A642E0-10th STD Science em 2021-22 Edn Sample Guide1

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Science
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10th Standard
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 Complete Solutions to Textbook Exercises.
 Exhaustive Additional Questions and Answers in all Units.
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 Practicals with Answers.

 Model Question Papers 1 to 6 (PTA):

Questions are incorporated in the appropriate sections.
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 G
ovt. Model Question Paper - 2019 (Govt. MQP-2019),
Quarterly Exam - 2019 (Qy-2019) and Half Yearly
Exam - 2019 (Hy-2019) and Govt. Supplementary Examination
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September - 2020 (Sep-2020) questions are also incorporated in

the appropriate sections.
 S eptember 2020 Govt. Supplementary Exam Question Paper is
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given.
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ISBN : 978-81-8449-515-7
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Code No : SG 46
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Authors : Edited by :
 Ms. A. Stella Mary, M.Sc., M.Ed. M.Phil., PGT-Physics, Chennai Mr. S. Vinayaga Moorthy, M.Sc., B.Ed.,
Coimbatore
 Mr. M. Aadhishankar, M.Sc, M.Ed. PGT-Chemistry, Dharmapuri
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 Mr. M. Zakir Ali, M.Sc., M.Phil. PGT - Botany, Vellore Ms. K. Sherlin Riya, M.Sc., M.Phil.
 Mr. V. Siddharth, M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil. PGT-Zoology, Chennai Chennai
Reviewed by :
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Dr. B. Parthasarathy M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Head of the Department
Chennai
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Preface
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Education is not the learning of facts.
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It is rather training of the mind to think.
- Albert Einstein
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Respected Principals, Correspondents, Head Masters / Head Mistresses, Teachers,
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From the bottom of our heart, we at SURA Publications sincerely thank you for the support and
patronage that you have extended to us for more than a decade.
It is in our sincerest effort we take the pride of releasing SURA’s Science Guide for 10th Standard
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– Edition 2021 - 22. This guide has been authored and edited by qualified teachers having teaching
experience for over a decade in their respective subject fields. This Guide has been reviewed by a
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With due respect to Teachers, I would like to mention that this guide will serve as a teaching
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In complete cognizance of the dedicated role of Teachers, I completely believe that our students
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I once again sincerely thank the Teachers, Parents and Students for supporting and valuing our efforts.
God Bless all.
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Subash Raj, B.E., M.S.

- Publisher
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Contents
Unit Title Page No.
1. Laws of Motion 1-30
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2. Optics 31-62
3. Thermal Physics 63-82
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Physics
4. Electricity 83-116
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5. Acoustics 117-142
6. Nuclear Physics 143-170
7. Atoms and Molecules 171-190
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8. Periodic Classification of Elements 191-214
Chemistry 9. Solutions 215-229
10. Types of Chemical Reactions 230-249
11.
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Carbon and its Compounds 250-269
12. Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology 270-290
13. Structural Organisation of Animals 291-309
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14. Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals 310-331

15. Nervous System 332-347
16. Plant and Animal Hormones 348-369
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Biology 17. Reproduction in Plants and Animals 370-390

18. Genetics 391-408
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19. Origin and Evolution of Life 409-422

20. Breeding and Biotechnology 423-440
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21. Health and Diseases 441-456

22. Environmental Management 457-474
Computer 23. Visual Communication 475-481
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Practicals with Answers 482-498

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(vi)

PHYSICS
UNIT
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1
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Laws of Motion
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CONCEPT MAP
Kinematics
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Statics Dynamics First law of motion Inertia and its types
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Second law of motion Momentum and force Mass and weight

Aristotle Issac Newton
Third law of motion Apparent weight Weightlessness

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Galileo
Gravitation Universal law Variation of g

of gravitation
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MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

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Linear momentum : The product of mass and velocity of a moving body gives the magnitude of its linear
momentum. It acts in the direction of the velocity of the body.
Like parallel forces : Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the same direction
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parallel to each other.

Unlike parallel : Two or more equal forces or unequal forces act along opposite directions parallel
forces to each other.
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Resultant Force : When several forces act simultaneously on the same body, then the combined effect
of multiple forces can be represented by a single force, as resultant.
Moment of the : It is measured by the product of any one of the forces and the perpendicular distance
couple between the line of action of two forces.
[1]

Sura’s ➠ X Std Science

Impulse : When a force F acts on a body for a period of time t, then the product of force and
time.
Weight : Weight is equal to gravitational force. Also weight (W) = mass × acceleration due
to gravity. i.e W = mg
Mass : The quantity of matter contained in the body. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).
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Unit 1- Laws of Motion
Inertial mass : If mass is defined in association with force and inertia, it is termed as “inertial mass”.
Gravitational mass : When the mass of a body is defined in association with the gravitational field, it is
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termed as “gravitational mass”.
Apparent weight : Apparent weight is the weight of the body acquired due to the action of gravity and
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other external forces on the body.
Weightlessness : Whenever a body or a person falls freely under the action of Earth’s gravitational
force alone, it appears to have zero weight.
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Formulae
PHYSICS
1. Linear Momentum oo P = mv
2. Parallel forces are acting in the same
Fnet = F1 + F2
direction
3. Parallel unequal forces are acting in the Fnet = F1 – F2 (if F1 > F2)
opposite direction
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Fnet = F2 – F1 (if F2 > F1)

4. Torque t=F×d
5. Principle of moments F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
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6. Moment of Couple M=F ×S

7. Force F=m×a
8. Impulse J = DP
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9. Law of conservation of linear

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
momentum
10. Newton's Universal law of gravitation
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F = GMm
R2
[G = 6.674 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2]
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11. Acceleration due to gravity GM

g=
R2
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12. Weight W = mg
13. Mass of the Earth gR 2
M=
G
14. Acceleration v−u
a=
t
2
TEXTBOOK EVALUATION
I. Choose the correct answer : 9. If the Earth shrinks to 50% of its real radius
1. Inertia of a body depends on its mass remaining the same, the weight of a
body on the Earth will
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(a) weight of the object

(b) acceleration due to gravity of the planet (a) decrease by 50% (b) increase by 50%
(c) mass of the object (c) decrease by 25% (d) increase by 300%
(d) Both a & b Ans. (c) mass of the object Ans. (d) increase by 300%
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2. Impulse is equals to (PTA-1) 10. To project the rockets which of the following
(a) rate of change of momentum principle(s) is /(are) required? [GMQP-2019]
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(b) rate of force and time (a) Newton's third law of motion
(c) change of momentum (b) Newton's law of gravitation
(d) rate of change of mass (c) law of conservation of linear momentum
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Ans. (c) change of momentum (d) both a and c Ans. (d) both a and c
3. Newton’s III law is applicable II. Fill in the blanks :

(a) for a body is at rest
PHYSICS
(b) for a body in motion
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Ans. force
(c) both a & b
(d) only for bodies with equal masses 2. Passengers lean forward when sudden brake
Ans. (c) both a & b
is applied in a moving vehicle. This can be
explained by _______ Ans. inertia of motion
4. Plotting a graph for momentum on the Y-axis 3. By convention, the clockwise moments are taken
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and time on X-axis. Slope of momentum-time as _______ and the anticlockwise moments are
graph gives taken as ______ Ans. negative, positive
(a) Impulsive force (b) Acceleration 4. ___________ is used to change the speed of car.
(c) Force (d) Rate of force Ans. Gear or Torque
Ans. (c) Force 5. A man of mass 100 kg has a weight of___________
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at the surface of the Earth. Ans. 980 N

5. In which of the following sport the turning
effect of force used? [Qy-2019] III. State whether the following
(a) swimming (b) tennis statements are true or false.
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(c) cycling (d) hockey Ans. (c) cycling

Correct the statement if it is
6. The unit of ‘g’ is ms-2. It can be also expressed as false:
(a) cm s–1 (b) N kg–1 1. The linear momentum of a system of
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(c) N m kg
2 –1
(d) cm2 s–2 Ans. (b) N kg–1 particles is always conserved.
Ans. False.
7. One kilogram force equals to
Correct Statement : In the absence of external
(a) 9.8 dyne (b) 9.8 × 104 N
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force, the linear momentum of a system of

(c) 98 × 10 dyne (d) 980 dyne
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particle is always conserved.
Ans. (c) 98× 104dyne
2. Apparent weight of a person is always equal
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8. The mass of a body is measured on planet to his actual weight

Earth as M kg. When it is taken to a planet Ans. False.
of radius half that of the Earth then its value
Correct Statement : Apparent weight of a person
will be ____kg. is not equal to his actual weight.
(a) 4 M (b) 2 M
(c) M/4 (d) M Ans. (d) M
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3. Weight of a body is greater at the equator 1. Assertion: The sum of the clockwise moments is
and less at the polar region. equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.
Ans. False. Reason: The principle of conservation of
Correct Statement : Weight of the body is less at momentum is valid if the external force on the
equator, more at polar region. system is zero. Ans. (b) Both the assertion and
the reason are true, but the reason is not the
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4. Turning a nut with a spanner having a short correct explanation of the assertion.
handle is so easy than one with a long handle.
Ans. False. 2. Assertion: The value of ‘g’ decreases as height
and depth increases from the surface of the
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Correct Statement : Turning a nut with a
spanner having a long handle is so easy than one Earth.
with a short handle. Reason: ‘g’ depends on the mass of the object
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and the Earth. Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but
5. There is no gravity in the orbiting space
the reason is false
station around the Earth. So the astronauts
feel weightlessness. Hint: 'g' depends on the geometric radius of the
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Ans. False. Earth.
Correct Statement : When space station and
astronauts have equal acceleration, they are VI. Answer briefly :
PHYSICS
under free fall condition, so both astronaut and 1. Define inertia. Give its classification.
space station are in the state of weightlessness.
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change in its state of rest or the state of uniform
IV. Match the following : (PTA-1) motion unless it is influenced upon by an
Column I Column II external unbalanced force is known as "inertia".
Classification:
ab
(a) Newton's I law - propulsion of a rocket

(i) Inertia of rest
(b) Newton's II law - Stable equilibrium of (ii) Inertia of motion
a body
(iii) Inertial of direction
(c) Newton's III law - Law of force
2. Classify the types of force based on their
(d) Law of conservation - Flying nature of bird
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application.
of linear momentum
Ans. (i) Like parallel forces: Two or more forces of
Ans.
equal or unequal magnitude acting along
Column I Column II the same direction, parallel to each other
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(a) Newton's law - stable equilibrium of are called like parallel forces.
a body (ii) Unlike parallel forces: If two or more equal
(b) Newton's II law - Law of force forces or unequal forces act along opposite
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directions parallel to each other, then they

(c) Newton's III law - Flying nature of bird
are called unlike parallel forces.
(d) Law of conservation - propulsion of a
of linear momentum rocket 3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting opposite
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to one another. Find the resultant force and

V. Assertion and Reason : the direction of action of the resultant force
Mark the correct choice as Ans. F1 = 5 N;
(a) If both the assertion and the reason are true
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F2 = 15 N
and the reason is the correct explanation of R = F2 – F1 (if F2 > F1)
assertion.
= 15 – 5 = 10
(b) If both the assertion and the reason are true,
but the reason is not the correct explanation Resultant force = 10 N
of the assertion. Resultant force of 10 N is acting in the direction
(c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false. of F2. (i.e.) greater force.
(d) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
4

4. Differentiate mass and weight. (ii) Larger the perpendicular distance, lesser
is the force required to turn the body. So
Mass Weight
spanner with long handle is preferred.
(i) It is the quantity of It is the gravitational
matter contained in force exerted on a 9. While catching a cricket ball the fielder
the body body due to the lowers his hands backwards. Why?
m Unit 1- Laws of Motion

gravity. Ans. When the fielder pulls back his hands he
(ii) It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity experiences a smaller force for a longer interval
of time leading to less damage to his hands.
(iii) SI unit is kg SI unit is N (newton)
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(kilogram) 10. How does an astronaut float in a space
(iv) Mass of a body Weight of a body shuttle?
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remains the same varies from one place Ans. Astronauts are not floating but falling freely
at any point on the to another place on around the Earth due to their huge oribital
Earth the Earth velocity. Since spacestation and astronauts
(v) Measured using a Measured using a have equal acceleration, they are under free
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physical balance spring balance fall condition. (R = 0 refer case 4 in Table 1.2).
Hence, both the astronauts and the spacestation
5. Define moment of a couple. are in the state of weightlessness.
PHYSICS
Ans. (i) Rotating effect of a couple is known as
VII. Solve the given problems :
moment of a couple.
(ii) Moment of a couple = Force ×
oo 1. Two bodies have a mass ratio of 3:4 The force
perpendicular distance between the line of applied on the bigger mass produces an
action of forces, M = F × S acceleration of 12 ms–2. What could be the
acceleration of the other body, if the same
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6. State the principle of moments. [Qy-2019]

force acts on it.
Ans. (i) When a number of like or unlike parallel Given
forces act on a rigid body and the body
Mass ratio of two bodies is 3 : 4
is in equilibrium then the algebraic sum
of moments in clockwise direction is So let's assume
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equals to the algebraic sum of moments in Mass of smaller body = m1 = 3 kg

anticlockwise direction. Mass of bigger body = m2 = 4 kg
(ii) Moment in clockwise direction Acceleration due to force applied by bigger body
= Moment in anticlockwise direction, = a2 = 12 ms–2
.s
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2 To find : Acceleration due to the same force on

the smaller body = a1 = ?
7. State Newton’s second law. [GMQP-2019]
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Ans. (i) The force acting on a body is directly Solution

proportional to the rate of change of linear According to Newton's second law of motion.
momentum of the body and the change in F = m×a
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momentum takes place in the direction of

F1 = m1 a1 F2 = m2 a2
force.
F1 = 3a1 F2 = 4 × 12 = 48 N
(ii) F = m × a
As the force is the equal
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Force = mass × acceleration

F1 = – F2
8. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred 3a1 = – 48
to tighten screws in heavy vehicles? 48
Ans. (i) The turning effect of a body depends upon ∴ a1 = – = – 16 ms–2
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the distance of the line of action of the
So acceleration due to the same force on the
applied force from the axis of rotation.
smaller body a1 = 16 ms–2
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2. A ball of mass 1 kg moving with a speed of Mass of the smaller body, m1 = 2 kg
10 ms–1 rebounds after a perfect elastic Mass of the bigger body m2 = 3 kg
collision with the floor. Calculate the change Radius of the smaller body, R1 = 4 km
in linear momentum of the ball. Radius of the bigger body, R2 = 7 km
Given i.e r1 : r2 = 4:7
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Mass, m = 1 kg
To find : g1 : g2 = ?
Initial velocity, u = 10 ms–1
Final velocity, v = –10ms–1 Solution
To find : Change in linear momentum We know that
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= m (v – u) = mv – mu GM
g =
R2
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Solution
GM1 GM 2
Momentum before collision = mu = (1×10) g1 = 2 ; g2 = R 2
= 10 kg ms–1 R1 2
Momentum after collision = mv
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GM1
= – (1 × 10) g1
= R12 M R 2
= –10 kg ms–1 g2 = 12 × 2
GM 2 R1 M2
Change in momentum(∆p) = mv – mu
PHYSICS
∆p = –10 – 10oo R 22
= –20 kg ms–1 g1  M1  R 2 2  2  7 2
=    =   
3. A mechanic unscrew a nut by applying a g2  M  R 
2 1
 3  4 
force of 140 N with a spanner of length 1
40 cm. What should be the length of the g1 2 7 × 7 49

= × =
ab
spanner if a force of 40 N is applied to g2 3 4 × 4 24

2
unscrew the same nut?
Given The ratio is, g1 : g2 = 49 : 24
Force F1 = 140 N
Length L1 = 40 cm = 40 × 10–2 m VIII. Answer in detail.
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Force, F2 = 40 N 1. What are the types of inertia? Give an

Length, L2 = ? example for each type. (PTA-3)
Ans. (i) Inertia of rest : The resistance of a body to
To find :
F1 × L1 = F2 × L2
change its state of rest is called inertia of
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Length of the spanner, rest.

F1 ´ L1 Eg: When you vigorously shake the
L2 = branches of a tree some of the leaves and
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F2
Solution fruit are detached and they fall down.
140 × 40 ×10−2 (ii) Inertia of motion : The resistance of a
L2 = body to change its state of motion is called
40
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inertia of motion.
= 140 × 10–2 m
Eg : An athlete runs some distance before
Length, L2 = 1.4 m jumping. Because, this will help him jump
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longer and higher.

The ratio of masses of two planets is 2:3 and
4.
Inertia of direction : The resistance of a
(iii)
the ratio of their radii is 4:7 Find the ratio of
body to change its direction of motion is
their accelerations due to gravity.
called inertia of direction.
Given
Eg : When you make a sharp turn while
The ratio of masses of two bodies is m1 : m2
driving a car, you tend to lean sideways.
i.e 2 : 3
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Sura’s
➠ X Std Science
2. State Newton’s laws of motion. 4. State and prove the law of conservation of
linear momentum. [GMQP-2019]
Hint: 3 Physical law describes the relationship
Ans. Law states that "There is no change in the linear
between a body and the forces.
momentum of a system of bodies as long as no
Ans. (i) Newton's First law: Every body continues net external force acts on them"
to be in its state of rest or the state of
m
u1 u2 v1 v2

uniform motion along a straight line unless FA FB
it is acted upon by some external force.
(ii) Newton's second law of motion: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
A B A B A B
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◆◆ The force acting on a body is directly
Conservation of linear momentum
proportional to the rate of change of linear
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momentum of the body and the change in Proof:
momentum takes place in the direction of ◆◆ Let two bodies A and B having masses m1
force. and m2 move with initial velocity u1 and u2
◆◆ This law helps us to measure the amount of in a straight line.
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force. So it is called as "law of force". ◆◆ Let the velocity of the first body be higher
(iii) Newton's third law of motion: For every than that of the second body. i.e., u1>u2.
action there is an equal and opposite ◆◆ During an interval of time t second, they
PHYSICS
reaction. They always act on two different
oo tend to have a collision. After the impact,
bodies. both of them move along the same straight
3. Deduce the equation of a force using line with a velocity v1 and v2 respectively.
Newton’s second law of motion. Force on body B due to A,
Ans. (i) Let "m" be the mass of a moving body, FA = m1 (v1– u1)/t
ab
moving along a straight line with an initial Force on body A due to B,

speed 'u'. FB = m2 (v2 – u2)/t
(ii) After a time interval of 't' second, the By Newton’s III law of motion,
velocity of the body changes to 'v' due to the Action force = Reaction force
impact of an unbalanced external force F. FB = –FA
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(iii) Initial momentum of the body → Pi = mu

m2 (v2 − u2 ) − m1 (v1 − u1 )
(iv) Final momentum of the body → Pf = mv =
(v) Change in momentum → ∆p = Pf – Pi t t
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 ------ (A)
.s
= mv – mu
By Newton's second law of motion, The above equation confirms in the absence
of an external force, the algebraic sum of the
Force, F µ rate of change of
momentum after collision is numerically equal
momentum
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to the sum of the momentum before collision.

F µ change in momentum / time
Hence the law of conservation of linear
F µ (mv – mu) / t momentum is proved.
F = k m (v – u) t
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Here, k is the proportionality constant. 5. Describe rocket propulsion. (PTA-4; Sep-2020)
k = 1 in all system of units. Hence, Hint:Rocket propulsion is the process that uses
m ( v - u) force to move a rocket off the ground into the
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F = atmosphere.
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Since, acceleration = change in velocity / Ans. (i) Propulsion of rockets is based on law of
time, a = (v–u) / t. conservation of linear momentum as well
as Newton's III law of motion.
(vi) Hence, we have F = m × a
(ii) Rockets are filled with a fuel (either liquid

Force = mass × acceleration or solid) in the propellant tank.
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(iii) When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt 7. Give the applications of universal law
and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed gravitation.
from the nozzle of the rocket producing a
Hint: Newton's law of gravitation is applicable
huge momentum.
universally. So it is also called as universal law
(iv) To balance this momentum, an equal and
of gravitation.
opposite reaction force is produced in the
m
combustion chamber, which makes the (i) Dimensions of the heavenly bodies can be
rocket project forward. measured using gravitation law.
(v) While in motion, the mass of the rocket (ii) Eg. Mass of the Earth, radius of the Earth,
o
gradually decreases, until the fuel is acceleration due to gravity etc. can be
completely burnt out. Since, there is no calculated with a higher accuracy.
net external force acting on it, the linear
.c
(iii) Helps in discovering new stars and planets.
momentum of the system is conserved.
(iv) One of the irregularities in the motion
(vi) The mass of the rocket decreases with
of stars is called "Wobble" lead to the
altitude, results in the gradual increase in
disturbance in the motion of planet nearby.
ks
velocity of the rocket.
(vii) At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which (v) Here mass of the star can be calculated
is sufficient to just escape from the using law of gravitation.
gravitational pull of the Earth. This velocity (vi) Helps to explain germination of roots due
PHYSICS
is called escape velocity.

oo to the property of geotropism.
(vii) Helps to predict the path of the astronomical
6. State the universal law of gravitation and bodies.
derive its mathematical expression. [Qy-2019]
Ans. ◆ This law states that every particle of matter IX. Hot Questions :
in this universe attracts every other particle
ab
with a force. 1. Two blocks of masses 8 kg and 2 kg

respectively lie on a smooth horizontal surface
◆◆ This force is directly proportional to the in contact with one other. They are pushed by
product of their masses and inversely a horizontally applied force of 15 N. Calculate
proportional to the square of the distance
the force exerted on the 2 kg mass.
between centers of these masses.
ur
◆◆ The direction of the force acts along the line Given

joining the masses Mass of block 1, m1 = 8 kg
Let m1 and m2 be the masses of two bodies A and Mass of block 2, m2 = 2 kg
.s
B placed at r metre apart in space Total mass, m = m1 + m2

Force F µ m1 × m2 m = 8+2
F µ 1/r2 m = 10 kg
w
On combining the above two expressions, Force, F1 = 15 N

m ×m
F µ 1 2 2
r To find : Force exerted on 2 kg, F2= ?
w
Gm1 × m2 Gm1m2 Solution

F = or
r 2
r2 Force, F1 = mass × acceleration
Where G is universal gravitational constant. Its F1 = ma
w
value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2.

F1 = 10 × a
m1 F1 F2 m2 F1 15
a = = = 1.5 ms–2
r
10 10
Force exerted on m2 (2 kg) is,
Gravitational force between two masses
F2 = m2a = 2 × 1.5
F2 = 3 N
8

A heavy truck and bike are moving with
2.
the same kinetic energy. If the mass of the PTA Questions & Answers
truck is four times that of the bike, then
calculate the ratio of their momenta.(Ratio 1 mark
of momenta = 2:1) 1. F be the force between the two bodies placed
Given
m
at a certain distance. If the distance between

Kinetic energy of the truck = Kinetic energy of them is doubled, then the gravitational force
the bike F will be _________ [PTA-5]
a) 2F b) F/2
o
1 1
mt vt 2 = mb vb 2 ........ c) F/4 d) 4 F Ans. (c) F/4
2 2
.c
Also, mt = 4mb ........ 2. The force required to produce an acceleration
Substituting  in  of 1 cm s–2 on a body of mass 1 g is ______
1 1 [PTA-6]
(4) m b vt 2 = m b vb 2
ks
2 2 a) 1 N b) 10
c) 102 dyne d) 1 dyne
4vt2 = vb2
Ans. (d) 1 dyne
1 2
vb 2 marks
PHYSICS
vt2 =
4
vt =
1
vb
oo
........
1. Use the analogy to fill the blank
a) Opening a door: Moment of force,
[PTA-4]
2
Opening a water tap: ________
To find : Ratio of the momenta, i.e mtvt : mbvb Ans. Moment of a couple.
ab
ptruck mt vt 1 2 b) pushing a bus by a group of people: Like

= = 4× = =2:1 parallel forces, Tug of war _______
pbike mb vb 2 1
Ans. Unlike parallel force.
3. “Wearing helmet and fastening the seat belt
2. A lift is moving downwards with an
is highly recommended for safe journey”
acceleration of 1.8 ms–2. What is apparent
ur
Justify your answer using Newton’s laws of

weight realised by a man of mass 50kg?[PTA-1]
motion.
Given
Ans. (i) While you are travelling in a bike or in a
car, when a sudden brake is applied, the acceleration = 1.8 ms–2
.s
upper part of your body leans in the forward mass = 50 kg

direction. g = 9.8 ms–2
(ii) Similarly, when the vehicle is suddenly move To find : Apparent weight, R = ?
w
forward from rest, you lean backward. This is

Solution
due to, any body would like to continue to be
in its state of rest or the state of motion. Formula: R = m(g – a)
R = 50(9.8 – 1.8) = 50 × 8 = 400
w
(iii) Newtons law of inertia takes place. So

wearing helmet and seat belts while driving R = 400 N
a car are highly recommended for a safe
journey. 3. Understand the assertion statement and the
w
reason given and choose the correct choice.

[PTA-2]
Assertion: When a person swims he pushes the
water using the hands backwards and the water
pushes the person in the forward direction
Reason: For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
9

a) Both the assertion and the reason are true and 2
the reason is the correct explanation of the =  h
1 + 
assertion. R
b) Both the assertion and the reason are true but h
2
4 = 
the reason is not the correct explanation of the 1 + 
assertion. R
h
m
c) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
2 = 1+
d) Both the assertion and the reason are false. R
Ans. a) Both the assertion and the reason are true (or) h = R
and the reason is the correct explanation of Rʹ = 2R
o
the assertion. From the centre of the Earth, the object is placed
4 marks at twice the radius of the earth.
.c
1. Why the apples weight more at poles than at 7 marks
equator? [PTA-3]
Ans. (i) Acceleration due to gravity (g) is more 1. (i) Shock absorbers are used in luxury
ks
at poles (g = 9.8 ms–2) than at equator buses. why? [PTA-2]
(g = 9.78 ms–2). Further the weight of an Ans. (i) Luxury buses are fitted with springs and
object depends on 'g'. shock absorbers to reduce jerks while
PHYSICS
(ii) So, the weight of the apple is more at the

oo moving on uneven roads.
pole than at the equatorial region. (ii) A large acting for a short period of time.
(iii) Vehicle receives the sudden movement
2. A force of 5 N applied on a body produces an when it moves on the surfaces and receives
acceleration 5 cm s–2. Calculate the mass of impulsive force.
the body. [PTA-5]
(iv) To minimize this impact, shock absorbers
ab
Given are used in the luxury buses.

Force = 5 N
Acceleration = 5 cm s–2 = 0.05 ms–2 ii) A weight of a man is 686 N on the surface
of the earth. Calculate the weight of the
To find : Mass of the body = ? same person on moon. (‘g’ value of a
ur
Solution moon is 1.625 ms–2) [PTA-2]

F = ma Given
5 = m(0.05) Weight of a mass on earth = 686 N
.s
5 9.8 N = 1 kg in mass
m = = 100 kg
0.05 686
\ 686 N = = 70 kg
3. At what height from the centre of the earth 9.8
surface, the acceleration due to gravity will
w
'g' value of a moon is 1.625 ms–2

be 1/4th of its value on the surface of the
earth. [PTA-6]
Solution
Data Weight = mass (m) × acceleration
w
Height from the centre of the Earth, due to gravity (g)

Rʹ = R + h m = 70 kg
The acceleration due to gravity at that height, g = 1.625 ms–2
w
W = mg
gʹ = g/4
W = 70 × 1.625 = 113.75 N
Solution g = GMm / R2
iii) Name the law of motion used in flying
gʹ = GMm / Rʹ2 of birds. Give another example for the
g 2
 R ' =  R + h 
2 same law. (7 Marks) [PTA-2]

=     Ans. Newton's third law of motion.
g' R R 
10

Another Example: When a person swims, he
pushes the water using his hands backwards additional questions & answers
(action), and the water pushes the swimmer in Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark
the forward direction (reaction).
1. Physics that deals with the effect of force on
3. body of mass m is initially moving with a
A bodies is ________.
velocity u. When a force F acts on the body

(a) Kinematics (b) Dynamics
it picks up velocity v in t second so that the
acceleration a is produced. Using this data (c) Statics (d) Mechanics
derive the relation between the force, mass Ans. (d) Mechanics
o
and acceleration. [PTA-5] 2. ___________ deals with the bodies which
Ans. Initial momentum of the object = mu are at rest under the action of forces.
Final momentum of the object = mv
.c
(a) Statics (b) Kinematics
The change in momentum (c) Dynamics (d) Mechanics
= mv – mu Ans. (a) Statics
= m(v – u) ... (1)
ks
Rate of change of momentum 3. Study of moving bodies under the action of
forces __________.
Change of momentum
= (a) Statics (b) Kinematics
time (c) Dynamics (d) Mechanics
PHYSICS
( )
= m v − u ... (2) Ans. (c) Dynamics
t
oo 4. The resistance of a body to change its state of
According to Newton's second law of the motion,
rest is called ________.
this is nothing but applied force.
(a) inertia of rest
\ The applied force,
m (v − u ) (b) inertia of motion
ab
F a (c) momentum
t
v−u (d) inertia of direction Ans. (a) inertia of rest
Acceleration, a =
t 5. The resistance of a body to change its state of
The applied force,F a ma motion is called ________.
ur
F a k ma (k = 1) (a) force
\ F = ma (b) momentum
Force acting on an object is a product of its mass (c) inertia of motion
and acceleration. (d) inertia of direction
.s
Ans. (c) inertia of motion

Government Exam
6. The resistance of a body to change its
Questions & AnsWers direction of motion is ________.
w
(a) force (b) momentum

2 marks
(c) inertia of motion(d) inertia of direction
1. Calculate the velocity of a moving body Ans. (d) inertia of direction
of mass 5 kg whose linear momentum is
w
2 kg ms–1. [GMQP-2019]
7. In a sports fields, an athlete runs before
taking a long jump is due to ________ .
Linear momentum = mass × velocity
(a) force (b) momentum
w
2
Velocity = linear momentum = = 0.4 ms–1. (c) inertia of motion(d) inertia of direction
mass 5 Ans. (c) inertia of motion
2. Write short notes on gears [Sep-2020]
Ans. Gears : 8. The act of cleaning a carpet by heating it with
A gear is a circular wheel with teeth around its a stick is an example for inertia of ________.
rim. It helps to change the speed of rotation of (a) motion (b) direction
a wheel by changing the torque and helps to (c) rest (d) momentum
transmit power. Ans. (c) rest
11

9. A luggage is usually tied with a rope on the 17. A body is said to be under balanced force when
roof of the buses due to ________. the resultant force applied on that body is ___.
(a) inertia of motion (a) zero (b) infinite
(b) inertia of direction (c) one (d) none Ans. (a) zero
(c) inertia of rest
18. If equal or unequal forces act along opposite
(d) momentum Ans. (a) inertia of motion
m
directions parallel to each other, then they
10. The momentum of a heavy object at rest will are called _________ parallel forces.
be ________. (a) resultant (b) equilibriant
(c) like (d) unlike Ans. (d) unlike
o
(a) large (b) infinity
(c) zero (d) small Ans. (c) zero 19. The rotating or turning effect of a force is
.c
11. Inertia is a ___________ _______.
(a) property of matter (a) momentum (b) torque
(b) type of force (c) couple (d) none Ans. (b) torque
20. Acceleration of an object will increase as the
ks
(c) the speed of an object
(d) none of the above Ans. (a) property of matter net forces increases depending on its ______.
(a) volume (b) mass
12. A & B are two objects with masses 100 kg & (c) shape (d) density Ans. (b) mass
PHYSICS
75 kg respectively, then _________

21. The formula used for Newton's II law of motion
(a) both will have same inertia
(b) B will have more inertia
oo is _______.
(a) Force = mass × acceleration
(c) A will have more inertia (b) Velocity = acceleration × time
(d) both will have less inertia (c) Momentum = mass × velocity
Ans. (c) A will have more inertia
ab
(d) Speed = distance ÷ time

Ans. (a) Force = mass × acceleration
13. The physical quantity which is the measure
of inertia is __________. 22. An ice skater pushes harder with his leg
(a) density (b) weight muscles, he begins to move faster. This is an
(c) force (d) mass (d) mass example of _________.
ur
Ans.
(a) Newton's I law (b) Newton's II law
14. The sparks produced during sharpening a
(c) Newton's III law
knife against a grinding wheel leaves the rim
(d) Law of conservationAns. (b)Newton's II law
of the wheel tangentially. This is due to ____.
.s
(a) inertia of rest 23. You're riding a bike when suddenly you hit a
(b) inertia of motion large rock. The bike stops moving but you fly
(c) inertia of direction over the handle - bars. This is an example of __
w
(d) force applied Ans. (c) inertia of direction (a) Newton's I law (b) Newton's II law
(c) Newton's III law (d) Law of conservation
15. The law that gives a qualitative definition of
Ans. (a) Newton's I law
force is __________
w
(a) Newton's I law 24. When you paddle a canoe, the canoe goes
(b) Newton's II law forward. This is an example of ________.
(c) Newton's III law (a) Newton's I law (b) Newton's II law
w
(d) Law of gravitation Ans. (a) Newton's I law (c) Newton's III law (d) Law of conservation
Ans. (c) Newton's III law
16. The SI unit of force is ________.
(a) energy (b) joule 25. The acceleration in a body is due to _____.
(c) newton (d) dyne Ans. (c) newton (a) balanced force (b) unbalanced force
(c) equilibriant (d) couple
Ans. (b) unbalanced force
12
Sura’s
➠ X Std Science
26. When an object undergoes acceleration, ___. 36. Which of the following statement is not
(a) its speed always increase correct for an object moving along a straight
(b) a force always acts on it path in an accelerated motion?
(c) its velocity always increases (a) its speed keeps changing
(d) velocity always decreases (b) its velocity always changes
Ans. (b) a force always acts on it (c) it always goes away from the Earth

27. A force of 20 N is acting on an object of mass (d) A force is always acting on it
10 kg. The acceleration produced is ______. Ans. (c) it always goes away from the Earth
(a) 1 ms–2 (b) 2 ms–2 37. A body of mass 1 kg is attracted by the Earth
o
(c) 20 ms –2
(d) 10 ms–2 Ans. (b) 2 ms–2 with a force which is equal to _______.
(a) 9.8 N (b) 6.67 × 1011
28. The physical quantity which is equal to rate
.c
of change of momentum is ______. (c) 1 N (d) 9.8 ms–1 Ans. (a) 9.8 N
(a) displacement (b) acceleration 38. According to the Newton's III law of motion,
(c) force (d) impulse Ans. (c) force action & reaction _______.
ks
29. The physical quantity which is equal to (a) always act on the same body
change in momentum is ______. (b) have same magnitude & direction
(a) velocity (b) acceleration (c) always act in opposite directions
PHYSICS
(c) force (d) impulse oo (d) act on either body at normal to each other
Ans. (d) impulse Ans. (c) always act in opposite directions
30. An example for a vector quantity is ______. 2

39. A water tanker filled up to of its height
(a) speed (b) distance 3
(c) momentum (d) length is moving with a uniform speed, on sudden
application of the brake, the water in the
ab
Ans. (c) momentum

tank would _______.
31. Impulse is equal to ______.
(a) move backward (b) be unaffected
(a) ma (b) Ft
(c) rise upwards (d) move forward
v -u
(c) mv (d) Ans. (b) Ft Ans. (d) move forward
ur
t
32. SI unit of impulse is ______. 40. The value of g _______.
(a) Ns (b) Ns2 (a) increases as we go above the Earth's surface
(c) kg ms –2
(d) kg m2s–2 Ans. (a) Ns (b) decreases as we go to the centre of the Earth
(c) remains constant
.s
33. The gravitational force of Earth acting on a

body of mass 1 kg is ___________ (d) is more at equator and less at poles
Ans. (d)decreases as we go to the centre of the Earth
(a) 8.9 N (b) 9.8 N
(c) 980 N (d) 1 N Ans. (b) 9.8 N 41. The ball is thrown up, the value of g will be
w
34. The resultant of action & reaction forces is _______.

______ (a) zero (b) +ve
(c) –ve (d) negligible Ans. (c) –ve
w
(a) greater than zero(b) less than zero

(c) zero (d) one Ans. (c) zero 42. The distance between two bodies becomes
35. Rocket works on the principle of conservation 6 times more than the usual distance, then
of ______. force becomes _______.
w
(a) mass (b) energy (a) 36 times (b) 6 times

(c) momentum (d) velocity 1
(c) 12 times (d) times
Ans. (c) momentum 36 Ans. (d) 1 times
36
13

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1. Laws of Motion 1-30

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Second law of motion Momentum and force Mass and weight

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MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

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Sura’s ➠ X Std Science

Fnet = F2 – F1 (if F2 > F1)

6. Moment of Couple M=F ×S

9. Law of conservation of linear

11. Acceleration due to gravity GM

Sura’s ➠ X Std Science

Unit 1- Laws of Motion

3. Newton’s III law is applicable II. Fill in the blanks :

at the surface of the Earth. Ans. 980 N

(c) cycling (d) hockey Ans. (c) cycling

force, the linear momentum of a system of

8. The mass of a body is measured on planet to his actual weight

Sura’s ➠ X Std Science

(a) Newton's I law - propulsion of a rocket

directions parallel to each other, then they

to one another. Find the resultant force and

Sura’s ➠ X Std Science

m Unit 1- Laws of Motion

6. State the principle of moments. [Qy-2019]

equals to the algebraic sum of moments in Mass of smaller body = m1 = 3 kg

F1 × d1 = F2 × d2 To find : Acceleration due to the same force on

Ans. (i) The force acting on a body is directly Solution

momentum takes place in the direction of

at the surface of the Earth. Ans. 980 N

(c) cycling (d) hockey Ans. (c) cycling

6. State the principle of moments. [Qy-2019]

F1 × d1 = F2 × d2 To find : Acceleration due to the same force on

Given are used in the luxury buses.

Solution moon is 1.625 ms–2) [PTA-2]

Ans. (c) inertia of motion

Ans. (c) momentum