HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&

MEDICAL& ERRORS& 2.&FAULTS&AND&SLIPS&

&
• Fault&
DISPOSITION& FACTS& o&Intention!T!Wrong!but!satisfied&
& & o!EG/! Incorrectly! identifying! the! bad!
• Fit!/!Unfit!/!Referred& • GPWS! is! the! main! contributor! to! aviation! engine!and!shutting!it!down.&
safety!in!recent!years.& &
& • Slip&
SEEK&AME&ADVICE& • 70%! of!accidents! have!some!human! factors! o&Intention!–!Correct!but!not!satisfied&
& involved.& o!EG/! Selecting! flap! lever! instead! of!
• Hospital!>!12!Hrs& landing!gear!lever&
• Surgical!Operation!/!Invasive!Procedure&
SAFETY&CULTURE&
• Regular!use!of!medication& & 3.&OMISSION,&COMMISSION&&&
• Regular!use!of!correcting!lenses& • Safety! culture! is! a! subset& (influenced)& by& SUBSTITUTION&
national&culture.& &
MUST&ADVISE&AUTHORITY&IN&WRITING& • Error&of&omission&
& o&Missing!item!on!checklist&
ERROR&TOLERANCE& &
• Significant!Personal!Injury& & • Error&of&commission&
• Illness!>!21!Days! • When!no!single&error&can!cause!a!failure.& o&Wrong!decision&
• Pregnant!
o!EG/!Takeoff!without!clearance&
&
DONATION&&&NO&FLY& ERROR&CLASSIFICATION&SYSTEMS&
• Error&of&substitution&
& o!Wrong!action!taken!instead&
• Blood!=!24!Hrs! 1.&DESIGN&&&OPERATOR&INDUCED& o!EG/!Slip&
o Increases!susceptibility!to!hypoxia! &
! • Design!–!EG/!Poor!Cockpit!Ergonomics&
• Bone!=!48!Hrs! • Operator& –! Inadequate! performance! from!
an!individual&
&
• Both!can! be!further!subTdivided!into!active&
(immediate! effect)! or! latent& errors!
(inherent!within!the!system)!
!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

4.&RASMUSSEN&&&REASON’S& TEM& ATMOSPHERE&

&
• Accidental&
• Anticipation& THREATS&/&ERRORS& COMPOSITION&
• Compensation& & &
• Transposition& • Threats& –&External,!beyond!the!influence!of! • Nitrogen!–!78%!
& the!flight!crew.& • Oxygen!–!21%!
• Sporadic&Error&(Outlier)& & • Other!Gases!–!0.95%!
• Random&Error& • Error& –! Actions! /! intentions! by! the! flight! • Carbon!Dioxide!–!0.03%!
• Systematic&Error& crew.&

Altitude& Pressure& PP&O2&

MSL! 760!mmHg! 103!mmHg!
ERROR&MODELS& 10,000!ft! 500!mmHg! 55!mmHg!
18,000!ft! 380!mmHg! T!
ERROR&CHAIN& 33,700!ft! 190!mmHg! 103!mmHg!*!
UAS&
& & 40,000!ft! 140!mmHg! 55!mmHg!*!
• 4&U>&7!links!typically!lead!to!an!accident.& • Undesired&Aircraft&State& !
*!Obtained!by!breathing!100%!O2!
>!40,000!ft!O2!required!under!+ve!pressure!
1.&SWISS&CHEESE& !
&
• Successive! layers! protect! against! those!
hazards! which! have! slipped! through!
COUNTERMEASURE&
previous!levels.&
&
• Hard& –! Part! of! system! which! is! present!
2.&SHEL(L)&MODEL& before!the!crew!report!for!duty.&
& &
• Soft&–!Human!contribution!during!flight.&

!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

ZONES&OF&THE&ATMOSPHERE& TRAPPED&GAS&DISORDERS& DCS&EFFECTS&

& &
• Physiological&Zone& • Effects! can! occur! upto! 12& Hrs! after!
o 0!–!10,000!ft! TRAPPED&GAS&DISORDER& decompression&
o Oxygen!level!sufficient! & &
! • Known!as!Dsybarism! • Bends!–!Nitrogen!bubbles!in!skin&
• Physiological&Deficient&Zone&& ! • Creeps&–!Gas!bubbles!under!skin&
o 10,000!ft!–!60,000!ft! • Prominent!above!25,000!ft! • Chokes&–&Shortness!of!breath&
o Oxygen!deficiencies!begin! ! • Staggers& –! Bubbles! affecting! nervous!
! • Occurs!within:! system&
• Space&Equivalent&Zone&& o Sinus’s!
o 60,000!ft!!+! o Joints!
o Abdomen! DIVING&
o 100%! O2! under! pressure! no! longer!
o Teeth! &
sufficient!
o Oxygen!deficiencies!begin! o Ears! • Snorkeling:!No!Wait&
! • Up&to&30&ft:&12!Hrs!–!18!Hrs!(multiple!dives)&
• More&than&30&ft:&At!least!24!Hrs&
EUSTACHIAN&TUBE&
&
• Allows!middle!ear!to!equalise!with!ambient! TREATMENT&
pressure!during!descent.! &
• Urgent!medical!advice!
• Breathe!100%!Oxygen!
EVLOVED&GAS&DISORDERS&U&DCS& • Hyperbaric!chamber!

GAS&LAWS& CAUSE&
& &
• Boyles&Law&(Trapped!gas!expansion)& • Nitrogen! released! too! quickly! during! rapid!
o&P!X!V!=!C& ascent!and!body!becomes!super!saturated.!
&
• Charles&Law&
o&V!/!T!=!C&
&
• !
Henry&–!Gas!under!pressure!|!DCS&
• Dalton&–!Partial!Pressure!|!Hypoxia&
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

RESPIRATORY& HEAT&BALANCE& INTERNAL&VS&EXTERNAL&

& &
• Optimum!36.9 C!
0
BREATHING&RATE&
&
• Breathing!is!regulated!by!amount& of& CO2!in! BODY&CHEMICAL&BALANCE&
the!blood.& &
& • 7.2!!!7.6!pH!
• Too!much!CO2!=!Increased!breathing& !
• Too!little!CO2!=!Decreased!breathing!& • Changes!are!sensed!by!respiratory!centre!of!
the!brain!
LUNG&VOLUME&
&
RESPIRATORY&COMPONENTS&
• Average&Male&–!5.5!Litres& &
• Average&Female&–!4.5!Litres& • Nose&–!Moistens,!filters!and!warms&
• Larynx&–!Voice!box&
BREATING&RATE& • Pharynx&–!Back!of!the!throat,!humidifies!air&
& • Trachea&–!Windpipe&
• 16&U&18&times&per&min& • Bronchi&
• Alveoli& PULMONARY&ALVEOLI&
&
LUNG&VOLUME&COMPONENTS&
• Alveoli&are!tiny!air!sacks!within!the!lungs&
& FICKS&LAW& • Where! the! exchange! of! O2! and! CO2! take!
• TV&–&Tidal&Volume& & place!in!external!respiration.&
o Air!breathed!in!/!out!(!~!500!ml)& • Rate! of! diffusion! across! a! permeable! !
& membrane! is! directly! proportional! to! the! • Within!the!alveoli,!partial!pressures!are:&
• IRV&–&Inspiratory&Reserve&Volume& difference!in!partial!pressures!of!the!gas.! o Water&Vapour:!47!mmHg&
o &Amount!that!be!forcefully!inhaled&
o Oxygen:!102!mmHg!
&
o CO2&:&40!mmHg&
• ERV&–&External&Reserve&Volume&
o &Amount!that!be!forcefully!exhaled&
&
• RV&–&Residual&Volume&(~!1200!ml)&
& !
Total!Volume!=!TV!+!IRV!+!ERV!+!RV!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

&CIRCULATORY&SYSTEM& COMPONENTS&OF&BLOOD& CIRCULATORY&DISORDERS&

! &
• Plasma& • Hypertension!
CIRCULATORY&SYSTEM& o High!blood!pressure!
o Transports! CO2,! nutrients,! hormones!
& and!waste!products.& o Increases!heart!attack!risk!
• Veins!–!Carry!blood!TO!heart.! & !
• Arteries!!T!Carry!blood!FROM!heart.! • Red&Blood&Cells& • Hypotension!
! o Carry!oxygen& o Low!blood!pressure!
• Oxygen! deficient! blood! from! heart! is! & !
transported!to!right!side!of!heart!via!veins.! • White&Blood&Cells& • Angina!
• Then! pumped! to! the! lungs! via! arteries! o Fight!infections& o Narrowing!of!the!coronary!artery!
where!it!picks!up!oxygen.! & o Results! in! reduced! oxygen! supply! to!
• Transported! back! to! left! side! of! heart! via! • Platelets& some!part!of!the!heart!muscle.!
veins.! o Clot!blood& !
• Pumped! from! left! side! of! heart! to! body! via! • Infarct!
arteries.! o Blockage!of!the!coronary!artery!
! HEART& o Normally!leads!to!heart!attack!
• Coronary& Arteries& supply! blood! to! the! !
heart!to!keep!it!functioning.! CARDIAC&OUTPUT& • Heart&Attack!
& o Sudden!inability!of!the!heart!to!function!
Cardiac!Output!=!Stroke!Volume!x!Heart!Rate! !
! • Anemia!
• Stroke!Volume!=!70!ml! o Reduction!in!number!of!red!blood!cells!/!
• Heart!Rate!=!70!times/min! haemoglobin!
• Average!Output!=!4.9!litres!/!min! !
• Faint&/&Syncope!
o Reduction! in! supply! of! blood! to! the!
BLOOD&PRESSURE&RATIO& brain!
! !
• Systolic& Pressure! –! Highest! pressure! • Stroke!
obtained!when!the!heart!beats.! o Blood! supply! to! part! of! the! brain!is! cut!
! off.!
• Diastolic& Pressure! –! Lowest! pressure! o Ischemic!–!Blockage!
obtained!when!the!heart!rests.! o Hemorrhagic!–!Burst!blood!vessel!
!
! !
• Average&Ratio&=&120/80&mm&Hg& • Fit!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

PRESSORECEPTORS& STAGES& CO&POISONING&

& & &
• Essentially!a!blood&pressure&sensor! • Indifferent&–&SFC!to!10,000!ft! • Haemoglobin! within! red! blood! cells!
! o Night!vision!deteriorates!above!4000’! normally!carries!oxygen!around!the!body.&
• Located! in! the! carotid! and! aortic! arterial! o Cognitive!deteriorates!above!8000’! &
vessels! ! • Haemoglobin! has! a! greater! affinity! to! CO!
! • Compensating&–!10,000!ft!to!15,000!ft! over!Oxygen!by!200&times.&
• When!blood!pressure!is!too!low!it:! • Disturbance&–!15,000!ft!to!20,000!ft!
o Constricts!vessels! • Critical&–!20,000!ft!to!25,000!ft!
o Increase!heart!rate! HYPERVENTILATION&
o Increase!cardiac!output!
TUC&
CAUSE&
&
&
HYPOXIA& • 25,000&ft:&2!T3!mins&
• Breathing!too&rapid!
• 30,000&ft:!1!–!2!mins&
• Exhale&too&much&CO2&&
• 35,000&ft:&30!–!90!seconds&
TYPES&OF&HYPOXIA& • Blood!PH!rises!and!becomes!too&alkaline&
• 40,000&ft:!15!–!20!seconds!
& • Less& oxygen&can&be& diffused!into!cells!and!
• Hypoxic! they!don’t!get!the!required!level!of!oxygen&
o Not!enough!oxygen! SIGNS&&&SYMPTOMS&&
! & SIGNS&&&SYMPTOMS&
• Hypaemic! • Sign&–&Can!be!seen!by!others! &
o Reduced! oxygen! carrying! capacity! of! • Symptoms&–!Felt!by!individual! • Similar!to!hypoxia!however…!
blood!(can!be!caused!by!smoking)! ! o Tingling!sensation!in!extremities!
! • Bad!things!! o Clamy! skin! rather! than! blue! with!
• Stagnant! • Not!aches!/!pains!(DCS)! hypoxia!
o Inadequate!blood!circulation! • Hyperventilation! !
! • Cyanosis!(Blue!skin)! • Below! 10,000! ft! suspect! hyperventilation!
• Histotoxic! rather!than!hypoxia.!
!
o Body!not!able!to!use!oxygen!effectively!
TREATMENT&
&
• Steady!breathing!
• Breathe!into!paper!bag!
!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

RADIATION& ABSORBPTION& ANASTHETICS&

! &
• Absorbs!99%!of!UV!light!which!is!potentially! • Local:!12!Hrs!NoTFly&
TYPES& damaging!to!life!on!earth.& • General:!48!Hrs!NoTFly&
& &
• 1.&Galactic& • Absorbs! UVTB! better! than! UVTA! (not! as!
o Majority!of!radiation& harmful)& ALCOHOL&
o Steady!with!little!variation&
• 2.&Solar& LIMITS&
& DESTROYING&OZONE& &
• Crew! receive! roughly! double! amount! of! ! • Pilots:&20&mg&/&100&ml&&
background!radiation!over!a!year.& • Destroyed!by!heat& • Weekly&Max:&28&Units&(M)&/&21&Units&(F)&
• Total!destruction!at!4000C& • Absolute&Min:&8!Hrs!bottle!to!throttle&
CHANGES&WITH&ALTITUDE& &
& • 1!ounce!=!physiological!altitude!of!2,000!ft!
REALATIVE&HUMIDITY&
• Both!increase&with&altitude& !
• Records!kept!operating!above!49,000&ft& • 1!unit! (15! mg/100ml)! processed! each!hour!
VALUES& by!the!liver!
&
GEOMAGNETIC&SHIELDING&
• Optimum:&50%&
! PROCESS&
• Minimum:&20%&
• Weakest&at&poles!as!flux!lines!point!straight! &
• Certification:&30%&
downwards!rather!than!parallel!to!surface.& • Absorbed! through! stomach! wall! into!
&
bloodstream&
• Cockpit&can!be!as!low!5&–&15%&
• Brain!/!CNS!initially!affected&
OZONE& • Speech!/!muscular!activity!affected!next&
• 0.05%!blood!alcohol!=!Lack!of!coordination&
MEDICINE&
COMPOSITION&
& SMOKING&
DRUG&TYPES&
• High&concentrations&of&O3&&
&
• Highly&toxic!gas!
!! • Antibiotics&–!Fight!bacterial!infections! SMOKING&
• Created! by! action! of! UV& light& on& O2! which! &
• Antihistamines&–!Fight!allergies!
then!protects!us!from!UV!
• AntiThypertensives!–!High!Blood!Pressure! • Tar&!!Cancer!&!Heart!Disease&
• Negligible&below&40,000&ft&
!
• Analgesics&–&Pain!Killers& • Nicotine&!!Addictive&
• Peak&level&115,000&ft&–&140,000&ft&
• 1!pack!a!day!=!5&–&8%!O2!capacity!reduction!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

CAFFEINE& GENERAL&HEALTH& STROKE&VS&FIT&VS&FAINT&

&
• Stroke& –! Interruption! of! blood! supply! to!
LIMITS& DIET& brain&
& & &
• 250&–&300&mg/day&(Aircrew)& • Carbohydrates&–!Energy& • Fit&–Electrical!disturbance!in!brain&
• As!little!as!200!mg!may!reduce!performance& • Protein&–!Muscle!(Energy)& &
• 1!cup!~!75!mg& • Fats&–&Energy!storage& • Faint& –! Reduced! oxygen! supply! to! brain!
o ADEK!–!Fat!soluble!T!Stored& (caused!by!too!low!blood!pressure)&
o BC!–!Water!soluble!–!needed!every!day&
INCAPACITATION& • Vitamins&
• Minerals& EXERCISE&
& &
TYPES&
• Vegetables!produce!gas!in!the!body! • Double! resting! heart! rate! for! 20! mins,! 3!
&
times!a!week!
• Obvious&
o&Silent& DIABETES&
o!Overt& & !!!
& • Insulin&Dependent&T!Permanent&
• Insidious&(Subtle)& • NonUInsulin&Dependent&T!Temporary&

BMI&
INCAPACITATION& &
& !"#$%&!(!")
• Incidious&most!dangerous& !"# = ! &
!"#$%&! !(!)
&
&
• Takeover&if:&
• Underweight:!<!18.5&
o 2!failures!to!respond&
• Normal:!18.5!–!25&
o 1!failure!to!respond!with!SOP!deviation&
• Overweight:!25!–!30&
• Obese:!>!30&

!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

VISION& NIGHT&VISION&ADAPTATION& EMPTY&FIELD&MYOPIA&

& &
• Rods!–!40!Mins! • Without! an! object! to! focus! on,! the! eye!
PARTS&OF&THE&EYE& • Cones!–!7!Mins! relaxes!and!focuses!1.5!–!2!metres!ahead.&
& &
• During!lookout,!pick!an!object!6m& or& more&
ACCOMODATION& away! to!focus! on.!Beyond!this! distance,!the!
& eye!focuses!on!infinity.&
• Ability!of!lens!to!change!shape&
&
SACCADIC&EYE&MOVEMENT&
• Focus!on!near&object&
&
o&Iris!–!Narrows&
o!Lens!–!Fattens!(More!spherical)& • Eye! essentially! switches! off! whilst! it’s!
& moving&
!
• Focus!on!far&away&object&
RODS&VS&CONES& o&Iris!–!Widens& • Saccade!lasts!0.3!seconds&
& &
o!Lens!–!Flattens!(Less!spherical)&
• Rods&–!Peripheral!&!Monochrome!T!Scotopic& • Lookout! requires! keeping! the! head! and! eye!
& still!for!a!second!in!each!lookout!segment.&
• Cones&–!Visual!Acuity!&!Colour!T!Photopic& VISION&PROBLEMS&
o Best!acuity!therefore!2!–!30!of!fovea&
!! CONSTANT&BEARING&
o Decrease!rapidly!towards!periphery&
&
o 3!classes!T!Red,!Green,!Blue& DAY&BLIND&SPOT&
& • Aircraft! on! a! collision! course! appear! as! a!
& constant!bearing&
• Day&–!Rods!&!Cones& • Due!to!blind!spot!at!optic!nerve&
• Night&T!Rods& • Occurs!when!one&eye&is&covered&
• Can!be!caused!by!a!pillar&
ADAPTATION&
& NIGHT&BLIND&SPOT&
• Bright!Light!–!10!seconds! &
! • Cones! which! are! not! good! for! night! vision!
• Night!Vision!–!30!minutes! are!mainly!present!within!5!–!100!&
o Allows! visual! purple! to! build! up! &
! (bleached!by!bright!light)! • Look&to&the&sides!to!make!use!of!rods&
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

DISTANCE&/&DEPTH&PERCEPTION& VISUAL&DEFECTS& HYPOGLYCAEMIA&

&
BINOCULAR&METHODS&(CLOSE&/&MEDIUM)& HIGH&LIGHT&LEVELS& • Vitamin!A!deficiency&
& & • Required!to!produce!visual!purple&
• Stereoscopic&Vision& • Flicker&Vertigo!–!Propellers!&!Strobe!Lights& • Impairs!night!vision!
o Two!picture!produce!3D!image& • Flash&Blindness&T!Lightning&
& GLAUCOMA&
• Convergence& &
o Angle!of!‘eye!swivel’& MYOPIA& • Rise!in!internal!pressure!of!eye!
&
• Severe!pain!and!ultimately!blindness!
• Short&sighted&(image!in!front!of!retina)&
• Tested!with!the!puff!test!
MONOCULAR&METHODS& • Due!to!long&eyeball&
& • Corrected!with!concave&lens&
• Geometric&Perspective& CATARACTS&
o Shape!of!object!depends!on!distance& &
& HYPERMETROPIA& • Clouding!in!the!lens!
• Motion&Parallax& & • Obstructs!passage!of!light!
o Relative!motion!of!objects& • Long&sighted&(image!behind!retina)&
& • Due!to!short&eyeball& ASTIGMATISM&
• Known&size&of&objects& • Corrected!with!convex&lens& &
& • Unequal!curvature!of!cornea!/!lens!
• Terrestrial&Association& • Difficultly! focusing! on! vertical! and!
o Comparison!of!objects& PRESBYOPIA& horizontal!at!the!same!time!
&
!!! • Gradual&hardening!of!the!lens!with!age&
• Decreases&accommodation&
• Results!in!long&sightedness&

RETINAL&RIVALRY&
&
• Dominant!eye!overrides!other!eye&
• Some!visual!items!may!be!missed&
! • Can!also!result!in!eye!pain&
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

RAIN& !!!
VISUAL&CORRECTIONS&
&
• Between&aircraft&and&runway&(+&FOG)&
CONTACTS&&&SPECTACLES& o Lights!appear!dimmer!
& o Appears!further!away!
• Spectacles& o Pilots!makes!too!high!an!approach!
o Bifocal! !
o Trifocal! • Rain&on&windshield&
o Varifocal!not!recommended! o Runway!appears!magnified!
! o Appears!closer!
• Contacts&
o Bifocal!
o Trifocal!
! BLACK&HOLE&EFFECT&
• Reactolite!not!allowed!in!either! &
• Landing! into! a! runway! at! night! with! no!
cultural!lighting!around!
!
VISUAL&ILLUSIONS&
• Tendency! to! think& you& are& too& high& and!
are!likely!to!fly!below!the!glideslope!
APPEAR&TOO&HIGH&
&
AUTOKINESIS&
• Narrow!runway!
&
• Upslope!
• Static! light! (EG/! Runway! light)! appears! to!
move!when!stared!at!during!night.!
APPEARS&TOO&LOW&
&
COUNTERMEASURES&
• Wide!runway! &
• Downslope! • PAPIs!
• ILS!
SHALLOW&FOG&
&
• Creates!a!pitch&up&illusion&
!
• Tendency&to&pitch&down&results!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

THE&EAR& NERVOUS&SYSTEM& BRAIN&

&
• Centre!of!the!nervous!system!
!!! CNS& !
& • Cerebrum!–!Memory,!perception!etc!
• Central!Nervous!System! !
! • Cerebellum!–!Coordination!of!movement!
• Brain!+!Spinal!Cord!
!
• Deals! with! the! reception! of! stimuli! and! NEURONS&
HEARING&RANGE&
activation!of!muscles!mechanisms! &
&
• 20!Hz!–!20!kHz& • Electrically! excitable! cells! in! the! nervous!
system!
PNS& !
& • Process!and!transmit!information!
NOISE& • Peripheral!Nervous!System! !
& ! • Communicate!via!synapses!
• Pain!–!140!dB& • Nervous!structures!that!do!not!lie!in!CNS!
!
• Contains!receptors!that!feed!CNS!!
HEARING&LOSS&
ANS&
PRESBYCUSIS& &
& • Automatic!Nervous!System!
• Loss!of!hearing!with!age& !
• Usually!occurs!first!in!the!higher!frequencies& • Occurs!subTconsciously!
!
• Controls! respiration,! sweating,! general!
CONDUCTIVE&HEARING&LOSS& adaptation!syndrome!etc!!
&
• Blockage!between!outer!and!inner!ear!&
• Does! not! include! damage! of! the! auditory!
nerve&
!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

VESTIBULAR&SYSTEM& GRAVEYARD&SPIN& ACCELERATIONS&

&
• Vestibular!system!gets!used!to!spin&
VESTIBULAR&SYSTEM&(INNER&EAR)& & GULOADING&
& • Corrective! action! is! sensed! as! entering! &
• Otoliths& another!spin& • GZ&:&Up&/&Down&Acceleration&
o Gravity!&!Linear!Accelerations& & o GreyUout:!+!3!Gs&
o Small!sacs!in!the!vestibule& • Pilot! likely! to! reTenter! the! original! spin! o BlackUout:&+4.5!Gs&
& direction& o GULOC:&+!5!Gs&
&
• Semicircular&Canals&
o 3!in!total& • GX&:&Linear&Acceleration&
o Angular!accelerations& GRAVEYARD&SPIRAL& o Create!sensory!illusions!
& &
!!!! • Like! leans! but! follows! an! intentional! • GY&:&Lateral&/&Transverse&Acceleration&
METHOD&OF&OPERATION& prolonged!banked!turn.& o Not!normally!present!
&
• Senses!rate&of&change&rather!than!sustained!
HEADUUP&ILLUSION&
change.& CORIOLIS&ILLUSION&
&
&
• Result!of!sudden!linear!acceleration!
• Caused!by!sudden!head!movement!during!a!
LEANS& turn& • Can!result!in!pilot!pitching!down!
& &
• Caused!by!sudden!return!to!level!flight!after! • Stimulation! of! multiple! semicircular! canals! HEADUDOWN&ILLUSION&
an!undetected!gradual!turn.& at!the!same!time! &
! ! • Result!of!sudden!linear!deceleration!
• Leveling!of! wings!is!interpreted! as! entering! • Most!dangerous!of!vestibular!illusions! • Can!result!in!pilot!pitching!up!
a! turn! and! pilot! may! enter! a! turn! in! the!
original!direction.&
VERTIGO&
&
• Mismatch! between! information! from! visual!
and!vestibular!system!

!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

VIBRATIONS& SLEEP& BODY&TEMPERATURE&

&
• Lowest!–!0500!
AFFECTED&RANGE& CREDIT&/&DEBIT&SYSTEM& • Highest!T!1800!
& &
• 1&–&100&Hz& • Each!hour!of!sleep!=!2!credits!(hours)!
• Max!16!credits! DISEASES&
&
RESONANT&FREQUENCIES& • Hepatitis&A!&&Cholera!T!Contaminated!food!
& NATURAL&CIRCADIAN&RHYTHM& /!water!
• Vestibular&–!0.1!to!2!Hz& & • Tetanus&–!Puncture!in!skin!
• Respiratory&–!1!to!4!Hz& • 25&Hours& • Yellow&Fever&T!Mosquito!
• Spine&&&Abdomen&–!4!to!10!Hz&
• Heart&–!7!Hz& ACCLIMATISATION&
• Head&–!10!to!30!Hz& BODY&TEMPERATURE&
&
• Westbound!T!!1!day!/!1.5!Hrs!time!shift!
!!!!! • Eastbound!–!1!day!/!1!Hr!time!shift! HYPERTHERMIA&
&
• 37&–&35 C&:&Mild!to!strong!shivering!|!Apathy!
0
SLEEP&STAGES& • 35&–&320C&:&Violent!shivering!|!Paleness!
& • 32&–&240C&:&Shivering!stops!|!Amnesia!
1. Light!Sleep!
2. Sleep!Spindles!
3. Transition!to!deep!sleep!
4. Deep!sleep!
5. REM!(Paradoxical)!
!
• Stages!1!–!4:!Refresh!Body!
• Stage!5!–!Refreshes!Mind!

ALCOHOL&
&
! • Degrades!REM!sleep!
 HUMAN&PERFORMANCE&
!

!!!!!!!!
PHYSCHOLOGY&

OPERATION&MODES&
&
• Skill&Based&
• Rule&Based&
• Knowledge&Based&