12th STD Physics em 2023 24

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Physics
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VOLUME - I & II
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12th Standard
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Based on the Updated New FreWorkbook
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Practic with
Textbook
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anual
Salient Features
Complete Solutions to Textbook Exercises.
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Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA & LA questions with answers in each unit.
NEET based Questions with Answers are also given at the end of this guide.
Model Question Papers 1 to 6 (PTA) : Questions are incorporated in the appropriate

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sections.
Govt. Model Question Paper [Govt. MQP-2019],Common Quarterly Exam - 2019

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[QY-2019], Common Half Yearly Exam - 2019 [HY-2019], Public Exam. March 2020
& May 2022 [Mar-2020 & May-2022], Govt. Supplementary Exam Septemper - 2020,
August 2021 & July 2022 [Sep-2020, Aug-2021 & July-'22] and First & Second
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Revision Test [FRT&SRT-'22] questions are incorporated in the appropriate sections.

Instant Supplementary Exam July 2022 Question Paper is given with answers.
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Contents
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VOLUME - I
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Units Page No.
1 Electrostatics 1 - 66
.
ks
2 Current Electricity 67 - 116
3 Magnetism and magnetic effects of electric current

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4 Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Current 167 - 221
5 Electromagnetic waves 222 - 246

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VOLUME - II
6 Ray Optics 247 - 290
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7 Wave Optics 291 - 331

8 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 332 - 375
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9 Atomic and Nuclear physics 376 - 415

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10 Electronics and Communication 416 - 460

11 Recent Developments in Physics 461 - 472
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473 - 484
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Neet based questions and answers

Instant Supplementary Exam July 2022 Question
485 - 492
Paper with Answers answers
(iii)

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UNIT
1 ELECTROSTATICS
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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
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1.1 Introduction 1.6 Gauss law and its applications
1.1.1 Historical background of electric 1.6.1 Electric Flux
charges 1.6.2 Electric flux for closed surfaces
1.1.2 Basic properties of charges 1.6.3 Gauss law
.
1.2 Coulomb's law 1.6.4 Applications of Gauss law
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1.2.1 Superposition principle 1.7 Electrostatics of Conductors and
1.3 Electric field and Electric Field Lines Dielectrics
1.3.1 Electric Field
1.7.1 Conductors at electrostatic
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1.3.2 Electric field due to the system of point
equilibrium
charges
1.7.2 Electrostatic shielding
1.3.3 Electric field due to continuous charge
1.7.3 Electrostatic induction
distribution
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1.7.4 Dielectrics or insulators

1.3.4 Electric field lines
1.4 Electric dipole and its properties 1.7.5 Induced Electric field inside the
1.4.1 Electric dipole dielectric
1.4.2 Electric field due to a dipole 1.7.6 Dielectric strength
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1.4.3 Torque experienced by an electric 1.8 Capacitors and Capacitance

dipole in the uniform electric field 1.8.1 Capacitors
1.5 Electrostatic Potential and Potential Energy 1.8.2 Energy stored in the capacitor
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1.5.1 Electrostatic Potential energy and 1.8.3 Applications of capacitors

Electrostatic potential 1.8.4 Effect of dielectrics in capacitors
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1.5.2 Electric potential due to a point charge 1.8.5 Capacitor in series and parallel
1.5.3 Electrostatic potential at a point due to 1.9 Distribution of charges in a
an electric dipole conductor and action at points
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1.5.4 Equi-potential Surface 1.9.1 Distribution of charges in a

1.5.5 Relation between electric field and conductor
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potential 1.9.2 Action at points or Corona

1.5.6 Electrostatic potential energy for discharge
collection of point charges 1.9.3 Lightning arrester or lightning
1.5.7 Electrostatic potential energy of a conductor
dipole in a uniform electric field 1.9.4 Van de Graaff Generator

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I
CONCEPT MAP
ELECTROSTATICS
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Point charge Coulomb’s law Dipole
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Electric field
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Electric flux Electric Potential

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energy
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Gauss law Conductors
Van de Graaff
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Generator
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Series Capacitors Parallel

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with dielectric Without dielectric
4
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

Electrostatics : Study of electric charges at rest or stationary charged bodies.
Electric charge : A basic property of some substances due to which they can exert
a force of electrostatic attraction or repulsion on other charged
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bodies at a distance.
Frictional electricity : 600 B.C. Thales, a Greek Philosopher - amber with fur -

electrification
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17th century William Gilbert - glass, ebonite exhibit charging by
rubbing.
Elektron (Greek word) - means amber
Positive charge Negative charge
.
Glass rod Silk cloth
ELECTROSTATICS
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Fur cap Ebonite rod
Woollen cloth Plastic object
Superposition principle : In an isolated system, the total force on a given charge is
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the vector sum of the individual forces exerted on it by all
other charges, each individual force calculated by Coulomb’s law.
→
q q ∧ q q ∧ qq ∧ 
F1tot = k  1 2 2 r21 + 1 2 3 r31 + ..... + 1 2 n rnl 
 r21 r31 rn1
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Properties of charges : Quantisation of charge q = ne [n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,....]

Charges are additive Q = ΣQn
Conservation of charges Q = Constant
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A point charge : The dimension of the charged object is very small and neglected in
comparison with the distances involved.
Electric field due to a : +q +qo
.s
1 q
point charge E E= r
O r P 4πε 0 r 2
: Points outward for +q at O
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Direction of E is along
line joining OP Points inward for –q at O
Definition of Coulomb : It is defined as the quantity of charge which when placed at a distance
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of 1 metre in air or vacuum from an equal and similar charge

experiences a repulsive force of 9 ×109 N.
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Test charge : A charge which, on introduction in an existing field, does not alter
the field.
Electric field : It is the space or the region around the source charge in which the
effect of the charge can be felt.
Electric field intensity : Force experienced by a unit positive charge kept at that point in the
field.
5
Charge (q) Mass(m)

Can be zero, +ve or –ve Can never be zero, only +ve
Force between two charges can be Force between any two masses is
positive or negative always attractive in nature
Value of constant depends upon Value of constant G is always fixed.
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ε, εr, ε0
FORMULAE
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→ 1 q1q2 ∧
(1) Electrostatic force between charges q1 and q2, F = F12 = r21
1 4πε o r212
(2) Value of k =
4πε o = 9 × 10 Nm C
.
9 2 –2
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(3) Value of ε = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
(5) Total charge q = n × e ; Number of electrons × Charge of an electron
2 2
(6) Components of force F, F1= F cos q; F2 =F sin q ; |F| = F1 + F2
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Unit 1
ε
(7) Relative permittivity or Dielectric constant ε r =
εo
Fair
(8) Force between charges in medium Fm =
εr
ab
force F
(9) Electrostatic field, E = = q ⇒ F = qE
charge
1 q ∧
(10) Electric field due to a point charge E = r
4πε o r 2
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→ ∧
(11) Electric dipole moment, p = q × 2a i
→
1 2p
→
(12) (i) Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the axial line, E = (r >> a )
.s
4πε 0 r 3
→
−1 p
→
(ii) Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the equatorial line E = E tot = (r >> a )
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4πε 0 r 3
(13) Magnitude of torque τ = p × E = pE sinθ (p = q 2a)
1 q
(14) Electric potential at a point due to a point charge, V = 4πε r
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o
→ →
(15) Electric potential energy of dipole U = – pE cosθ = - p .E
p cos θ
(16) Electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole V = 4πε
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o r2
q → →
(17) Electric flux = ⇒ fE = E . A = EA cosθ
εo
λ
(18) Electric field due to infinite long straight charged wire, E =
2πε o r
σ q 1 → σ ∧
(19) Electric field due to plane sheet of charge E = 2ε = A 2ε Vector form, E = n
o o 2ε 0
8
Evaluation
I. Multiple choice questions : 5. Four Gaussian
A
surfaces are given +2q
1. Two identical point charges of magnitude –q
below with charges + B
are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third –q
charge +q is placed midway between the two inside each Gaussian –
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charges at the point P. Suppose this charge +q surface. Rank the +q
is displaced a small distance from the point electric flux through +
P in the directions indicated by the arrows, each Gaussian surface D

C
in increasing order.
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in which direction(s) will +q be stable with
respect to the displacement? (a) D < C < B < A (b) A < B = C < D
B1 (c) C < A = B < D (d) D > C > B > A
+q [Ans. (a) D < C < B <A]
– + –
.
-q A1 P A2 -q 6. The total electric flux for the following closed
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B2 surface which is kept inside water
(a) A1 and A2 (b) B1 and B2
(c) both directions (d) No stable
[Ans. (b) B1 and B2]
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Unit 1
2. Which charge configuration produces a

uniform electric field? [HY-2019;Aug-2021;FRT-'22]
(a) point Charge 80 q q
(a) (b)
(b) uniformly charged infinite line ε 40 ε
ab
(c) uniformly charged infinite plane q q

(d) uniformly charged spherical shell (c) (d) 160 ε
80 ε q
[Ans. (c) uniformly charged infinite plane] [Ans. (b) ]
40eo
q1
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3. What is the ratio of the charges for the 7. Two identical conducting balls having positive
q2 charges q1 and q2 are separated by a center to center
following electric field line pattern? distance r. If they are made to touch each other
and then separated to the same distance, the force
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between them will be (NSEP 04-05)

[Sep-2020; FRT-'22]
q1 q2 (a) less than before (b) same as before
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(c) more than before (d) zero

1 25 11 [Ans. (c) more than before]
(a) (b) (c) 5 (d)
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5 11 25 8. Rank the electrostatic potential energies for

11 the given system of charges in increasing
[Ans. (d) ] order. [PTA-4]
25
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4. An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle Q –Q –Q –Q

of 30° with an electric field of 2 × 105 N C–1. It (a) + r –– (b) – r ––
experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The
–Q –2Q Q –2Q
charge on the dipole if the dipole length is (c) r (d) + 2r ––
1 cm is [QY-2019; July-'22]
– ––
(a) 4 mC (b) 8 mC (a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3 (b) 2 = 4 < 3 < 1
(c) 5 mC (d) 7 mC (c) 2 = 3 < 1 < 4 (d) 3 < 1 < 2 < 4
[Ans. (b) 8 mC] [Ans. (a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3]
10

→ ∧ 14. Three capacitors are 2µF
9. An electric field E = 10 x i exists in a certain connected in triangle as A B
region of space. Then the potential difference shown in the figure. The
V = V0 – VA, where V0 is the potential at the equivalent capacitance 1µF
2µF
origin and VA is the potential at x = 2 m is: between the points A and C is

(a) 10 V (b) – 20 V (a) 1μF C
(c) +20 V (d) –10 V (b) 2 μF
m
[Ans. (c) +20 V] (c) 3 μF
10. A thin conducting spherical shell of radius 1
(d) µF [Ans. (b) 2 μF]
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R has a charge Q which is uniformly distributed 4
on its surface. The correct plot for electrostatic 15. Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm
potential due to this spherical shell is [PTA-1] are given charges of –1 × 10–2 C and 5 × 10–2 C
V V respectively. If these are connected by a
.
conducting wire, the final charge on the bigger
(a) (b)
sphere is
ELECTROSTATICS
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(AIIPMT -2012; May-2022)
O O
R r R r (a) 3 × 10 C
–2
(b) 4 × 10-2 C
V V (c) 1 × 10-2 C (d) 2 × 10-2 C
(c) (d) [Ans. (a) 3 × 10–2 C]
O
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II. Short Answer Questions :
O R r
R r
V
1. What is meant by quantisation of charges?
[Ans. (b) ]
Ans. (i) The charge q on any object is equal to an
ab
O
R r integral multiple of the fundamental unit
11. Two points A and B are maintained at a of charge e.
potential of 7 V and –4 V respectively. The q = ne
work done in moving 50 electrons from A to (ii) Where n is any integer (0, ±1, ±2, ±3,
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B is ±4………..). This is called quantisation of

(a) 8.80 × 10–17 J (b) –8.80 × 10–17 J electric charge.
(c) 4.40 × 10–17 J (d) 5.80 × 10–17 J 2. Write down Coulomb’s law in vector form and
.s
[Ans. (a) 8.80 × 10–17 J] mention what each term represents.

12. If voltage applied on a capacitor is increased Ans. (i) According to Coulomb, the force on the
from V to 2V, choose the correct conclusion. point charge q2 exerted by another point
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[Govt. MQP-2019; Mar-2020]

(a) Q remains the same, C is doubled charge q1 is
(b) Q is doubled, C doubled → qq ∧
F21 = k 1 2 2 r12
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(c) C remains same, Q doubled r

(d) Both Q and C remain same ∧
where r12 is the unit vector directed
[Ans. (c) C remains same, Q doubled]
from charge q1 to charge q2 and k is the
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13. A parallel plate capacitor stores a charge Q at a proportionality constant.

voltage V. Suppose the area of the parallel plate 1
capacitor and the distance between the plates (ii) Also k = and its value is
4πε 0
are each doubled then which is the quantity
that will change? [QY-2019; Sep-2020; FRT-'22]
k = 9 × 109 Nm2C–2. Here e0 is the permittivity
(a) Capacitance (b) Charge of free space or vacuum and its value is
(c) Voltage (d) Energy density 1
[Ans. (d) Energy density] ε0 = = 8.85 × 10–12 C2 N–1 m–2
4πk
11

3. What are the differences between Coulomb →
force and gravitational force? [QY; HY - 2019]
→ F kq ∧ 1 q ∧
E= = 2 r= r
Ans. q0 r 4πε 0 r 2
∧
S. Coulomb Gravitational (ii) Here r is the unit vector pointing from q
No to the point of interest P.
i) It may be attractive It is always (iii) The electric field is a vector quantity.
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or repulsive. attractive in nature. (iv) SI unit is Newton per Coulomb (NC–1).
ii) It depends upon It does not depend 6. What is mean by ‘electric field lines’?
medium upon the medium Ans. Electric field vectors are visualized by the
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iii) It is always greater It is lesser than concept of electric field lines. They form a
in magnitude coulomb force set of continuous lines which are the visual
because of high because value of representation of the electric field in some region
value of G is of space.
K = 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2
.
7. The electric field lines never intersect. Justify.

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iv) The force between It is always same [PTA-4]
the charges will whether the two Ans. If some charge is placed in the intersection point,
not be same during masses are rest or then it has to move in two different directions at
motion or rest. motion the same time, which is physically impossible.
Hence, electric field lines do not intersect.
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Unit 1
4. Write a short note on superposition principle.

8. Define ‘electric dipole’. Give the expression for
Ans. According to this superposition principle, the
the magnitude of its electric dipole moment
total force acting on a given charge is equal to and the direction. [PTA-5]
the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the
Ans. (i) Two equal and opposite charges separated
ab
other charges.
by a small distance constitute an electric
Consider a system of n charges, namely q1, q2, dipole.
q3 ….qn. The force on q1 exerted by the charge q2 (ii) The magnitude of the electric dipole moment
→ q1q2  is equal to the product of magnitude of one of
F12 = k r21
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r212 the charges and the distance between them.

e force on q1 exerted by the charge q3 is
Th p = 2qa and it is directed from –q to +q
→ q1q2 
.s
F13 = k r31 9. Write the general definition of electric dipole

r312 moment for a collection of point charge.
The total force acting on the charge q1 due to all other Ans. The electric dipole moment for a collection of 'n'
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n
charges is given by → →
point charges is given by, P = ∑ qi r i
→ → → → →  i =1
F1tot = F12 + F13 + F14 +..........F1n where r i is the position vector of charge qi from
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the origin.
{ q1q2 qq qq
→
F1tot = k 2

r21 + 1 2 3 
r31 + 1 2 4 
r41 +... 10. Define ‘electrostatic potential'.[PTA-6; Aug-2021]
r21 r31 r41 Ans. The electric potential at a point P is equal to the
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q1qn { work done by an external force to bring a unit

..... + 
rn1 positive charge with constant velocity from infinity
rn21
to the point P in the region of the external electric

5. Define ‘electric field’. field E .
Ans. (i) he electric field at the point P at a distance
T 11. What is an equipotential surface?
r from the point charge q is the force Ans. An equipotential surface is a surface on which all
experienced by a unit charge and is given by the points are at the same electric potential.
12

12. What are the properties of an equipotential (ii) A sensitive electrical instrument which
surface? is to be protected from external electrical
Ans. (i) The work done to move a charge q between disturbance can be kept inside this cavity.
any two points A and B, W = q (VB – VA). This is called electrostatic shielding.
(ii) If the points A and B lie on the same
equipotential surface, work done is zero 18. What is Polarisation?

because VA = VB. Ans. (i) Polarisation p is defined as the total dipole
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(iii) The electric field is normal to an equipotential moment per unit volume of the dielectric.
surface. If it is not normal, then there is a → →
component of the field parallel to the surface. p = χe E ext
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13. Give the relation between electric field and
(ii) χe = electric susceptibility.
electric potential. [PTA-6]
Ans. Consider a positive charge q kept fixed at the origin. 19. What is dielectric strength?
To move a unit positive charge by a small distance Ans. The maximum electric field the dielectric
dx towards q in the electric field E, the work done can withstand before it breakdowns is called
.
is given by dW = –E dx. The minus sign implies dielectric strength.
ELECTROSTATICS
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that work is done against the electric field. This
work done is equal to electric potential difference. 20. Define ‘capacitance’. Give its unit.
Therefore, Ans. (i) The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined
dW = dV as ratio of the magnitude of charge on either
(or) dV = –E dx
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Hence E = – dV difference existing between them.
dx Q
The electric field is the negative gradient of the C=
V
electric potential.
ab
(ii)
The SI unit of capacitance is coulomb per
14. Define ‘electrostatic potential energy’. volt or farad.
Ans. Electric potential energy is defined as the work 21. What is Corona discharge? [Mar-2020; May-2022]
done in bringing the various charges to their
respective positions from infinitely large mutual Ans. (i) The electric field near the edge is very high
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separation. and it ionizes the surrounding air.

(ii) The positive ions are repelled at the sharp
15. Define ‘electric flux’
edge and negative ions are attracted towards
Ans. (i) The number of electric field lines crossing
.s
the sharper edge.

a given area kept normal to the electric
(iv) This reduces the total charge of the conductor
field lines is called electric flux.
near the sharp edge. This is called action of
(ii) It is a scalar quantity
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points or corona discharge.

(iii) Its unit is Nm2C–1
16. What is meant by electrostatic energy density? III. Long Answer questions :
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Ans. The energy stored per unit volume of space is 1. Discuss the basic properties of electric charges.
U Ans. (i) Electric charge :
defined as energy density uE = . From (i) Most objects in the universe are made
Volume
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1 up of atoms, which in turn are made

equation uE = e0E2.
2 up of protons, neutrons and electrons.
17. Write a short note on ‘electrostatic shielding’. (ii) These particles have mass, an
Ans. (i) Consider a cavity inside the conductor. inherent property of particles.
Whatever be the charges at the surfaces Similarly, the electric charge is another
and whatever be the electrical disturbances intrinsic and fundamental property of
outside, the electric field inside the cavity is particles.
zero. (iii) The SI unit of charge is coulomb.
13

(iii)
–Q are transferred from negative terminal Since capacitances of the capacitors are different,
to the right plate of C3 which pushes the the charge stored in each capacitor is not the
electrons of same amount –Q from left same. Let the charge stored in the three capacitors
plate of C3 to the right plate of C2 due to be Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively. According to the
electrostatic induction. At the same time, law of conservation of total charge, the sum
electrons of charge –Q are transferred from of these three charges is equal to the charge
left plate of C1 to positive terminal of the Q transferred by the battery,
m
battery. Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ...... (1)
(iv) The capacitances of the capacitors are in
Since Q = CV we have
general different, so that the voltage across
Q = C1V + C2V + C3V ...... (2)
co
each capacitor is also different and are
denoted as V1, V2 and V3 respectively. The
If these three capacitors are considered to form
sum of the voltages across the capacitor
a single equivalent capacitance CP which stores
must be equal to the voltage of the battery.
the total charge Q as shown in the Figure(b),
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ...... (1)
.
then we can write Q = CPV. Substituting this in
Q Q Q
ks
Since Q = CV; V = + + equation (2), we get
C1 C2 C3
CpV = (C1V + C2 V+ C3V)
= Q )1 1 1
+ +
C1 C2 C3
) ...... (2)
oo Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
(v) I f three capacitors in series are considered
Unit 1
Thus, the equivalent capacitance of capacitors

to form an equivalent single capacitor Cs
Q connected in parallel is equal to the sum of
shown in Figure (b), then we have V = the individual capacitances. The equivalent
Cs
Substituting this expression into equation capacitance CP in a parallel connection is always
ab
(2), we get greater than the largest individual capacitance.

Q  1 1 1
= Q + + 21. Explain in detail how charges are distributed
Cs  C1 C2 C3 
in a conductor, and the principle behind the
1 1 1 1
ur
= + + ...... (3) lightning conductor.

C
s C1 C 2 C3
This equivalent capacitance CS is always less than Ans. (i) Consider two conducting spheres A and
the smallest individual capacitance in the series. B of radii r1 and r2 respectively connected
.s
Capacitor in parallel : to each other by a thin conducting wire as

Consider three capacitors of capacitance C1, C2 shown in the Figure. The distance between
and C3 connected in parallel with a battery of the spheres is much greater than the radii
w
voltage V as shown in Figure (a). of either spheres.

q1
A q2
r1 B
r2
w
+ Q1 Q2 Q3
Thin conducting wire
-
V C1 C2 C3
Two conductors are connected

through conducting wire
w
(a) (ii) If a charge Q is introduced into any one of

the spheres, this charge Q is redistributed
+ Q into both the spheres such that the
-
V CP
electrostatic potential is same in both the
spheres. Let q1 be the charge residing on
(b) the surface of sphere A and q2 is the charge
(a) Capacitors in parallel residing on the surface of sphere B such that
(b) Equivalent capacitance with the same total charge Q = q1 + q2.
26

The electrostatic potential at the surface of (v) The negative charge pushed to the spikes
the sphere A is given by passes through the copper rod and is safely
1 q1 diverted to the Earth.
VA = ...(1)
4πε 0 r1 (vi) The lightning arrester does not stop the
(iii) The electrostatic potential at the surface of lightning; rather it diverts the lightning to
the sphere B is given by the ground safely.
22. Explain in detail the construction and working
m
1 q2
VB = of a Van de Graaff generator.
4πε 0 r2 ...(2)
[QY-2019; FRT, July-'22]
(iv) The surface of the conductor is an
co
Ans. It is a machine which produces large electrostatic
equipotential. Since the spheres are connected
by the conducting wire, the surfaces of both potential difference of the order of 107 V.
the spheres together form an equipotential Principle:
surface. This implies that Electrostatic induction and action at points.
.
VA = VB Construction:
ELECTROSTATICS
ks
q q (i) A large hollow spherical conductor is fixed on
or 1 = 2 ...(3)
r1 r2 the insulating stand as shown in the figure.
(ii) A pulley B is mounted at the centre of the
(v) Let the charge density on the surface of
hollow sphere and another pulley C is fixed
sphere A be σ1 and that on the surface
oo
of sphere B be σ2. This implies that
at the bottom.
q1 = 4πr12σ1 and q2 = 4πr2 2σ2. Substituting (iii) A belt made up of insulating materials like
these values into equation (3), we get silk or rubber runs over both pulleys. The
pulley C is driven continuously by the electric
σ1r1 = σ2r2 ...(4)
ab
motor.
from which we conclude that (iv) Two comb shaped metallic conductors
σr = constant ...(5) E and D are fixed near the pulleys.
(vi) Thus the surface charge density σ is (v) The comb D is maintained at a positive
ur
inversely proportional to the radius of the potential of the order of 104 volt.
sphere. For a smaller radius, the charge (vi) The upper comb E is connected to the inner
density will be larger and vice versa. side of the hollow metal sphere.
Lightning conductors :
.s
+ + + +
+ +
(i) This is a device used to protect tall buildings +
+ +
+
from lightning strikes. It works on the +

+
E B +
+
principle of action at points or corona + +

+
w
Rubber belt +
discharge. +
+
(ii) This device consists of a long thick copper +
+
rod passing from top of the building to the +
w
+
ground. The upper end of the rod has a Insulating C
+D +
sharp spike or a sharp needle. stand –
(iii) The lower end of the rod is connected to

w
copper plate which is buried deep into the Working:

ground. When a negatively charged cloud
(i) Because of the high electric field near the
is passing above the building, it induces a
positive charge on the spike. comb D, the air gets ionized.
(iv) Since the induced charge density on thin (ii) The negative charges in air move towards
sharp spike is large, it results in a corona the needles and positive charges are repelled
discharge. This positive charge ionizes the towards the belt due to action of points.
surrounding air which in turn neutralizes (iii) The +ve charges stuck to the belt moves up
the negative charge in the cloud. end and reaches near the comb E.
27

(iv) E acquires negative charge and the sphere Charge of each person q = ne
acquires positive charge due to electrostatic ∴ Charge of each person q = 1026 × 1.6 × 10–19C
induction.
= 1.6 × 107C
(v) The acquired +ve charge is distributed on Kq1 q 2
the outer surface of the sphere. Electrostatic force between us is Fe = r2
(vi) Thus the machine, continuously transfers 9´109 ´(1.6´107 ) 2 = 9 × 2.56 × 109 × 1014
the positive charge to the sphere. =
m
12
(vii) The leakage of charges from the sphere can Fe = 23.04 × 1023 N = 23 × 1023 N
be reduced by enclosing it in a gas filled steel
Also mass of the person m = 60 kg
chamber at a very high pressure.
co
\ weight = mg
(viii) The high voltage can be used to accelerate = 60 × 9.8
positive ions for the purpose of nuclear [  g = 9.8 ms–2]
disintegrations and other applications. W = 588 N
Exercises :
.
23
Fe Fe 23.04×10
\ = = = 3.9183 × 1021
ks
1. When two objects are rubbed with each other, Fg W 588
approximately a charge of 50 nC can be produced

= 3.9 × 1021
in each object. Calculate the number of electrons
that must be transferred to produce this charge. 3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant
on a semicircle as shown in the

oo y
Unit 1
[PTA-6]
figure. Another point charge q is Q Q
Sol.: kept at the centre of the circle of R
Q q x
Given: Charge produced q = 50 nC = 50 × 10–9 C; radius R. Calculate the
Q Q
Charge of an electron e = 1.6 × 10–19 C electrostatic force experienced
ab
by the charge q.
To find: No. of electrons n = ?
Sol.:
We know q = ne The forces acting on q, due to Q1 and Q5 are
q 50 ×10 −9 F1 and F5. These forces are equal and opposite
n= = = 31.25 × 1010 electrons.
ur
−19
e 1.6 ×10 direction. So cancel to each other
Q1
2. The total number of electrons in the human
Q2
body is typically in the order of 1028. Suppose,
due to some reason, you and your friend lost F2sin45°
.s
F2cos45° 45º
F4cos45° Q3 45º F4sin45°
1% of this number of electrons. Calculate the
electrostatic force between you and your friend Q4
separated at a distance of 1m. Compare this
w
Q5
with your weight. Assume mass of each person Forces due to Q2 and Q4 on q is resolved into two
is 60 kg and use point charge approximation. components.
(i) Vertical component : Q2 sinq and Q4 sinq
w
Sol.: are equal and opposite. So they are cancel

Given: to each other.
(ii) Horizontal Component : Q2 cosq and
w
Number of electrons in human body = 1028

Q4 cosq an equal and same direction.
Number of electrons in me and my friend after So they can get added.
loss of 1% (ie)
qQ 4
1% of charge on 1028 electrons ∴ F24 = K qQ22 cos 45° + K cos 45°
R R2
1
= × 1028 = 1026 electrons. Total force acting on q due to Q3 is
100
qQ
d = r = 1m F3 = K 23
R
28

Here Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q5 [  G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm–2 kg–2]
1
Resultant net force F = F15 + F24 + F3 [  4πε 0 = 9 × 109]
= 0 + F24 + F3 6.67 × 5.9 × 7.9 × 1035
q = 9 × 109
= F3 + F24
Total force
qQ 2 qQ 2
q = 34.532 × 1026
kqQ
F = k. R2 + k. R2 . cos45° + 2 .cos45°
m
R q = 5.87 × 1013 C.
kqQ  2  (b) To find : The distance between moon & earth is
= 2 
1+ [  Q = Q3 = Q2 = Q4]
R  2  halved, the charge q = ?
co
Invector form, 1 q1q2 m .m 1
. = G . E 2M ⇒ q1q2 = GmEmM.
kqQ ∧
Total F = 2 [1 + 2 ] i
4πε 0  r  2  r 4πε 0
 
2
 
2
R

F = 1 qQ [1 + 2 ] i N
∧
1 
.
 ∴q = 5.87 × 103 C (Similar to (a) part)
2 ∵ k = 4πε 
4πε 0 R
ELECTROSTATICS
ks
 0
There will not be any change in the charge q.
4. Suppose a charge +q on Earth’s surface and
another +q charge is placed on the surface of 5. Draw the free body diagram for the following
the Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required
charges as shown in the figure (a), (b) and (c).
to balance the gravitational attraction between
oo
Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance + -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
between the Moon and Earth is halved, would + -
+ -
the charge q change? (Take mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg, m,Q
+ -
k → + -
+
E + -
mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg) + -
- - v→0
+
+
ab
+q -q
+ -
Sol.: G
iven: x=0 +
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(a) Mass of the earth mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg Sol.:
(a) (b) (c)
Mass of the moon mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg N T F = -q (-E) = qE
Charge placed on earth and moon is q

ur
-kx qE
To find: The amount of charge required to balance QE
gravitational attraction between earth & moon = ? mg

mg
If q is the charge placed on the moon & earth, then mg
(c)
(b)
.s
(a)
1 q×q
Fe = ...(1) 6. Consider an electron travelling with a speed
4πε 0 r 2
vo and entering into a uniform electric field
Fg mE × mM ...(2)
w
= G. → →
r2 E which is perpendicular to vo as shown in the
Fe = Fg Figure. Ignoring gravity, obtain the electron’s
acceleration, velocity and position as functions
w
1 q×q m ×m
== G . E 2 M of time.
4πε 0 r 2 r
y
m × mM
G E
w
q2 =  1  x
 4pe 
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
→v0 →
E
Gm E × m M
–
q =  1  e P
 4πε 
0

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
q = 6.67 × 10−11 × 5.9 × 1024 × 7.9 × 1022 Sol.: Given : Speed of an electrons = v0
9
→
9 × 10 Unifrom Electric field = E
29

(a) Electron's Acceleration: To find:
F Ee The electric flux through
According to Newton's II law, F = ma ⇒ a = =
m m a) Vertical rectangular surface ϕvert = ?
The force on the electrons due to uniform electric
F Ee According to Gauss law ϕ = E A cos θ
field is F = eE ⇒ a = = ϕvertical surface = 2 × 103 × 0.15 × 0.05 × cos 0º
m m
= 0.015 × 103 = 15 Nm2 C–1
Therefore the down acceleration of electron due
m
 Ee  b) Electric flux through slanted surface
to electric field, a a= =–  ϕslanted surface = ?
 m → eE ∧ ϕslanted surface = E A cos θ
∴ Acceleration in vector form, a = − .j
m 1
co
(b) Electron's Velocity:
θ = 60º ⇒ cos 60º =
2
We know equation of motion v = u + at From the diagram,
Here speed of electron in horizontal direction opposite
5cm 60º sin 30º =
u = v0 hyp
.
30º
⇒ v = v0 +  −eE  t opposite
ks
 m  Opposite = 5 cm. hyp =
sin 30º
−eE 5 × 10 −2
⇒ v = v0 – t
m hyp. = 1 = 2 × 0.05
∴ Velocity in vector form υ = v i − eE . t . j
® ∧ ∧
oo 2
Unit 1
0
m = 0.10 m
(c) Position of an electron:
Area of the slanted surface
1 2
We know equation of motion, s = ut + at A = (0.10 × 0.15) m2
2 ϕslanted surface = EA cosq
ab
Here s = r = the position of an electron, u=v0

ϕslanted surface = 2 × 103 × (0.10 × 0.15) × cos 60º
1  eE  eE 2 = 0.015 × 103 = 15 Nm2 C–1
∴ r = v0t + .  −  t 2 = v0t − t
2 m 2 m
c) Entire surface ϕtot = ?
∴ Position in vector form ϕtot = ϕvs + ϕs.s + ϕH.S [ Here ϕH.S = EA cos θ
ur
→ ∧ Ee 2 ∧
r = v0 t i − .t j = – 15 + 15 + 0 θ = 90º ; cos 90º = 0
2m ϕtot = 0. ∴ ϕends = 0]
7. A closed triangular box is kept in an electric
8. The electrostatic potential is given as a
.s
field of magnitude E = 2 × 103 N C–1 as shown

function of x in figure (i) and (ii). Calculate
in the figure.
the corresponding electric fields in regions A,
15cm B, C and D. Plot the electric field as a function
w
→ of x for the figure (b).

E V V
30
A C 20
6
w
10
5cm 60° 4 B 3 5 x(cm)
D 0
1 2 4
-10
2 -20
0 -30
w
0.2 0.4 0.6 x(m)

Calculate the electric flux through the (a) (b)
(a) vertical rectangular surface (b) slanted
dV V −V
surface and (c) entire surface. Sol.: (a) Ex = – = x2 − x 1
dx 2 1
Sol.: Given: (i) Region A
The magnitude of electric field E = 2 × 103 NC–1
dV 5−8 −3
Area of the surface A = 0.15 × 0.05 = = = –15
dx 0.2 − 0 0.2
[From the diagram l = 15 cm = 0.15 m, b = 5 cm
= 0.05m] ∴ Ex = –(–15) = 15 Vm–1
30

(ii) Region B To create the spark, an electric field of
dV 5−5 0 magnitude 3 × 106 Vm–1 is required.
= = =0 ∴ Ex = 0 (a) What potential difference must be applied
dx 0.4 − 0.2 0.2 to produce the spark? (b) If the gap is increased,
(iii) Region C does the potential difference increase, decrease
or remains the same? (c) find the potential
dV 7−5 2 difference if the gap is 1 mm.
= = = 10 Sol.: Given:
m
dx 0.6 − 0.4 0.2
(a) The distance between two electrodes x = 0.6mm
dV
Ex = – dx = (–10)Vm–1 = 0.6 × 10–3 m
The magnitude of electric filed E = 3 × 106 Vm–1
co
(iv) Region D To find:
dV 1− 7 −6 Potential difference need to produce spark
= = = – 30
dx 0.8 − 0.6 0.2 (ie) V = ?
V
dV
.
Ex = – = –(–30) = 30Vm–1. Formula: E =
x
ELECTROSTATICS
ks
dx
∴ V = E.x
= 0.6 × 10–3 × 3 × 106
V
= 1800 V.
(b) 30
(b) Since V α x, we come to know when the gap is
20
oo increased, potential also increases.
10 (c) The distance, r = 1 mm = 1 × 10–3 m
0 x(cm) Electric field, E = 3 × 106 Vm–1
1 2 3 4 5
−10 New potential difference due to increase in the
−20 gap.
ab
−30 V = E. d = 3 × 106 × 1 × 10–3

= 3000 V.
10. A point charge of +10 μC is placed at a distance
Ans. (b) E01 = − (30 − 0) = –30Vcm–1 of 20 cm
1− 0 b – –2µC
ur
f r o m
E12 = − (0 − 30) = +30Vcm–1 another 5 cm
2 −1 identical
(0 − 0) point charge 10µC + 5 cm – 15 cm
+ 10µC
.s
E23 = − = 0Vcm–1 of +10 μC. A a

3− 2
point charge of –2 μC is moved from point a to
E34 = − ( −30 − 0) = +30Vcm–1 b as shown in the figure. Calculate the change
in potential energy of the system? Interpret
w
4−3
your result.
E45 = − (0 − (−30)) = – 30Vcm–1
5−4 Sol.: ΔAab = r1′ = 52 + 52 = 5 2 cm
w
9. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite ΔaBb = r2′ = 152 + 52 = 5 10 cm

the air-fuel mixture in the engine. It consists
q3
of two electrodes separated by a gap of around – –2µC
b
w
0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure. r11 r21

5 cm
A 5 cm 15 cm B
10µC + r1 – r2 + 10µC
q1 a q2
1  q1 q2 
V= +
4πε 0  r1 r2 
V1 = 9 ×109 10 × 10−2 + 10 × 10−2 

−6 −6
 5 × 10 15 × 10 
31

b) E along equatorial line at 20 cm
1 p 80×10−9
E= = 9 × 10 ×
9
3 = 0.09 × 10 = 9 × 10 NC
6 4 –1
4πε 0 r 3 (20×10−2 )
additional questions and answers
m
Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark 8. The figure shows two parallel equipotential
surface A and B kept at a
1. Based on Franklin's convention amber rods small distance 'r' apart from
r
co
are _______ each other. A point change of
(a) positively charged (b) negatively charged Q coulomb is taken from the B
(c) neutral (d) none of the above surface A to B. The amount A
[Ans. (b) negatively charged] of net work done will be
.
2. The electrostatic force obeys _______ −1 q 1 q
(a) W = (b) W =
ks
(a) Newton's I law (b) Newton's II law 4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 2
(c) Newton's III law (d) none of the above −1 q
[Ans. (c) Newton's III law] (c) W = (d) zero
4πε 0 r 2
3. In electrostatics if the charges are in motion, [Ans. (d) zero]
oo
another force named _______ comes into play
Unit 1
in addition to coulomb force. W = (VA – VB) q

Hint: ∴ VA = VB for equipotential surface
(a) Lorentz force (b) Repulsive force
W = O×q=0
(c) Attractive force (d) electromagnetic
ab
force [Ans. (a) Lorentz force] 9. The given figure is a plot of lines of force due to
4. The value of constant 'K' in coulomb law is two charges q1 & q2. Find out the sign of charges
(a) 0.9 × 109 Nm2 C2 (b) 9 × 10–9 Nm2C2 (a) both negative
(c) 9 × 109 Nm–2 C–2 (d) 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2 (b) both positive
ur
q
(c) upper positive and lower negative
1
[Ans. (d) 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2] q 2
(d) upper negative and lower positive

5. The electrostatic force is always greater in
magnitude than gravitational force for ______
.s
object [Ans. (a) both negative]

(a) bigger size (b) smaller size 10. An uncharged metal sphere is placed between
two equal and oppositely charged metal plates.
w
(c) medium size (d) all the above

The nature of lines of force will be
[Ans. (b) smaller size] + − + −
The relative permittivity of water is _____

+ −
6. (a)
+
+
−
−
(b)
+ −
w
− + −
+ −
+
(a) εr = 70 (b) εr = 75 + −
+ − + −
(c) εr = 80 (d) εr = 85
+ −
[Ans. (c) εr = 80]
+ −

w
+ − + −
(c) +
+
−
− (d) +
+
−
−
7. ______and Coulomb's law form fundamental +
+
+
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
principles of electrostatics
+ −
(a) Newton's law of gravitation + −
[Ans. (b) ]
+ −
−
(b) Superposition principle
+
+ −
+ −
(c) Ohm's law (d) Kepler's law

[Ans. (b) Superposition principle]
40

11. An isolated metal sphere of radius 'r' is given a 17. Eight mercury droplets having a radius of
charge 'q'. The potential energy of the sphere is 1 mm and charge of 0.066 pC each merge to
q2 q form one droplet. Its potential is
(a) (b) (a) 2.4 V (b) 1.2 V
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r
(c) 3.6 V (d) 4.8 V
q q2
(c) (d) [Ans. (a) 2.4 V]
8πε 0 r 8πε 0 r
q2 4
m
[Ans. (d) ] 8 × volume of one droplet of Hg = πR3
8πε0r 3
4 4
8 × π r3 = π R3
1 3 3
Hint:
co
P.E = CV2 [C = 4πε0r] 23 × r3 = R3
2
q 3
V = ( 2r ) 3 = ( R )
4πε 0 r
Hint: 2
1  q  R = 2r [ r = 1 mm]
P.E = × (4πε0r) × 
 4πε 0 r 
.
2 2 1
q R = 2×
× 10–3 m (or) 2 mm
ELECTROSTATICS
ks
P.E = q
8πε 0 r [ R q = ne]
12. In a hydrogen atom the electron revolves 1 q
around the proton in an orbit of 0.53 Å . The ∴V = ×
4πε 0 R
oo
potential produced by the electron on the
9 × 109 × 0.066 ×10 −12 × 8
nuleus is V =
(a) 6.8 V (b) 13.6 V 2 ×10 −3
(c) 54.4 V (d) 27.2 V V = 2.4 V
[Ans. (d) 27.2 V] 18. A force of 40 N is acting between two charges
ab
in air if the space between them is filled with

 1 q glass er = 8. Then the force between them is
V= 
Hint:  4πε 0  r (a) 20 N (b) 10 N (c) 5 N
1.6 ×10 −19
= (9 × 109) × = 27.2 V (d) the same and does not change[Ans. (c) 5 N]
0.53 ×10 −10
ur
13. Which one of these is a vector quantity? 1 q1q2

Fa = ⋅
(a) Electric charge (b) Electric field 4πε 0 r 2
(c) Electric flux (d) Electric potential 1 qq
.s
[Ans. (b) Electric field] Fg = ⋅ 1 22

4πε 0 ε r r
14. The force experienced by a unit charge is called Hint: Fg 1 1
(a) Electric potential (b) Electric flux = =
w
Fa εr 8
(c) Electric field (d) Static electricity
[Ans. (c) Electric field] F 40
Fg = a = =5N
15. The electric field created by a _____ is basically 8 8
w
a non-uniform electric field. 19. The concept of 'Field' was introduced by

(a) Test charge (b) Positive charge (a) Faraday (b) Gauss
(c) Negative charge (d) Point charge (c) Maxwell (d) None
w
[Ans. (d) Point charge] [Ans. (a) Faraday]

16. The expression for electric field in vector form is
1 q∧ −1 q ∧ 20. The electric potential V as a function of distance
(a) r (b) r x (metres) is given by V = ( 5x2 + 10x –9) volt.
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r
The value of electric field at a point x = 1m is
−1 q ∧ 1 q ∧
(c) r
2 (d) r (a) 20 Vm–1 (b) 6 Vm–1
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 2
l q r (c) 11 Vm
–1
(d) – 23 Vm–1
[Ans. (d)
4πε0 r2 [Ans. (a) 20 Vm–1]
41
dV 1
We know that, E = Energy stored, U =
CV2
dx 2
V = 5x2 + 10x –9 1
U = (CV)V[Q q = CV]
Differentiating w.r. to ‘x’ on both sides Hint: 2
dV 1 1
Hint: = 10x + 10 = E U = qV = × 0.1 × 200
dx 2 2
At a point, x = 1m,
m
U = 10 J
dV
= 10(1) + 10 25. Increasing the charge on the plates of a
dx
dV capacitor means
∴E = = 20 Vm–1
co
dx (a) increasing the capacitance
21. Two condensers (capacitors) of capacity C1 and (b) increasing the potential difference between
C2 are connected in parallel. A charge Q given the plates
to then is shared. The ratio of the charges Q is (c) both (a) and (b) above
.
C C (d) none of the above
(a) 2 (b) 1
ks
C1 C2 [Ans. (b) increasing the potential difference
1 between the plates]
(c) C1 . C2 (d)
C1 × C2
C 26. A positively charged body ‘A’ has been brought
[Ans. (b) 1] near a brass cylinder ‘B’ mounted on a glass
oo
Unit 1
C2 stand as shown in the figure. The potential of

As they are in parallel, the potential is ‘B’ will be
same across the two, B
Hint: ∴ Q1 = C1V and Q2 = C2V
ab
+
+
+
+
Q C +
+
+ + ++
+
∴ 1 = 1
+
+
+
A
+
Q2 C2
+
+
+
+
+
+
22. Charge per unit volume is called

+
+
+
ur
(a) Linear charge density (l) (a) Zero (b) Negative

(b) Surface charge density (s) (c) Positive (d) Infinite
(c) Volume charge density (r) [Ans. (c) Positive]
(d) Electric flux
.s
27. Four plates each of area ‘A’ are separated by

[Ans. (c) Volume charge density (r)] a distance ‘d’. The connection is as shown in
23. What will happen if two conducting spheres are figure. What is equivalent capacitance between
X and Y?
w
separately charged and then brought in contact?

(a) Total charge on the two spheres is conserved 1
d 2
(b) The total energy is conserved
X Y
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(c) Both charge and energy are conserved 3 d
(d) The final potential is the mean of the original d 4

potentials.
[Ans. (a) Total charge on the two sphercs is ε0 A 2 ε0 A
w
(a) (b)
conserved] d d
This is in accordance with the law of 3 ε0 A 4 ε0 A
Hint: (c) (d)
conservation of charge. d d
24. A condenser is charged to a potential of 200V and 2 ε0A
[Ans. (b) ]
has a charge of 0.1C. The energy stored in it is d
(a) 1 J (b) 2 J (c) 10 J (d) 20 J They constitute two parallel plate capacitors
Hint:
[Ans. (c) 10 J] in parallel with each other.
42

28. The expression for the electric field due to a 35. The electric
fluxis negative, if the angle
surface of total charge ‘Q’ is given by between dA and E is
1 σdA 1 ρdA (a) Less than 90° (b) greater than 90°
(a) E = ∫
4πε 0 r 2
r (b) E = ∫
4πε 0 r 2
r
(c) equal to 90° (d) equal to 0°
1 λdl 1 dq [Ans. (b) greater than 90°]
(c) E = ∫
4πε 0 r 2
r (d) E = ∫
4πε 0 r 2
r
36. The time taken by a conductor to reach
m
1 σdA electrostatic equilibrium is in the order of
4πε 0 ∫ r 2
[Ans. (a) E = r]
(a) 10–18 (b) 10–14 s
29. The dipole is called point dipole when the
co
(c) 10–16 s (d) 10–20 s
distance
(a) 2a approaches infinity and q approaches zero [Ans. (c) 10–16 s]
(b) 2a approaches zero and q approaches infinity 37. A non-conducting material which has no free
(c) 2a approaches zero and q approaches zero electrons is called
.
(d) 2a approaches infinity and q approaches (a) capacitor (b) Dielectric
infinity.
ELECTROSTATICS
ks
(c) conductor (d) Inductor
[Ans. (b) 2a approaches zero and q
approaches infinity] [Ans. (b) Dielectric]
30. The magnitude of torque on dipole is 38. In the given cricuit the effective capacitance
maximum if between A and B will be
(a) q = 0°
oo
(b) q = 90°
3µf 6µf
(c) q = 180° (d) q = 180°
[Ans. (b) q = 90°]
A B
31. The expression for electric potential difference is
P P 2µf 2µf
ab

(a) ∫ + E.dr (b) ∫ E.dr
− 36
(a) 3mf (b) mf
R ∞ 13
P
P
(c) 13 mf (d) 7 mf
(c) ∫ E.dr (d) ∫ − E.dr [Ans. (a) 3mf]
ur
∞ R
P  3 × 6  2 × 2
C =
  + 
[Ans. (d) ∫ − E.dr] 3 + 6  2 + 2
Hint:
R = 2+1
.s
32. The magnitude of electric dipole moment of C = 3mf

water molecule is
(a) 6 × 10–30 Cm (b) 6.2 × 10–30 Cm 39. The unit for electric susceptibility is
w
(c) 6.1 × 10–30 Cm (d) 5.9 5 10–30 Cm (a) Nm2 C–2 (b) C2 N–1 m–2
[Ans. (c) 6.1 × 10–30 Cm] (c) C–2Nm2 (d) N–1 m–2C2
[Ans. (b) C2 N–1 m–2]
w
33. The potential due to a single point charge falls as

40. The direction of electric field at a point on the
1 1 equatorial line due to an electric dipole is
(a) 2 (b) 3
r r (a) along the equatorial line towards the dipole.
w
1 1 (b) along the equatorial line away from the dipole.

(c) (d) –
r r 1 (c) parallel to the axis of the dipole and opposite
[Ans. (c) ] to the direction of dipole moment.
r
34. The unit for electric flux is (d) parallel to the axis of the dipole and in the
(a) C2 N–1m–2 (b) Nm2 C–2 direction of dipole moment.
[Ans. (c) parallel to the axis of
(c) Nm2 C–1 (d) Nm–2C–1
the dipole and opposite to the direction
[Ans. (c) Nm2 C–1] of dipole moment.]
43
UNIT
2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
m
co
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
.
2.1 Electric current 2.5.2 Kirchhoff ’s Second rule
ks
2.1.1 Conventional Current (Voltage rule or Loop rule)
2.1.2 Drift velocity
2.5.3 Wheatstone’s bridge
2.1.3 Microscopic model of current
2.2 Ohm's Law
oo 2.5.4 Meter bridge
2.2.1 Resistivity 2.5.5 Potentiometer
2.2.2 Resistors in series and parallel 2.5.6 Comparison of emf of two cells
ab
2.2.3 Color code for Carbon resistors with a potentiometer

2.2.4 Temperature dependence of
2.5.7 Measurement of internal resistance
resistivity
of a cell by potentiometer
2.3 Energy and power in electrical circuits
ur
2.4 Electric cells and batteries 2.6 Heating effect of Electric current
2.4.1 Electromotive force and internal 2.6.1 Joule’s law
resistance
.s
2.6.2 Application of Joule’s heating effect

2.4.2 Determination of internal resistance
2.7 Thermoelectric effect
2.4.3 Cells in series
w
2.7.1 Seebeck effect

2.4.4 Cells in parallel
2.5 Kirchhoff's rules 2.7.2 Peltier effect
2.7.3 Thomson effect
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2.5.1 Kirchhoff ’s first rule

(Current rule or Junction rule)
w
67
CONCEPT MAP
CURRENT
ELECTRICITY
m
co
Flow of Charges
.
ks
Drift velocity Mobility Current density
Resistance
oo
Ohm's Law V-I Graph Resistivity
ab
Series
Carbon resistor Combination
Parallel
ur
Temperature coefficient of resistance
Current rule
Kirchoff 's rule
.s
Wheatstone's bridge Applications

Voltage rule
w
Heating effects of electric current

w
w
Joule's law of heating Thermoelectric effects
Applications
Seebeck effect Peltier effect Thomson effect
68

Branch of physics that deals with the study of motion of electric charges within the material is called
current electricity.
Electromotive force (emf) is not a force, but it is the work done in moving a unit charge from one
end to the other, in a conductor.
m
The external energy necessary to drive the free electrons in a definite direction inside a conductor
is termed emf.
co
Electric current : It is the rate of flow of charges across any cross sectional area of a
Q
conductor. I =
t
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Drift velocity : It is the velocity with which free electrons are drifted towards the
.
positive terminal, inside a conductor when an electric field is applied.
ks
If τ is the average time between two successive collisions and the
acceleration experienced by the electron be 'a', then the drift
velocity is,vd = aτ.
Current density (J) at a : It is the quantity of charge passing per unit time inside a conductor
point
oo
through unit area, perpendicular to the direction of flow of charge
at that point.
Ohm’s law : At a constant temperature, the steady current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
ab
between the two ends of the conductor.

Resistance : It is the ratio of potential difference across the conductor to the
current flowing through it. The unit is ohm(Ω).
Conductance : It is the reciprocal of resistance. Its unit is mho (Ω–1).
ur
Specific resistance : It is defined as the resistance offered to the current flow by a

(electrical resistivity) of conductor of unit length having unit area of cross section (ρ). Its
a material unit is ohm-m (Ωm).
.s
1
Conductivity σ = : It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. Its unit is mho m–1
ρ
(Ω–1 m–1).
w
The conventional current direction is the direction in which positive charges move inside a
conductor.
w
The direction of current is always opposite to that of motion of electrons.

The Conductivity of metals and their alloys is due to flow of electrons.
w
The conductivity of electrolytes is due to motion of positive and negative ions.

Charges flow from a body of higher electrical potential to that at a lower electrical potential.
The direction of flow of charges does not depend upon the quantity of charges of the two bodies. It
depends upon the potential difference between them.
Superconductivity : It is the ability of certain metals, their compounds and alloys to
conduct electricity with zero resistance at very low temperature.
69
FORMULAE
(1) Instantaneous current I = dq ; (2) Amount of current I = ne
dt t
eE eE
(3) Acceleration of electron a = ; (4) Drift velocity vd = τ
m m
m
eτ
(5) Mobility µ = ; (6) Current density J = nevd
m
ρl
(7) Potential difference V= IR; (8) Resistance of the wire R =
co
A
RA
(9) Specific resistance ρ = ; (10) Current through conductor I = nAevd
l
nAe 2
(11) Current through conductor I = τV
.
mL
ks
1 l
(12) Conductivity σ = =
ρ RA
R 2 (l2 r12 )
(13) Ratio between resistances of the same material wires =
oo R1 (l1r22 )
Unit 2
(14) Conditions to balance Wheatstone’s network P = R

Q S
ab
(15) Colour code for carbon resistors
Colour Number Colour Number

Black 0 Brown 1
ur
Red 2 Orange 3
Yellow 4 Green 5
Blue 6 Violet 7
.s
Grey 8 White 9
(16) Tolerance
w
Silver : ±10% ; Gold : ±5%

Red : ±2% ; Brown : ±1%
(17) Resistors in series : Current (I) is same across each resistors R1, R2, R3, R4
w
Equivalent resistance Rs = R1+R2+R3+R4

V1 = IR1 ; V2 = IR2 ; V3 = IR3 ; V4 = IR4
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(18) Resistors in parallel : Potential difference (V) same across each resistance R1, R2, R3, R4
1 1 1 1 1 V V V V
Equivalent resistance R = R + R + R + R ; I1 = ; I2 = ; I3 = ; I4 =
P 1 2 3 4 R1 R2 R3 R4
(19) Resistance of a conductor at a temperature t ºC, RT = Ro[1+α (T – T0)]
RT − Ro ∆R ρ −ρ
(20) Temperature coefficient of resistance α = = Interms of resistivity a = T 0
R o . ∆T R o ∆T ρ0 DΤ
72

(21) Metals – Positive temperature coefficient of resistance.
Insulators, Semiconductors – Negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
 ε − V
(22) Internal resistance r of a cell, r =  R
 V 
P R
(23) Condition for bridge balance in a Wheatstone’s bridge =
Q S
l1
(24) In Metre bridge : Unknown resistance P = Q
m
l2
Pπr 2
(25) Specific resistance ρ = ; Where 'P' is the unknown resistance
L
co
Potential difference across the wire = I r l
(26) Potentiometer : ε α l ⇒ ε = Irl
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
l2
(27) Unknown emf ε 2 = ε1
.
l1
ks
V2
(28) Electric power, P = VI = I2R =
R
(29) Heating effect : Joule’s law
V2
H = VIt; H = I2Rt; H= t
R
oo
(30) Seebeck effect
Thermoelectric series of metals is Bi, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Mn, Hg, Pb, Sn, Au, Ag, Zn, Cd, Fe, Sb
(31) Unit of emf = Volts.
ab
Evaluation
2. A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent
I. Multiple choice questions : to form a circle of radius 1m. The equivalent
ur
resistance between its two diametrically opposite

1. The following graph shows current versus points, A and B as shown in the figure is
voltage values of some unknown conductor.
What is the resistance of this conductor?
.s
V
A B
5
w
3
π
2 (a) π Ω (b) Ω
w
2
1 π
(c) 2π Ω (d) Ω
0
4
w
1 2 3 4 5
I [Ans. (a) π Ω ]
(a) 2 ohm (b) 4 ohm 3. A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of
(c) 8 ohm (d) 1 ohm 120 Ω. Its power is
[Ans. (a) 2 ohm] (a) 400 W (b) 2 W
(c) 480 W (d) 240 W
V
Hint: R = [Ans. (c) 480 W]
I
Hint: P=V×I
73

4. A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be 9. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40W,
marked with rings of different colours for its 5 bulbs of 100W, 5 fans of 80W and 1 heater
identification. The colour code sequence will of 1kW are connected. The voltage of electric
be [PTA-2] mains is 220V. The maximum capacity of the
(a) Yellow – Green – Violet – Gold main fuse of the building will be (IIT-JEE 2014)
(b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver (a) 14 A (b) 8 A
(c) Violet – Yellow – Orange – Silver (c) 10 A (d) 12 A
[Ans. (d) 12 A]
m
(d) Green – Orange – Violet - Gold
[Ans. (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver] V
Hint: P = VI Þ
5. What is the value of resistance of the following P
co
resistor? 10. There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown
below. What is the resistance of P ? [PTA-3]
3
.
(a) 100 k Ω (b) 10 k Ω
ks
(c) 1k Ω (d) 1000 k Ω 9V 2.5
[Ans. (a) 100 k Ω]

6. Two wires of A and B with circular cross P
section made up of the same material with (a) 1.5 Ω (b) 2.5 Ω
oo
equal lengths. Suppose RA = 3 RB, then what is (c) 3.5 Ω (d) 4.5 Ω
Unit 2
the ratio of radius of wire A to that of B? [Ans. (c) 3.5 Ω]

[Govt. MQP-2019]
11. What is the current drawn out from the battery?
(a) 3 (b) 3
ab
1 1
(c) (d)
3 3 1 5V 15 15 15
[Ans. (c) ]
3
7. A wire connected to a power supply of 230 V
ur
has power dissipation P1. Suppose the wire

is cut into two equal pieces and connected (a) 1A (b) 2A
parallel to the same power supply. In this case (c) 3A (d) 4A
.s
P2 [Ans. (a) 1A]

power dissipation is P2. The ratio is
P1 12. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a
[July-'22]
(a) 1 (b) 2 wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 20°C, its resistance
w
(c) 3 (d) 4 [Ans. (d) 4] is 1 Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at

[FRT, July-'22]
8. In India electricity is supplied for domestic
(a) 800 ºC (b) 700 ºC
w
use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V in USA. If

the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is (c) 850 ºC (d) 820 ºC
R, the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in USA [Ans. (d) 820 ºC]
w
will be [FRT & May-'22] Given = R2 = 2 Ω ; R1 = 2 Ω ; t1 = 20 ºC ; t2 = ?

(a) R (b) 2R α = 0.00125 / ºC
R R
(c) (d) R2 = R1 (1 + α Δt) ; 2 = 1 (1 + 0.00125 Δt)
4 2 R Hint:
[Ans. (c) ] 1
4 = 1 + 0.00125 Δt ; ∴Δt = = 800
0.00125
V2 V2 Δt = t2 – t1
Hint: 1. P = ; 2. R =
R P ∴Δt2 = Δt + t1 = 800 + 20 = 820
74

13. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which ii.

gives a current of 0.2 A through a resistance of Vd = aτ eτ Vd
µ= or µ =
10 Ω is [PTA-4; Aug. 2020] m E
(a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
iii. It's unit is ms–1 It's unit is m2 V–1 s–1
(c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω
[Ans. (b) 0.5 Ω] 4. State microscopic form of Ohm’s law.
→ →
Ans. J = σ E J is the current density, E is the Electric
m
Resistivity a temperature for current and
Hint: 1 ne 2 τ
Resistivity a Temperature for semiconductor Field, σ is the conductivity. where s =
m
State macroscopic form of Ohm’s law.
co
14. A piece of copper and another of germanium 5.
are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. Ans. V = IR, V is the potential difference, I is the
The resistance of
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
[FRT-'22] current and R is the resistance across the given
(a) each of them increases conductor.
.
(b) each of them decreases
What are ohmic and non ohmic devices?
ks
(c) copper increases and germanium decreases 6.
(d) copper decreases and germanium increases Ans. Ohmic Devices Non Ohmic
[Ans. (d) copper decreases and germanium Devices
increases]
Materials for which Materials or
15. In Joule’s heating law, when R and t are
oo the current versus devices that do not
constant, if the H is taken along the y axis and
I2 along the x axis, the graph is [PTA-2; QY-2019] voltage graph is a follow Ohm’s law
(a) straight line (b) parabola straight line through are said to be non-
(c) circle (d) ellipse the origin, are said ohmic.
ab
[Ans. (a) straight line] to obey Ohm’s law

II. Short Answer Questions : and their behaviour
is said to be ohmic.
1. Why current is a scalar?
7. Define electrical resistivity. [QY-2019; May-2022]
ur
Ans. Current has both magnitude and direction. But

the direction of current does not obey vector Ans. Electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the
laws of addition. So, current is a scalar quantity. resistance offered to current flow by a conductor
of unit length having unit area of cross section.
2. Define current density.
.s
RA
Ans. The current density (J) is defined as the current ρ= . Unit : ohm-metre (Ω m)
per unit area of cross section of the conductor. L
1 8. Define temperature coefficient of resistance.
w
J =
A [PTA-4]
A
The S.I unit of current density is 2 (or) Am–2 Ans. It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistivity
m
w
3. Distinguish between drift velocity and per degree rise in temperature to its resistivity
mobility. [HY-2019] at T0.
Ans. Dρ
w
α= . Its unit is per 0C

Drift velocity Mobility ρ0DΤ
i. The drift velocity is Mobility of an electron
9. Write a short note on superconductors.
the average velocity is defined as the
acquired by the magnitude of the Ans. The resistance of certain materials become zero
electrons inside the drift velocity per unit below certain temperature Tc. This temperature
conductor when it electric field. is known as critical temperature or transition
is subjected to an temperature. The materials which exhibit this
electric field. property are known as superconductors.
75

2. If an electric field of magnitude 570 NC–1, is Short Answer Questions 3 marks
applied in the copper wire, find the acceleration 1. Obtain a relation between current and drift
experienced by the electron. [Sep-2020] velocity. [May-2022]
qE
Sol.: Acceleration, a = Ans. The drift velocity of the electrons = vd
m
Electric field intensity, E = 570 NC–1 If the electrons move through a distance dx within
a small interval of dt, then
We know. each electron has a charge q dx
m
= 1.6 × 10–19 coulombs vd = ; dx = vd dt ...(1)
dt
Mass of an electron, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg Since A is the area of cross section of the conductor,
570×1.6×10−19 912×10−19 the electrons available in the volume of length dx
∴a = =
co
9.1×10 −31
9.1×10−31 is = volume × number of electrons per unit volume
= 100.2 × 1012 m/s2 = Adx × n ...(2)
Substituting for dx from equation (1) in (2)
3. What is thermistor? [FRT-'22]
= (A vd dt ) n
Ans. A semiconductor with a negative temperature
.
Total charge in the volume element dQ = (charge)
coefficient of resistivity is called a thermistor.
ks
× (number of electrons in the volume element)
4. Calculate the equivalent resistance for the dQ = (e)(A vd dt) n
circuit which is connected to 12 V battery and dQ
also find the potential difference across 2Ω Hence the current I = ; I = ne A vd ...(3)
dt
and 4Ω resistors in the circuit. [July-'22]
oo Long Answer Questions 5 marks
Unit 2
R1 R2
2Ω 4Ω 1.* A Copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm2

I
carries a current of 0.2 A. If the free electron
I
density of copper is 8.4 × 1028 m–3 then compute
+ -
the drift velocity of free electrons. [Aug-2021]
ab
12 V
Sol. Since the resistors are connected in series, the Sol. The relation between drift velocity of electrons
effective resistance in the circuit and current in a wire of cross sectional area A is
=2Ω+4Ω=6Ω V I
12 vd =
current I in the circuit = = = 2.0 A
ur
Req neA
6 0.2
Voltage across 2Ω resistor =
8.4 ×10 ×1.6 ×10−19 × 0.5×10−6
28
V1 = IR1 = 2.0 A × 2 Ω = 4 V
Voltage across 4 Ω resistor = 0.03×10–3ms–1
.s
V2 = IR2 = 2.0 A × 4 Ω = 8 V * Part of 5 marks question

w
Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark Hint: Resistivity is not a structure of the material
1. The colour code on a carbon resistor is red - 3. When 'n' resistors of equal resistance (R) are
w
red - black. The resistance of the resistor is? connected in series and in parallel respectively,
(a) 2.2 Ω (b) 22 Ω then the ratio of their effective resistance is
(c) 220 2.2 Ω (d) 2.2 k Ω
w
(a) 1 : n2 (b) n2 : 1
[Ans. (b) 22 Ω] (c) n : 1 (d) 1 : n [Ans. (b) n2 : 1]
2. The electrical resistivity of a thin copper wire Rs = nR
and a thick copper wire are respectively P1 Ω m
and P2 Ω m. Then R R s nR n 2
Rp = n = =
(a) P1 > P2 (b) P2 > P1 Hint: Rp R 1
P1 n
(c) P1 = P2 (d) [Ans. (c) P1 = P2] ∴ Rs : Rp = n2 : 1
P2
90

4. Which of the following has negative 11. In an electrical arrangement as shown the
temperature coefficient of resistance? equivalent resistance between X and Y will be
(a) copper (b) tungsten 100 Ω
(c) carbon (d) silver[Ans. (c) carbon] X
Ω
5. The temperature co-efficient of resistance for 50 Ω 75 50 Ω
alloys is
(a) low (b) very low Y
m
(c) high (d) very high[Ans. (a) low] (a) 158.75 Ω (b) 118.75 Ω
6. Which of the following material has the (c) 218 .75 Ω (d) 318.75 Ω
highest specific resistance? [Ans. (b) 118.75 Ω]
co
(a) rubber (b) silver
(c) germanium (d) glass Hint:
[Ans. (a) rubber]
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Let R1 = 50Ω, R2 = 75Ω, R3 = 50Ω, R4 = 100Ω
7. An electron gun in a TV shoots out a beam 1 1 1 1
.
of electrons. The beam current is 10µ A. The Here R1, R2, R3 are parallel ∴ R = R + R + R
ks
p 1 2 3
charge that strikes the screen in 1 minute is
1 1 1 1 8
(a) + 600 µC (b) – 600 µC = + + =
(c) + 10 µC (d) – 10 µC R p 50 75 50 150
[Ans. (b) – 600 µC] 150
Rp = Ω
q = It
oo 8
Hint: 100 Ω 150/8 Ω
= 10 × 10–6 × 60 = – 600 µC
X Y (Both are in
8. If the specific resistance of a potentiometer series)
R4 Rp
wire is 10–7 Ωm and current flowing through it
150
ab
is 0.1 amp, cross - sectional area of wire is 10–6 Rs = 100 + = R4 + Rp

m2, then potential gradient will be 8
(a) 10–2 v/m (b) 10–4 v/m Equivalent Rs = 118.75 Ω resistance
(c) 10 v/m
–6
(d) 10–8 v/m 12. The emf of a battery is 3 volts and internal
ur
[Ans. (a) 10–2 v/m] resistance 0.125 Ω . The difference of potential

at the terminal of battery when connected
Hint:
across an external resistance of 1 Ω is
V IR (a) 1.67 V (b) 0.67 V
Potential gradient= =
.s
l l (c) 2.67 V (d) 3.67 V

ρl R ρ
We know that, R = ∴ = [Ans. (c) 2.67 V]
A l A
Hint:
w
−7
V ρ 0.1 ×10 r = 0.125 Ω , R = 1 Ω
∴ = I× = = 10–2 V/m
l A 10 −6 ε = 3V , V = ?
9. Temperature co-efficient of resistance for Internal resistance,
w
metals is
r=
(ε − V ) R ⇒ Vr = εR – VR
(a) constant (b) positive V
(c) zero (d) negative
w
Vr + VR = εR
[Ans. (b) positive]
10. A metallic block has no potential difference V (r + R) = εR
applied across it, then the mean velocity of εR
free electrons is V =
r+R
(a) proportional to T
3×1 3
(b) proportional for T V ==
(c) finite but independent of temperature 1 + 0.125 1.125
(d) zero [Ans. (d) zero] = 2.67 V.
91

13. A square aluminum rod is 1 m long and 5 mm 5 1
on edge. What must be the radius of another I = = A
aluminum rod whose length is 1 m and which 10 2
has the same resistance as that of square ∴Potential across 2Ω is
Aluminum rod? 1
(a) 1.4 mm (b) 2.8 mm VR = × 2 = 1V. [ ∵ VR = IR ]
1 2 1 1
(c) 4.2 mm (d) 5.6 mm 15. An unknown resistance is connected in parallel
with a 15Ω resistance and a 12 V battery. What
m
[Ans. (b) 2.8 mm]
Hint: is the value of the unknown resistance if the
First rod length → l ; Second rod length → l ′ current in the circuit is 2A?
(a) 10 Ω (b) 20 Ω
co
First rod radius → r ; First rod radius → r′
Here l = l1 = 1 m (c) 30 Ω (d) 40 Ω
As both have the same material, so same [Ans. (a) 10 Ω]
registivity, P = P′ ⇒ R = R′ Hint:
1 1 1 R + 15
.
pl p ' l ' 1 1 = + ⇒
⇒ = ⇒ = Rp 15 R 15R
ks
A A' A A' I=2A
15R
⇒ A′ = A Rp = 12V
15 + R R
⇒ πr2 = 5 × 5 × 10–6 V = IRp 15 Ω
25 × 10 −6 15R 30R
r =
2
oo 12 = 2 × =
Unit 2
π 15 + R 15 + R
5 × 10 −3
r = = 2.82 × 10–3 m = 2.82mm. 12 (15 + R) = 30R ; 180 + 12R = 30R
3.14 180 = 30R – 12 R ; 180 = 18R
14. Four resistances are connected to a 5V battery
ab
R = 10 Ω
of negligible internal resistance as shown what
is the potential across 2Ω ? 16. Five 3 Ω resistances are arranged in a polygon
(a) 0.5 V (b) 1.5 V (5 sides). What is the resistance between any
(c) 1.0 V (d) 2.0 V two corners?
ur
[Ans. (c) 1.0 V] (a) 2.4 Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 9 Ω (d) 5 Ω

5V Hint:
A D [Ans. (a) 2.4 Ω]

3Ω
.s
5Ω A B
3Ω
3Ω
B C
2Ω 4Ω 3Ω
3Ω
w
20 Ω
Hint: 3Ω
Let R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 5Ω, R3 = 20Ω, R4 = 4Ω & A B
1 1 1 V = 5V
w
= +
Rp R 2 R3 12 Ω
1 1 1 20 + 5 25 1 1 1 4 +1 5
= + = = = + = =
Rp
w
Rp 5 20 100 100 3 12 12 12
1 1 5V 12
= ⇒ Rp = 4Ω Rp = = 2.4 Ω
Rp 4 5
17. How many 160 Ω resistor in parallel are
∴Rs = R1 + Rp + R4
required to carry a current of 5 A on a 100 V
Rs = 2 + 4 + 4 = 10Ω R1 Rp R4 line?
V (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
∴I =
Rs [Ans. (d) 8]
92

Hint: V 100 22. The current in the given circuit is
Rp = = = 20 Ω I
I 5 1
(a) A
R 8 3Ω
Also Rp = 2V 3Ω
(R2)
n 2
(R1)
R (b) A
R 160 9
20 = ⇒n= = 3Ω
n 20 20 2 (R )
∴n = 8.
m
(c) A (d) 1A
3
18. The potential difference across the terminals 3

[Ans. (d) 1A]
of a cell varies with the current drawn from the
cell according to the graph. Hint: R = R + R = 3 + 3 = 6Ω
co
s 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 6+3
V V
= + = + =
Rp R1 R s 3 6 18
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
(a) (b) 18
Rp = =2Ω R5
.
9 2V R1
ks
I I
V 2
V V I = = = 1 A.
Rp 2
(c) (d)
23. Resistance increases with increase in
temperature for
I
oo I
V (a) conductor (b) semiconductors
(c) insulators (d) superconductor
[Ans. (c) ] [Ans. (a) conductor]
ab
I 24. Which of the following is identical?

19. In an experiment with potentiometer when (a) germanium, silicon
the galvanometer deflection is zero, then no (b) silver, wood
current flows in
(c) aluminum, constantan
ur
(a) the wire of potentiometer (d) bakelite, iron

(b) the primary circuit
[Ans. (a) germanium, silicon]
(c) the galvanometer circuit
(d) accumulator cell 25. A potential difference is applied on the ends
.s
[Ans. (c) the galvanometer circuit] of a metallic wire. If the potential difference is
20. Kirchoff 's I law i.e. Σi= 0, at a junction, deals doubled, the drift velocity
w
with the conservation of (a) will be doubled

(a) charge (b) energy (b) will be halved
(c) momentum
(c) will be quadrupled
w
(d) angular momentum [Ans. (a) charge]

(d) will remain unchanged
21. The potential gradient of the potentiometer
wire depends on [Ans. (a) will be doubled]
Hint:
w
(a) only on the current that flows I = nAevd

(b) only on the resistance per unit length of the I V
wire vd = [ I = ]
nAe R
(c) both the above mentioned
V
(d) none of the above vd =
[Ans. (c) both the above mentioned] nAeR
ε ⇒ vd is directly proportional to V.
Hint: ε = Irl ; = Ir
l ∴If V is doubled vd is also doubled.
93

26. Resistance between the points A and B in the 30. Electrical resistance is given by
given figure is Al l
B (a) R = (b) R =
σ σA
6Ω 3Ω
σA σ
(c) R = (d) R =
6Ω l Al
l
3Ω [Ans. (b) R = ]
A 6Ω σA
m
31. Nichrome wire is used as the heating element
6Ω
because it has
(a) low specific resistance
(b) low melting point
co
(a)9 Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 3 Ω (d) 6 Ω
(c) high specific resistance
[Ans. (c) 3 Ω]
(d) high conductivity
Hint: [Ans. (c) high specific resistance]
B
.
6Ω
6Ω 3Ω
3Ω
32. An ideal cell is connected to a capacitor
ks
6Ω
A 6Ω through a voltmeter. The reading V of the
3Ω ⇒ voltmeter is plotted against time. Which of the
A 6Ω 3Ω 3Ω
following best represents the resulting curve?
6Ω V V
oo
Unit 2
6Ω
B
B (a) (b)
6Ω
3Ω
3Ω
⇒A 6Ω
A t t
3Ω
V
ab
V
6Ω
6Ω
A B
(c) (d)
3Ω
A B
⇒ t t
ur
6Ω V
27. Conductors which obey ohm's law are called .

(a) dielectrics (b) superconductors [Ans. (b) ]
(c) ohmic conductors (d) semiconductors
.s
t
[Ans. (c) ohmic conductors] 33. The value of current I in the network as shown
28. A bird sitting on an insulated wire carrying a is
w
current feels quite safe because. I

(a) the bird is a non-conductor of electricity
(b) resistance of the bird is very large 3Ω 3Ω
2V
w
(c) there is a large potential difference between

bird and wire
(d) there is no potential difference between bird 3Ω
w
and wire 2 3
1
[Ans. (d) there is no potential difference (a) A (b) A (c) A (d) 1A
9 9 9
between bird and wire]
[Ans. (d) 1A]
29. Conductivity is the reciprocal of
Hint:
(a) resistance (b) specific resistance
(c) conductance
2V 3Ω 6Ω
(d) potential difference
[Ans. (b) specific resistance]
94

Very Short Answer Questions 2 marks 9. What is meant by conventional current?
Ans. By convention, the flow of current in the circuit
1. Define current. should be from the positive terminal of the battery
Q
Ans. current is equal to rate of flow of net charge I = to the negative terminal. This current is called the
t conventional current or simply current and is in
2. Define instantaneous current.
the direction in which a positive test charge would
Ans. The instantaneous current I is defined as the move.
limit of the average current, Δt → 0.
m
∆Q dQ 10. Define resistance.
I = lim = Ans. The resistance is the ratio of potential difference
∆t − 0 ∆t dt
across the given conductor to the current passing
3. Define Ampere. through the conductor.
co
Ans. 1 ampere of current is equivalent to 1 coulomb V
It's unit is ohm (Ω) R =
of charge passing through a perpendicular cross I
11. What is the effective resistance of resistors
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
section in a conductor in one second.
connected in series?
4. Define Mean free time τ. Ans. When several resistors are connected in series,
.
Ans. The average time between successive collisions is the total or equivalent resistance is the sum of
ks
called the mean free time denoted by τ. the individual resistances.
5. Why are household appliances connected in Rs = R1 + R2 + .....+Rn
parallel?
12. Is the direction of current along the direction
Ans. House hold appliances are always connected in
of flow of electrons?
oo
parallel so that even if one is switched off, the
other devices could function properly. Ans. No, Electrons flow from negative potential
to positive potential. But the direction of
6. What is the function of Electric fuses? conventional current is from positive potential
Ans. Fuses are connected in series in a circuit to protect to negative potential.
ab
the electric devices from the heat developed by the 13. The resistivity of materials depends upon what
passage of excessive current. It is a short length parameters?
of a wire made of a low melting point material.
Ans. The resistivity of materials is
It melts and breaks the circuit if current exceeds
a certain value. Lead and copper wire melts and (i) inversely proportional to the number
ur
burns out when the current increases above 5 A density (n) of the electrons
and 35 A respectively. (ii) inversely proportional to the average time
7. What are free electrons? between the collisions (τ).
14. Define electric energy and state its commercial
.s
Ans. Atoms in metals have one or more electrons which

are loosely bound to the nucleus. These electrons units.
are called free electrons and can be easily detached Ans. The total electrical energy used by any device is
obtained by multiplying the power and duration
w
from the atoms by applying small energy.

of the time when it is ON. Unit of the energy will
8. What is conductor? be in joules. (or) watt second. Electrical energy is
Ans. (i) The substances which have an abundance measured in kilowatt hour (kWh). 1 kWh is known as
w
of free electrons are called conductors. 1 unit of electrical energy. (1 kWh = 1000
(ii) These free electrons move randomly Wh = (1000 W) (3600 s), 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J).
throughout the conductor at a given
w
temperature. 15. What does the voltage rating refers? What is

(iii) In general due to this random motion, there it's use?
is no net transfer of charges from one end Ans. Voltage rating refers AC RMS voltages. For a given
of the conductor to other end and hence no bulb, if the voltage drop across the bulb is greater
current. than voltage rating, the bulb will fuse.
(iv) When a potential difference is applied by
the battery across the ends of the conductor, 16. Is battery a source of electrons?
the free electrons drift towards the positive Ans. No. Battery is a source of electrical energy, due to
terminal of the battery, producing a net which the electrons in the conducting wire flow
electric current. in a particular direction.
103

17. Define the term electric power and give its SI 22. What do you mean by end resistance? How can
unit. it be rectified?
Ans. The electrical power P is the rate at which the Ans. The bridge wire is soldered at the ends of the copper
electrical potential energy is delivered, strips. Due to imperfect contact (P, Q), some resistance
dU ( V.dQ) dQ might be introduced at the contact. These are called
P= = =V end resistances. This error can be eliminated, if
dt dt dt ...(1) another set of readings are taken with P and Q
dQ
m
Since the electric current I = interchanged and the average value of P is found.
dt 23. What is meant by Heating effect of electric current?
So the equation (1) can be rewritten as
Ans. When current flows through a resistor, some of
P = VI
the electrical energy delivered to the resistor is
co
This expression gives the power delivered by the
converted into heat energy and it is dissipated.
battery to any electrical system, where I is the current This heating effect of current is known as Joule’s
passing through it and V is the potential difference heating effect.
across it. The SI unit of electrical power is watt.
24. What is thermoelectric effect?
.
18. What do you mean by a series combination of Ans. Current produces thermal energy but thermal
cells?
ks
energy may also be suitably used to produce an
Ans. Several cells can be connected to form a battery. electromotive force. This is known as thermoelectric
In series connection, the negative terminal of one effect.
cell is connected to the positive terminal of the 25. Discuss some appliances of Joule's heating effect.
second cell, the negative terminal of second cell Name few electric heating devices & state on
oo
is connected to the positive terminal of the third what principle do they work.
Unit 2
cell and so on. The free positive terminal of the Ans. Electric iron, electric heater, electric toaster are some
first cell and the free negative terminal of the last of the home appliances that utilize the heating effect
cell become the terminals of the battery. of current.
ab
19. What do you mean by parallel combination of In these appliances, the heating elements are made of
cells? nichrome, an alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome
Ans. In parallel connection all the positive terminals
has a high specific resistance and can be heated to
of the cells are connected to one point and all the very high temperatures without oxidation. These are
negative terminals to a second point. These two all working on the principle of joule's heating effect.
ur
points form the positive and negative terminals 26. Why nickel is used as heating element?
of the battery. Ans. The heating elements are made of nichrome, an
20. State the sign convention for applying Kirchhoff 's alloy of nickel and chromium. Nichrome has a
high specific resistance and can be heated to very
.s
first rule.
Ans. The charges that enter a given junction in a circuit high temperatures without oxidation.
must leave that junction since charge cannot build 27. What is the disadvantage of electric fuse?
up or disappear at a junction. Current entering the Ans. The only disadvantage with the fuses is that once
w
junction is taken as positive and current leaving fuse wire is burnt due to excessive current, they need
the junction is taken as negative. to be replaced. Nowdays in house, circuit breakers
21. Explain sign convention for applying Kirchhoff 's (trippers) are used instead of fuses. Whenever there
w
second rule. is an excessive current produced due to faulty wire

Ans. Second rule follows from the law of conservation of connection, the circuit breaker switch opens. After
energy for an isolated system (The energy supplied repairing the faulty connection, we can close the
w
by the emf sources is equal to the sum of the energy circuit breaker switch.
delivered to all resistors). The product of current and 28. What is the use of electric furnace?
resistance is taken as positive when the direction Ans. Furnaces are used to manufacture a large number
of the current is followed. Suppose if the direction of technologically important materials such as steel,
of current is opposite to the direction of the loop, silicon carbide, quartz, gallium arsenide, etc). To
then product of current and voltage across the produce temperatures up to 1500°C, molybdenum-
resistor is negative. The emf is considered positive nichrome wire wound on a silica tube is used.
when proceeding from the negative to the positive Carbon arc furnaces produce temperatures up
terminal of the cell. to 3000 °C.
104
UNIT MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC

3 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
m
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
co
3.1 Introduction To Magnetism 3.8.3 Magnetic field produced along
3.1.1 Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic the axis of the current carrying
elements circular coil
3.8.4 Tangent law and Tangent
3.1.2 Basic properties of magnets
.
Galvanometer
3.2 Coulomb's Inverse Square Law of
3.8.5 Current loop as a magnetic dipole
ks
Magnetism 3.8.6 Magnetic dipole moment of
3.2.1 Magnetic field at a point along the revolving electron
axial line of the magnetic dipole (bar 3.9 Ampere's Circuital Law
magnet)
oo 3.9.1 Definition and explanation of
3.2.2 Magnetic field at a point along the Ampère’s circuital law
equatorial line due to a magnetic 3.9.2 Magnetic field due to the current
dipole (bar magnet) carrying wire of infinite length
ab
3.3 Torque Acting on A Bar Magnet In using Ampère’s law

Uniform Magnetic Field 3.9.3 Magnetic field due to a long
current carrying solenoid
3.3.1 Potential energy of a bar magnet in
a uniform magnetic field 3.9.4 Toroid
ur
3.10 Lorentz Force

3.4 Magnetic Properties
3.10.1 Force on a moving charge in a
3.5 Classification of Magnetic Materials magnetic field
3.6 Hysteresis 3.10.2 Motion of a charged particle in a
.s
3.7 Magnetic effects of Current uniform magnetic field

3.7.1 Oersted experiment 3.10.3 Motion of a charged particle under
crossed electric and magnetic field
w
3.7.2 Magnetic field around a straight (velocity selector)

current carrying conductor and
3.10.4 Cyclotron
circular loop
3.10.5 Force on a current carrying
w
3.7.3 Right hand thumb rule conductor placed in a magnetic

3.7.4 Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule field
3.8 Biot - Savart Law 3.10.6 Force between two long parallel
w
current carrying conductors

3.8.1 Definition and explanation of
3.11 Torque on a Current Loop
Biot- Savart law
3.11.1 Torque on a current loop placed
3.8.2 Magnetic field due to long straight in a magnetic field
conductor carrying current
3.11.2 Moving coil galvanometer
117

CONCEPT MAP
m
Magnetism and Magnetic effects of
electric current
co
Magnetic effects of
.
electric current
ks
Magnetism
Biot Savart’s
Ampere’s law
law
oo
Earth’s Magnetic
Bar Magnetics
Magnetism materials
Magnetic field of
current carrying
ab
Magnetic conductor
Coulomb’s law elements Properties
ur
Tangent Toroid Solenoid

Galvanometer
.s
Magnetic field Magnetic field

Lorentz force Torque
axial line equatorial line
w
Potential energy Torque Cyclotron Moving coil

w
Galvanometer
w
118

Maxwells’s right hand : If a right handed cork screw is rotated to advance along the direction of
cork screw rule the current through a conductor, then the direction of rotation of the screw
gives the direction of the magnetic lines of force around the conductor.
m
Biot - Savart Law : The magnetic induction dB at a point P due to the element of length dl is
MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

directly proportional to the current (I) and length dl.
Directly proportional to the sine of the angle between dl and the line
co
joining the element dl and the point P (sinq) inversely proportional to the
 1 µ Idl sin θ
square of the distance of the point from the element  2
. dB = 0
r  4π r2
.
Tangent galvanometer : It is a device used to measure current. It works on the principle of tangent
ks
law.
Tangent law : It states that a magnetic needle suspended at a point where there are two
crossed fields at right angles to each other, will come to rest in the direction
oo
of the resultant of the two fields. B = Bh tanq

Ampere’s circuital law : It states that the line integral ∫ B . dl for a closed curve is equal to m0
times the net current I0 through the area bounded by the curve.
ab
Right hand palm rule : The coil is held in the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction
of the current in the windings. The extended thumb, points in the direction
of magnetic field. This is applied for solenoid to find the direction of ‘B’
ur
End rule : When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along
clockwise direction, the nearer end corresponds to south pole and the
other end is north pole.
.s
When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along
anticlockwise direction, the nearer end corresponds to north pole and
the other end is south pole.
w
Magnetic Lorentz : The force experienced by a charged particle moving inside a magnetic

force field. F = q(v × B) = Bqv sin θ
w
Cyclotron : Device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies.

It works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a mag-
netic field experiences a magnetic Lorentz force due to which the particle
w
moves in a circular path.

Fleming’s left hand : The forefinger, the middle finger and the thumb of the left hand are
rule stretched in mutually perpendicular directions. If the forefinger points in
the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of
current, then the thumb points in the direction of the force on the conductor.
119
Ampere : It is defined as that constant current which when flowing through two
parallel infinitely long straight conductors of negligible cross section,
and placed in air or vacuum at a distance of one metre apart, experience
a force of 2×10–7 newton per unit length of the conductor.
Moving coil : It is a device used for measuring the current in a circuit. It works on the
galvanometer principle that a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences
m
a torque.
Current sensitivity of : It is defined as the deflection produced when unit current passes through
a galvanometer the galvanometer. A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it produces
co
large deflection for a small current.
Voltage sensitivity of : It is defined as the deflection per unit voltage applied.
a galvanometer Shunt is a low resistance connected in parallel with the galvanometer.
.
Ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
ks
Ideal voltmeter offers infinite resistance to current.
Ampere’s hypothesis : It states that all magnetic phenomena is due to circulating electric current.
Magnetic moment of : It is defined as the product of the current and the loop area. Pm = IA
a current loop
oo
Its direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
Magnetic moment of electron. It is the vector sum of the orbital magnetic
Unit 3
moment and its spin magnetic moment.

ab
Bohr magneton : Minimum value of magnetic moment.
FORMULAE
ur
(1) Biot Savart law →

→ µ Idl × r µ I. dl sin θ
In vector form dB = o 2 ; In air, dB = o
4π r 4π r2
.s
µo I
(2) Magnetic induction due to infinitely long straight conductor carrying current B = . In
→
µ I 2πa
µI
medium, B = (or) B = 0  n (in vector form)
w
2πa 2πa
µ 0 IR 2
×k
(3) Magnetic induction along the axis of a circular coil carrying current B = 3 at
2π ( R 2 + z2 2)
w
µ0I
the centre B =
2R
(4) Tangent galvanometer reduction factor k = 2kBH
w
µ0Ν
2RBh
(5) Current I through n turns of Tangent Galvanometer I = = K tanq
µ0 N

(6) (a) Ampere’s circuital law II0 enclosed.
∫ B . dl = µ 0
→ µ0I 
(b) Magnetic field due to infinitely long current carrying wire using ampere’s law B = n
2πr
120
Evaluation
I. Multiple choice questions 3. A particle having mass m and charge q
accelerated through a potential difference
1. The magnetic field at the center O of the V. Find the force experienced when it is kept
→
following current loop is [PTA-2] under perpendicular magnetic field B .
m
I [Mar-2020; Aug-2021]
2q 3 BV q 3 B2 V
(a) (b)
r m 2m
co
I I
O 2q 3 B2 V 2q 3 BV
(c) (d)
µ0I µ0I m m3
(a) ⊗ (b)
4r 4r 2q3B2V
.
[Ans. (c) ]
ks
µ I µ I m
(c) 0 ⊗ (d) 0
2r 2r
μ0I
(
Hint: Horentz force F = q = → →
V×B )
[Ans. (a) ⊗] 4. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and
oo 4r
50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The
µ0I 2r magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly
Hint: B =
Unit 3
; Here R = [PTA-3; FRT, July-'22]

2πR π
2
(a) 1.0 A m (b) 1.2 A m2
ab
2. An electron moves in a straight line inside a (c) 0.5 A m2 (d) 0.8 A m2

charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform
[Ans. (b) 1.2 A m2]
charge density σ. The time taken by the electron
to cross the parallel plate capacitor undeflected Hint: Dipole moment P = IA
ur
when the plates of the capacitor are kept under

→ 5. A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral
constant magnetic field of induction B is of N = 100 tight turns carrying a current
I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and
.s
outside turns are a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm

E respectively. The magnetic induction at the centre
of the spiral is
w
B e– v (a) 5 μT (b) 7 μT
(c) 8 μT (d) 10 μT
[Ans. (b) 7 μT]
w
l
6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the form
elB lB of loops. One of the loops is circle, another is a
(a) ε 0 (b) ε 0
w
σ σl semi-circle and the third one is a square. They

are placed in a uniform magnetic field and same
lB lB electric current is passed through them. Which of
(c) ε 0 (d) ε 0
eσ σ the following loop configuration will experience
lB greater torque? [PTA-1, 3]
[Ans. (d) ε0 ] (a) Circle (b) Semi-circle
σ
(c) Square (d) All of them
Hint: F = BIl
[Ans. (a) Circle]
122

7. Two identical coils, each with N turns and 9. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment
radius R are placed coaxially at a distance R as pm is bent in the form of an arc as shown in
shown in the figure. If I is the current passing
through the loops in the same direction, then figure. The new magnetic dipole moment will
the magnetic field at a point P at a distance of be (NEET 2013)
R
from the centre of each coil is
2
m MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

R r r
60°
co
R
P
3
(a) pm (b) pm
.
π
8 Nµ 0 I 8 Nµ 0 I
ks
(a) (b) 3 2 1
5R 5 2R (c) pm (d) pm
π 2
8 Nµ 0 I 4 Nµ 0 I
(c) (d)
5R 5R 3
[Ans. (b) pm ]
oo 8Nμ0I π
[Ans. (b) 3
]
2 πr
5 R Magnetic moment M = ml Þ l =
3
Hint: 3l
ab
µI
Hint: B = 0 2 \r = New moment M¢ = m × r
2πr π
8. A wire of length l carrying a current I along

the Y direction is kept in a magnetic field 10. A non-conducting charged ring carrying a
ur
→
β   
given by B =
3
( )
i + j + k T . The magnitude charge of q, mass m and radius r is rotated
about its axis with constant angular speed ω.
of Lorentz force acting on the wire is Find the ratio of its magnetic moment with
.s
[Govt. MQP-2019; May-2022]

angular momentum is [QY-2019]
2 1
(a) βIl (b) βIl
3 q 2q
3 (a) (b)
w
m m
1
(c) 2βIl (d) βIl
2 q q
(c) (d)
w
2 2m 4m
[Ans. (a) βIl ]
3 q
[Ans. (c) ]
2m
w
( →
Lorentz force F = q = V×B and
→
)
Hint: M e
→ B  Hint: =
B=  (i + j + k )τ  l zm
 3 
123

11. The BH curve for a ferromagnetic material 14. A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an
is shown in the figure. The material is placed excess charge on its surface. The surface
inside a long solenoid which contains 1000 charge density is σ. The disc rotates about
turns/cm. The current that should be passed in
the solenonid to demagnetize the ferromagnet an axis perpendicular to its plane passing
completely is through the centre with angular velocity ω.
B in tesla
Find the magnitude of the torque on the disc if
it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose
m
4.0
3.0 strength is B which is directed perpendicular

2.0 to the axis of rotation
1 1
co
1.0 H in ampere
(a) σωπBR (b) σωπBR 2
per metre
4 2
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500
1 1
–1.0 (c) σωπBR 3 (d) σωπBR 4
–2.0
4 4
1
.
–3.0
[Ans. (d) σωπBR4 ]
ks
–4.0 4
15. The potential energy of magnetic dipole whose
∧ ∧
(a) 1.00 m A (b) 1.25 mA dipole moment is p m = (−0.5 i + 0.4 j ) Am2 kept
∧
(c) 1.50 mA
oo
(d) 1.75 mA in uniform magnetic field B = 0.2 i T.
[Ans. (c) 1.50 mA] (a) –0.1 J (b) –0.8 J
Unit 3
Hint: nI (c) 0.1 J (d) 0.8 J

H = 2r [Ans. (c) 0.1 J]
ab
12. Two short bar magnets have magnetic moments ® ®

Hint: U = P m . B
1.20 Am2 and 1.00 Am2, respectively. They are
kept on a horizontal table parallel to each other
with their north poles pointing towards south. II. Short Answer Questions :
ur
They have a common magnetic equator and are

1. What is magnetic field?
separated by a distance of 20.0 cm. The value of
the resultant horizontal magnetic induction at Ans. The region surrounding magnet where magnetic
.s
the mid-point O of the line joining their centres pole of strength unity experience a force is
is (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic known as magnetic field. It is a vector quantity
→
induction is 3.6 × 10–5 Wb m–2) and denoted by B . Its unit is NA–1 m–1.
w
(NSEP 2000-2001)
(a) 3.60 × 10–5 Wb m–2 2. Define magnetic flux.
(b) 3.5 × 10–5 Wb m–2 Ans. The number of magnetic field lines crossing
w
(c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2 normally through a given area is called magnetic
(d) 2.2 × 10–4 Wb m–2 flux ΦB.
[Ans. (c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2] → →
w
Φ B = B . A = BA cos θ = Β⊥Α
13. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field → →
at a place is equal to the horizontal component. where θ is the angle between B and A .
What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
[HY-2019] 3. Define magnetic dipole moment.
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90° Ans. The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the
[Ans. (b) 45°] product of its pole strength and magnetic length.

Hint: B sinq = B cosq P m = qm d

124

4. State Coulomb’s inverse law. 9. Compare dia, para and ferro-magnetism.
Ans. The force of attraction or repulsion between two [PTA-5 ; Sep-2020; QY-2019]
magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product Ans.
of their pole strengths and inversely proportional Para Ferro
to the square of the distance between them. Dia magnetic magnetic magnetic
Mathematically, we can write materials
materials materials
qmA qmB 
→
1. Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic
m
Fα r susceptibility susceptibility susceptibility
r2

is negative is positive and is positive and
5. What is magnetic susceptibility? small large
Ans. Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of Relativbe Relative Relative
co
→
2.
permeability permeability permeability is
the intensity of magnetisation ( M ) induced in the is slightly less is greater than large
→
material to the magnetising field ( H ) than unity unity
→ 3. The magnetic The magnetic The magnetic
.
M field lines are field lines are field line
χm = repelled or attracted into are strongly
ks
→
H expelled by paramagnetic attracted
diamagnetic materials into the
materials when placed ferromagnetic
6. State Biot-Savart’s law. when placed in a magnetic materials when
Ans. The magnitude of magnetic field d B at a point in a magnetic field placed in a
oo field magnetic field
P at a distance r from the small elemental length
taken on a conductor carrying current varies 4. Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility
(i) directly as the strength of the current I is nearly is inversely is inversely
temprature preportional proportional to
(ii) directly as the magnitude of the length element
ab
independent to temperature temperature.

dl . Ex : Bismuth, Ex : Ex : Iron,
(iii) directly
as the sine of the angle θ between Copper and Aluminium, Nickel and
dl and r . Water Platinum and Cobalt
Chromium
(iv) inversely as the square of the distance r
ur
between the point P and length element 10. What is meant by hysteresis? [HY-2019]

dl . Ans. The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction
Idl behind the magnetising field is called hysteresis.
This is expressed as dBα 2 sin θ .
.s
r Hysteresis means ‘lagging behind’.

11. Define magnetic declination and inclination.
7. What is magnetic permeability? Ans. Magnetic declination :
w
Ans. The magnetic permeability can be defined as the The angle between magnetic meridian at a point
measure of ability of the material to allow the passage and geographical meridian is called magnetic
of magnetic field lines through it or measure of the declination (D).
w
capacity of the substance to take magnetisation or Magnetic Inclination:

the degree of penetration of magnetic field through The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic
®
the substance. field B with the horizontal direction in the magnetic
w
8. State Ampere’s circuital law. meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I)
[PTA-4, 6; QY-2019; Sep-2020; Aug-2021] at that point.
Ans. Ampère’s law: The line integral of magnetic field 12. What is resonance condition in cyclotron?
over a closed loop is μ0 times net current enclosed Ans. The important condition in cyclotron operation is
by the loop. that when the frequency f at which the positive ion
→ → circulates in the magnetic field must be equal to
∫ B .dl = µ 0 Ienclosed the constant frequency of the electrical oscillator
C fosc. This is called resonance condition.
125

Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark 5. Which one of the following represents correct
magnetic field lines?
1. Which of the following graphs shows the
variation of magnetic induction B with
distance ‘r’ from a long wire carrying current? (a) (b)
m
B B
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
co
r r
B
B
(c) (d) [Ans. (d)
.
ks
r r 6. The most suitable metal for permanent magnet
B
is
[Ans. (c) ] (a) copper (b) aluminium
(c) steel (d) iron
oo r
[Ans. (c) steel]
1
Hint: Ba In M.C.G, I a q but in T.G
Unit 3
r Hint:
2. Four wires each of length 2m are bent into I a tanq
ab
four loops P, Q, R and S and then suspended

into uniform magnetic field. Same current is 7. An electron of mass 0.90 × 10–30kg under the
passed in each loop. On which loop the couple action of a magnetic field moves in a circle
will be the highest? of 2cm radius at a speed of 3 × 106 m/s. If a
ur
proton of mass 1.8 × 10–27 kg was to move in a

P Q R S circle of the same radius in the same magnetic
field, then its speed will be
(a) 3.0 × 106 m/s (b) 1.5 × 103 m/s
.s
(a) P (b) Q
(c) R (d) S [Ans. (d) S] (c) 6.0 × 104 m/s
Couple of force on loop S is maximum (d) cannot be estimated from the same data
w
because for a given perimeter, area of [Ans. (b) 1.5 × 103 m/s]
Hint: the loop will be maximum and magnetic
moment of the loop (=IA) will also be mν2
w
maximum for loop ‘S’. Bqv = ⇒ Bqr = mV

r
3. When current is doubled deflection is also for electrons and protons, B, q, r same
doubled in
∴ mv = a constant
w
(a) moving coil galvanometer

(b) tangent galvanometer me Ve = mp vp
Hint:
(c) both of them (d) neither of two m e Ve
[Ans. (a) moving coil galvanometer] vp =
mp
4. A current carrying conductor is associated with
(a) electric field (b) magnetic field 0.90 × 10 −30 × 3 × 106
vp =
(c) electro magnetic (d) all these 1.8 × 10 −27
[Ans. (b) magnetic field] vp = 1.5 × 103 m/s
146

8. A long straight conductor carrying a current 14. The unit of magnetic field is
lies along the axis of a ring. The conductor will (a) ampere-turn (b) ampere
exert a force on the ring, if the ring - (c) newton coulomb (d) tesla
(a) carries a current [Ans. (d) tesla]
(b) has uniformly distributed charge 15. The direction of magnetic field close to a straight
(c) has non-uniformly distributed conductor carrying current will be
m
(d) none of the above (a) along the length of the conductor

[Ans. (d) none of the above] (b) radially outward
9. Direction of magnetic force on a positive (c) circular in a plane perpendicular to the
co
charge moving in a magnetic field is given by conductor
(a) thumb rule (b) left hand rule (d) helical [Ans. (c) circular in a plane
(c) right hand rule (d) cork screw rule perpendicular to the conductor]
[Ans. (c) right hand rule] 16. When the current flowing in a circular coil is
.
10. If a current I is flowing in a straight wire doubled and the number of turns of the coil in
ks
parallel to X- axis and magnetic field is in it is halved, the magnetic field at its centre will
Y-axis then the wire experiences become
(a) in Z-direction (b) in Y- direction (a) four times (b) same
(c) no force (d) in X- direction (c) half (d) double
oo [Ans. (b) same]
[Ans. (a) in Z-direction]
11. Consider the motion of a charged particle in a 17. The forces existing between two parallel current
uniform magnetic field directed into the paper. carrying conductors is F. If the current in each
If velocity v of the particle is in the plane of the conductor is doubled, then the value of force will be
ab
paper, the charged particle will describe a F

(a) 2F (b) 4F (c) 5F (d)
(a) straight line (b) circle 2
(c) ellipse (d) hyperbola [Ans. (b) 4F]
ur
[Ans. (b) circle]

18. The deflection in a galvanometer falls from
12. Lorentz force generally refers to force 50 to 20 divisions when 12W shunt is applied. The
experienced by a charge due to combined
action of galvanometer resistance is,
.s
(a) magnetic fields (a) 18W (b) 36W

(b) electric fields (c) 24W (d) 30W
w
(c) electric, magnetic & gravitational fields [Ans. (a) 18W]

(d) electric and magnetic fields
[Ans. (d) electric and magnetic fields] 19. Two thin long parallel wires separated by a
distance ‘a’ are carrying current I amp each. The
w
13. Cyclotron is used to

magnitude of the force per unit length excited
(a) accelerate charged particles or ions to low by one wire on the other is
voltages
w
(b) decelerate charged particles or ions to high µ I2 µ 0 I2

(a) 0 2 (b)
voltages a 2πa
(c) accelerate charged particles or ions to high
µ0I µ0I
energies (c) (d)
(d) accelerate charged particles or ions to high 2πa 2πa 2
voltages m0I2
[Ans. (c) accelerate charged particles or [Ans. (b) ]
ions to high energies] 2pa
147

20. Graph of force per unit length between long 26. Thermopile is used to
parallel current carrying conductors, and the (a) measure temperature
distance between them is (b) measure current
(a) straight line (b) parabola (c) detect thermal radiation
(c) ellipse (d) measure pressure
[Ans. (a) measure temperature]
(d) rectangular hyperbola 27. In the following thermocouple, the direction
[Ans. (d) rectangular hyperbola] of the thermo electric current at the hot
m
21. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15W junction is from
(a) Sb to Bi (b) Ni to Fe
and gives full scale deflection for a current of
(c) Fe to Cu (d) Zn to Pt
4mA. To convert it to an ammeter of range 0
co
to 6 amp. [Ans. (b) Ni to Fe]
(a) 10mW resistance is to be connected in 28. For a given thermocouple for a given cold junction
parallel to the galvanometer temperature, the inversion temperature is 220°C.
(b) 10mW resistance is to be connected in series When the cold junction temperature is increased
.
with the galvanometer by 20°C, then the inversion temperature is
ks
(c) 0.1mW resistance is to be connected in series (a) 200oC (b) 220oC
with the galvanometer (c) 240oC (d) 110oC
(d) 0.1mW resistance is to be connected in
[Ans. (a) 200°C]
parallel to the galvanometer
oo
[Ans. (d) 0.1mW resistance is to be connected
29. When the hot and cold junctions of a thermo
couple are interchanged then the thermo emf
in parallel to the galvanometer]
(a) increases
Unit 3
22. The deflection in moving coil galvanometer is (b) remain unchanged (c) decreases
reduced to half when it is shunted with a 40W (d) increases or decreases according to nature of
ab
coil. The resistance of the galvanometer is metals used [Ans. (b) remain unchanged]
(a) 60W (b) 10W
30. Which one of the following pair of particles
(c) 40W (d) 20W move with same velocity along the same
[Ans. (c) 40W] circular path in a uniform magnetic field?
ur
23. At a given place the horizontal component of

(a) electron, proton
earth’s field is 0.2 × 10–4 Tesla. If a vertical wire
carries a current of 30A upward, what is the (b) proton, deutron
magnitude and direction of the force on 1m of (c) proton, alpha particle
.s
wire? (d) deutron, alpha particle

(a) 6 East to West [Ans. (d) deutron, alpha particle]
(b) 6 × 10–2 East to West
w
31. Which one of the following is correct.

(c) 6 × 10–3 East to West According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic
(d) 6 × 10–4 East to West induction is directly proportional to
w
[Ans. (a) 6 East to West] (a) Square of the current

24. If the temperature of hot junction is increased (b) Square root of the current
beyond inversion temperature the thermo emf
(c) Length of the current element
w
(a) is constant (b) increases

(c) decreases (d) becomes zero (d) Square of the distance
[Ans. (b) increases] [Ans. (c) Length of the current element]
25. In which of the following pairs of metals of the 32. This works on the principle of Tangent Law
thermocouple, the emf is maximum? (a) Tangent Galvanometer
(a) Fe-Cu (b) Cu-Zn (b) Galvanometer (c) Potentiometer
(c) Pt-Ag (d) Sb-Bi (d) Metre Bridge
[Ans. (d) Sb-Bi] [Ans. (a) Tangent Galvanometer]
148

33. The magnetic induction at the center of a 40. Two T.G’s having reduction factor K1 and K2
circular coil having 5 turn and radius 2π cm are connected inseries and give deflections
carrying a current of 50 mA is θ1and θ2 respectively. Then K1 : K2
(a) 2π × 10−7T (b) 50π × 10−7T (a) q1 : q2 (b) tanq1 : tanq2
−7
(c) 25 × 10 T (d) 2.5 × 10−7T (c) q2 : q1 (d) tanq2 : tanq1
[Ans. (c) 25 × 10−7T]
[Ans. (d) tanq2 : tanq1]
34. The magnetic induction at the center of a
m
circular coil carrying current is 41. Ampere’s circuital law is another form of

µnI µI (a) Tangent law
(a) (b)
2a 2πa (b) Biot-Savart law
co
µI µI (c) Ampere’s Swimming rule
(c) (d) (d) End rule [Ans. (b) Biot-Savart law]
2na 2na
mI
[Ans. (b) ] 42. What is the current passing through a coil
.
2pa of radius of 8 cm having 50 turns, when a
35. Magnetic flux density at the center of a circular
ks
coil of diameter 20 cm carrying a current 5 A magnetic intensity at the centre of the coil is
kept in air is 125 A turns m−1?
(a) 4π × 10−7 tesla (b) 3.14×10−5 tesla (a) 0.1 ampere (b) 0.4 ampere
(c) 1 ampere (d) 4 ampere
(c) 10−7 tesla
oo
(d) 2π ×10−7tesla
[Ans. (b) 3.14×10−5 tesla] [Ans. (b) 0.4 ampere]
36. When the number of turns (n) in a 43. In Ampere’s circuital law, the value of line
galvanometer is doubled, current sensitivity integral ∫ B⋅ dl
ab
(a) remains constant (b) decreases twice (a) depends on share of the current path
(c) increases twice (b) depends on the position of the wire within
(d) increases four times the magnetic field
[Ans. (c) increases twice] (c) depends on the direction of the current
ur
37. In a T.G the magnetic needle is small so that (d) is zero, when the closed path does not
(a) the circular scale is small encircle the wire
(b) the compass box is small
[Ans. (d) is zero, when the closed path
(c) it can be easily deflected
.s
does not encircle the wire]

(d) it remains in uniform magnetic field
[Ans. (d) it remains in uniform 44. Calculate the current passing through a coil
magnetic field] of diameter 20 cm, having 50 turns, when the
w
38. In a T.G experiment, if the number of turns field at the centre of the coil is 200 ampere-
is increased 10 times, to produce the same turns/meter
w
deflection, the value of the current should be (a) 80 ampere (b) 1.6 ampere
(a) increased by 20 times (c) 0.8 ampere (d) 160 ampere
(b) increased by 10 times [Ans. (c) 0.8 ampere]
w
(c) decreased by 20 times 45. The direction of the magnetic field due to a
(d) decreased by 10 times
solenoid is given by
[Ans. (d) decreased by 10 times]
(a) Amperes circuital law
39. The Tangent Galvanometer is more sensitive
(b) Biot-Savart law
for this angle of deflection
(c) Right hand palm rule
(a) 3.14 radian (b) 45 radian
(c) 0.785 radian (d) 1.57 radian (d) Flemings right hand law
[Ans. (c) 0.785 radian] [Ans. (c) Right hand palm rule]
149
NEET BASED QUESTIONS

1. The moment of inertia of a collapsing star 7. The maximum intensity in the interference
pattern of two equal and parallel slits is I. if one
m
changes to one-third of its initial value. The ratio
of the new rotational kinetic energy to the initial of the slits is closed, the intensity at the same
rotational kinetic energy is____ point is l0. Then ________.
(A) l = l0 (B) l = 2l0
co
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 9 : 1 (D) 1 : 9
(C) l = 4l0
2. A body of 10 kg is dropped from infinite (D) There is no relation between l and l0
height towards earth’s surface. What will be its
velocity just before touching the earth’s surface. 8. X-rays coming out of an X-ray tube ________.
.
(Gravitational potential energy of the body at (A) Are monochromatic
ks
earth’s surface is 6·25 × 108 Joule). (B) Have all wavelengths below a certain
(A) 22·4 km/sec (B) 11·2 km/sec minimum wavelength
(C) 6·4 km/sec (D) Infinite
(C) Have all wavelengths above a certain
The vertical escape velocity of a body from earth’s minimum wavelength
3.
oo
surface is 11·2 km/sec. If the body is projected (D) Have all wavelengths between a certain
at an angle of 45º from the vertical, its escape minimum and maximum wavelength
velocity will be ______.
9. The current amplification of common base
ab
11⋅ 2
(A) 11·2 × 2 km/s (B) km/s N–P–N transistor is 0·96. What will be the
2
current gain if it is used as common emitter
(C) 11·2 × 2 km/s (D) 11·2 km/s amplifier ?
(A) 16 (B) 24 (C) 20 (D) 32
ur
4. Which of the following equations represents a

simple harmonic wave ? 10. Who discovered neutron and positron
(A) y = a sin ωt (B) y = a sin ωt cos kt respectively ?
.s
(C) y = a sin (ωt – kx) (D) y = a cos kx (A) Thomson and Rutherford
5. The focal length of a convex lens is f. When it (B) Rutherford and Thomson
is divided in two parts by a plane parallel to the (C) Anderson and Chadwick
w
principal axis, focal length of each part will be (D) Chadwick and Anderson
________
11. Amplification factor of a triode is 20 and its plate
w
f
(A) f (B) (C) 2 f (D) Zero resistance is 20 kΩ. Its mutual conductance will
2
be ________.
(A) 2 × 105 mho (B) 2 × 104 mho
w
6. During negative β-decay ________.

(A) Atom electron is ejected (C) 500 mho (D) 2 × 10–3 mho
(B) Electron, already present in the nucleus is 12. The co-ordinates of a moving particle at time t are
ejected given by x = at2, y = bt2 The speed of the particle
(C) Neutron of the nucleus decays ejecting the is ________.
electron
(A) 2 (a + b) t (B) (a2 + b2)1/2 × t
(D) A part of binding energy is converted into
an electron (C) 2 (a2 + b2)1/2 × t (D) (a + b) t
473
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics

13. If p is the pressure of a gas and ρ is its density, (B) Electrons orbiting a positively charged
then dimension2 of velocity is given by ________. nucleus in definite orbits
(A) p1/2 ρ–1/2 (B) p1/2 ρ1/2 (C) Same as (B) with electrons spinning
(C) p–1/2 ρ1/2 (D) p–1/2 ρ–1/2 (D) A rigid sphere only
14. If R, X and Z represent respectively the resistance, 22. The magnetic moment of a circular orbit of radius
reactance and impedance of an electric circuit r carrying a charge q and rotating with velocity v
m
carrying alternating current, then the power is given by _____.
factor is given by ________ qvr qvr
(A) (B) (C) qvπr (D) qvπr2
R Z R X 2π 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
co
Z R X R 23. Along with β-particle emission from a radioactive
15. If the horizontal range of a projectile is equal nucleus one more particle with zero charge is
to the maximum height reached, then the emitted to conserve the energy and momentum.
corresponding angle of projection is ________. This particle is called ________
.
(A) tan–1 1 (B) tan–1 3 (A) Meson (B) Positron
ks
(C) tan–1 4 (D) tan–1 12 (C) Antineutrino (D) Neutron
16. Two electrons move parallel to each other
24. In a cyclotron the time required to move a
with equal speeds v. The ratio of magnetic and
charged particle of charge q and mass m in a
electrical forces between them is ________.
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field B in a
oo
Physics
v c v2 c2 semicircular path is ________.

(A) (B) (C) (D)
c v c2 v2 mπ Bqv
17. The acceleration of a particle performing S.H.M. (A) t = (B) t =
Bq πm
is 12 cm/s2 at a displacement of 3 cm from the
ab
B
mean position. Its time period is ________. (C) t = (D) t = πm Bq
πmq
(A) 6·28 s (B) 3·14 s (C) 10·0 s (D) 5·0 s 25. A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen like
with atomic number Z = 3. The wavelength of
18. The displacement of a particle is given by x = 6
radiation required to excite the electron in Li2+
ur
cos ωt + 8 sin ωt metre This equation respresents

a S.H.M. having amplitude ________. from first to third Bohr orbit will be ________.
(Ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13·6 eV)
(A) 14 m (B) 12 m (C) 10 m (D) 5 m
(A) 72·53 Å (B) 113·74 Å
.s
19. An electron of mass 9 × 10–31 kg revolves in a (C) 212·52 Å (D) 17·72 Å

circle of radius 0·53 Å around the nucleus of
hydrogen atom with a velocity of 2·2 × 106 ms–1. 26. A parallel monochromatic beam of light is
w
incident normally on a formed on a screen placed

What is the angular momentum of the electron ?
perpendicular to the direction the incident beam.
h 3h h h At the first minimum of diffraction pattern the
(A) (B) (C) (D)
phase difference between the rays coming from
w
2π 3π π 3π
20. To maintian a rotor at uniform angular speed of the two edges of the slit is ________.
200 rad. s–1, an engine needs to transmit a torque π
of 180 Nm. The required power of the engine is (A) 0 (B) (C) π (D) 2π
w
2
________.
27. A current carrying coil is freely suspended in a
(A) 36 W (B) 63 W uniform magnetic field. The coil tends to set its
(C) 36 KW (D) 63 KW plane ________.
21. According to Rutherford model of atom the atom (A) Parallel to the magnetic field
consists of ________ (B) Perpendicular to the magnetic field
(A) Positively charged nucleus surrounded by a (C) Inclined to the magnetic field
cloud of negative charge (D) Continuously rotating
474
th
12
STD.
INSTANT SUPPLEMENTARY EXAM - JULY- 2022
Time Allowed : 3.00 Hours ] Part III - PHYSICS [ Maximum Marks : 70
(With Answers)
Instructions : (1) Check the question paper for fairness of printing. If there is any lack of fairness, inform
the Hall Supervisor immediately.
m
(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pencil to draw diagrams.
PART - I 6. If the mean wavelength of light from Sun is taken
co
Note : (i) Answer all the questions. as 550nm and its mean power as 3.8 × 1026 W
(ii) C
hoose the most appropriate answer then, the average number of photons received by
from the given four alternatives and write the human eye per second from Sunlight is of the
the option code and the corresponding order of :
(a) 1045 (b) 1042 (c) 1054 (d) 1051
.
answer. (15 × 1 = 15)
7. An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle
ks
1. The ratio between the radius of first three orbits
of 30° with an electric field of 2 × 105 NC–1. It
of hydrogen atom is:
experiences a torque equal to 8 Nm. The charge
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 : 2 on the dipole if the dipole length is 1 cm is:
(c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 3 : 5 (a) 4 mC (b) 8 mC (c) 5 mC (d) 7 mC
oo
2. Two coherent monochromatic light beams 8. Fraunhofer lines are an example of ______
of intensities I and 4I are superposed. The spectrum.
maximum and minimum possible intensities in (a) line emission (b) line absorption
the resulting beam are: (c) band emission (d) band absorption
ab
(a) 5I and I (b) 5I and 3I 9. The mass of a 73Li nucleus is 0.042 u less than the
(c) 9I and I (d) 9I and 3I sum of the masses of all its nucleons. The average
3. A wire connected to a power supply of 230V binding energy per nucleon of 73Li nucleus is nearly
has power dissipation P1. Suppose the wire is (a) 46 MeV (b) 5.6 MeV
ur
cut into two equal pieces and connected parallel (c) 3.9 MeV (d) 23 MeV
to the same power supply. In this case power 10. The temperature co-efficient of resistance of a
P2 wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 20°C, its resistance is
dissipation is P2. The ratio P is :
.s
1
1Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 800 ºC (b) 700 ºC
4. Stars twinkle due to : (c) 850 ºC (d) 820 ºC
w
(a) Reflection 11. The particle size of ZnO material is 30 nm. Based
on the dimension it is classified as :
(b) Total internal reflection
(a) Bulk material (b) Nanomaterial
(c) Refraction (d) Polarisation
w
(c) Soft material

5. The instantaneous values of alternating current (d) Magnetic material
1 12. The value of L, C and R of an AC circuit are 1 H,
and voltage in a circuit are i = sin (100πt) A
w
2 9 F and 3Ω respectively. The quality factor for

1 π
and v = sin 100πt +  V . this circuit is : 1 1
2  3 (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) (d)
9 3
The average power in watts consumed in the 13. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries
circuit is : a current of 3 ampere. The magnetic dipole
1 3 1 1 moment of the coil is nearly :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 8 (a) 1.0 Am2 (b) 1.2 Am2
(c) 0.5 Am2 (d) 0.8 Am2
[485]

486 Sura’s  XII Std - Physics - Instant Supplementary Exam - July 2022 Question Paper with Answers
14. Two radiations with photon energies 0.9 eV and 30. What is Seebeck effect? State the applications of
3.3 eV respectively are falling on a metallic surface Seebeck effect.
successively. If the work function of the metal is 0.6 31. What are the properties of Cathode rays?
eV, then the ratio of maximum speeds of emitted 32. AC is advantageous than DC. Explain.
electrons in the two cases will be : 33. Light travels from air into a glass slab of
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 9 thickness 50 cm and refractive index 1.5. What
15. If a positive half –wave rectified voltage is fed to is the speed of light in the glass slab and what is
m
a load resistor, for which part of a cycle of the the time taken by the light to travel through the
input signal there will be current flow through glass slab?
the load? PART - IV
co
(a) 0º - 90º (b) 90º - 180º Note: Answer all the questions (5 × 5 = 25)
(c) 0º - 180º (d) 0º - 360º 34. (a) Obtain the condition for bridge balance in
PART - II Wheatstone's bridge.
Note: Answer any six questions. Question number OR
.
24 is compulsory. (6 × 2 = 12) (b) (i) What is half-life and mean life of a
ks
16. Mention the ways of producing induced emf. radioactive nucleus?
17. Define stopping potential. (ii) Calculate the number of nuclei of
18. Give two uses of UV radiation. carbon-14 undecayed after 22,920
years in the initial number of
19. Pure water has refractive index 1.33. What is the
oo carbon-14 atoms is 10,000. The half-
speed of light through it?
life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.
20. Define ampere in terms of force.
35. (a) Describe the Fizeau's method to determine
21. Whats is rectification? the speed of light.
22. State Gauss Law.
ab
OR
23. Define atomic mass unit. (b) (i) Write down the properties of
24. Calculate the equivalent resistance for the circuit electromagnetic waves.
which is connected to 12 V battery and also (ii) The relative magnetic permeability
find the potential difference across 2Ω and 4Ω of the medium is 2.5 and the relative
ur
resistors in the circuit. electrical permittivity of the medium

is 2.25. Compute the refractive index
R1 R2
2Ω 4Ω
of the medium.
.s
I I
36. (a) Explain in detail the construction and
+ - working of a Van de Graaff generator.
12 V
PART - III OR
w
(b) Explain about Compound Microscope and

Note: Answer any six questions. Question number
obtain the equation for the magnification.
33 is compulsory. (6 × 3 = 18)
37. (a) Show that the mutual inductance between
25. Obtain an expression for energy stored in the
w
a pair of coils is same (M12 = M21).

parallel plate capacitor. OR
26. An electron moving perpendicular to a uniform (b) State and Prove De Morgan's first and
magnetic field 0.500T undergoes circular
w
second theorem.
motion of radius 2.50 mm. What is the speed of 38. (a) (i) Obtain Einstein's photoelectric
electron? equation with necessary explanation.
27. Give the construction and working of a photo (ii) List out the characteristics of photons.
emissive cell. OR
28. Mention the differences between interference (b) Derive the expression for the force on a
and diffraction. current carrying conductor in a magnetic
29. What is Zener diode? Mention any two uses of field.
Zener diode. 

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Model Question Papers 1 to 6 (PTA) : Questions are incorporated in the appropriate

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3 Magnetism and magnetic effects of electric current

4 Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Current 167 - 221

5 Electromagnetic waves 222 - 246

7 Wave Optics 291 - 331

9 Atomic and Nuclear physics 376 - 415

10 Electronics and Communication 416 - 460

Neet based questions and answers

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1.7.4 Dielectrics or insulators

1.4.3 Torque experienced by an electric 1.8 Capacitors and Capacitance

1.5.1 Electrostatic Potential energy and 1.8.3 Applications of capacitors

1.5.4 Equi-potential Surface 1.9.1 Distribution of charges in a

potential 1.9.2 Action at points or Corona

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

Electric flux Electric Potential

Gauss law Conductors

Series Capacitors Parallel

with dielectric Without dielectric

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

Properties of charges : Quantisation of charge q = ne [n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,....]

of 1 metre in air or vacuum from an equal and similar charge

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

Charge (q) Mass(m)

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

P in the directions indicated by the arrows, each Gaussian surface D

2. Which charge configuration produces a

(c) uniformly charged infinite plane q q

between them will be  (NSEP 04-05)

(c) more than before (d) zero

5 11 25 8. Rank the electrostatic potential energies for

4. An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle Q –Q –Q –Q

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

origin and VA is the potential at x = 2 m is: between the points A and C is

(c) +20 V (d) –10 V (b) 2 μF

B is ±4………..). This is called quantisation of

[Ans. (a) 8.80 × 10–17 J] mention what each term represents.

between them will be (NSEP 04-05)

[Ans. (a) 8.80 × 10–17 J] mention what each term represents.

[Govt. MQP-2019; Mar-2020]

[Ans. (d) 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2] q 2

object [Ans. (a) both negative]

[Ans. (b) Electric field] Fg = ⋅ 1 22

[Ans. (d) Point charge] [Ans. (a) Faraday]