integration

38.
 a
f ( sin x )
Q.5 If f is an odd function, then evaluate I = ∫ f ( cos x ) + f
−a ( sin x )
2
dx

Sol. f(sin x)is also an odd function.

f(cos x)and f(sin2 x) are even function.
⇒ Integrand is an odd function.
⇒I=0
1
1 2
2  x + 1   x − 1 
2 2

Q.6 Evaluate ∫1  x − 1   x + 1   dx
 + − 2
−  
2

1
2
x+1 x−1
Sol. I= ∫ 1
−
x−1 x+1
dx
−
2

x+1 x−1
Let f x = ( ) −
x−1 x+1
−x + 1  −x − 1 
⇒ f −x = ( ) − 
−x − 1  −x + 1 

x−1 x+1
= −
x+1 x−1
⇒ f(–x) = –f(x)
⇒ f(x) is an odd function but |f(x)| is even function.
1
2
 x + 1 x − 1
∴, I = 2 
0
∫− dx .
x − 1 x + 1
1
2
4x
= −2 ∫x
0
2
−1
dx

1
=  −4n | x2 − 1 | 2
 0
3
Definite Integration

= −4n   − 0
4
4
= 4n  
3

39.
 3
2

Q.7 Evaluate ∫ | x sin πx | dx

−1

Sol. x sin π x is an even function

3
1 2
∴, I = ∫ | x sin πx | dx + ∫ x sin πx dx
−1 1
3
1 2

∫
⇒ I = 2 x sin πx dx − x sin πx dx
0
∫
1
3
 −x cos πx   1 sin πx 1
2
= 2   + −
 π 0  π π2
 1

3 1
= +
π π2
P–5 :
b b a a
∫ ()
a
f x dx = ∫ (
a
f a + b − x dx or ) ∫ ()
0
f x dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx
0

Proof:
b
a
I= ∫ (a + b − x ) dx
a
Put a + b − x = t ⇒ −dx = dt & I = ∫ f ( t )( −dt )
b

a b
=− ∫ f ( t )(dt ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx
b a

When to be used.
→ If denominator remain same or very lightly changed.
→ f(x) + f(a + b – x) is very simple or integral.
→ In numerator, we have x.

100
nx
Ex. Evaluate:
50
∫ nx + n(150 − x)
dx

100
nx
Sol. I= ∫ nx + n(150 − x)
dx using P-5 [x→ 100 + 50 – x]
Definite Integration

50
100
(
n 150 − x ) 100
I= ∫
50
n(150 − x) + nx
dx ; I+I = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = 50 ⇒ I = 25
50

40.
 π
dx
Ex. Evaluate: ∫ 1+ 2
0
tanx

π
dx
Sol. I= ∫ 1+ 2
0
tanx
using P-5 [x→ π – x]

π π
dx 2tanx
I= ∫ 1+ 2
0
− tanx
= ∫ 1+ 2
0
tanx
dx

π
π
⇒ I+I = ∫ 1dx = π
0
or I =
2

π
4
tan2 x
Ex. Evaluate:
π
∫ 1 + ex
dx
−
4
π
4
tan2 x
Sol. I= ∫ π
1 + ex
dx using P-5 [x → 0 – x]
−
4
π π π
4 2 4 4

∫ ( sec )
tan x
∫ ∫ tan
2 2
⇒I= −x
dx or I + I = dx = 2 x − 1 dx
π
1+e π 0
− −
4 4
π
π
⇒ I = tan x − x  4 = 1 −
0 4

Ex. Find the value of following integral

π
2 3
1 5−x
(a) ∫ 1+
0 tan x
dx (b) ∫
2 x + 5−x
dx

π π
2 2
1 cos x
Sol. (a) ∫ 1+
0 tan x
dx = ∫
0 cos x + sin x
dx

Also, we have by property P-5

Definite Integration

π π  π
cos x  − x 
2
2 2
 sin x
I= ∫
0 π  π 
dx = ∫
0 sin x + cos x
dx
cos  − x  + sin  − x 
 2   2 

41.
 Adding the above integrals, we have
π π
2 2 π
sin x + cos x π
2I = ∫
0 sin x + cos x
dx = ∫
0
1 ⋅ dx = x  2 =
0 2

π
i.e. I =
4
3
5−x
(b) Let I = ∫
2 x + 5−x
dx

Also, we have by property P-5

3 5− 5−x ( ) 3
x
I= ∫
2 5−x + 5− 5−x ( )
dx = ∫
2 5−x + x
dx

Adding the above integrals, we have

3 3
5−x + x 3
2I = ∫
2 5−x + x
dx = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = x
2
2
=1

1
i.e. I =
2
π
2
dx
Ex. Evaluate: ∫ 1 + sin x
0

π π π
2 2 2
dx dx dx
Sol. ∫ 1 + sin x = ∫ π 
= ∫ 1 + cos x
0 0 1 + sin  − x 0
2 
π
π  x 2
2  tan 
1 x 1 2 = 1.
=
20 ∫
sec2 dx = 
2 2 1 
 2 0
1
π

Q.1 Evaluate ∫e
0
cos x
+1
dx
Definite Integration

π
1
Sol. I= ∫e
0
− cos x
+1
dx (using P-5)

42.
 π
ecos x
⇒ I= ∫e
0
cos x
+1
π π
1 ecos x
∴ 2I = ∫e
0
cos x
+1
+ ∫e
0
cos x
+1
dx

π
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = π
0

π
⇒I=
2
π
2
sin x − cos x
Q.2 Evaluate ∫ 1 + sin cos x dx
0

π
2
sin x − cos x
Sol. I= ∫ 1 + sincos x dx
0

π
2
cos x − sin x
I= ∫ 1 + sincos x dx
0
(using P-5)

⇒ 2I = 0 ⇒ I = 0

3
x 2 dx
Q.3 Evaluate ∫2 2x 2 − 10x + 25
3
x2dx
Sol. I= ∫x
2
2
+ (x − 5)2

(5 − x )
2
3
⇒ I= ∫x
2
2
+ (x − 5)2
dx (using P-5)

3
1
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = 1 ⇒ I = 2
2

π
2
sin3 x
Definite Integration

Q.4 ∫0 sin x + cos x dx = ?

π
2
sin3 xdx
Sol. I= ∫
0
sin x + cos x

43.
 π
2
cos3 xdx
I= ∫
0
sin x + cos x
(using P-5)

π
2 sin3 x + cos3 x 
⇒ 2I = ∫
 sin x + cos x 
0
 dx

π
2

∫ ( sin )
2
⇒ 2I = x + cos2 x − sin x cos x dx
0
π
2 sin 2x ( )  dx
⇒ 2I = ∫1 −

0
2 

π 1 π 1
⇒ 2I = − ⇒ I= −
2 2 4 4
π
2
sin2 x
Q.5 Evaluate I = ∫
0
sin x + cos x
dx

π
2
sin2 x + cos2 x
Sol. 2I = ∫
0
sin x + cos x
dx (using P-5)

π
2
1
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x dx
0
π
2
1 1
⇒ 2I =
2
∫  π
dx
0 cos  x − 
 4 
π
1   π  π  2
⇒ I= n  sec  x −  + tan  x −  
2 2  4 4  
   0

=
1
2 2
( n ( )
2 + 1 − n ( ))
2−1

n ( 2+1 )
Definite Integration

⇒I=
2

44.
 3π
8
 4 + 3 sin x 
Q.6 Evaluate I = ∫ n  4 + 3 cos x  dx
π
8
3π
8
  4 + 3 sin x   4 + 3 cos x  
Sol. 2I = ∫  n  4 + 3 cos x  + n  4 + 3 sin x   dx
π
(using P-5)

⇒ 2I = 0
⇒I=0

π
4

Q.7 Evaluate ∫ ln ( 1 + tan x )dx

0
π
4

Sol. ∫ (
I = ln 1 + tan x dx
0
)
π
4
 π 
∫
I = ln  1 + tan  − x  dx
0

 4 

(using P-5)

π
4
  1 − tan x  
⇒ 2I = ∫ ln ( 1 + tan x ) + ln  1 + 1 + tan x dx
0
π
4
  2 
⇒ 2I = ∫ (
ln 1 + tan x + ln 
0 

)  dx
 1 + tan x  
π
4
π
∫
⇒ 2I = ln 2 dx ⇒ I =
0
8
ln 2

π
 
2
 1  sin2008 x
Q.8 Evaluate ∫π 
(
 sin2008 x + cos 2008 x
dx
)
( )
x
− 
2007 + 1 
2

Sol. Applying P-5

Definite Integration

π
2 
1 sin2008 x
I =  ∫
 dx
π  2007
− 
2
( )
x 
(
+ 1  sin

2008
x + cos2008 x )

45.
 π
2 2008
sin x
⇒ 2I = ∫ ( 1) sin2008 x + cos2008 x dx
π
−
2
π

( sin x )
2008
2
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ sin
0
2008
x + cos2008 x
dx (using P-4)

π
2
cos2008 x
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ sin
0
2008
x + cos2008 x
dx (using P-5)

Now, adding we get

π
2
π
⇒ 4I = 2 ∫ ( 1) dx
0
⇒ I =
4

Q.9 ∫ cot ( 1 − x + x ) dx
−1 2
Evaluate
0
1  1 
Sol. I= ∫ tan−1 
1+ x x − 1 ( )
 dx

0  
1
 1 
∫ tan
−1
=  2 
dx
0 1− x + x 
1
= ∫ tan
−1
x − tan−1 x − 1  dx
 ( )
0
1

∫ ( tan ( 1 − x ) − tan ( −x )) dx
−1 −1
⇒ I= (using P-5)
0
1 1
= ∫ ( )
tan−1 1 − x dx + tan−1 x dx ∫ ( )
0 0
1 1
= ∫
0
tan−1 xdx + tan−1 xdx ∫
0
(using P-5)

 1
1
x 
⇒ I = 2 x tan−1 x −
 0 ∫ 1+ x 2
dx 

Definite Integration


( ) 
1
2
 π ln 1 + x  π
= 2 −  = − ln 2
4 2  2
 0

46.
 3π
4
x sin x
Q.10 Evaluate I = ∫ 1 + sin x dxπ
4
3π
4
x sin x dx
Sol. I= ∫
π
1 + sin x
4

3π
4
( π − x ) sin x
⇒ I= ∫π
1 + sin x
dx (using P-5)

⇒ Adding Both equation, we get

3π
4
sin x
2I = π ∫ 1 + sin x dx
π
4
3π
4
(
sin x 1 − sin x ) dx
⇒ 2I = π ∫
π
2
cos x
4
3π
4

∫ ( sec x tan x − tan x ) dx

2
⇒ 2I = π
π
4
3π

(
⇒ 2I = π sec x − tan x + x ) 4
π
4


⇒ I = π− 2 + 1 +

3π
4
π
− 2 + 1 −  = 2π 1 − 2 +
4
π2
2
( )
π
2
x sin x cos xdx
Q.11 Evaluate I = ∫
0 sin x + cos x
4 4

Sol. Applying P – 5 and adding, we get

Definite Integration

π
2
π sin x cos xdx
2I =
2 ∫ sin
0
4
x + cos4 x

47.
 π sin x
2 dx
π cos3 x
⇒I=
4 ∫
0
tan4 x + 1
π
2
π tan x sec2 x
⇒I=
4 ∫
0
1 + tan4 x
dx

∫ 2 ( 1 + t ) ( t = tan x )
π dt 2
=
4 0
2

π2
π
( )
∞
= tan−1 t ⇒I=
8 0 16
π
4
xdx
Q.12 Evaluate I = ∫ 1 + cos 2x + sin 2x 0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding the integrals, we get

π
4
π dx
2I =
4 ∫ 1 + cos 2x + sin 2x
0
π
4
π dx
⇒ I=
8 ∫ 2 cos
0
2
x + 2 sin x cos x
π
4 π
π sec2 xdx π π
⇒ I=
16 ∫ 1 + tan x
=
16
ln 1 + tan x ( ) 4
0
=
16
( )
ln 2
0
1
3
 x4   2x 
Q.13 Evaluate I = ∫
1
 4 
1−x 
cos −1  2 
1+ x 
dx
−
3
1
3
 x4  −1  2x 
Sol. I= ∫
1

 1 − x4

 cos 


2 
1+ x 
dx (using P-5)
−
3

1
Definite Integration

3
x4
Adding, we get 2I = ∫ 1− x 4
( π ) dx ( cos −1
( )
x + cos−1 −x = π )
1
−
3

48.
 1
3
π x4
⇒ I=
2 ∫
1
1 − x4
dx
−
3

1
3
1 1 1
=π ∫ −1 + 2  1 + x
0
2
+  dx
1− x  2

1
 tan−1 x 1 x−1 3
= π  −x + − ln 
 2 2 x + 1 
0

 1 π 1  3 − 1 
= π − + − ln  
 3 12 2  3 + 1  

∞ ln ( x ) dx
Q.14 For a > 0, prove that I = ∫
0 ax 2 + bx + a
=0

1
Sol. Let x =
y
0
(
− − ln y dy )
⇒ I= ∫  a b 
∞
y2  2 + + a 
y y 
 
∞
ln y
=− ⋅ ∫
0
a + by + ay 2
⇒ I = –I
⇒ I = 0 Hence Proved.
∞ ln ( x ) dx
Q.15 Evaluate ∫x
0
2
+ 2x + 4

Sol. Let x = 2y
∞
(ln (2) + ln ( y )) 2dy
⇒ ∫
0 4 ( y + y + 1) 2
Definite Integration

ln 2 
∞
dy  1  ∞ ln y dy  ( )
= ∫ +  
2  0 y2 + y + 1  2  0 y2 + y + 1  ∫
   

49.
  
 
∞ 
ln 2  dy
=
2 0 ∫ 2
 
2
+ 0 

(using previous question)
 y + 1  +  3  
  2
  2  
   
∞
 1 
 y + 
=
ln 2
×
2
tan−1  2   = ln 2  π − π  = π ln 2
 
2 3  3  3 2 6 3 3
 
 2  0
n  n 1 m
k  m 1
∑ ( −1) ( )
k
= ∑ −1  
Q.16 Prove that
k =0
 
 k k + m + 1 k =0 k  k + n + 1
n n n m m m
C0 C1 C2 C0 C1 C2
Sol. To Prove:
m+ 1
−
m+2
+
m+3
− ... =
n+ 1
−
n+2
+
n+3
− ...

(1 − x)
n
xm = (C n
0
−n C1x +n C2 x2 − ... xm )
Integrating both side,
n
C0 xm+ 1 n
C1xm+ 2 n
C2 xm+ 3
∫( )
n
1− x xmdx = − + − ...
m+ 1 m+2 m+3
1 n n n
C0 C1 C2
∫ (1 − x)
n
⇒ xmdx = − + − ... = L.H.S.
0
m+ 1 m+2 m+3
Applying P-5, we get
1

∫ x (1 − x)
n m
dx = R.H.S. (using same approach as LHS)
0

⇒ LHS=RHS. Hence Proved.

3a
2
dx
Q.17 Evaluate ∫ , ( a > 0)
a x + a2 − x2
2

Sol. Let x = a sin θ

π
3
a cos θ dθ
⇒I= ∫ a sin θ + a cos θ
Definite Integration

π
6
π
3
a sin θdθ
⇒I= ∫ a sin θ + a cos θ
π
(using P-5)

50.
 π
3
π
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 ⋅ dθ ⇒ I = 12
π
6

π
2

Q.18 Evaluate ∫ 0
sin 2θ sin θdθ

π
2

Sol. Applying p-5, I = ∫

0
sin 2θ cos θdθ

π
2
( ) ( sin θ + cos θ) dθ
2
⇒ 2I = ∫
0
1 − sin θ − cos θ

1
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 − t 2 dt ( t = sin θ − cos θ)
−1
1

⇒ I= ∫
0
1 − t 2 dt ⇒ y 2 + t 2 = 1 → eqn of circle.

∴, I represents area of one quadrant of circle y 2 + t 2 = 1

π
⇒ I=
4
x
ln t 1
Q.19 For x > 0, let f x = ∫ ( ) 1+ t
dt . Find the function f ( x ) + f   and show that
1 x
1 1
f (e) + f   = .
e 2
1
x
 1 ln tdt
Sol. f  =
x
∫ 1
1+ t
1
Let t =
y
 
 1
x ( − ln y )  y−21  dy
 
⇒ f  = ∫
Definite Integration

x 1
1 1+
y
x
ln ydy
= ∫ y ( y + 1)
1

51.
 x
ln t
= ∫ t ( t + 1) dt
1
x
 1 ln t  1
()
⇒ f x + f  =
 x ∫ 1 + t  1 + t  dt
1
x
( )
2
x
ln t ln t
= ∫ 1
t
dt =
2
1

( )
2
 1 ln x  1 1
( )
⇒ f x + f  = ()
⇒ f e + f  = Hence Proved.
x 2 e 2
π π
2 4

Q.20 Prove that ∫ f ( sin 2x ) sin xdx =

0
2 ∫ f ( cos 2x ) cos xdx
0
π
2

Sol. Using P-5, I = ∫ f ( sin 2x ) cos xdx

0
π
2
⇒ 2I = ∫ f ( sin 2x )(sin x + cos x ) dx
0
π
2
 π π
0
∫ (
⇒ 2I = 2 f sin 2x cos  x −  dx ; Let x − = y
 4  4
)
π
4
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ f (cos 2y ) cos y dy
π
−
4
π
4

∫ (
⇒ I = 2 f cos 2x cos xdx Hence Proved.
0
)
1 ln ( 1 + x )
Q.21 Evaluate I = ∫
0 1 + x2
dx

Sol.
Definite Integration

Let x = tan θ
π
4

∫ (
⇒ I = ln 1 + tan θ dθ
0
)

52.
 Applying P-5 and adding,
π π ln 2
⇒ 2I = ln 2 ⇒ I =
4 8
2 ln ( x )
Q.22 Evaluate I = ∫
1 1 + x2
dx
2

Sol. Let x = tan θ

tan−1 2
⇒I= ∫ (
ln tan θ dθ )
1
−1 
tan  
2

tan−1 2
 π
⇒ = ∫ ( )
ln cot θ dθ −1 −1
 using P − 5 and tan θ + cot θ = 
2
 1 
tan−1  
2

tan−1 2
⇒ 2I = ∫
 1
ln 1dθ
tan−1  
2

⇒ I=0
3π

Q.23 Evaluate I = ∫ ln ( sec θ − tan θ ) dθ

−π

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

3π

∫ ln ( sec )
2
2I = θ − tan2 θ dθ ⇒ I = 0
−π

3π
2

Q.24 Evaluate I = ∫ 2 sin x  dx , [.] represents greatest integer function.

π
2
3π
2

Sol. I= ∫ 2 sin x dx

π
(using P-5)

2
Definite Integration

Since [2sinx] + [ – 2sinx] = –1 except for few points and area due to points is 0,
3π
2
π
⇒ 2I = ∫ ( −1) dx
π
⇒I=−
2
2

53.
 π

Q.25 Evaluate I = ∫ cot x  dx , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.

0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

π
2I = ∫ ( cot x + − cot x ) dx
0
⇒ 2I=-π

π
⇒I=−
2

Q.26 Evaluate I = ∫ x {x } dx , {.} denotes fractional part function.

8 11

−3

Sol. Applying P–5 and Adding, we get

3

∫ x ({x } + {−x }) dx
8 11 11
2I =
−3

1, x ≠ I
{} { }
Since x + −x = 
0, x = I
3

∫ x dx
8
2I =
−3
3
39
⇒ I= ∫
0
x8dx =
9

⇒ I = 37 = 2187

a
 π
Q.27 (
Find the value of I = ∫ log cot a + tan x dx, a ∈  0,  . )
0  2
a

Sol. ∫ (
I = log cot a + tan a − x dx ( )) (using P-5)
0
a
 tana + cot a 
0
∫
I = log  
 1 + tana tan x 
a
Definite Integration

 tana + cot a 
Now adding, 2I = log 
0  tana
 dx

∫
a  tana + cot a 
⇒ I= log  
2  tana 

54.
P-6 :
2a a
0
 a
if 2a − x = −f(x) ( )
∫ () ∫ ()
f x dx = f x dx + f 2a − x dx ⇒  a
∫ ( )
0 0 0  2 f(x)dx if f(2a − x) = f(x)
 0
∫
Proof :
2a a 2a
I= ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx Put x = 2a – t in 2
0 0 a
nd
integral

a 0 a a
⇒ I= ∫0 ( )f x dx + ∫a ( f 2a − t −dt = )( ) ∫0 f ( x ) dx + ∫0 f ( 2a − x ) dx
∫ {f ( x ) + f ( 2a − x )} dx
a
=
0

π
2π 2

Ex. ∫ sin ∫
4
I= xdx = k cos4 xdx find value of k?
0 0

Sol. ( )
Let f x = sin4 x then f 2π − x = sin4 2π − x = f x ( ) ( ) ( )
π
π 2
∫
using P-6 I = 2 sin4 xdx , again using P-6 I = 4 sin4 xdx
0
∫
0
π
2
∫
using P-5 I = 4 cos4 xdx Ans. 4
0
2π

Ex. ∫ x. cos
5
Evaluate: I = x dx
0

2π

Sol. ∫ ( 2π − x ) cos
5
Using P-5 I = xdx
0
2π

∫ ( x + 2π − x ) cos
5
⇒ I+I = xdx
0
Definite Integration

2π π
⇒ I= ∫
0
π cos5 xdx = 2π cos5 xdx ∫
0
(using P-6)

= 2π × 0 using P-6 as cos5 π − x =-cos5 x 

  ( )

55.
 π
π−x
Ex. Evaluate : ∫a
0
2
cos x + b2 sin2 x
2
dx

π
π−x
Sol. Let I = ∫a
0
2
cos x + b2 sin2 x
2
dx (using P-5)

we have
π
( ) π− π−x π
x
I= ∫0 a2 cos2 ( π − x ) + b2 sin2 ( π − x ) dx = ∫0 a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x dx
Adding the above integrals, we have
π
π
2I = ∫a
0
2
cos x + b2 sin2 x
2
dx

π
π sec2 x
i.e. I =
2 ∫a
0
2
+ b2 tan2 x
dx

Hence, we have
π
2
sec2 x
I=π ∫a
0
2
+ b2 tan2 x
dx (using P-6)

Putting tan x = t and sec2 xdx = dt , we have

∞ ∞
πdt  −1  bt 
 π π π2
I=π 2
0
∫ = Lim 
a + b2 t 2 ab t →∞ 
tan    = . =
 a  0 ab 2 2ab
π

Q.1 Evaluate I = ∫ sin3 x cos 3 xdx

0
π

Sol. ∫ sin
3
I= x cos3 xdx
0

( )
Let f x = sin3 x cos3 x

f ( π − x ) = −f ( x )

⇒ I = 0 (using P-6)

π π
Definite Integration

 2π
2
 π  2

Q.2 Let u = ∫ cos 

0  3
sin2 x  dx and v = ∫ cos  sin x  dx , then find the relation
 0 3 
between u and v.

56.
 π
2
 2π 
Sol. ∫ cos  3 cos
2
u= x  dx (using P-5)
0 
π
2
 2π 1   2π  cos2 x − sin2 x  
⇒ 2u = ∫
0
2 cos 
 3
×  cos 
2   3 


 2
 dx


π
2
π 
⇒ 2u = ∫ cos  3 cos 2x  dx
0

π
4
π 
0 3 
∫
⇒ 2u = 2 cos  cos 2x  dx (using P-6)

π
4
π 
⇒ u= ∫ cos  3 sin 2x  dx
0
(using P-5)

Let 2x = t
π
2
1 π 
⇒ u=
20 ∫
cos  sin t  dt
3 
v
⇒u=
2

π 
x sin 2x sin  cos x 
2
π
 dx
Q.3 Evaluate I = ∫
0
2x − π
  
π ( π − x )( − sin 2x )  − sin  2π cos x  
  
Sol. I= ∫0 (
− 2x − π )
dx (using P-5)

π
π 
⇒ 2I = ∫ sin 2x sin  2 cos x  dx
0
π
Definite Integration

2
π 
⇒I= ∫ 2 sin x cos x sin  2 sin x  dx
0
(using P-6)

π
Let sin x = t
2

57.
 π
2
 2t  2
⇒ I= ∫ 2  π  π sin tdt
0
π
8
=
π2
( sin t − t cos t  2
0 )
8
=
π 2
( 1) = π82
Important Result :
π π π
2 2 2
π
∫ ln ( sin x ) dx = ∫ lncos xdx = ∫ ln ( sin 2x ) dx = − 2 ln ( 2)
0 0 0

Proof :
π π
2 2

∫ ln ( sin x ) dx = I = ∫ lncos xdx

0 0
(using P-5)

π
2

∫ (
⇒ 2I = ln sin x cos x dx
0
)
π
2
⇒ 2I = ∫ (ln ( sin 2x ) − ln 2) dx
0
π
2
π
∫ (
⇒ 2I = ln sin 2x dx −
0
) 2
ln 2

π π
2 π 2
1
∫ ln (sin 2x ) dx = 2 ∫ ln sin tdt = ∫ ln (sin x ) dx
0 0 0

π −π
∴ 2I = I − ln 2 ⇒ I =
2
()
2
ln 2 Hence proved. ()
π

Q.1 Evaluate I = ∫ x ln sin x dx ( )

0
π
Definite Integration

Sol. I= ∫ ( π − x ) ln (sin x ) dx
0
(using P-5)

∫ (
⇒ 2I = π ln sin x dx
0
)

58.
 π
2

∫ (
⇒ I = π ln sin x dx
0
) (using P-6)

⇒I=
−π2 ln 2 ( )
2
π
4

Q.2 I= ∫ ln ( sin x + cos x ) dx

π
−
4
π
4

Sol. I= ∫ ln (cos x − sin x ) dx

π
(using P-5)
−
4
π
4
⇒ 2I = ∫ ln (cos 2x ) dx
π
−
4
π
4

∫ (
⇒ I = ln cos 2x dx
0
) (using P-4)

π
2
1
⇒ I=
20 ∫ (
ln cos t dt ) (2x = t)

π
⇒I=− ln 2
4

π
2

Q.3 Evaluate I = ∫ x cot xdx

0

Sol. Applying by-parts,

π
π 2
I= x ln sin x  2
0 ∫
− ln sin xdx
0

ln sin x cot x  x 
lim x ln sin x = lim = lim = lim − x  =0
Definite Integration

x →0+ x →0+ 1 x →0+ −1 x →0+  tan x 

x x2
 π  π
∴,I = 0 −  − ln 2  = ln 2
 2  2

59.
 x ( sin x )
2n
2π

Q.4 Evaluate I = ∫ dx, n ∈ N

( sin x ) + ( cos x )
2n 2n
0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding we get

( sin x )
2n
2π
2I = 2π ∫ dx
0 ( sin x ) + ( cos x )
2n 2n

( sin x )
2n
2π
⇒ I = π∫ dx
0 ( ) ( )
2n 2n
sin x + cos x

( sin x )
2n
π
= 2π∫ (using P-6)
0 ( sin x ) + ( cos x )
2n 2n

( sin x )
2n
2
= 4π ∫ (using P-6)
0 ( sin x ) + ( cos x )
2n 2n

Again Applying P-5 and adding, we get

π
2
∫
2I = 4π 1 ⋅ dx ⇒ I = π2
0

1
sin−1 x
Q.5 Evaluate I = ∫
0
x
dx

Sol. Let x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ

π
2
θ
⇒ I= ∫ sin θ cos θdθ
0

Applying by parts,
π
π 2
π
I= θ ln sin θ 2
0 ∫
− ln sin θ =
0
2
ln 2 (solved in Q.3)
Definite Integration

π
2

Q.6 I = ∫ 2 cos2 x ln ( sin 2x ) dx

0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

60.
 π
2
2I = ∫ 2ln ( sin 2x ) dx
0

π
⇒I= −
2
ln 2 ( )
π

Q.7 (
I = ∫ ( x ) sin2 ( sin x ) + cos2 ( cos x ) dx )
0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

π

∫ ( sin ( sin x ) + cos (cos x )) dx

2 2
2I = π
0
π
2

∫ ( sin ( sin x ) + cos (cos x )) dx

2 2
⇒I = π (using P-6)
0

Again applying P-5 and adding, we get

π
2
π2
∫
⇒ 2I = π 1 + 1dx ⇒ I =
0
2

Q.8 (
I = ∫ x sin cos2 x cos sin2 x dx ) ( )
0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

π

∫ (
2I = π sin cos2 x cos(sin2 x)dx )
0
π
2

∫ (
⇒ 2I = 2π sin cos2 x cos sin2 x dx ) ( ) (using P-6)
0
π
2

∫ (
⇒ 2I = 2π sin sin2 x cos cos2 x dx ) ( ) (using P-5)
0
π
2

∫
⇒ 2I + 2I = 2π sin sin2 x + cos2 x dx ( )
Definite Integration

0
π
2
π π2 sin 1
⇒ I=
20 ∫
sin 1.dx =
4

61.
 Definite Integration of Periodic Function
Property-I:
P-7:
nT T
∫ ()
0
∫ ()
f x dx = n f x dx where f T + x = f x n ∈ I
0
( ) ( )
Proof:
Graphical Method :

Total Area = A + A + A + … + A n times

=nA
Algebric Method:
nT T 2T 3T nT
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f(x)dx + ... + ∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0 T 
  2T
 (n− 1)T
↓ x −2T =z
x −T = y

T T T
= ∫ ()
0
∫ ( )
f x dx + f T + y dy + f 2T + z + ...
0
∫ (
0
)
T T T
= ∫ ()
0
∫ ( )
f x dx + f y dy + f z + ...
0
∫ ()
0

T
∫ ()
= n f x dx Hence Proved.
0

−4 1
Ex : ∫ {x} dx = −4∫ {x} dx
0 0
({x} is periodic with T = 1)

 1
= −4   = −2
2

Property-II :
a +nT T
∫ f ( x ) dx = n∫ f ( x ) dx,n ∈ I
Definite Integration

a 0

d   x +nT 
⇒
dx  ∫ f ( t ) dt  = 0
 x 

62.
Property-III:
nT T
∫ f(x)dx = n − m ( ) ∫ k ( x ) dx , where T is period of f(x) and m, n∈I
mT 0

Proof:
nT nT mT

mT
∫ ()
f x dx = ∫ ()
0
f x dx − ∫ f (x) dx
0
T
(
= n−m ) ∫ f ( x ) dx
0

Property-IV:
b+nT b
∫ ()
a +nT
f x dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx , where T is the period of f(x) and n ∈ I
a

Proof:
x − nT = y
b b b
⇒ ∫ f ( y + nT ) dy = ∫ f ( y ) dy = ∫ f ( x ) dx Hence proved.
a a a

1000

Ex. Show that ∫ e

x − x 
dx = 1000 e − 1 ( )
0

1000 1
x − x  x − x  x − x 
Sol. I= ∫ 0
e dx = 1000 e ∫
0
dx (e has period I)

1
1
∫
= 1000 exdx = 1000 ex  = 1000 e − 1
 0 ( )
0

nπ+ v
π
Ex. Prove that: ∫ | cos x | dx = 2n + 2 − sin v ; where ( ) 2
< v < π & n∈N
0
nπ nπ+ v

Sol. I= ∫
0
| cos x | dx + ∫
nπ
| cos x | dx (Put x − nπ = t in 2nd integral)

π
nπ+ v 2 v
π
=n ∫ | cos x | dx + ∫ ∫
| cos(nπ + t) | dt = 2n | cos x | dx + | cos t | dt ∫
Definite Integration

0
nπ 0 0
π
2 v
∫ ∫
= 2n + cos t dt + − cos t dt = 2n + 1 + 1 − sin v = 2n + 2 − sin v
0 π
2

63.
 10

Ex. Evaluate : ∫
0
1 − cos πxdx

πx
Sol. We have 1 − cos πx = 2 sin
2
1 2π
which is a periodic function, having period T = × = 2.
2 π
2
Hence, we have
10 10 2
πx πx
∫
0
1 − cos πxdx = ∫
0
2 sin
2
dx = 5 2 sin
0
2∫ dx

2
  πx  
2  − cos  
 πx    2   = 20 2
∫
= 5 2 sin 
 2 
 dx = 5 2
 π  π
0  
 2 0
400 π

Q.1 Evaluate I = ∫
0
1 − cos 2xdx

400 π

Sol. I= ∫
0
2 sin x dx

Period of | sin x |= π
π
∴,I = 400 ∫
0
2 sin xdx

π
2

∫
= 800 2 sin x dx
0
(using P-6)

= 800 2

Q.2 If n ∈ N , then evaluate I = ∫ x −  x  dx ( )

0

Sol. {x} is periodic with T = 1

Definite Integration

1
n
⇒I=n ∫ {x} dx = 2
0

64.
  t 

Q.3 Find the value of ∫ ( x −  x  )dx

0
1

Sol. Since [t] integer, I = t  ∫ {x}dx

0

t 
=  
2
π
16
3

Q.4 Evaluate I = ∫ | sin x | dx

0
π
5 π+
5π 3

Sol. I= ∫ | sin x | dx + ∫
0 5π
| sin x | dx

π
π 3
∫
= 5 | sin x | dx + sin x dx
0
∫
0
π
= 5 × 2 + − cos x ( ) 3
0

 1  21
= 10 +  − + 1  =
 2  2
π
nπ−
4

Q.5 Evaluate I = ∫ π
sin x + cos x dx
−
4
nπ

Sol. I= ∫ sin x + cos xdx

0
π

∫
= n sin x + cos xdx
0

 3π 
π
4 
0
∫(
= n  sin x + cos x − ) ∫(
3π
)
sin x + cos x dx 

 4 
 3π
π 
( ) ( ) 3π 
Definite Integration

= n  sin x − cos x 4 − sin x − cos x

 0
4 
= n
 ( ) (
2 + 1 − 1− 2 
 )
= 2 2n

65.
 Q.6 Let f be a real, valued function satisfying f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6).
x +8
Prove that ∫ f ( t ) dt is a constant function.
x

Sol. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x +f x+4 = f x+2 +f x+6

f ( x + 2 ) + f ( x + 6 ) = f ( x + 4 ) + f ( x + 8) ( x → x + 2)
Adding both equation, we get
( ) (
f x = f x+8 ⇒ T =8 )
x +8 8
∴, ∫ ()
x
f t dt = ∫ f ( t ) dt = constant Hence proved.
0
2nπ

Q.7 Find the value of ∫

0
sin x + cos x dx , [.] denotes greatest integer function.

 π
Sol. sin x + cos x = 2 cos  x − 
 4

π 3π 3π 7π 
π 2π
2 4 2 4 
∫
∴ I = n  1 ⋅ dx +
0
∫ 0 dx + ∫ ( −1) dx + ∫ ( −2) dx + ∫ ( )
π 3π π 3π
∫
−1 dx + 0 dx 
7π 
 2 4 2 4 
π π π 
⇒ I = n  + 0 − − π − + 0
2 4 4 
= −nπ
2000 π
dx
Q.8 I= ∫
0 1 + esin x
Definite Integration

2π
dx
Sol. I = 1000 ∫ 1+e
0
sinx
(using P-7)

Applying P-5 and adding, we get

66.
 2π
2I = 1000 1 ⋅ dx∫
0

⇒ I = 1000π

2nπ

Q.9 ∫ max . ( sin x, sin ( sin x ) ) dx equal (where

−1
The value of the definite integral
0

n ∈I )

(A)
(
n π2 − 4 ) (B)
(
n π2 − 4 ) (C)
(
n π2 − 8 ) (D)
(
n π2 − 2 )
2 4 4 4

Sol. (C)

Period of both sin x and sin−1 sin x is 2π . ( )

2π

∫ (
⇒ I = n max sin x, sin−1 sin x dx ( ))
0

1 π  nπ2
( )
⇒ I = n  π   − 2 = − 2n
 2 2  4
37

∫ {x} + 3 sin ( 2 πx )  dx .
 2

Q.10 Evaluate I =
19

1

( ) ∫  {x} 
2
Sol. I = 37 − 19
0
+ 3 sin 2πx  dx

(using P-7)

1
 x3 3 cos 2πx 
= 18  − 
Definite Integration

 3 2π 
 0
1 3 3 
= 18  − + =6
 3 2π 2π

67.
 2 50

Q.11 f ( 2 + x ) = f ( 2 − x ) and f ( 4 + x ) = f ( 4 − x ) . If ∫ f ( x ) dx = 5 , then find ∫ f ( x )dx .

0 0

Sol. (
f 2+x = f 2−x ) ( )
x→x+2
( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ f 4 + x = f −x = f 4 − x

⇒ f ( x ) = f ( x + 4) ⇒ T = 4
50 48 50
⇒ ∫ ()
0
f x dx = ∫ ()
0
f x dx + ∫ f ( x )dx
48
4 2
∫ ()
= 12 f x dx + f x dx
0
∫ ()
0
2 4
∫ ()
= 12 f x dx + 12 f x dx + 5
0
∫ ()
2
0
∫ (
= 65 − 12 f 4 − y dy
2
)
2
∫ (
= 65 + 12 f y + 4 dy
0
)
2
∫ ( )
= 65 + 12 f y dy = 65 + 60 = 125
0

(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES

(LEIBNITZ RULE):
If f is continuous then
hx ( )
d
dx ∫ f ( t )dt = f (h ( x )) .h' ( x ) − f ( g ( x )) .g ' ( x )
g x( )

(integral of a continuous is always differentiable)

Proof :
( )
∫ ( ) f ( t ) dt = F (h ( x )) − F ( g ( x ))
hx
(i) Let ∫ f ( t ) dt = F ( t ) + c then
g x
Definite Integration

d ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
hx
⇒
dx ∫g(x) f ( t ) dt = F ' h ( x ) h' ( x ) − F ' g ( x ) g ' ( x ) = f h ( x ) h' ( x ) − f g ( x ) g ' ( x )

68.
 (ii) If the function u(x) and v(x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at a point
( )
x ∈ a,b and f(x, t) is continuous then

v(x)  v(x)
d  d dv x ( ) du ( x )

dx 
f x, t dt  =
 ∫ ( )
dx
f x, t dt +
dx ∫
f x, v x ( ) ( ( )) − dx f ( x,u ( x ))
 u( x )  u( x )
x2

Ex. Let G x = ( ) ∫ dt ( x > 0) . Find G' (9) .

1+ t 2

1 2x 2×9 9
Sol. ( )
G' x = .2x − 0 =
1+ x
⇒ G' 9 = ( )
=
1+9 5
1 + x2

e3x
t
Ex. If f x =( ) ∫ nt
dt x > 0 . Find derivative of f(x) w. r. t. x when x = ln2.
e2x

e3x e2x e6x e4x

Sol. ( )
f' x = .3e3x − .2e2x = −
ln e3x ( ) ( )
ln e2x x x

e6ln2 − e4ln2 26 − 24 48
(
f ' ln 2 = ) ln 2
=
ln 2
=
ln 2
x

∫ ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx
Ex. Evaluate: lim 0
x →0 x

∫
x tan xdx
0

x x

∫ ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx ∫ ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx x2
Sol.
0
lim x
= lim 0 .
x →0 x →0 x3 x

∫
x tan xdx
0
∫ tan x dx
0

Now, we have
x

∫ ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx  0  1 − cos 2x 2
lim 0   = lim =
 0  x→0 3
3 2
x →0 x 3x
Definite Integration

x2 0 2x
and lim   = lim =2
x →0 x
 0  x→0 tan x
∫ tan xdx
0

4
hence, we have l = .
3
69.
 d  
x3
1
Q.1 Evaluate ∫ dt  .
dx  x2 ln t 

 x3  
d  1 1  2  1 
Sol. ∫ dt  =   3x − 
dx  2 ln t   ln x3   ln x 2 

2x
x 
x2 x
= −
ln x ln(x)

=
(
x x−1 )
ln(x)
x

Q.2 ( ) ∫ sin ( t ) dt , then find the value of Q' ( 1) .

If Q x = 2

1
x

  1 
sin  2  
(
sin x 
)x 
Sol. ( )
Q' x = −
 −x2 
2 x  
 
 
 1 
sin  2 
sin x x 
( )
Q' x = −
−x2
2 x
sin 1 3
()
⇒ Q' 1 =
2
+ sin 1 = sin 1
2
tan x cot x
tdt dt
Q.3 Prove that ∫
1 1 + t2
+ ∫
1 (
t 1 + t2 )
=1
e e

Sol. Let LHS be f(x).

 
( )
 tan x 
⇒ f' x =  2 
 sec x − 0 + 
1
( )
 − cos ec2 x − 0
2
 1 + tan x   cot x 1 + cot 2 x
 ( ) 


1
= tan x −
cot x
=0
Definite Integration

( )
⇒ f x = cons tan t

1  
π  t + 1 dt π
f  =
4
∫  1 + t2
1  t 1 + t2 ( ) 

(On taking x =
4
, limits are same)
 
e

70.
 1
1 1
= ∫ t dt
1
= ln(t) 1 = 1
e
e

( )
∴, f x = 1 Hence Proved.

sin2 x cos2 x
π
Q.4 Prove that y = ∫
1
sin−1 tdt + ∫
1
cos −1 tdt , where 0 ≤ x ≤
2
, is the equation
8 8

of a straight lines parallel to the x-axis. Find its equation.

Sol. To prove: y = f(x) = constant.

dy
or = 0.
dx
dy
dx
( ) (
= sin−1 sin x sin 2x − 0 + cos−1 cos x − sin 2x − 0 )( )
= x sin 2x − x sin 2x
=0
∴ y = constant
Hence equation represents a straight line parallel to x-axis.
1
2
π
⇒ f  =
4
∫ (sin
1
−1
)  π 
t + cos−1 t dt  at x = ,limits are same 
 4 
8

π 1 1 3π
 −  =
=
2 2 8 16
3π
⇒y= is equation of the straight line.
16
x 1
dt
Q.5 f (x) = ∫ ; f ( 2 ) = 6 3
. Find f(9).
0 f (t)
2

Sol. f(0) = 0
1
( )
f' x = ×1−0
(x)
f 2
Definite Integration

⇒ f2 ( x ) f ' ( x ) = 1
dy
⇒ y2 = 1 (y = f(x))
dx
⇒ y 2dy = ∫ dx
71.
 y3
⇒ = x+c
3
⇒ y 3 = 3x + c
at x = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0 + c
⇒c=0
1
( ) ( )
⇒ f x = 3x 3

⇒ f ( 9) = 3

x
1
Q.6 f ( x ) = ∫ e
x−y
( )
f ' ( y ) dy − x 2 − x + 1 e x . Find f  
2
0

Sol. Multiply both sides by e− x

x

( ) ∫ e− y f ' ( y ) dy − x2 + x − 1
⇒ e− x f x =
0

Differentiating, we get
( ) ( ) ( )
e− x f ' x − e− x f x = e− x f ' x − 2x + 1

 1
( ) (
⇒ f x = 2x − 1 ex ⇒ f   = 0 )
2
x

Q.7 ( )
Let f(x) is a derivable function satisfying f x = ∫ e t sin x − t dt and ( )
0

g ( x ) = f " ( x ) − f ( x ) . Find the range of g(x).

Sol. Applying P-5, we get

x

( ) ∫ ex−t sin t dt
f x =
0
x

∫
= ex e− t sin t dt
0
x

( ) ∫
⇒ f ' x = ex e− t sin t dt + ex e− x sin x ( )
0

( ) ( )
⇒ f ' x = f x + sin x
Definite Integration

⇒ f '' ( x ) = f ' ( x ) + cos x

Adding both equation
( ) ( )
f '' x = f x + sin x + cos x

72.
 ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ g x = f '' x − f x = sin x + cos x

∴ g ( x ) ∈  − 2, 2 
 
x

Q.8 ( )
f(x) = sin x + ∫ f ' ( t ) 2 sin t − sin2 t dt . State whether true or false?
0

π
(i) f   = 1 ( )
(ii) f 0 = 0
6

Sol. ( ) ( )(
f ' x = cos x + f ' x 2 sin x − sin2 x )
⇒ f ' ( x ) ( sin2 x − 2 sin x + 1) = cos x
cos x
⇒ f' x = ( )
( 1 − sin x )
2

1
⇒f x =( ) +C
( 1 − sin x )
0

( ) ∫ ( )(
Since f 0 = 0 + f ' t 2 sin t − sin2 t dt
0
)
( )
⇒f 0 =0
1
⇒0= +C
1−0
⇒ C = −1
1
( )
f x =
1 − sin x
−1

sin x
⇒f x =( ) 1 − sin x
=1

∴ Both (i) and (ii) are true.

1 x
1
g ( 1) = 5; ∫ g ( t ) dt = 2; f ( x ) = ( x − t ) g ( t ) dt . Find the value of f ''' ( 1) + f '' ( 1)
2

Q.9 0
20∫
x
1 d
( ) ∫ ( ) g ( t ) dt
2
Sol. f' x =
2 0 dx
x−t
Definite Integration

x
1
= ∫ (
20
2 x − t g t dt ) ()

73.
 x x
d
( ) ∫ dx
f '' x = (( x − t ) g ( t )) dt = ∫ g ( t )dt
0 0

⇒ f '''(x) = g(x)
1
f '''(1) + f ''(1) = g(1) + g(t)dt ∫
0

=5+2
=7

x2

∫ cos t dt
2

Q.10 Evaluate lim

0
x →0 x sin x
 0 
Sol. Applying L′ Hospital rule,  form 
 0 

( )
2
cos x2 2x − 0
lim
x →0 sin x + x cos x
2 cos x4
= lim
x →0 sin x
+ cos x
x
2 2
= =
1+ 2 3
x
t2
∫ xe dt
Q.11 lim 0
2
x →0
1 − ex
x

∫
2
x et

Sol.
0
lim
x →0  1 − ex2 
  x2
 x2 
 
x

∫
2
et
= lim 0
Definite Integration

x →0 −x
2
ex
= lim (using L′ Hospital’s rule)
x →0 −1

= –1

74.
 1
Q.12 Let f : R → R ( )
be a differentiable function having f 2 = 6 , f ' 2 = ( ) 48
. Then
f( x )
4t 3
find lim
x →2 ∫
6
x−2
dt .

( )
f x

∫ 4t 3dt
0
Sol.
6
lim dt → form at x = 2
x →2 x−2 0

( ( )) f ' ( x ) − 0
3
4 f x
⇒ lim (using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
x →2 1
1
= 4 × 63 ×
48
= 18

sec 2 x

∫ f ( t ) dt
Q.13 Evaluate lim if f(2) = π.
2

x→
π π2
4 x −
2

16
( )
f sec2 x 2 sec2 x tan x
Sol. lim
x→
π 2x
(using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
4

=
( )
f 2 ×2×2× 1
=
( )
8f 2
π π
2 
4
=8

x
1 t2
Q.14 Evaluate lim
x →0 x 3 ∫0 t4 + 1 dt
 x2 
 4 
 x + 1 
Sol. lim
x →0 3x2
(using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
Definite Integration

1 1
lim =
x →0 4
3 x +1( 3 )

75.
 x
1 1

Q.15 Evaluate lim

x →0 x ∫0
( 1 − tan 2t ) t dt

1
( 1 − tan 2x ) x
 0 
Sol. lim
x →0 1
 form so u sin g L 'Hospital ' sRule 
 0 
1
(
lim − tan2x )
= ex → 0 x = e−2

( )dt
x

Q.16
2
− x2
Evaluate lim x ∫ e t
x →∞
0
x

∫
2
x et dt
∞ 
Sol.
0
lim  form 
x →∞
e x2
∞ 
x

∫e
t2 2
dt + xex
0
⇒ lim 2
(using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
x →∞
2xex
x

∫e
t2
dt 2
0 1 ex 1
= lim + = lim +
x→∞
2xex
2
2 x→∞ 2ex 1 + 2x2
2
2( )
1 1
=0+ =
2 2
x
t2
∫
a + t
dt
Q.17 lim = 1 . Find a and b.
0
x →0 bx − sin x

0
Sol. Since limit is of
0
form, applying L′ Hospital’s Rule.

x2
a+x
⇒ lim =1
b − cos x
x →0

Here Numerator →0. So for limit to exist at x = 0,

b − cos 0 = 0 ⇒ b = 1
Definite Integration

x2
⇒ lim =1
x →0 a + x 1 − cos x( )
2
⇒ =1
a
⇒ a = 4,b = 1
76.
 x

Q.18 f ( x ) = ∫ f ( t ) dt + 1 . Find f ( ln 5 ) .
0

Sol. ( )
f' x = f x ( )
d ( f ( x ))
⇒∫ = ∫ dx
f (x)

⇒ ln ( f ( x ) ) = x + c

⇒ f ( x ) = ex +c

f ( 0 ) = 1 ⇒ ec = 1 ⇒ c = 0

⇒ f (ln5 ) = eln5 = 5

(D) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND

GENERAL INEQUALITIES IN INTEGRATION:
Note all integrals can be evaluated using the
technique discussed so far. In this situation
we try to obtain the interval in which value
of integral may lie by using following method.
(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)
b

( ) ( ) ∫ f ( x ) dx < (b − a ) f (b)
b−a f a <
a

(b) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

b

(b − a)f(b) < ∫ f(x)dx < (b − a)f(a)
a

(c) For a non-monotonic function in (a, b)

b

( )(
f c b−a < ) ∫ f ( x ) dx < (b − a ) f (b)
a

(d) In addition to this note that

b b
 ∫ ()
f x dx ≤
a
∫ f ( x ) dx inequality
a
holds when
Definite Integration

f(x) lies completely above the x – axis

( ) ( ) ( )
(e) If h x ≤ f x ≤ g x ∀x ∈ a,b then

∫ h ( x ) dx < ∫ f ( x ) dx < ∫ g ( x ) dx .
77.
 π
2
sin x π
Ex. Show that 1 < ∫
0
x
dx < .
2

sin x cos x − sin x cos x

Sol. f ( x ) = x
or f ' x =
x2
=
x2
( )
x − tan x 

2
( )
⇒ f ' x < 0 hence f x
min
= ,f x
π max
= 1. ( ) ( )
2π  π  π
⇒  − 0  < I < 1  − 0  or 1 < I < .
π2  2  2

1
1 dx
Ex. Show that
4
≤ ∫ 1+ x
0
2
+ 2x5
≤ 1.

1
Sol. Consider the following function f ( x ) = 1 + x2 + 2x5 , x 0, 1
In the interval [0, 1], f(x) is strictly decreasing, therefore we have
1
()
f 1 ≤f x ≤f 0 ( ) ( ) i.e.
4
( )
≤f x ≤1

Hence, we have
1
1
( 1−0 ) 4
≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ( 1 − 0) 1 [by property (7)]
0
1
1
i.e.
4
≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ 1 which is the desired result.
0

1
π dx π 2
Ex. Prove that
6
< ∫
0 4−x −x 2 3
<
8

Sol. 4 − 2x
2
≤ 4 − x2 − x3 ≤ 4 − x2
1 1 1
1 1 1 dx dx dx
⇒
4 − 2x2
≥
4 − x2 − x3
≥
4 − x2
⇒ ∫
0 4 − x2
< ∫
0 4 − x2 − x3
< ∫
0 4 − 2x2
1 1
  x  1  −1 x  π 2
⇒ sin−1    < I < sin  or <I< π
 2  0 2 2 0 6 8
Definite Integration



78.
 1 1
sin x cos x
Q.1 Let I = ∫
0 x
dx and J = ∫
0 x
dx . Then, which one of the following is true?

2 2
(A) I > and J > 2 (B) I < and J < 2
3 9
2 2
(C) I < and J > 2 (D) I > and J < 2
3 3

Sol. (B)
sin x x
< ∀ x ∈ 0, 1 ( )
x x
1
x
⇒I< ∫
0 x
dx

1
 3
 2x 2
⇒I< 
3 
0
2
⇒I<
3
cos x 1
Similarly, < ( )
∀ x ∈ 0, 1
x x
1
1
⇒J< ∫
0 x
dx

1
⇒ J < 2 x 
0
⇒J<2

1
x 7 dx 1
Q.2 Prove that 0 < ∫
0
3
1+ x 8
<
8
1
x7dx
Sol. 0< ∫ 3 8
< x7 ∀ x ∈ 0, 1 ( )
0 1+ x
1 1
x7 1
⇒ ∫ 0dx < ∫ <
8
Definite Integration

3
0 0 1 + x8
1
x7 1
⇒0< ∫
0
3
1+ x 8
<
8
Hence proved.

79.
 3

Q.3 Proved that 4 ≤ ∫

1
3 + x3 dx ≤ 2 30

Sol. 2 ≤ 3 + x3 ≤ 30 ∀x ∈  1, 3
3 3 3
⇒ ∫
1
2dx ≤ ∫
1
3 + x3 dx ≤ ∫
1
30dx

3
⇒4≤ ∫ 1
3 + x3 dx ≤ 2 30 Hence proved.

Q.4
x2
The value of the integral ∫e
0
dx lies in the interval

(A) (0, 1) (B) (–1, 0) (C) (1, e) (D) None of these

Sol. (C)
( )
2
Let f x = ex

( ) ( )
2
f ' x = 2xex > 0∀x ∈ 0, 1
∴ f(x) is monotonic increasing in (0, 1)
1
(
⇒ 1−0 f 0 < ) ( ) ∫ f ( x ) dx < ( 1 − 0)f ( 1)
0
1
⇒ 1< ∫ f ( x ) dx < e
0

Note :
In above question,

( ) ( )
2 2
f '' x = 4x2ex + 2ex > 0 ∀ x ∈ 0, 1

So, graph of f(x) is concave up.

In this we can do even better approximation.
From the graph, we can
See that
1

∫ f ( x ) dx < ar ( Trapezium OABC )

0
Definite Integration

1
 1+ e
∫e
x2
⇒ dx <  <e
0  2 
Hence it is better approximation.

80.
 π
2
sin x π
Q.5 Prove that 1 < ∫
0
x
dx <
2
sin x
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x
x cos x − sin x
f ' (x) =
x2
cos x ( x − tan x )  π
= < 0 ∀ x ∈ 0,  
x2  2
 π
∴ f(x) is monotonic decreasing in  0, 
 2
π
2
π  π π 
⇒  − 0 f   <
2  2
∫ f ( x ) dx <  2 − 0  f (0)
0
π
2
sin x π
⇒ 1< ∫
0
x
dx < Hence Proved.
2

π π π

sin x
3
( ) ; I = 3 sin ( tan x ) dx
3 sin sin x dx

Q.6 I1 = ∫
π
x
dx; I2 = ∫
π
sin x 3 ∫π tan x
6 6 6

Arrange I1 , I2 and I3 in decreasing order.

sin x
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x
 π
( )
⇒ f ' x < 0 ∀  0.  (in previous question).
 2
π π
Since sin x < x < tan x ∀ x ∈  ,  and f ' x < 0 ( )
6 3
( )
⇒ f sin x > f x > f tan x ( ) ( )
⇒
sin sin x( ) > sin x > sin x ( tan x ) π π
∀x ∈  , 
sin x x tan x 6 3
π π

( )> ( )
Definite Integration

3 sin sin x 3
sin x sin tan x
⇒ ∫
π
sin x ∫
π
x
>
tan x
6 6

⇒ I2 > I1 > I3

81.
 1

Q.7 Find the approximate value of ∫

0
(1 + x)(1 + x 3 )dx

Sol. (1 + x)(1 + x) > (1 + x)(1 + x3 ) > (1 + x3 )(1 + x3 )∀x ∈ (0, 1)

1 1 1

∫ ∫ (1 + x)(1 + x3 )dx > ∫ (1 + x

3
⇒ (1 + x)dx > )dx
0 0 0
1 1 1
x2  x4 
∫
3
⇒x+  > (1 + x)(1 + x )dx > x + 
2  0
4 
0 0
1
3 5
⇒
2
> ∫
0
(1 + x)(1 + x3 )dx >
4

Q.8 Prove that :

( )
1 π /2
1 dx π 1
(a) < ∫ < (b) 1 ≤ ∫ 1 − sin3 xdx ≤ 2 + ln(1 + 2 )
2 0 4 − x2 + x5 6 0
2
1
1 1 1
Sol. (a)
2
<
4 − x 2 + x5
dx < ∫
0 4 − x2
dx

1 1 1
1 1 1
⇒
0
2
dx < ∫ ∫ 0 4−x +x 2 5
dx < ∫
0 4 − x2
dx

1
1 1  1 π
⇒ <
2 ∫
0 4 − x 2 + x5
dx < sin−1   =
2 6
Hence proved.

 π
(b) sin2 x ≥ sin3 x ≥ sin4 x ∀x ∈ 0, 
 2
 π
⇒ 1 − sin2 x ≤ 1 − sin3 x ≤ 1 − sin4 x ∀x ∈ 0, 
 2
π/2 π/2 π/2
⇒ cos xdx ≤ ∫
0
∫
0
1 − sin3 xdx ≤ ∫
0
(1 − sin2 x)(1 + sin2 x)dx

π/2 π/2
⇒ 1≤ ∫
0
1 − sin 3xdx ≤ ∫ cos x
0
1 + sin2 xdx

π/2 1

∫
cos x 1 + sin2 xdx = ∫ (1 + t 2 dt( sin x = t)
Definite Integration

0 0
1
t 1 
=  1 + t 2 + ln  t + 1 + t 2  
2 2   0

82.
 1 ln(1 + 2)
= +
2 2
π/2
⇒ 1≤ ∫
0
1 − sin3 xdx ≤
1
2
( )
2 + ln(1 + 2) Hence proved.

Q.9 f(x) be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0 and f ′(x) + f(x) ≤ 1 ∀ x ≥ 0 . Then
values not in range of f(x) is/are:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Sol. (ABCD)
f′(x) + f(x) ≤ 1 ∀x≥0
⇒ ex ( f′(x) + f(x)) ≤ ex ∀ x ≥ 0
x x
⇒ ∫ (
0
ex f′(x) + f(x) ≤ ) ∫ exdx,
0
x≥0

x x
⇒ ex f(x) ≤ ex  , x≥0
0 0
⇒ ex f(x) − 0 ≤ ex − 1, x≥0
⇒ f(x) ≤ 1 − e− x , x≥0
e− x ∈ (0, 1]
⇒ 1 − e− x ∈ [0, 1)
∴ f(x) < 1
∴ (A,B, C and D) all options are correct.

Summation of Series Using Definite Integral As

The Limit of A sum.
If f(x) is an integral function defined on [a, b], then
b

∫ f(x)dx = limh f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n − 1)h

a
h→0

b−a
where h = ,n → ∞
n
1
1 n− 1  r  1
Definite Integration

∫ f(x)dx = lim
n→∞ n
∑
f   → a = 0,b = 1 ⇒ h =
n
r =0  
n
0

83.
 Note :
This formula is very useful in finding the
summation of infinite series which can be
1 r 
expressed in the form of
n
f 
n
∑
1 4n− 1  r 
Ex: lim
n→∞ n
∑ f 
n
r =2n  

2n 4n − 1
a= = 2;b = lim =4
n n→∞ n
4
1 4n− 1  r 
⇒ lim
n→∞ n
∑ f  =
n
r =2n  
∫ f(x)dx
2

Algorithm to solve the problem

Step I : Obtain the given series, find general term.
1  r 
Step II : Express the series in the form ⇒ lim 
n→∞  n

f  
 n  
∑
r 1
Step III : Replace '' Σ '' by “∫”, ‘ ’ by ‘x’ and ‘ ’ by ‘dx’
n n

(Most important step)

r 
Step IV : Obtain lower and upper limits by computing lim   for the least and greatest
n→∞ n
 
values of r respectively.
Step V : Evaluate the integral obtained.
Thus, the value obtained is the required sum of given series.

b n n
Ex: Evaluate ∫ cos xdx = lim
h→0
∑
r=1
hf(a + rh) = lim
h→0
∑ hcos(a + rh)
r=1
a

= limh cos(a + h) + cos(a + 2h) + ... + cos(a + hn)

h→0

Now, let S = cos(a + h) + cos(a + 2h) + ... + cos(a + nh) . Multiplying both sides by 2
h
sin ,
2
Definite Integration

we have
 h h h h
 2 sin  S = 2 sin cos(a + h) + 2 sin cos(a + 2h) + ... + 2 sin cos(a + nh)
 2 2 2 2

84.
  3   1   5   3 
= sin  a + h  − sin  a + h  + sin  a + h  − sin  a + h 
 2   2   2   2 
 2n + 1   2n − 1 
+  + sin  a + h  − sin  a + h
 2   2 
 2n + 1   1 
= sin  a + h  − sin  a + h 
 2   2 
 h  h  h  h
= sin  a + nh +  − sin  a +  = sin  b +  − sin  a + 
 2  2  2  2
Hence, we have
  h   h
b h sin  b +   − sin  a + 
 2   2
∫ cos xdx = lim  = sinb − sina
h→0  h 
a 2 sin  
2

1 1 1 1
Ex. Find the value of lim
n→∞
+ +
n n+ 1 n+2
+ ... +
4n
3n 3
1 1 3n 1 1 3
Sol. S = lim
n→∞
∑
r =0
= lim
n + r n→∞ n r =0 ∑ r 
= ∫ 1 + x d = ln(1 + x) 0
= ln 4
1+   0
n

n I/n
n + r 
Ex. Evaluate lim
n→∞
∏
r =I

 n 


n I/n I/n
n + r  n + 1 n + 2 n + n 
Sol. We have lim
n→∞
∏
r =I

 n 
 = Lim 
 n
⋅
n

n 


Taking log both sides, we have

1  n + 1 n + 2  n + n 
In S = lim ln   + ln   + ... + ln  
n→∞ n 
  n   n   n  
n 1
1  r
= lim
n→∞ n
∑n= 1
ln  1 +  =
 n ∫ ln(1 + x)dx
0

4
Definite Integration

= ln 2 − (1 − ln 2) = ln 4 − 1 = ln  
e
4
∴ S =
e

85.
 n
1  rπ 
Ex. If n → ∞, then find the limit of
n ∑ sin
r=1
2k
 
 2n 
n 1
1  rπ  π 
Sol. Let P = lim
n→∞ n
∑ r=1
sin2k   =
 2n 
∫ sin
2k
 x  dx
2 
0

π
Put x=t
2
π/2
2 2 (2k − 1)(2k − 3)(2k − 5)...3.1 π
∫ sin
2k
= tdt = ⋅
π 0
π 2k(2k − 2)(2k − 4)...4.2 2

2k(2k − 1)(2k − 2)(2k − 3)...3.2.1

=
[2k(2k − 2)(2k − 4)...4.2]2
2k ! 2k !
Hence P = k 2
=
(2 k !) 2 (k !)2
2k

Ex. Evaluate the following :

 1 1 1   n n n 
(i) lim  + + ... +  (ii) S = lim  2 + 2 ++ 2 
n→∞ n + 1 n+2 2n  n→∞ n + 12
n +2 2
2n 
 

(1 p
+ 2p + ... + np ) ,p > 0 n− 1
1
(iii) S = lim
n→∞ n p+ 1
(iv) S = ∑
r =0 4n − r2
2
as n → ∞

 1 1 2 4 3 9 1 
(v) S = lim  2 sec2 2 + 2 sec2 2 + 2 sec2 2 + ... + sec2 1
n→∞ n
 n n n n n n 
1 1 
(n!)1/n
( )
−  1+  1/n2
2 n 
(vi) S = lim equals (vii) S = lim n ⋅ 12 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 44...nn
n→∞ n n→∞

( )
1/n
2n
(viii) S = lim Cn
n→∞

 
1 1 1 
Sol. (i) Tr = = 
n+r n

r
 1 + 
 n
 
1 n  1 
Definite Integration

∴ sum =
n ∑ 
r=1  1 +

r
 
 n

86.
 1 n
For the limits of integral, = lim = 0 and = lim = 1
n→∞ n n→∞ n
1
1
⇒ sum = ∫ 1 + x dx
0

( )
1
ln(1 + x) = ln 2
0

 
 
n  1 n 1 1 
(ii) Tr = =  = 
2
2
n +r 2  n2  r
2 n r 
1+   1+  n  
 n  

 
 
1 n  1 

⇒ S = lim
x →∞ n

r=1 
2 
r  
∑
 1 + n 
   
1
1  1 r n

⇒S= ∫ 1+ x
0
2
dx  ≤ ≤ 
 n n n
1 π
= tan−1 x  =
0 4
p
rp  1  r 
(iii) Tr = =   
np+ 1 nn
n p
1 r 
⇒ S = lim

n→∞ n
∑  
n
r=1  
1

∫ x dx
p

⇒ S=
0
1
xp+ 1  1
=  =
p + 1  p+1
0

n− 1 1
 1 1 dx
(iv) S = lim
n→∞
∑
 
n
r =0  
2
= ∫ 4 − x2
r  0
4− 
Definite Integration

n
1
 x  −1π
= sin    =
 2  0 6

87.
 1 n r 2
 sec2  r  
(v) S = lim
n→∞ n
∑
r=1
n  n  

1 1
tan(x2 )  tan 1

0
∫
x sec2 (x2 )dx =
2
 =
 2
0

(1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅  n)1/n
(vi) S = lim
n→∞ n
1/n
 1 2 3 n
= lim  ⋅ ⋅  
n→∞ n n n n

1  1 2 3  n 
⇒ ln S = lim  ln   + ln   + ln   + ... + ln   
n→∞ n
 n n n  n 
n
1 r 
= lim
n→∞ n
∑ ln  n 
r=1
1
∫
= ln xdx
0

()
1
⇒ ln S = x ln x − x  = (0 − 1) − (0 − 0)
0

⇒ S = e–1
1/n2
1 1    1 1  2 2  3 3  n n  1

( )
−  1+ 
2 n 
(vii) S = lim n ⋅        ...    ⋅ n1+2+3+...+n n2
n→∞  n   n   n   n  

1/n2
  1 1  2 2  3 3  n n 
S = lim        ...   
n→∞  n n n
       n  

Taking log both side,

1   1  n 
2 2 3 n
2 2 3
ln S = lim ln   + ln   + ln   + ln   + ... + ln   
n→∞ n2 
 n  n  n  n  n 
 
n r
1 r 
= lim
n→∞ n2
r=1
∑
ln  
n
Definite Integration

n
1  r  r 
= lim
n→∞ n
∑ ln  n   n 
r=1

88.
 1
⇒ ln S = ∫ x ln xdx
0
1 1
x2  x
=
2
ln x  − ( ) ∫ 2dx
0 0

ln x
lim x2 ln x = lim
x →0 x →0 1

x2
1
= lim x = 0
x →0 −2

x3
1
x2 
∴ ln S = (0 − 0) − 
4 
0

1
⇒ ln S = −
4

⇒ S = e−1/4
1/n
 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅  n(n + 1)(n + 2)  (2n) 
(viii) S = lim  
(
n→∞  1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅  n 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅  n 
 )( )
1/n
  (n + 1)   (n + 2)   (n + 3)   (n + n)  
S = lim        +   
n→∞ 
 1   2   3   n 
1  n  n  n  n 
⇒ ln S = lim ln  + 1  + ln  + 1  + ln  + 1  ...ln  + 1  
n→∞ n 
 1  2  3  n  
n
1 n 
= lim
n→∞ n
∑ ln  r + 1
r=1
1
1 

0
∫
⇒ ln S = ln  + 1  dx
x 
1
= ∫ (ln(1 + x) − ln x ) dx
Definite Integration

 (   ) x →0
( )
= 2 ln 2 − 1 − 1(0 − 1) −  1 ln 1 − 1 − lim x ln x 


( () )
= 2ln 2 − 1 − ( −1 − 0)

89.
 = 2ln(2)
⇒ ln S = ln 4
⇒ S = 4

WALLI’S THEOREM
π/2
[(n − 1)(n − 3)  (1 or 2)][(m − 1)(m − 3)  (1 or 2)]
∫ sin
n
x cosm xdx = ⋅K
0
(m + n)(m + n − 2)  (1 or 2)
(m, n are non-negative integer)
π
if m,n both are even
where K =  2

 1 otherwise
2π

Ex. ∫ x sin
6
Evaluate : x cos4 xdx
0
2π

Sol. ∫ x sin
6
I= x cos4 xdx using PS
0
2π 2π

∫ (2π − x) sin ∫ 2π sin

6 4 6
I= x cos xdx ⇒ I + I = x cos4 xdx
0 0
2π
∫
or I = π sin6 x cos4 xdx Using P6 twice
0
π
2
(5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1)(3 ⋅ 1) π 3π2
∫
I = 4π sin6 x cos4 xdx = 4π
0
⋅ =
10 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 2 128
3 π/2

Ex. Evaluate: ∫
0
cos4 3x ⋅ sin2 6xdx

3 π/2 3 π/2

Sol. I= ∫
0
cos4 3x ⋅ sin2 6xdx = ∫
0
4 sin2 (3x) cos6 (3x)dx

Put 3x = t to get

4 
9 π/2 4π 9π/2
1
∫ 4 ⋅ sin t ⋅ cos t dt =  sin2 t cos6 tdt + ∫ ∫
2 6
I= sin2 t cos6 tdt 
3 3 0 
Definite Integration

0  4π 

4 
π 9 π/2
=
3 0 ∫
4 sin2 t cos6 tdt +
∫ sin2 t cos6 tdt 

(sin2t cos6t has period π)
 4π 

90.
  π  π
π/2
4  2  4
2
1⋅5⋅ 3⋅ 1 π
3 0 ∫
= 8 sin2 t cos6 tdt +
0  3
∫
sin2 t cos6 tdt  = × 9 sin2 t cos6 t dt = 12 ×
0
8⋅6⋅4⋅2 2
⋅ ∫
 
15π
=
64
(using P-6 in 1st integral and t − 4π = z in 2nd )

π/2

Ex. ∫ cos
7
Evaluate: xdx
0

π/2
6⋅4⋅2
Sol. ∫ cos
7
xdx =
0
7⋅5⋅3⋅1

REDUCTION METHOD :
b

∫ f(x) dx
n
For integration of type
a

where ‘n’ is big natural number it is possible

to reduce ‘n’ by some methods specially by
parts.

I
In
Ex. ∫ (1 − x
a n
Let In = ) dx . Find the ratio .
0
In+ 1

Sol. ∫ (1 − x
a n+ 1
We have In+ 1 = ) dx
0

1
1
= x(1 − xa )n+ 1  + (n + 1)a xa (1 − xa )n dx
 0 ∫
0

[taking 1 as one function and integrating by parts]

1 1 1

∫
= (n + 1)a (x − 1 + 1)(1 − x ) dx = (n + 1)a (1 − x ) dx − (n + 1)a (1 − xa )n+ 1 dx ∫ ∫
a a n a n
Definite Integration

0 0 0

= (n + 1)aIn − (n + 1)aIn+ 1

In 1
Simplifying, we have = 1+
In+ 1 (n + 1)a

91.
 π/4

Ex. ∫ (tan x) dx(n ∈ N)

n
Given In =
0

1
Prove that In + In−2 = (n ≥ 3) . Hence find value of I6
n−1
π/4 π/4

Sol. ∫ (tan x)n dx,In−2 = ∫ (tan x)

n− 2
In = dx
0 0
π/4

∫ sec ( x ) (tan x)
2 n− 2
In + In−2 = dx
0

1 1
tn − 1 1
∫t
n− 2
Put tan x = t to get In + In−2 = dt = =
0
n−1 n−1
0
π/4 π/4
π/4 π
∫ tan ∫ (sec
2 2
Also I2 = xdx = x − 1)dx = tan x − x  = 1−
0 0
0 4

1 1 1
Using In + In−2 = ,I4 + I2 = and I6 + I4 =
n−1 3 5
−2 π 2 13 π
⇒ I6 − I2 = or I6 = 1 − − = −
15 4 15 15 4

sinnx
π

Q.1 In = ∫
0
sin x
dx, n ∈ N . Find I2019 ,I2018 ,I1 ,I2

Sol. I1 = ∫ 1 dx = π
0
π π
sin 2x
I2 = ∫
0
sin x
dx = ∫ 2 cos xdx = 0
0
π
sin(n + 2)x − sinnx
In+2 − In = ∫
0
sin x
dx

π
2 sin x cos(n + 1)x
= ∫
0
sin x
dx

π
= ∫ 2 cos(n + 1)xdx
Definite Integration

0
π
2 sin(n + 1)x 
= 
n+ 1 0

92.
 ⇒ In+2 − In = 0
⇒ In+2 = In
⇒ I1 = I3 = I5 = I7 =  = I2019 = I2n+ 1
⇒ I2018 = I2016 = I2014 =  = I2
∴ I2018 = 0 = I2
I2019 = π = I1

π /2
1 − cos 2nx
Q.2 In = ∫
0
1 − cos 2x
dx . Prove that In ,In+ 1 and In+ 2 are in A.P.

π
2
2 sin2 nx
Sol. In = ∫
0
2 sin2 x
dx

π
2
(
sin2 (n + 2)x − sin2 n + 1 x )
In+2 − In+ 1 = ∫
0
sin x2
dx

π
2
sin x sin(2n + 3)x
= ∫
0
sin2 x
dx

π
2
sin(2n + 3)x
= ∫
0
sin x
dx

π
2
sin(2n + 1)x
Similarly, In+ 1 − In = ∫
0
sin x
dx

π
2
sin(2n + 1)x π
Using previous question, we know that = ∫
0
sin x
dx = , where n ∈ I
2
π
2
sin 2nx
and = ∫
0
sin x
dx = 0, where n ∈ I

π
∴ In+2 − In+ 1 = In+ 1 − In =
Definite Integration

2
⇒ In+ 2 + In = 2In+ 1

⇒ In ,In+ 1 ,In+2 are in A.P. Hence proved.

93.
 1
π 1
Q.3 If Un = ∫ x n tan−1 xdx then prove that (n + 1)Un + (n − 1)Un− 2 =
0
− .
2 n

1 1
xn+ 1  xn+ 1
Sol. (
Un = tan x −1
 −
n + 1 
1
)
n + 1 0 1 + x2
dx ∫
0
1
π 1 (x2 + 1 − 1) n− 1
= −
4(n + 1) n + 1 0 1 + x2
x dx ∫
1
π  xn− 1 
⇒ (n + 1)Un =
4 0  ∫
−  xn− 1 − dx
1 + x2 
1 1
π xn  xn− 1
= −  +
4 n  ∫ 1+ x
0
2
dx
0
1 1
π 1 
− + xn− 1 tan−1 x  − (n − 1) xn−2 tan−1 xdx
4 n 0 0
∫
π 1 π
⇒ (n + 1)Un = − + − (n − 1)Un−2
4 n 4
π 1
⇒ (n + 1)Un + (n − 1)Un−2 = − Hence proved.
2 n

π /2
n−1 1
Q.4 If Un = ∫
0
x(sin x)n dx, n > 0, then prove that Un =
n
Un− 2 + 2
n
π
2

Sol. ∫ ( x sin )
n− 1
Un = x sin xdx
0
π
2

( )
π/2
= x sinn− 1 x( − cos x)
0 ∫
+ cos x sinn− 1 x + (n − 1)x sinn−2 x cos x dx
0
π π
2 2

∫ cos x sin ∫
n− 1
= xdx + (n − 1)x cos2 x sinn−2 xdx
0 0
π/2 π/2 π/2
sinn x 
∫ x sinn−2 xdx − (n − 1) ∫ x sin
n
= + (n − 1) xdx
Definite Integration


n  0 0
0

1
⇒ Un = + (n − 1)Un−2 − (n − 1)Un
n

94.
 1
⇒ nUn = (n − 1)Un−2 +
n
n − 1 1
⇒ Un =   Un−2 + 2 Hence proved.
 n  n

∞
626 ∫ e − x sin25 xdx
Q.5 Evaluate 0
∞

∫e sin23 xdx
−x

0
∞

Sol. ∫e
−x
Let In = sinn xdx
0
∞

∫e
−x
= sinn− 1 x sin xdx
0
∞

∞
0 ∫ ( )
= e− x sinn− 1 x ( − cos x) + cos x e− x (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x − e− x sinn− 1 x dx
0
∞ ∞
∫
0
∫
= 0 + e− x (n − 1) sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x)dx − e− x sinn− 1 x cos xdx
0
∞

∫
⇒ In = (n − 1)(In−2 − In ) − e− x sinn− 1 x cos xdx
0
…(i)

∫e
−x
Also, In = sinn xdx
0
∞
∞

0 ∫
In = ( −e− x ) sinn x  + (n) e− x sinn− 1 x cos xdx
0
∞

∫
⇒ In = (n) e− x sinn− 1 x cos xdx
0
…(ii)

Using it in (i)
In
(
In = (n − 1) In−2 − In − ) n
 1
Definite Integration

⇒ In ×  1 + n − 1 +  = (n − 1)In−2
 n

95.
 Putting n = 25
 1 
I25  25 +  = 24 I23
 25 
626 I25
⇒ = 24 I23
25
626 I25
⇒ = 600
I23
π /2 π /2

Q.6 ∫ sin xdx = ∫ cosn xdx

n
If n be a positive integer then, prove that
0 0

 n − 1 n − 3  n − 5  4 2
=     ⋅ ⋅ 1, when n is odd
 n  n − 2  n − 4  5 3
 n − 1 n − 3  n − 5  3 1 π
=     ⋅ ⋅ , n is even
 n  n − 2  n − 4  4 2 2
π/2 π/2

Sol. ∫ sinn xdx = ∫ (sin

n− 1
In = x) sin xdx
0 0

⇒ In = (n − 1)(In−2 − In )
⇒ nIn = (n − 1) In−2 ,n ≥ 2
In n−1
⇒ =
In−2 n
 In   In− 2   In− 4   I2   n − 1  n − 3   n − 5   I2 
If n is even ,       =      
 In− 2   In− 4   In−6   I0   n   n − 2   n − 4   I0 

In (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5)  1  I2 1
⇒ =  = 
I0 (n)(n − 2)(n − 4)  2  I0 2 
(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) ⋅ 4 ⋅ (2) π  π
⇒ In = ⋅  I0 = 
n(n − 2)(n − 4) ⋅ 5(3) 2  2
If n is odd,
 In   In−2   I3   n − 1   n − 3   n − 5  I3
       =    
 In−2   In−4   I1   n   n − 2   n − 4  I1
2
 
Definite Integration

In
n − 1n − 3  n − 5   3  2
⇒ =     (where I3 = and I1 = 1 )
I1  n   n − 2   n − 4  1 3
n − 1n − 3  n − 5   4  2 
⇒ In =          .1 Hence proved.
 n n − 2n − 4  5  3

96.
SOME INTEGRAL WHICH CANNOT BE FOUND IN TERMS OF KNOWN ELEMENTRY
FUNCTIONS
sin x
1. ∫ x
dx

cos x
2. ∫ x
dx

3. ∫ sin xdx

∫ sin x dx
2
4.

∫ cos x dx
2
5.

6. ∫ x tan xdx
∫e
− x2
7. dx

∫e
x2
8. dx

x3
9. ∫ 1+ x 5
dx

∫
10. (1 + x2 )1/3 dx

dx
11. ∫ ln x
12. ∫ 1 + k2 sin2 x dx k ∈ R

Definite Integration

97.