Rusty Pilot and BFR Notes

Contents
1 General
1.1 Acronyms
1.2 Squawk Codes
1.3 Light Gun Signals
1.3.1 On Ground
1.3.2 In Flight
1.4 NOTAM Types
1.5 Airmet Types
1.6 Hypoxia Types
1.7 Oxygen Requirements
1.8 Pilot Evaluation
1.9 Information Needed Before Pre-Flight
1.10 VFR Equipment Requirements
1.10.1 TOMATO FLAMES
1.10.2 Alternative (Day)
1.10.3 Alternative (Night)
1.11 Required Pilot Documents
1.12 Medicals
1.13 Required Aircraft Documents
1.14 Required Aircraft Maintenance
1.15 Required Reporting
2 Airspaces
2.1 Entry Requirements
2.2 Equipment Requirements =
3 VFR Minimums
3.1 Class G Airspace
3.2 Class E Airspace
3.3 Class C & D Airspace
3.4 Class B Airspace
4 V-Speeds
4.1 Cessna 172SP w/G1000 (Paragon)
4.2 Cessna 172SP (RexAir)
4.3 Piper Arrow (RexAir)
5 Biennial Flight Review
5.1 Duration of Medical Certificate (FAR 61.23)
5.2 Recent Flight Experience (FAR 61.57)
5.3 Careless or Reckless Operation (FAR 91.13)
5.4 Alcohol or Drugs (FAR 91.17)
5.5 Pre-Flight Action (FAR 91.103, AIM 5-1-1)
5.6 Crew Members at Stations (FAR 91.105)
5.7 Use of Safety Belts (FAR 91.107)
5.8 Right-of-Way Rules (FAR 91.113)
5.9 Aircraft Speed (FAR 91.117)
5.10 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General (FAR 91.119)
5.11 Altimeter Settings (FAR 91.121, AIM 7-2)
5.12 ATC Light Signals (FAR 91.125, AIM 4-3-13)
5.13 Class G Airspace (FAR 91.126, AIM 3-3)
5.14 Class E Airspace (FAR 91.127, AIM 3-2-6)
5.15 Class D Airspace (FAR 91.129, AIM 3-2-5)
5.16 Class C Airspace (FAR 91.130, AIM 3-2-4)
5.17 Class B Airspace (FAR 91.131, AIM 3-2-3)
5.18 Restricted and Prohibited Airspaces (Warning, Alert Areas, MOAs) (FAR 91.133, AIM 3-4)
5.19 Class A Airspace (FAR 91.135, AIM 3-2-2)
5.20 Temporary Flight Restrictions (FAR 91.137, AIM 3-5-3)
5.21 VFR Fuel Requirements (FAR 91.151)
5.22 Basic VFR Weather Minimums (FAR 91.155, AIM 3-1-4)
5.23 Special VFR Minimums (FAR 91.157)
5.24 VFR Cruising Altitude (FAR 91.159, AIM 3-1-5)
5.25 Required Equipment (FAR 91.205)
5.26 Emergency Locator Transmitter (FAR 91.207)
5.27 Aircraft Lights (FAR 91.209)
5.28 Supplemental Oxygen (FAR 91.211)
5.29 Transponder Equipment and Use (FAR 91.215)
5.30 Navigation Aids (AIM 1-1)
5.31 Airport Lighting and Marking Aids (AIM 2-1, 2-3)
5.32 ATC and Services Available to Pilots (AIM 4-1)
5.33 Airport Operations (AIM 4-3)
 5.34 Emergency Procedures (AIM 6)
5.35 Safety of Flight / Meteorology (AIM 7-1)
5.36 Wake Turbulence (AIM 7-3)
5.37 Medical Facts (AIM 8)
5.38 Weight and Balance
5.39 Flight Planning
5.40 Aeronautical Charts

General
Establish your own personal VFR minimums.
Defensive VFR Flight Plan - Required in order to cross ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) line.
Night:
For currency: Defined as 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise.
For logging: Beginning of civil twilight until the end of civil twilight.
Pilots are required to have ALL AVAILABLE INFORMATION concerning a flight before taking off.
NASA ASRS
NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System
14 CFR 91.25 - Self-reported items cannot be used against the pilot.
Navigation lights determine the right-of-way:
Red - Yield.
Green - Right-of-way.
METAR
Current observations.
Issued every hour.
TAF
Forecast.
Issued every 6 hours.
Look for trends in weather forecasts.
Request flight following when ready to taxi.
For non-towered airports:
Enter the pattern on a 45° angle on the mid-field downwind leg.
Exit the pattern on either a straight out on the runway or a 45° angle.
Contact on CTAF at 10 miles out.
For towered airports:
Contact the tower at 10 miles out, unless noted on the charts.
122.75: Air-to-Air contact.
Complex Aircraft - An aircraft with retractable gear, flaps and a constant speed propeller.
High Performance Aircraft - An aircraft that has an engine with more than 200 horsepower.
Order of right-of-way:

1. Aircraft in distress.
2. Balloons.
3. Gliders.
4. Refueling aircraft (towing aircraft).
5. Airship.
6. Airplanes.
7. Rotorcraft.

Pressure Altitude = ((29.92 - Barometric Pressure) * 100) + Field Altitude

Acronyms
AHRS - Attitude Heading Reference System (G1000)
ADC - Air Data Computer (G1000)
VASI - Visual Approach Slope Indicator
PAPI - Precision Approach Path Indicator
TRSA - Terminal Radar Service Area
MOA - Military Operations Area
AGL - Above Ground Level
MSL - Mean Sea Level

Squawk Codes
1200 - VFR
7500 - Hijack
7600 - Loss of Communications
7700 - Emergency (Mayday)

Light Gun Signals

On Ground

Steady Green - Cleared for takeoff

Flashing Green - Cleared to taxi
Steady Red - Stop
Flashing Red - Taxi clear of runway
Flashing White - Return to starting point on airport
Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution

In Flight

Steady Green - Cleared to land

Flashing Green - Return to land
Steady Red - Give way to other aircraft
Flashing Red - Airport unsafe, do not land
Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution

NOTAM Types
D - Distant: Physical type
FDC - Flight Data Center: Procedural types

Airmet Types
Sierra - Mountain obscuration, visibility, IFR conditions
Tango - Moderate turbulence
Zulu - Moderate icing

Hypoxia Types
Hypoxic - Altitude sickness
Hypermic - Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Histotoxic - Alcohol
Stagnent - Block blood flow

Oxygen Requirements
Above 12,500' MSL for greater than 3 minutes - Crew.
Above 14,000' MSL - Crew.
Above 15,000' MSL - Must be available to passengers.
Above 5,000' MSL at night - Recommended for crew, but not required.

Pilot Evaluation
IMSAFE

I - Illness
M - Medication
S - Stress
A - Alcohol
F - Fatigue
E - Emotions (or Eating)

Information Needed Before Pre-Flight

NOTAMS
Weather
Known ATC Delays
Runway Lengths
Alternates
Fuel
Takeoff and Landing Distances

VFR Equipment Requirements

TOMATO FLAMES

T - Tachometer for each engine

O - Oil temperature for each air-cooled engine
M - Magnetic compass with deviation card
 A - Airspeed indicator
T - Temperature gauge
O - Oil pressure gauge
F - Fuel gauge for each tank
L - Landing gear position indicator
A - Altimeter
M - Manifold pressure gauge
E - ELT
S - Safety belts

Alternative (Day)
Compass
Altimeter
Airspeed Indicator
Anti-Collision Lights
Fuel Indicator
Flotation Device
Oil Temperature Gauge
Oil Pressure Gauge
Tachometer
Manifold Pressure Gauge
ELT
Gear Position Lights
Seat Belts

Alternative (Night)

Fuses
Landing Light
Anti-Collision Lights
Position Lights
Source of Electricity

Required Pilot Documents

Endorsed Logbook
Government Issued ID
Medical
Pilot Certificate

Medicals
First Class (ATP): 12 calendar months (6 if over 40)
Second Class (Commercial): 12 calendar months
Second Class (Private): 60 calendar months (24 if over 40)
Third Class (Private): 60 calendar months (24 if over 40)

Required Aircraft Documents

ARROW

A - Airworthiness Certificate
R - Radio Station License
R - Registration Certificate
O - Operating Limitations
W - Weight and Balance

Required Aircraft Maintenance

AV1GATE

A - Annual
V - VOR (30 days)
1 - 100-hour inspection (required if aircraft is used for hire or flight instruction for hire - 91.409(b))
G - GPS (28 days)
A - Altimeter (24 calendar months)
T - Transponder (24 calendar months)
E - ELT (12 calendar months, or 1/2 battery life, or after 1 hour of cumulative use)

Required Reporting
 Flight control system malfunction or failure.
Inability of any required crew member to perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or illness.
In-flight fire.
Aircraft collision in flight.
Damage to property other than the aircraft estimated to exceed $25,000.
Release of all or a portion of the blade from an aircraft excluding release only by ground contact.

Airspaces
Entry Requirements
A - ATC Clearance
B - ATC Clearance
C - 2-way radio communication prior to entry
D - 2-way radio communication prior to entry

Equipment Requirements =
A - IFR
B - 2-way radio and transponder (ADS-B in 2020)
C - 2-way radio and transponder (ADS-B in 2020)
D - 2-way radio

VFR Minimums
Class G Airspace
Under 1,200' AGL (day): 1sm visibility and clear of clouds.
Under 1,200' AGL (night): 3sm visibility, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
1,200' AGL up to 10,000' MSL (day): 1sm visibility, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
1,200' AGO up to 10,000' MSL (night): 3sm visibility, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal

Class E Airspace
Below FL010 MSL: 3sm visibility, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
FL010 and above: 5sm visibility, 1,000' below, 1,000' above, 1sm horizontal

Class C & D Airspace

3sm visibility, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal

Class B Airspace
3sm visibility, clear of clouds

V-Speeds
Cessna 172SP w/G1000 (Paragon)
VS0 - 40
VS1 - 48
VR - 55
VBG - 68
VX - 62
VY - 74
VFE - 110 (10°), 85 (20°+)
VA - 90-105
VNO - 129
VNE - 163

Cessna 172SP (RexAir)

VS0 - 42
VS1 - 48
VR - 55
 VBG - 68
VX - 62
VY - 74
VFE - 110 (10°), 85 (20°+)
VA - 99
VNO - 129
VNE - 163

Piper Arrow (RexAir)

VS0 - 56
VS1 - 62
VR - 56
VBG - 81-91
VX - 83
VY - 87
VFE - 109
VA - 101-114
VNO - 148
VNE - 186
VLE - 130
VLR - 109

Biennial Flight Review

Duration of Medical Certificate (FAR 61.23)
First Class (ATP): 12 calendar months (6 if over 40)
Second Class (Commercial): 12 calendar months
Second Class (Private): 60 calendar months (24 if over 40)
Third Class (Private): 60 calendar months (24 if over 40)

Recent Flight Experience (FAR 61.57)

In order to carry passengers, PIC must have three takeoffs and landings, in the same category, class and type of aircraft, within the preceding 90 days.
Takeoffs and landings may be done in an FAA approved flight simulator or flight training device (ATD).
For daytime currency, takeoffs and landings may be full-stop or touch-and-go.
For nighttime currency, the landings MUST be full-stop.

Careless or Reckless Operation (FAR 91.13)

Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or
property of another.
Aircraft operations other than for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft, other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part
of the surface of an airport used by aircraft for air commerce (including areas used by those aircraft for receiving or discharging persons or cargo), in a
careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.

Alcohol or Drugs (FAR 91.17)

Cannot operate an aircraft within 8 hours of consuming any alcohol.
Cannot operate an aircraft while under the influence of alcohol.
Cannot operate an aircraft while using any drug that would affect the person's faculties in any way contrary to safety.
Cannot operate an aircraft with a BAL of greater than 0.04.
Except in an emergency, carry a person aboard an aircraft that appears to be intoxicated or appears to be under the influence of drugs.

Pre-Flight Action (FAR 91.103, AIM 5-1-1)

Each PIC shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.
Weather reports and forecasts.
Fuel requirements.
Alternate airports along route.
Runway lengths at airports that are intended to be used.
Pilots are urged to:
Obtain a full weather briefing, including NOTAMS.
File a flight plan.
Use the most up-to-date aeronautical charts.
Crew Members at Stations (FAR 91.105)
All flight crew members are to be at their station, with seat belts fastened, during takeoff and landing.
The use of seat belts include shoulder harnesses if equipped. Shoulder harnesses do not have to be worn if they interfere with the crew member's required
activities.

Use of Safety Belts (FAR 91.107)

The PIC must ensure that EVERY passenger ...
Is briefed on the use of seat belts and shoulder harnesses.
Is seated in a certified seat.
Is restrained using the installed seat belts and, if available, shoulder harnesses.

Right-of-Way Rules (FAR 91.113)

An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other aircraft.
With converging aircraft, except for head-on circumstances, that are of the same category, the aircraft to the right has the right-of-way.
With aircraft of different categories, the right-of-way priority is as follows:

1. Balloon
2. Glider
3. Airship
4. Aircraft towing or refueling
5. Powered parachute
6. Airplane
7. Rotorcraft

When aircraft are approaching head-on, both aircraft shall alter their course to their right.
When an aircraft is overtaking another, the aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way. The overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right and pass well
clear of the other aircraft.
Aircraft on final approach, or while landing, have the right-of-way to other aircraft in flight or operating on the airport surface.

Aircraft Speed (FAR 91.117)

All aircraft operating below 10,000' MSL are limited to 250 kias.
All aircraft operating in a Class C or Class D airspace are limited to 200 kias.
All aircraft operating in a Class B airspace are limited to 250 kias unless operating within a VFR corridor, or within the airspace of the underlying airport,
where the speed is limited to 200 kias.
If the minimum safe speed for an aircraft is greater than the previously listed speeds, then the aircraft may operate at that minimum safe speed.

Minimum Safe Altitudes: General (FAR 91.119)

Anywhere: The aircraft should operate at an altitude that, if in the event of a power failure, an emergency landing can be accomplished without hazards to
persons or property on the surface.
Over congested areas: 1,000' above the highest obstacle with a horizontal radius of 2,000' of the aircraft.
Over non-congested areas: 500' above the surface, except over water or sparsely populated areas. In those areas, the aircraft must remain at least 500' away
from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure.

Altimeter Settings (FAR 91.121, AIM 7-2)

Below FL180, set the altimeter to a station along the route that is within 100 nautical miles of the aircraft.
At or above FL180, set the altimeter to 29.92".

ATC Light Signals (FAR 91.125, AIM 4-3-13)

On Ground
Steady Green - Cleared for takeoff
Flashing Green - Cleared to taxi
Steady Red - Stop
Flashing Red - Taxi clear of runway
Flashing White - Return to starting point on airport
Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution
In Flight
Steady Green - Cleared to land
Flashing Green - Return to land
Steady Red - Give way to other aircraft
Flashing Red - Airport unsafe, do not land
Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution

Class G Airspace (FAR 91.126, AIM 3-3)

 Uncontrolled airspace.
Primarily all airspace, outside of Class A, B, C, D and E, below 1,200' AGL, except for transition areas where it goes down to 700' AGL.
All traffic patterns to non-towered airports are to the left unless noted otherwise on the sectional chart.
Altitudes:
0° - 179° - VFR, Odd thousand + 500; IFR, Odd thousand.
180° - 359° - VFR, Even thousand + 500; IFR, Even thousand.
Visibility:
1,200' to 10,000': 1-152 (1mi Vis, 1mi Horizontal, 1,000' above, 500' below)
Below 1,200: 1-CoC (1mi Vis, Clear of Clouds)

Class E Airspace (FAR 91.127, AIM 3-2-6)

Controlled airspace.
All airspace that is not Class A, B, C, D or G.
Primarily includes IFR airways, 1,200' AGL and higher.

Class D Airspace (FAR 91.129, AIM 3-2-5)

Actual size is determined on sectional charts, but generally it is defined as an area 4 nm radius out from an airport with a control tower and up to 2,500'
AGL.
Two-way radio communications required for entry into Class D airspace.
Aircraft speed limited to 200 kias.
No separation services provided by ATC.

Class C Airspace (FAR 91.130, AIM 3-2-4)

Requirements for entry:
Two-way radio communications.
Transponder with Mode C.
Access to the Class C is allowed if two-way communications has been established (with ATC acknowledging the aircraft) and permission hasn't been
expressly denied.
Aircraft speed limited to 200 kias below 2,500' AGL and within 4nm of the primary airport.
ATC provides separation services for all aircraft within the Class C airspace.

Class B Airspace (FAR 91.131, AIM 3-2-3)

Generally has a ceiling of 10,000' MSL.
Requirements for entry:
PIC must hold at least a private pilot certificate.
Two-way radio communications.
Transponder with Mode C.
Access to the Class B is allowed only if permission has been expressly given by ATC.
ATC provides separation services for all aircraft within the Class B airspace.

Restricted and Prohibited Airspaces (Warning, Alert Areas, MOAs) (FAR 91.133, AIM 3-4)
Prohibited Areas - Aircraft operations are prohibited.
Restricted Areas - Aircraft operations may be allowed if authorized by ATC.
Warning Areas - Areas that could cause danger to non-participating aircraft. (Typically offshore)
Military Operations Areas - Military training areas where civilian aircraft may enter, but should exercise extreme caution.
Alert Areas - Areas that contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.

Class A Airspace (FAR 91.135, AIM 3-2-2)

All airspace from FL180 up to and including FL600.
Only IFR operations permitted. All pilots and aircraft must be IFR rated and flying on an IFR flight plan.

Temporary Flight Restrictions (FAR 91.137, AIM 3-5-3)

Temporarily restricts aircraft operations.
Issued via NOTAMs.

VFR Fuel Requirements (FAR 91.151)

The aircraft must have enough fuel to fly to the intended destination, and, assuming normal cruising speed:
During the day, fly for an additional 30 minutes.
During nighttime, fly for an additional 45 minutes.

Basic VFR Weather Minimums (FAR 91.155, AIM 3-1-4)

 Class B
3 mile visibility
Clear of Clouds
Class C & D: 3-152
3 mile visibility
2,000' horizontal
1,000' above
500' below
Class E
Above 10,000': 5-111
5 mile visibility
1 mile horizontal
1,000' above
1,000' below
1,200' to 10,000': 3-152
3 mile visibility
2,000' horizontal
1,000' above
500' below
Class G
Above 10,000': 5-111
5 mile visibility
1 mile horizontal
1,000' above
1,000' below
1,200' to 10,000', Day: 1-152
1 mile visibility
2,000' horizontal
1,000' above
500' below
1,200' to 10,000', Night: 3-152
3 mile visibility
2,000' horizontal
1,000' above
500' below
Below 1,200, Day: 1-CoC
1 mile visibility
Clear of Clouds
Below 1,200', Night: 3-152
3 mile visibility
2,000' horizontal
1,000' above
500' below

Special VFR Minimums (FAR 91.157)

1 mile visibility
Clear of Clouds

VFR Cruising Altitude (FAR 91.159, AIM 3-1-5)

0° to 179° - Odd thousands plus 500'.
180° to 359° - Even thousands plus 500'.

Required Equipment (FAR 91.205)

TOMATO FLAMES

T - Tachometer for each engine

O - Oil temperature for each air-cooled engine
M - Magnetic compass with deviation card
A - Airspeed indicator
T - Temperature gauge
O - Oil pressure gauge
F - Fuel gauge for each tank
L - Landing gear position indicator
A - Altimeter
M - Manifold pressure gauge
E - ELT
S - Safety belts

Emergency Locator Transmitter (FAR 91.207)

 Required in all aircraft.
Required Maintenance:
Every 12 calendar months, or
At 1/2 battery life, or
After 1 hour of cumulative use)

Aircraft Lights (FAR 91.209)

Aircraft position lights required from sunset to sunrise.

Supplemental Oxygen (FAR 91.211)

Oxygen requirements:
Below 12,500’ MSL - Not required.
12,500’ - 14,000’ MSL - Required by crew if more than 30 minutes at altitude.
Above 14,000’ MSL - Required by crew at all times.
Above 15,000’ MSL - Must be provided to passengers.

Transponder Equipment and Use (FAR 91.215)

Mode C transponder required:
In all Class A, B and C airspace.
Within 30 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class B and C airspace.

Navigation Aids (AIM 1-1)

Airport Lighting and Marking Aids (AIM 2-1, 2-3)
ATC and Services Available to Pilots (AIM 4-1)
ARTCC - Air Route Traffic Control Centers
Control Towers
FSS - Flight Service Stations
ATIS - Automatic Terminal Information Service
CTAF - Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Air-to-Air communications (aircraft) - 122.750
Air-to-Air communications (helicopter) - 123.025

Airport Operations (AIM 4-3)

Emergency Procedures (AIM 6)
The PIC is directly responsible for and is the final authority for the operation of an aircraft. In the event of an emergency, the PIC may deviate from any
flight rule as required for the emergency.
If a flight deviation is made as a result of an emergency, the PIC must contact ATC for an amended clearance.
If the PIC is apprehensive about their safety, they should ask for assistance immediately.
Squawk Codes
7500 - Hijack
7600 - Loss of Communications
7700 - Emergency (Mayday)
Pilots are encouraged to monitor 121.5 while inflight.

Safety of Flight / Meteorology (AIM 7-1)

1-800-WX-BRIEF
Two types of weather reports:
METAR - Regular, hourly weather observation.
SPECI - A special weather observation.
Weather observation (METAR) elements:
Wind (True North)
Visibility
Significant Weather (Precipitation or obstructions to visibility)
Cloud Cover (In hundreds of feet AGL)
Temperature and Dew Point
Altimeter Setting
Remarks
AIRMET:
Airmen’s Meteorological Advisory
Issued every 6 hours
Maximum forecast period is 6 hours
SIGMET:
Significant Meteorological Report
Weather conditions potentially hazardous to all aircraft
Types of conditions:
Widespread sand or dust storm, 3000 square miles, affects safety
Moderate icing
Sustained winds 30 kts or greater at the surface
Unscheduled, can be issued at any time
Valid for up to 4 hours and can be reissued
Available from HIWAS
SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs, AIRMETs, Severe Weather Forecasts Alerts (AWW) and Center Weather Advisories
VOR will show an H in upper corner of ID box on IFR chart
Wake Turbulence (AIM 7-3)
Wake turbulence is highest right at take off because of:
High angle of attack. (Greater when flaps up.)
High gross weight.
Slow forward speed.
Wingtip Vortices
Sink behind the airplane.
Spread apart from each other when they hit the ground.
A light quartering tailwind prolongs the risk of wake turbulence because it will keep the upwind vortex over the runway and not let it drift away from the
runway. (7 kts is the critical speed of the wind)
When landing behind a large aircraft, fly above the landing aircraft's flightpath and land beyond where the aircraft's nose wheel touched down.
When taking off behind a large aircraft, fly above and upwind to the aircraft.

Medical Facts (AIM 8)

IMSAFE
I - Illness
M - Medication
S - Stress
A - Alcohol
F - Fatigue
E - Emotions (or Eating)
Hypoxia Types
Hypoxic - Altitude sickness
Hypermic - Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Histotoxic - Alcohol
Stagnent - Block blood flow

Weight and Balance

Flight Planning
Aeronautical Charts

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