ity

rs
ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
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ge

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id

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br
am

-R
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

184
ity
C

Chapter 8
rs
w
ie

ve

Further calculus
y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

P3 This chapter is for Pure Mathematics 3 students only.

ie
id

In this chapter you will learn how to:

ev
br

■■ use the derivative of tan −1 x

am

-R

1
extend the ideas of ‘reverse differentiation’ to include the integration of 2
x + a2
-C

kf ′ ( x )
s

■ recognise an integrand of the form , and integrate such functions

es

f( x )
■
y

use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate either a definite or an indefinite integral
Pr
op

■ integrate rational functions by means of decomposition into partial fractions

■
ity
C

recognise when an integrand can usefully be regarded as a product, and use integration by parts.
rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

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Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

w
ie
id

ev
br
Where it comes from What you should be able to do Check your skills
am

-R
Chapter 4 Differentiate e x , ln x, sin x, cos x and tan x. 1 Differentiate with respect to x.
-C

a sin 3x

s
es
2
+1
b ex
y

Pr
op

c ln(5x − 3)

ity
C

d tan 2 x − 5 cos x

rs
w

Chapter 5 1 2 Find each of these integrals.

Integrate e ax + b , , sin( ax + b ),
ie

ve
ax + b
∫ e dx 5 x +1

y
a
ev

cos( ax + b ) and sec 2 ( ax + b ) and use

op
ni
R

∫ sin 2x dx
U

trigonometrical relationships in carrying b 2

C
out integration.
ge

w
5
c
∫ 3x − 2 dx

ie
id

ev
br

d
∫ sec (3x ) dx
2
am

-R
-C

Chapter 7 Express rational functions as partial fractions. 3 Express in partial fractions.

s

2x
es

a
( x − 1)( x + 3)
y

Pr

4x 2 − 6
op

185
b
x( x 2 + 2)
ity
C

5
c
rs
w

x( x − 1)2
ie

ve

3x 2 − 3x − 3
y
ev

d
op

x2 − x − 2
ni
R

C
ge

Why do we study calculus?

ie
id

ev
br

This chapter will further extend your knowledge and skills in differentiation and
am

integration.
-R

In particular, we will learn about integration by substitution and integration by parts,

-C

which can be considered as the ‘reverse process’ of the chain rule and the product rule for
es

WEB LINK
differentiation that we learnt about earlier in this course. These new rules will enable you
y

Pr
op

to integrate many more functions than you could previously. Explore the Chain rule
and integration by
ity
C

The skills that we learn in this chapter will be very important when studying substitution and
rs

Chapter 10. Chapter 10 is about solving differential equations, many of which model
w

the Product rule

ie

real-life situations.
ve

and integration by
y
ev

parts stations on
op
ni

Integration by parts plays a major role in engineering and its application is often found in
the Underground
R

problems including electric circuits, heat transfer, vibrations, structures, fluid mechanics,
C

Mathematics website.
air pollution, electromagnetics and digital signal processing.
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
8.1 Derivative of tan −1 x

ge

w
The function y = tan −1 x can be written as:

ie
id

ev
br
tan y = x
am Differentiate both sides with respect to x.

-R
dy
sec 2 y =1
dx
-C

s
dy 1

es
= Use sec 2 y = 1 + tan2 y.
dx sec 2 y
y

Pr
op

dy 1 Use tan y = x .
=
dx 1 + tan2 y

ity
C

dy 1

rs
=
w

dx 1 + x 2
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

KEY POINT 8.1

R

C
ge

d 1
(tan −1 x ) = 2

w
dx x +1

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.1
-C

Differentiate with respect to x.

es
y

a tan −1 3x
Pr
op

186
b tan −1 x
ity
C

tan −1 
x 
rs
w

c
 x−2
ie

ve

y
ev

Answer
op
ni
R

d 1
C

a (tan −1 3x ) = ×3 Chain rule.

dx (3x )2 + 1
ge

3
=
ie
id

9x 2 + 1
ev
br

( )
am

d 1 1 −2
-R

b tan −1 x = × x Chain rule.

dx ( x )2 + 1 2
-C

1 1
=
es

×
x +1 2 x
y

Pr
op

1
=
2 x ( x + 1)
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge

w
d  −1  x  1 d  x 
c  tan  x − 2   = × Chain rule and quotient rule.

ie
( x x− 2 )

id
dx 2
dx  x − 2 
+1

ev
br
am

-R
( x − 2)2 ( x − 2)(1) − ( x )(1) Simplify.
= ×
x + ( x − 2)2
2
( x − 2)2
-C

s
−2
=

es
2 x 2 − 4x + 4
y

Pr
−1
op

= 2
x − 2x + 2

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve
EXERCISE 8A

y
ev

op
ni
R

1 Differentiate with respect to x.

C
x
ge

a tan −1 2 x b tan −1 5x c tan −1

w
3

ie
id

tan −1 
2x 
tan −1( x − 1) tan −1 x 2

ev
d e f
br

 x + 1
am

-R
2 Differentiate with respect to x.
tan −1 2 x
-C

x tan −1 x c e x tan −1 x
s

a b
es

x
3 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = tan −1   at the point where x = 2.
x
y

 2
Pr
op

187
−1
PS 4 Show that the tangent to the curve y = tan x at the point where x = −1 is perpendicular to the normal to
ity
C

the curve at the point where x = 1. Find the x-coordinate of the point where this tangent and normal intersect.
rs
w
ie

ve

y
1
ev

op
ni

8.2 Integration of
x2 + a2
R

Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation we can say that:

ge

w
ie
id

KEY POINT 8.2 REWIND

ev
br

In Section 8.1 we
am

1
∫
-R

dx = tan −1 x + c
x2 + 1 learnt that
d 1
-C

This can be extended to: (tan −1 x ) = 2 .

s

dx x +1
es

1 1 x
∫ dx = tan −1 + c
y

x2 + a2 a a
Pr
op

ity
C

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.2

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

1
∫
op
ni

Find dx.
x 2 + 25
R

Answer
e

1 1 x
∫
g

dx = tan −1 + c
ie

x 2 + 25
id

5 5
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.3

w
ie
id

ev
1
∫ 2x
br
Find dx.
2
am +3

-R
Answer
-C

1 1 1
∫ 2x ∫

s
dx = dx

es
2
+3 2 x2 + 3
2
y

Pr
op

1 2  x 
= × tan −1  23  + c

ity
C

2 3  

rs
w

1 2  2 
ie

tan −1 
ve
= x +c
 3 

y
2 3
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.4

w
ie
id

ev
br

2
1
Find the exact value of
∫ x +42d x.
am

0
-R
Answer
2
-C

2
d x =  tan −1 
1 1 x
∫
s
es

0 x +4
2
 2 2 0
y

=  tan −1 1  −  tan −1 0 
Pr

1 1
op

188
2  2 
ity
C

1 π
=  ×  −  × 0
1
2 4 2 
rs
w
ie

ve

π
=
y
ev

8
op
ni
R

C
ge

EXERCISE 8B
ie
id

ev
br

1 Find the following integrals.

am

1 1 1
∫ ∫ 16 + x ∫
-R

a dx b dx c dx
x2 + 9 2
4x 2 + 1
-C

1 1 1
∫ 9x ∫ ∫ 2 + 3x
es

d dx e dx f dx
2
+ 16 4x 2 + 3 2
y

Pr
op

2 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.

ity
C

3 1 2
1 2 1
∫ ∫ ∫
2
a dx b dx c dx
rs

x +9 4x + 1 3x + 2
w

2 2 2
0 0 − 2
ie

ve

y
y
ev

2
3 The diagram shows part of the curve y =
op
ni

. Find the exact value

x2 + 1
R

of the volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated
e

completely about the x-axis.

w
g

ie
id

x
ev

–1 O 1
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
k f ′(x)

ge
8.3 Integration of

w
f(x)

ie
id
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation and ln x only exists for x . 0, we

ev
br
can say that: am

-R
KEY POINT 8.3 REWIND
-C

s
es
f ′( x ) In Chapter 4, we
∫ d x = ln f( x ) + c
y

learnt that

Pr
f( x )
op

d
This can be extended to: [ ln f( x ) ] = ff(′(xx)) .

ity
dx
C

k f ′( x )
∫ dx = k ln f( x ) + c

rs
w

f( x )
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.5

C
ge

w
2x
∫x

ie
id

Find dx.
2
+3

ev
br
am

Answer
-R
If f( x ) = x 2 + 3 then f ′( x ) = 2 x .
-C

s
es

2x
∴
∫ dx = ln x 2 + 3 + c
y

2
Pr

x +3
op

189
ity
C

rs
w

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.6

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

Find
∫ tan 3x dx.
R

C
ge

Answer
ie
id

sin 3x
∫ tan 3x dx = ∫
ev
br

dx
cos 3x
am

-R

If f( x ) = cos 3x then f ′( x ) = −3sin 3x.

-C

s
es
y

1 −3sin 3x
Pr

∫ tan 3x dx = − 3 ∫
op

dx
cos 3x
ity
C

1
=− ln cos 3x + c
rs
w

3
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.7

w
ie
id
3x 2 + 5x

ev
∫ 2x
br
Find dx.
3
am+ 5x 2

-R
Answer
-C

s
If f( x ) = 2 x 3 + 5x 2 then f ′( x ) = 6x 2 + 10 x.

es
y

3x 2 + 5x 1 6x 2 + 10 x
∫ ∫

Pr
=
op

dx dx
2 x 3 + 5x 2 2 2 x 3 + 5x 2

ity
C

1
= ln 2 x 3 + 5x 2 + c
2
rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.8

R

C
ge

w
1
2e x
Find
∫ dx

ie
id

0 1 + ex

ev
br

Answer
am

-R
If f( x ) = 1 + e x then f ′( x ) = e x.
-C

1 1
2e x ex
∫ ∫
es

dx = 2 dx
1 + ex 1 + ex
y

0 0
Pr
op

190 1
=  2 ln 1 + e x  Substitute limits.
0
ity
C

= 2 ln(1 + e) − 2 ln 2 Simplify the logarithms.

rs
w

1+ e 
= 2 ln
ie

ve

 2 
y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

EXERCISE 8C
w
ie
id

1 Find the following integrals.

ev
br

6x 2 cos x 4x − 10
∫ ∫ 1 + sin x dx ∫
am

-R

a dx b c dx
x3 − 1 x 2 − 5x + 1
-C

x sec 2 x
d
∫ cot x dx e
∫ dx f
∫
es

dx
2 − x2 1 + tan x
y

Pr
op

2 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.

1π 2 ln 2
3x 2 e2 x
∫
ity

∫ ∫
C

4
a tan x d x b dx c dx
1π 0 x3 + 2 0 1 + e2 x
rs
w

6
1π
ie

2
x +1 1
2x + 3
ve

∫ ∫ ∫
4
d dx e cot x d x f dx
y
ev

2
x + 2x − 1 1π ( x + 1)( x + 2)
op
ni

1 6 0
R

ex + e− x
∫
C

3 Show that dx = ln(1 − e2 x ) − x + c.

ex − e− x
e

w
g

1π
ie
id

sin x cos x 1
∫
4
4 Show that d x = − ln 2.
ev
br

1π
3
1 − 2 cos 2 x 8
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
PS y
5

ge

w
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
O p x
-C

s
4x

es
The diagram shows part of the curve y = . Find the exact value of p for which the shaded region has
x2 + 1
y

Pr
op

an area of 4.

ity
C

8.4 Integration by substitution

rs
w

REWIND
ie

ve
Integration by substitution can be considered as the reverse process of differentiation by the

y
ev

chain rule. In the Pure

op
ni

Mathematics 1
R

This method is used when a simple substitution can be applied that will transform a

C
Coursebook Chapter 7,
ge

difficult integral into an easier integral. The integral must be completely rewritten in terms we learnt the chain rule

w
of the new variable. for differentiation:

ie
id

dy dy du

ev
= ×
br

dx du dx
am

-R
-C

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.9

es
y

Pr
op

191
Use the substitution u = 2 x + 1 to find
∫ 4x 2 x + 1 dx.
ity
C

rs
w

Answer
ie

ve

u −1
u = 2x + 1 ⇒ x =
y
ev

2
op
ni
R

du du
C

u = 2x + 1 ⇒ = 2 ⇒ dx =
dx 2
ge

w
ie
id

 u − 1 du
∫ 4x 2 x + 1 dx =
∫4 u Rewrite the integral in terms of u and simplify.
ev
br

2  2
am

-R

 3 1

=
∫  u − u  du

2 2

Integrate with respect to u.
-C

s
es

5 3
2 2 2 2
= u − u +c Rewrite in terms of x.
y

5 3
Pr
op

5 3
2 2
= (2 x + 1) 2 − (2 x + 1) 2 + c
ity
C

5 3
rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.10

w
ie
id

ev
8
∫
br
Use the substitution x = 2 tan u to find dx.
am x +4
2

-R
Answer
-C

s
x = 2 tan u ⇒ x 2 = 4 tan2 u

es
y

dx

Pr
x = 2 tan u ⇒ = 2 sec 2 u ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 u du
op

du
 

ity
C

8 8
∫ x +4
2 dx = 
∫
 4 tan u + 4 
2 2 sec 2 u du Rewrite the integral in terms of u and simplify.

rs
w
ie

ve
16 sec 2 u
=
∫ du Use tan2 u + 1 ≡ sec 2 u.

y
ev

4 tan2 u + 4

op
ni
R

16 sec 2 u
U

∫ Simplify.

C
= du
4 sec 2 u
ge

w
∫ 4 du

ie
= Integrate with respect to u.
id

ev
br

= 4u + c Rewrite in terms of x.
am

-R
= 4 tan −1   + c
x
 2
-C

s
es
y

Pr

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.11

op

192
ity
C

Use the substitution u = sin x to find

∫ sin 2x cos x dx.
rs

2
w
ie

ve

y
ev

Answer
op
ni
R

u = sin x ⇒ sin2 2 x = (2 sin x cos x )2

C
ge

= 4 sin2 x cos2 x
w
ie
id

= 4u2 (1 − u )2
ev
br

du du
u = sin x ⇒ = cos x ⇒ dx =
am

-R

dx cos x
du
∫ sin 2x cos x dx = ∫ sin 2x cos x cos x
-C

2 2 du
s

Replace dx by and simplify.

es

cos x

∫
y

= sin 2 x du 2
Pr
op

ity

∫
C

= (4u − 4u ) du
2 4 Replace sin2 2 x by 4u2 − 4u 4. TIP
rs
w

4 3 4 5 When using
ie

= u − u +c
ve

Integrate with respect to u.

3 5 substitution in definite
y
ev

op
ni

4 4 integrals you must also

= sin3 x − sin5 x + c Rewrite in terms of x.
R

3 5 remember to convert
C

the limits to limits for u.

e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.12

w
ie
id
3

ev
x
∫
br
Use the substitution u = x + 1 to find d x.
am 0 x +1

-R
Answer
-C

s
u = x +1⇒ x = u −1

es
y

du

Pr
u = x +1⇒ = 1 ⇒ dx = du
op

dx

ity
C

Find the new limits for u:

x = 3 ⇒ u = 3+1= 4

rs
w

x = 0⇒ u = 0+1=1
ie

ve

y
x=3 u=4
u −1
ev

x
∫ ∫

op
ni
dx = du Write the integral in terms of u and simplify.
x=0 x + 1 u =1 u
R

C
4  1 − 
1

∫
ge

=  u − u  du
2 2 Integrate with respect to u.

w
1  

ie
id

4
2 3 1


ev
br

=  u 2 − 2u 2  Evaluate the function at the limits.

3
am

1
-R
= − 4 −  − 2
16 2
-C

 3  3 
s
es

8
=
y

Pr

3
op

193
ity
C

rs
w

EXERCISE 8D
ie

ve

y
ev

x 1 1
∫ ∫
op
ni

1 Given that I = dx, use the substitution u = x 2 − 3 to show that I = du.

x −3
2 2 u
R

Hence find I .
ge

2 Find these integrals, using the given substitution.

ie
id

x
a
∫ dx, u = x + 2 b
∫x 1 − 2 x 2 dx, u = 1 − 2 x 2
ev
br

( x + 2)4
am

-R

c
∫ cos x sin x dx, u = sin x
5
d
∫e x
e x + 2 dx, u = e x + 2
-C

s
es

5x
e
∫ 5x + 1 dx, u = 5x + 1 f
∫x 3x − 1 dx, u = 3x − 1
y

Pr
op

1 1π
x2
ity

∫ ∫
C

2
3 Given that I = d x, use the substitution x = sin θ to show that I = sin2 θ dθ .
1 − x2
rs

0 0
w

Hence find the exact value of I .

ie

ve

y
ev

4 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.

op
ni

1π 4

∫
x
∫
R

2
a cos3 x d x, u = sin x b d x, u = 3 − x
C

0 0 3− x
e

w
g

2
3 π
 x2   x2 
∫ d x, u =
∫ d x , u = cos 
ie
id

c x d 2 x cos  
1 (
x 2− x ) 0  4   4 
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
1 π 2
5
∫ ∫ ( x + 4 ) dx, x = 2 tan θ

ge
3
e sec 2 x tan3 x d x , u = tan x f

w
1 2 2
π −2

ie
6

id

ev
br
1 2
x2
g
∫ am 4 − x2
, x = 2 cos θ h
∫ x(2 − x ) dx, x = 2 sin θ 2

-R
0 0

2
4
∫
-C

5 Use the substitution u = x − 2 to find the exact value of d x.

s
1 + ( x − 2)2

es
1
y

6 The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2 sin2 x cos3 x. Using the y

Pr
op

substitution u = sin x, find the exact area of the shaded region.

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve
O π x

y
ev

op
ni

ln x
R

y
U

7 The diagram shows part of the curve y = . Using the substitution

C
x
ge

u = ln x, find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed when

w
the shaded region is rotated completely about the x-axis.

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R O e x
cos x
8 The diagram shows part of the curve y = 3 e sin x . The curve y
-C

has rotational symmetry of order 2 about the origin. Using

es

the substitution u = cos x, find the exact value of the total area
y

Pr

bounded by the curve and the x-axis between x = −π and x = π.

op

194 π x
−π O
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

8.5 The use of partial fractions in integration

op
ni
R

EXPLORE 8.1
ge

w
ie
id

2
∫
ev

Consider dx.
br

2
x −1
am

-R

Try using some of the integration techniques that you have learnt so far to find this
integral and discuss what happens with your classmates.
-C

s
es
y

2
∫
Pr

In the integral dx, the denominator x 2 − 1 can be factorised to ( x − 1)( x + 1).

op

x2 − 1
2
ity
C

Hence the fraction 2 can be split into partial fractions.

x −1
rs
w

2
ie

A B
ve

≡ + Multiply throughout by ( x − 1)( x + 1).

y

2
x −1 x −1 x +1
ev

op
ni

2 ≡ A( x + 1) + B ( x − 1) (1)
R

C
e

Let x = 1 in equation (1):

w
g

ie
id

2 = 2A
ev
br

A=1
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Let x = −1 in equation (1):

ge

w
2 = −2 B

ie
id
B = −1

ev
br
2 1 1
∴ 2 ≡ am −

-R
x −1 x −1 x +1

dx = 
2 1 1 
∫ ∫
-C

Hence − dx

s
x −1
2  x − 1 x + 1

es
= ln x − 1 − ln x + 1 + c
y

Pr
op

x −1
= ln +c
x +1

ity
C

rs
w

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.13

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

3−x
∫ (x + 1)(x
R

Find dx.

C
2
+ 3)
ge

w
Answer

ie
id

ev
br

First split into partial fractions.

am

3−x A Bx + C
-R
≡ + Multiply throughout by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 3) .
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3) x + 1 x 2 + 3
-C

3 − x ≡ A( x 2 + 3) + Bx( x + 1) + C ( x + 1)
es
y

Pr

Let x = −1 4 = 4A ⇒ A=1
op

195
ity
C

Let x = 0 3 = 3A + C ⇒C = 0
rs
w

Let x = 1 2 = 4 A + 2 B + 2C ⇒ B = −1
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

3−x  1 x 
∴
∫ (x + 1)(x dx =
∫  x + 1 − x + 3  dx
R

2
+ 3) 2
C
ge

1 1 2x
∫ x + 1 dx − 2 ∫ x + 3 dx
w

= 2
ie
id

1
ev
br

= ln x + 1 − ln x 2 + 3 + c
2
am

-R
-C

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.14

es
y

Pr
op

9
Find
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) dx.
ity
C

2
rs
w

Answer
ie

ve

y
ev

First split into partial fractions.

op
ni
R

9 A B C
U

Multiply throughout by ( x + 2)( x − 1)2 .

C

≡ + +
( x + 2)( x − 1)2 x + 2 x − 1 ( x − 1)2
e

w
g

9 ≡ A( x − 1)2 + B ( x + 2)( x − 1) + C ( x + 2)
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge

w
Let x = 1 9 = 3C ⇒C =3

ie
Let x = −2 9 = 9A ⇒ A=1

id
Let x = 0 9 = A − 2 B + 2C ⇒ B = −1

ev
br
am  

-R
9 1 1 3
∴
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) 2 dx =
∫  x + 2 − x − 1 + (x − 1) 2  dx
-C

s
 1 1  dx
=
∫  x + 2 − x − 1 + 3(x − 1) −2

es

y

Pr
= ln x + 2 − ln x − 1 − 3( x − 1)−1 + c
op

x+2

ity
3
C

= ln − +c
x −1 x −1

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

EXERCISE 8E
R

C
ge

1 Find each of these integrals.

w
1 2x − 5 2(4x − 9)
∫ ∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) dx ∫ (2x + 1)(x − 5) dx

ie
id

a dx b c
x(2 − x )

ev
br
am

x2 + 2x − 5
-R
6x 2 − 19x + 20 2 x 2 + 4x − 21
d
∫ ( x − 3)( x 2 + 1)
dx e
∫ ( x + 1)( x − 2)2
dx f
∫ ( x − 1)( x + 4)
dx
-C

2 Evaluate each of these integrals.

es

2
5x + 13 2
4x + 5 2
4 − 3x
∫ ∫ ∫
y

a dx b dx c dx
Pr

+ 2)( x + 3) (2 x + 1)( x + 2)
op

196 1 ( x 0 1 (2 x − 1)( x + 2)
ity

1
3x + x 2 1
x +x+2
2 0
C

8
d
∫ 2
−1 ( x − 2)( x + 1)
dx e
∫ ( x + 1)(1 + x 2 )
dx f
∫ (2 − x )(4 + x 2 )
dx
rs
w

0 −2
ie

ve

3
1 − x − 2x2 1
1 − 2x 2
8x 2 − 3x − 2
∫ ∫ ∫
y
g dx h dx i dx
ev

x 2 (1 − x ) (2 x + 1)( x + 1)2 4x 3 − 3x + 1
op
ni

2 0 1
R

3 By first dividing the numerator by the denominator, evaluate each of these integrals.
C
ge

3
x2 + 2x + 3 3
2 x 2 + 5x + 1 2
4x 2 + 2 x − 5
∫ ∫ ∫
w

a dx b dx c dx
( x − 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)(2 x − 1)
ie
id

2 1 1
ev
br

3 2
x+3 2
4 Show that
∫ d x = ln 3.
am

x2 − 2
-R

2 2
1 π
cos x 1
∫
-C

2
5 Show that d x = ln 2.
s

9 − sin2 x 6
es

0
y

ln 2
e2 x 1 27
∫
Pr

d x = ln .
op

6 Show that
0 (1 + e )(2e x + 1)
x
2 20
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
8.6 Integration by parts

ge
REWIND

w
∫xe 2x

ie
id
Consider dx . The function to be integrated is clearly the product of two simpler In Chapter 4, we learnt

ev
br
2x
functions x and e . If we try using a substitution to simplify the integral we will find that the product rule for
am differentiation:

-R
it does not help. To integrate this function we require a new technique.
d dv du
( uv ) = u +v .
Integrating both sides of the equation for the product rule for differentiation with respect to
-C

dx dx dx

s
x and using the fact that integration is the reverse process of differentiation we can say that:

es
y

Pr
dv du
∫ u dx dx + ∫ v dx dx
op

uv =

ity
C

Rearranging gives the formula for integration by parts:

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

KEY POINT 8.4

op
ni
R

C
dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br

The following Worked examples show how to use this formula.

am

-R
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.15
-C

s
es

∫xe
y

2x
Find dx .
Pr
op

197
ity
C

Answer
rs

du
w

u=x ⇒ =1
ie

dx
ve

y
ev

dv 1 2x
op
ni

= e2 x ⇒ v= e
dx 2
R

dv du
∫ dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
ge

Substitute into u
w
ie
id

1 1
∫ x e dx = 2 xe − ∫ 2 e
2x 2x 2x
dx
ev
br
am

-R

1 1
= x e2 x − e2 x + c
2 4
-C

s
es

dv
y

It is important to choose our values for u and carefully.

Pr
op

dx
dv du
∫
ity

x ln x dx. If we let u = x and = ln x , then finding

C

Consider trying to find is

dx dx
rs
w

easy but we do not know how to integrate ln x to find v. Hence we must let u = ln x and
ie

ve

dv
ev

= x. This is demonstrated in Worked example 8.16.

op
ni

dx
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.16

w
ie
id

ev
∫ x ln x dx .
br
Find am

-R
Answer
-C

s
du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =

es
dx x
y

Pr
op

dv 1 2
=x ⇒ v= x
dx 2

ity
C

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
rs
w

Substitute into
ie

ve
1 1 1
∫ x ln x dx = 2 x ln x − ∫ 2 x ⋅ x dx

y
ev

2 2

op
ni
R

1 1
∫ 2 x dx

C
= x ln x −
2
ge

w
1 2 1

ie
= x ln x − x 2 + c
id

2 4

ev
br
am

-R
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.17
-C

s
es
y

∫ ln x dx.
Pr

Find
op

198
ity
C

Answer
rs
w

First write
∫ ln x dx as ∫ 1 ⋅ ln x dx.
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =
R

dx x
U

dv
ge

=1 ⇒ v=x
w

dx
ie
id

dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
ev
br
am

1
-R

∫ ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ x ⋅ x dx
-C

∫
= x ln x − 1 dx
es
y

= x ln x − x + c
Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Sometimes we might need to use integration by parts more than once to integrate a function.

ge

w
ie
id
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.18

ev
br
am

-R
Find
∫x 2
sin x d x .
-C

s
Answer

es
y

du
u = x2 ⇒ = 2x

Pr
op

dx

ity
C

dv
= sin x ⇒ v = − cos x
dx

rs
w

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
ie

ve
Substitute into

y
ev

op
ni

∫ x sin x dx = −x cos x − ∫ − 2x cos x dx

2 2
R

C
ge

w
= − x cos x + 2 x cos x dx
2
(1)

ie
id

ev
br

Use integration by parts a second time to find

∫ 2x cos x dx
am

-R
du
u = 2x ⇒ =2
-C

dx
es

dv
= cos x ⇒ v = sin x
y

Pr

dx
op

199
ity
C

dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
rs
w
ie

ve

∫ 2x cos x dx = 2x sin x − ∫ 2 sin x dx

y
ev

op
ni

= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c
R

Substituting in (1) gives:

ge

w
ie

∫x
id

2
sin x dx = − x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c
ev
br
am

-R

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.19

-C

s
es
y

ln x 1
∫
Pr

Given that I = dx, use integration by parts to show that I = (ln x )2 + c.

op

x 2
ity
C

Answer
rs
w

du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =
ie

ve

dx x
y
ev

op
ni

dv 1
= ⇒ v = ln x
R

dx x
C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge

w
dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx

ie
id

ev
br
ln x
am I = (ln x ) −
∫ x dx2
Rearrange.

-R
2 I = (ln x )2 + k Divide both sides by 2.
-C

s
1 k

es
I = (ln x )2 +
2 2
y

Pr
1
op

∴ I = (ln x )2 + c
2

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve
WORKED EXAMPLE 8.20

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
1π

∫
2
ge

Find the exact value of 4x sin 2 x d x.

w
0

ie
id

Answer

ev
br

du
u = 4x ⇒ =4
am

-R
dx
-C

dv 1
s

= sin 2 x ⇒ v = − cos 2 x
es

dx 2
y

Pr

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
op

200
Substitute into
ity
C

∫ 4x sin 2x dx = −2x cos 2x + ∫ 2 cos 2x dx

rs
w
ie

ve

= −2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + c
y
ev

op
ni

1π 1π

∫
2
R

∴ 4x sin 2 x d x =  −2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x  02

C

0
ge

= ( −π cos π + sin π ) − (0 + sin 0)

w
ie
id

=π
ev
br
am

-R

EXERCISE 8F
-C

1 Find each of these integrals.

es
y

∫ 3xe ∫ x cos x dx ∫ x ln 2x dx
Pr

x
op

a dx b c
ity
C

ln x
d
∫ x sin 2x dx e
∫x 3
ln x dx f
∫ dx
rs
w

x
ie

ve

2 Evaluate each of these integrals.

y
ev

op
ni

1π 2 1

∫
6
∫ ∫ xe2 x d x
R

a b x ln 2 x d x c
U

x cos 3x d x
C

0 1 0
e

3 1 0
g

d
∫ ln x d x e
∫ (2 − x )e −3x d x f
∫ (1 − 3xe −5 x ) d x
ie
id

1 0 −1
5
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
3 Use integration by parts twice to find the exact value of each of these integrals.

ge
1π

w
2 π

∫ ∫ ∫
4
a 2
(ln x ) d x b x 2 cos 2 x d x c x 2 sin x d x

ie
id
1 0 0

ev
br
e 0 π
d
∫ x(ln x )2 d x e
∫ x2ex dx f
∫ e x sin x d x
am

-R
0 −∞ 0

4 Find the exact value of the area for each of these shaded regions.
-C

s
es
a y b y
y

Pr
op

y = x2 ln x y = x sin x

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

O
π

op
ni
e O x
R

C
ge

w
c y d y
ln x

ie
y = x2 e–x
id

y=
x

ev
br
am

-R
-C

e x x
s

O O 4
es
y

Pr
op

201
5 y
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

O x
R

The diagram shows the curve y = e − x x + 2 . Find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed when the
ge

shaded region is rotated completely about the x-axis.

ie
id

ev
br

8.7 Further integration

am

-R

Some integrals can be found using different integration techniques.

-C

The activities in Explore 8.2 look at why our answers to an indefinite integral might ‘appear’
es

to be different when using different integration techniques when they are actually equivalent.
y

Pr
op

EXPLORE 8.2
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

1 Nadia and Richard are asked to find

∫ x(x − 2) dx. 7
y
ev

op
ni

1 1
R

Nadia uses the substitution u = x − 2 and her answer is: ( x − 2)9 + ( x − 2)8 + c
U

9 4
e

1 1
g

Richard uses integration by parts and his answer is: x( x − 2)8 − ( x − 2)9 + c
ie
id

8 72
ev
br

Use each of their methods to show that they are both correct and then use algebra to explain why their answers
am

-R

are equivalent.
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge

w
4x + 1
2 a Find
∫ 2x dx using:

ie
id
2
+ x −1

ev
br
i the substitution u = 2 x 2 + x − 1
am

-R
ii partial fractions.
-C

4x + 1
∫ 2x

s
b Suggest another method for finding dx.

es
2
+ x −1
y

c Use algebra to show that your two answers to part a are equivalent.

Pr
op

ity
C

Explore 8.3 is designed to make you think about the different integration techniques that

rs
w

might be available to you for a particular integral.

ie

ve
This activity expects you to be able to recognise the appropriate substitution to use when

y
ev

op
ni
integrating by substitution.
R

C
EXPLORE 8.3
ge

w
ie
id

Discuss with your classmates which integration methods can be used to find each of these integrals.

ev
br
am

2x + 3 3x 2
-R 2x
∫ 2
x + 3x − 10
dx
∫ x3 + 1
dx
∫x e x2
dx
∫ x+5
dx
-C

s
es

3
∫ ln 5x dx ∫x 2 x + 1 dx
∫ (2x + 1) 5
dx
∫ 3x − 2 dx
y

Pr
op

202
2x + 3 sin x
∫x ∫ cos 5
∫ x sin 4x dx ∫
ity

dx x sin x d x dx
C

2
+ 3x − 10 3 + cos x
rs
w
ie

ve

Find each integral.

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

Checklist of learning and understanding

ie
id

ev
br

k f ′( x )
Integrating
am

-R

f (x)
-C

kf ′( x )
∫ dx = k ln f( x ) + c
s

●
f( x )
es
y

Pr

Integration by substitution
op

Substitutions can sometimes be used to simplify the form of a function so that its integral can
ity

●
C

be easily recognised. When using a substitution, we must ensure that the integral is completely
rs
w

rewritten in terms of the new variable before integrating.

ie

ve

Integrating rational functions

y
ev

op
ni

● Some rational functions can be split into partial fractions that can then be integrated.
R

Integration by parts
e

w
g

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
ie
id

●
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Chapter 8: Further calculus

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 8

w
ie
id
1

ev
br
2
1 Find the exact value of xe −2 x d x. [5]
am 0

-R
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q2 June 2016
4
ln x
∫
-C

2 Find the exact value of d x. [5]

s
x

es
1
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q3 November 2013
y

Pr
op

1π
(1 + 3 tan x )
∫
4
3 Use the substitution u = 1 + 3tan x to find the exact value of dx [5]
cos2 x

ity
C

0
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q2 June 2014

rs
w
ie

ve
4 i Prove that cot θ + tan θ ≡ 2 cosec 2θ . [3]

y
ev

op
ni

1π
R

1
∫
U

3
cosec 2θ dθ = ln 3.

C
ii Hence show that [4]
1π 2
ge

w
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q5 November 2013

ie
id

1
x2
∫
ev
br

5 Let I = dx.
(4 − x 2 )
am

0
-R 1π

∫
6
i Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ , show that I = 4 sin2 θ dθ . [3]
-C

0
s
es

ii Hence find the exact value of I . [4]

y

Pr
op

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q5 November 2010 203

ity
C

2
6 The integral I is defined by I =
∫ 4t 3 ln(t 2 + 1) dt.
rs
w

0
ie

ve

5
i Use the substitution x = t + 1 to show that I =
2
∫ (2 x − 2) ln x d x. [3]
y
ev

op
ni

1
R

ii Hence find the exact value of I . [5]

C
ge

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q7 June 2011

w
ie
id

2
ev
br

7 i Express in partial fractions. [2]

( x + 1)( x + 3)
am

-R

2
 2  1 1 1 1
ii Using your answer to part i, show that   ≡ 2 − + + . [2]
-C

 ( x + 1)( x + 3)  ( x + 1) x + 1 x + 3 ( x + 3)2
s
es

1
4 7 3
∫
y

iii Hence show that dx = − ln .

Pr

[5]
op

0 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)2 12 2
ity
C

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q8 June 2010

rs

∫ (4 + tan 2x ) dx.
w

2
8 a Find [3]
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

1π
sin ( x + 61 π )
∫
2
R

b Find the exact value of d x. [5]

C

1π
4
sin x
e

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q5 June 2015

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id

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br
am

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

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U

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ge

w
ie
id
9 i Prove the identity tan 2θ − tan θ ≡ tan θ sec 2θ . [4]

ev
br
1π
1 3
∫
6
tan θ sec 2θ dθ =
ii
am
Hence show that ln . [4]

-R
0 2 2
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q5 November 2016
-C

s
es
10 y
y

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w

O 2 x
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
x
The diagram shows part of the curve y = (2 x − x 2 )e 2 and its maximum point M .
R

C
i Find the exact x-coordinate of M . [4]
ge

w
ii Find the exact value of the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the positive x-axis. [5]

ie
id

ev
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q7 November 2016
br
am

-R
4
4x 2 + 5x + 3
11 By first expressing 4x + 5x + 3 in partial fractions, show that
∫
2
d x = 8 − ln 9. [10]
2 x 2 + 5x + 2 2 x 2 + 5x + 2
-C

0
s
es

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 June 2012

y

Pr
op

204 y
12
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

O 2 x
M
ge

The diagram shows the curve y = x 3 ln x and its minimum point M .

ie
id

i Find the exact coordinates of M.

ev

[5]
br
am

Find the exact area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 2.
-R

ii [5]
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 November 2010
-C

s
es

13 y
y

Pr

M
op

ity
C

R
rs
w
ie

ve

O 1 p x
y

2
ev

x
The diagram shows the curve y =
op
ni

for x ù 0, and its maximum point M . The shaded region R is

1 + x3
R

enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = p.

e

i Find the exact value of the x-coordinate of M . [4]

g

ie
id

ii Calculate the value of p for which the area of R is equal to 1. Give your answer correct
ev
br

to 3 significant figures. [6]

am

-R

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q10 November 2015

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Cross-topic review exercise 3

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U

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CROSS-TOPIC REVIEW EXERCISE 3

w
ie
id
P3 This exercise is for Pure Mathematics 3 students only.

ev
br
Expand (1 − 3x ) −5 in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 3.
1
am

-R
[3]
1
1
∫
-C

2 Evaluate d x.

s
[3]
3x + 1
2

es
0
y

Pr
32
op

3 Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 3. [4]

( x + 2)3

ity
C

1
rs
w

4 Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 2 . [4]

4 − 2x
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
π

∫
2
5 Evaluate x 2 sin x d x . [5]
R

C
0
ge

w
1 + 2x
6 Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 3. [5]

ie
id

1− x

ev
br

1
5 7
∫
am

(x + 2)e −2 x d x = −
7 Show that .
-R [5]
0 4 4e2
-C

1
8 i Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 2 , simplifying
es

( 1 − 4x )
y

Pr

the coefficients. [3]

op

205
1 + 2x
ii Hence find the coefficient of x 2 in the expansion of . [2]
ity
C

( 4 − 16x )
rs
w

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q2 June 2012

ie

ve

y
ev

9 When (1 + ax ) −2, where a is a positive constant, is expanded in ascending powers of x,

op
ni

the coefficients of x and x 3 are equal.

R

C
ge

i Find the exact value of a. [4]

w
ie

When a has this value, obtain the expansion up to and including the term in x 2 ,
id

ii
ev
br

simplifying the coefficients. [3]

am

-R

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q4 November 2012

-C

10 y
es
y

Pr
op

ity
C

O α x
rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

1 1
The diagram shows the curve y = 8 sin x − tan x for 0 ø x , π. The x-coordinate of the maximum
op
ni

2 2
R

point is α and the shaded region is enclosed by the curve and the lines x = α and y = 0 .
C

2
e

i Show that α = π. [3]

w
g

3
ie
id

ii Find the exact value of the area of the shaded region. [4]
ev
br

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q5 June 2012

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

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U

C
ge

w
ie
id
5
5 − 3x 4
∫

ev
br
11 Show that d x = 4 ln . [7]
am 0 ( x + 1)(3x + 1) 3

-R
1
4x 2
-C

Let I =
∫
2

s
12 d x.
1 − x2

es
0 π

∫
y

6
a Using the substitution x = sin θ , show that I = 4 sin2 θ dθ . [3]

Pr
op

0
π 3
b Hence show that I = − . [4]

ity
C

3 2

rs
w

a
13 It is given that
∫ x ln x d x = 30 , where a . 1.
ie

ve
1

y
ev

119

op
ni

a Show that a = . [5]

2 ln a − 1
R

C
119
ge

b Use the iterative formula an +1 = to determine the value of a correct to

w
2 ln an − 1

ie
id

2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration correct to 4 decimal places. [3]

ev
br

y
14
am

-R
M
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

206
O x
ity
C

2 2−x
The diagram shows the curve y = x e and its maximum point M.
rs
w

i Show that the x-coordinate of M is 2. [3]

ie

ve

y
2
ev

∫ x 2 e2 − x d x .
op
ni

ii Find the exact value of [6]

0
R

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 June 2015

ge

12 + 8x − x 2
ie
id

15 Let f( x ) = .
(2 − x )(4 + x 2 )
ev
br

A Bx + C
+
am

i Express f( x ) in the form . [4]

-R

2−x 4 + x2
-C

1
f( x ) d x = ln
25 
∫
s

ii Show that . [5]

 2 
es

0
y

Pr

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q8 November 2011

op

ity
C

a
16 It is given that
∫ ln(2 x ) d x = 1, where a . 1.
rs
w

1
ln 2 
exp  1 +
1
ie

ve

i Show that a = x
 , where exp( x ) denotes e . [6]
 a 
y

2
ev

op
ni

1  ln 2 
ii Use the iterative formula an +1 = exp  1 + to determine the value of a correct to
an 
R

2 
C

2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places. [3]
e

w
g

ie

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q6 November 2014

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br
am

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Cross-topic review exercise 3

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U

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ge

w
ie
id
4 + 12 x + x 2

ev
br
17 i Express in partial fractions. [5]
am (3 − x )(1 + 2 x )2

-R
4 + 12 x + x 2
ii Hence obtain the expansion of in ascending powers of x, up to and
(3 − x )(1 + 2 x )2
-C

s
including the term in x 2 .

es
[5]
y

Pr
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 June 2014
op

ity
C

x 2 − 8x + 9
18 Let f( x ) = .
(1 − x )(2 − x )2
rs
w
ie

ve
i Express f( x ) in partial fractions. [5]

y
ev

op
ni

ii Hence obtain the expansion of f( x ) in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 2 . [5]
R

C
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 November 2014
ge

w
ie
id

5x − 2
19 Let f( x ) = .

ev
br

( x − 1)(2 x 2 − 1)
am

-R
a Express f( x ) in partial fractions. [5]
-C

Hence obtain the expansion of f( x ) in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x 3.
s

b [5]
es

x3 − 2 B C D
y

Pr

20 a Given that ≡ A+ + 2 + , find the values of the constants A, B, C and D. [5]

op

207
x (2 x − 1)
2
x x 2x − 1
ity
C

2
x3 − 2 3 9 1
b Hence show that
∫ x (2 x − 1)
2 d x = − 2 ln + ln 3 .
2 4 4
[5]
rs
w

1
ie

ve

21
y
y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R

O e x
M
-C

The diagram shows the curve y = x 2 ln x and its minimum point M.

es
y

i Find the exact values of the coordinates of M. [5]

Pr
op

ii Find the exact value of the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the x-axis
ity
C

and the line x = e. [5]

rs
w

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 November 2011

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

4
22 i Show that
∫ 4x ln x d x = 56 ln 2 − 12. [5]
R

2
e

1
π

∫
w

Use the substitution u = sin 4x to find the exact value of cos3 4x d x.

g

24
ii [5]
ie
id

0
Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q8 June 2013
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br
am

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

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U

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ge

w
ie
id
1

ev
Express 4 cos θ + 3 sin θ in the form R cos(θ − α ), where R . 0 and 0 , α , π. Give

br
23 i
am 2

-R
the value of α correct to 4 decimal places. [3]
ii Hence
-C

s
es
a solve the equation 4 cos θ + 3 sin θ = 2 for 0 , θ , 2 π, [4]
y

Pr
50
∫ (4 cos θ + 3 sin θ )
op

b find 2 dθ . [3]

ity
C

Cambridge International A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 31 Q9 June 2013

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

208
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
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Answers

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Exercise 7E 9 23

ge
12 2− −

w
2 3 5(2 x − 1) 5( x + 2)

ie
−

id
1 a
1 − x 1 + 2x 13 k = 16

ev
br
b −1 + 8x − 10 x 2 + 26x 3 1 3 12
+ +
am

-R
14 i
x + 1 x − 3 ( x − 3)2
2 1 3
2 a + −
-C

1 − 3x 1 − x (1 − x )2 4 4 4

s
ii − x + x2

es
b x + 10 x 2 + 43x 3 3 9 3
y

1 3x − 1

Pr
− + 2
op

5 3x − 1 15 i
3 a + x−2 x +3
1 − x 1 + 2x2

ity
C

1 5 17 2
b 4 + 8x + 7 x 2 − x 3 ii + x+ x

rs
w

6 4 72
ie

ve
6 5 1 2x + 1
4 a 1+ + − +

y
16 i
ev

1 + 2 x 2 − 3x 1 + x 1 + 2x2

op
ni

237
R

b ii 3x − 3x 2 − 3x 3

C
8
ge

w
3 3
5 a − 8 Further calculus

ie
id

x−4 x+3

ev
br

7 7 91 2 Prerequisite knowledge
b − + x− x
am

4 48 576
-R
2
+1
1 a 3 cos 3x b 2 xe x
5 1 3
+ −
-C

6 a 5
s

x + 1 x − 2 ( x − 2)2 c d 2 sec 2 2 x + 5 sin x

es

5x − 3
15 69 2
y

b − 6x + x
Pr

1 5 x +1 x 1
op

4 16 2 a e +c b − sin 4x + c 335
5 2 8
ity
C

End-of-chapter review exercise 7 c

5
ln(3x − 2) + c d
1
tan 3x + c
rs

3 3
w

1 1 + 8x + 40 x 2 + 160 x 3
ie

ve

3 1 7x 3
3 a + b −
y
ev

2( x + 3) 2( x − 1) x +2 x
2
op
ni

40 3
2 1 − 2 x − 4x 2 − x
R

3 5 5 5 1 1
− + d 3− +
C

c
2 − 7 x + 18x 2 x x − 1 ( x − 1)2 x +1 x − 2
ge

3
w
ie
id

3 2 Exercise 8A
1 + 2x −
ev

4 x
br

2 2 5
am

-R

1 a b
5
3
1− x +
27 2 135 3
x − x 4x + 12
25x 2 + 1
2 8 16 3 1
-C

c d
s

x2 + 9 x2 − 2x + 2
es

5 5 15 2
6 + x+ x
2x 2
y

2 2 8
Pr

e f
op

1 5 75 2 x4 + 1 5x 2 + 2 x + 1
7 + x+ x x
+ tan −1 x
ity
C

2 16 256 2 a
x2 + 1
rs
w

8 16
8 A=− , B = −4, C = 2 x − (4x 2 + 1) tan −1 2 x
ie

ve

3 3 b
x 2 (4x 2 + 1)
y
ev

A = 5, B = 3, C = −2
op
ni

9
c ex  2 + tan −1 x 
1
R

 x +1 
C

2 5x − 3
+
e

10 3 x − 4y = 2 − π
w

x x2 + 1
g

ie
id

11 A = 3, B = −1, C = 2, D = −2 3+ π
ev
br

4
5
am

-R
-C

s
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

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U

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Exercise 8B 20 5

ge
e f ( π + 2)

w
9 32
tan −1   tan −1  
1 x 1 x
1 a b

ie
id
 3  4 π
3 4 g
1
( 2π − 3 3 ) h

ev
br
6 2
tan −1 
1 1 3x 
c tan −1(2 x ) d
am

-R
2 12  4  5 π
3  2 3x  6  6 
-C

e tan −1  f tan −1  x
 3   2 
4

s
6 6 6

es
15
y

π π 6

Pr
π
op

2 a b c π 7
12 4 9 3

ity
C

3 2π 2 6
6e −
rs
8
w

e
ie

ve

y
ev

Exercise 8C

op
ni

Exercise 8E
R

1 a 2 ln( x 3 − 1) + c b ln(1 + sin x ) + c

C
1  x 
1 a ln +c
ge

c 2 ln( x 2 − 5x + 1) + c d ln(sin x ) + c 2  2−x

w
ie
id

1 b 3 ln( x + 2) − ln(1 − x ) + c
e − ln(2 − x 2 ) + c ln(1 + tan x ) + c

ev
f
br

2 c 2 ln(2 x 2 − 9x − 5)
am

1  3
-R
2 a ln b ln5 d ln( x − 3) + 2 tan −1 x + c
2  2
-C

1  5 1  7 2
e 5 ln( x + 1) + ln(2 − x ) +
es

c ln d ln +c
2  2 2  2 2−x
y

Pr

2 x − 3 ln( x − 1) + ln( x + 4) + c
op

336 1 f
e ln 2 f ln 3
2
ity
C

3 Proof 100
2 a ln b ln10
rs
w

27
7
ie

ve

4 Proof 9 3 d ( π − 4 ln 3)
c ln
y
ev

16 10
op
ni

5 p= e2 − 1 π 1
+ ln 2
R

e f ( π + ln 4)
C

4 4
ge

1 9 3
+ ln 4 h 2 ln −
w

g
Exercise 8D 6 4 2
ie
id

9 1
i ln −
ev
br

1 x2 − 3 + c 2 3
am

-R

16 12
3 3 a 1 + ln b 4 − ln c 2 − ln 2
3x + 2 1 5 5
2 a − +c b − (1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 + c
-C

6( x + 2)3 6 4 Proof
s
es

3
sin6 x 2 x 5 Proof
y

+c (e + 2) 2 + c
Pr

c d
op

6 3
6 Proof
ity

1 1
C

e x + − ln(5x + 1) + c
5 5
rs
w

5 3
Exercise 8F
ie

ve

2 2
f (3x − 1) 2 + (3x − 1) 2 + c a 3xe x − 3e x + c
y

1
ev

45 27
op
ni

b x sin x + cos x + c
R

π
C

3
4 1 2 1
e

c x ln 2 x − x 2 + c
w
g

2 b 18 ln 3 − 16 2 4
ie
id

4 a 1 1
3 d sin 2 x − x cos 2 x + c
ev
br

4 2
ln( 3 + 2 2 )
3 d 2 2
c
am

-R

2
-C

s
es

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Answers

ve

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op
ni
U

C
1 4 1 4  −1 15
1 

ge
e x ln x − x +c ii 4 ln 2 −

w
 e , − 3e 
12 i 3
4 16 16
 

ie
id
f 2 x ln x − 4 x + c
x= 2 3
ii p = 3.40

ev
br
13 i
1 am

-R
2 a (π − 2)
18 Cross-topic review exercise 3
1 3
-C

b ln16 − ln 2 −

s
2 4 1 1 + 15x + 135x 2 + 945x 3

es
1 2
(e + 1)
y

c d ln 27 − 2

Pr
op

4 3
5 2 8 2 π
− 3 9

ity
e f
C

9 9e 25
3 4 − 6x + 6x 2 − 5x 3
rs
w

1
3 a 2(ln 2 − 1) 2
b ( π2 − 8)
ie

ve
32 1 1 3 2

y
ev

4 + x+ x

op
ni
1 2 2 8 64
c π −42
d e
R

C
5 π−2
ge

1
(1 + e π )

w
e 2 f
2 3 3 15 3

ie
1+ x + x2 +
id

6 x
1 2 8 16

ev
br

4 a (1 + 2e3 ) b π
9 7 Proof
am

-R
1 26
c d 2− 4 8 i 1 + 2 x + 6x 2 ii 5
-C

2 e
s
es

1 2 3 2
5 π(e 4 − 5) 9 i a= ii 1 − 2 x + x
y

4 2 2
Pr
op

1 337
10 i Proof ii 8 + 2 ln
2
ity
C

End-of-chapter review exercise 8 11 Proof

rs
w

1 1 −1
ie

ve

1 − e 12 a Proof b Proof
y
4 2
ev

op
ni

2 4(ln 4 − 1) 13 a Proof b 6.56

R

14 i Proof ii 2e2 − 10
ge

14
w

3 3 4x
9
ie

+
id

15 i ii Proof
2 − x 4 + x2
ev
br

4 i Proof ii Proof
16 i Proof ii 1.94
am

-R

1 3
5 i Proof ii π− 1 3 1
3 2 17 i + −
-C

3 − x 2(1 + 2 x ) 2(1 + 2 x )2
s

6 i Proof ii 15 ln5 − 4 4 8 1 2
es

ii − x+ x
3 9 27
y

1 1
Pr

−
op

7 i ii Proof 2 1 3
x +1 x + 3 18 i − +
1 − x 2 − x (2 − x )2
ity
C

iii Proof
9 5 39 2
rs

+ x+
w

1 ii x
a 3x + tan 2 x + c 4 2 16
ie

8
ve

2 3 6x + 1
y

− 2
ev

19 a
op
ni

1 
π 3 − ln x − 1 2x − 1
1 1
b 
 2
R

8 2 b −2 + 3x − x 2 + 9x 3
C
e

9 i Proof ii Proof 1 15
w

20 a A= , B = 4, C = 2, D = −
g

2 2
ie
id

10 i 5 −1 ii 24 − 8e
b Proof
ev
br

11 Proof
 1 1  1
am

-R

21 i  e , − 2e  ii
9
(2e3 + 1)
-C

s
es

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

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U

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11 Exercise 9B

ge
22 i Proof ii

w
96
1

ie
( −3 j + 7 k ) b λ =3

id
23 i 5 cos(θ − 0.6435) 1 a
58

ev
br
ii a 1.80, 5.77
am 2 a d =2

b ON = 6 i + 4 j + 2 k

-R
b 2 tan(θ − 0.6435) + c
2 2 1
i+ j+ k
-C

s
3 3 3

es
9 Vectors
 −6   2   −8 
y

Pr
op

Prerequisite knowledge = d − a =  −6  −  2  =  −8 
3 a i

AD
36.7° (correct to 1 decimal place)      

ity
C

1  0  0   0 
3 2
rs
w

2 a y = x −1 b y = − x−6 = 128 = 8 2,
ie

2 3
ve
61  13   2   11 

y
ev

3 a 4 cm b

op
ni

2 = b−a =  5  − 2  =  3 

AB
R

     
U

(2, 12)

C
4  4   0   4 
ge

w
= 112 + 32 + 42 = 146,

ie
id

Exercise 9A  5   13   −8 

ev
br

BC = c − b =  −3  −  5  =  −8 

 5  5
am

-R
     
1

a AB =  BC =  


 −3   2  4  4   0 
-C

 10  = 8 2,
es


b AC = 
 −1 
y

 5   −6   11 
Pr
op

338
DC = c − d =  −3  −  −6  =  3 

 −7 
     

a EF = 
ity

2
C

 3   4  0   4 
rs
w

   3   10  =  −7 
b DF − DE =   −  = 112 + 32 + 42 = 146
ie

 5   2   3 
ve

y
ev

ii Opposite sides are parallel and equal in

op
ni

3
      
QR = PR − PQ = PR + QP = QP + PR QED length.
R

 2  11   7.5 
ge

4
 
a XY = b − a and BC = 2 b − 2a = 2( b − a )
w

1    1 
3  =  3.5 
b i

 
OM = OA + AB = 2 +
BC is a scalar multiple of XY , therefore BC is
ie
id

2   2   
 0  4   2 
ev
br

parallel to XY .
so M (7.5, 3.5, 2)
am

-R

1
b k=
2   1 
ii OP = OB +
-C

BD
 12   3
s

3
es

5 a  2  b  4  13    −6   13  
y

     
Pr

1
 0   2 = 5  +   −6  −  5  
op

  3    
q+s−p p − 2q − r − s  4    0   4  
ity
C

6 a i ii
rs
w

b For example, angle AHC = 45° (Interior angle of  13   −19   20 

ie

1  1
ve

a regular octagon = 135° and angle GHC = 90° ) 

= 5 +  −11 = 4 
y

  3  3 
ev

 −4 
op
ni

and the exterior angle (at A) is 45° and so the line  4   8 

R

segments AB and HC are parallel.

C

so P 
20 4 8 
, ,
e

k = 1+ 2  3 3 3
w
g

ie
id

7 Proof
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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