SALT ANALYSIS

GENERAL PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Colour: blye/bluish grccn Presence of copper ion(Cu")

b) green Presence of nickel ion (Ni)
c) pinkish violet Presence of cobalt ion(Co)
d) Reddish brown Presence of ferric ion(Fe')
e) pale pink Presence of manganese ion(Mn')
Y) colourless Absence of Cu,NP",Co,Fe",Mn*
2.Dry Heating: Salt decrepitates. May be Pb(NO), or Ba(NO,).

Take a pinch of salt Colourless, odourless gas. May be CO,

in a dry test tube and Colourless, pungent smelling gas May beCl
heat it.
Vinegar like smell. May be CH,CO0
Brown coloured gas. May be Br or NO;

Ammoniacal smell. May be NH,

3.Flamne test:
To a piRch of asalt Blue or bluish green flame Presence of copper ion(Cu')
taken in a watch Presence of calcium ion(Ca)
Brick red flame
glass, 2drops of
conc. HCI is added Arimson red flame Presence of strontium ion (Sr)
and made into a paste Apple green flame Presence of barium ion (Ba)
using aglass rod. It is
introduced into a bl°e
flame using glass LNo characteristic coloured flame Abscnce of Cu,Ca, Sr, Ba
rod.
4,Ash test: Presence of aluminium ion
To a pinch of saltBlhe ash (AP")
taken in a watch
 glass, 2 drops of Green ash Presence of zinc ion (Zn)
conc. HCI is added
añd followed by onc
Palcpink Presencc of magnesium ion
two drops of cobalt (Mg")
nitrate[ Co(NO))]. A
folded filter paper is No characteristic colourcd ash Absence of Al", Zn", Mg
|dipped in the solution
and burnt to'ashes

5.Action of aq. NaOH:

Mo apinch of salt, aq. Colourless, pungent, smelly gas Presence of ammonium NH,
NaOH is added and which fumes with a glass rod
heated dipped in conc.HCI
Nocharacteristic rcaction Absencc of ammonium
(NH)
6Áction of dilute Sulphuric acid:
To a pinch of the salt|Brisk cffervescence Presence of carbonate ions
taken in a test tube (C0,)
few drops of colourless gas with vinegar smell Presence of CIH,CO0
dil.H,SO, is added
nocharacteristic reaction Absence of CO,:, CH,CO0
V7.Action of Conc. Sulphuric acid:
To the gíven salt add Colourless, pungent smelling gas | Presence of Chloride ions
Conc.H,SO, acid. is evolved which gives dense (CI)
white fumes with a glass rod
Heat if required. dipped in NH,OH.
Reddish brown gas which turns Presence of Bromide (Br)
starch paper yellow.
Violet vapours are evolved. Presence of lodide (I)
Brown fumes are evolved. Presence of Nitrate ions
(NO;)
Colourless gas with|Presence of oxalate ions
cffervescence. (CO:)
:0 characteristic reaction Absence of CI, Br, I, NO;,
C0
8.Copper turnings test:
To a pínch of salt taken|Reddish brown gas is evolved Presence of nitrate ion (NO,)
ina test tube I or 2 picces
Lof copper netal is added
 followcd by two drops of|No characteristic rcaction Absencc of nitrate ion (NO;)
conc.H,SO,. The test tube
is heated
9.Barium chloride test:
A small amount of salt isWhitc precipitate is formcd. Presence of SO
treated with dil.HCI
followed by barium No charactcristic rcaction.
chloride solution. Abscncc of SO

10.Ammoniummolvbdate test:
A small amount of salt is Yellow prccipitate is Presence of PO
treated with conc. HNO,obtaincd.
followed by ammonium No characteristic rcaction. Absencc of PO,
molybdate solution.
11.Reaction with neutral FeCl:
To the salt solution add Reddish brown solution was Presence of acetate is
few drops of ncutral| formed on boiling gives confirmed
FeCI3 reddish brown ppt.
No characteristic reaction. Abscnce of CH,CO0

PREPARATIONOF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:

One part of the salt is mixcd with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and
adcquate amount of water. Then boiled and filtercd the solution. This is called
sodium carbonate extract.

CONKIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL,

LCARBONATE:
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.To the cxtract add

dil.JH.SO,Btisk cffcrvcscence which Presence of carbonate.
tums lime water milky
2. Barium Chloride
the cxtact add Barium Test:To dil.HCI
Whitcprccipitate solublc in Prescnccof carbonatc.
acid
chloride solution.

2. CHLORIDE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Chromyl chloride test: Reddish orange vapours Presence of chloride ion

To apinch of salt a pinch ofturming lcad acetate paper (Ci)
potassium dichromate is ycllow.
added followed by a few
drops of concentrated
H2S04. The test tube is
heated

2.Silver Nitrate Test: White precipitate soluble in Presence of chloride ion

To the extract add silver amimonium hydroxide is (CI)
formcd.
nitrate solution.
3. NITRATE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Brown ring test: A brown ring is fornmed at the Presence of nitrite (NO;) is
To the extract add equal junction of two liquids confirmed.
volume of freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate
solution add few drops of
con.H,S0, along the sides
of test tube.
4. SULPHATE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. To the extract add White precipitate is obtained. Sulphate is conforned.

dil HCL followed
K by bariùm chloride
solution.
 2 To the extract add White precipitate soluble in Presence of(SO.) confirmed.
amnonium acctate
lead 'acetate CXCCSs of
is formed
solution.
5. PHOSPHATE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the cxtract add silver Ycllow precipitate soluble in| Presence of PO,
Ammonium hydroxide is confirmed.
nitrate solution. formed.

6. ESTERTEST:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the extract add few Pleasant fruitysmellof ester Presence of CH,CO0 is

is obtained. confirmed.
drops of Conc.H,SO, and
heat. Now add Iml ethyl
alcohol and shake. Pour
thecontents in a beaker
CHhcooH t+C2HsOH
CtbcooQ Hsttb
full of water and stir.
7. BROMIDE:
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT

To the extract add dil. Pale yellow precipitate Bromide is confirmed.

soluble in
sparingly
HNO, followed by silver ammonium hydroxide
nitrate sol. (NH,OH) is formed.

BASIC RADICALS ANALYSIS

Preparation of original salt solution:

salt in required amount of water.
Original salt solution is prepared by dissolving
GROUP ANALYSIS: INFERENCE
OBSERVATION
EXPERIMENT
S.NO lead
of
original salt White precipitate is Presence
GROUP 1: To the formed. (Group I)
solution add dil. HCI. Absence of lead
No white ppt.
(Group I)
2 GROUP 2: To the original salt forned.
Black precipitate isPresence of copper
(Group II)
solution pass H,S gas.
No black precipitate Absence of copper
formed. (Group II)
3 Gelatinous white Presence of Al" ions
GROUP3: The above original
salt solution is boiled to expel prccipitate is formed. (Group II)
H,S gas and add ammonium Brown prccipitate is Presence of Fe ions
chloride and ammonium obtaincd. (Group III)
hydroxide solution.
No ppt. Abscnce of AI", Fe'*
(Group III)
4 GROUP 4: To the above Black prccipitate is Presencc of cither

solution pass H,S gas. formed. Co'' or Ni (Group

IV)
Buff coloured Prescncc of Mn2*
precipitate is forned. (Group IV)
Dirty white Presence Zn'(Group
precipitate is formed. IV)

No prccipitate. Abscnce of Co', Ni,

fcrmed. Mn,Zn²* (Group
IV)
Presence of Ca²*, Sr'
GROUP 5: To the above sol isWhite precipitate is
formed. or Ba'"(Group V)
boiled to expel H,S gas. Then
add ammoniunm chloride and No white precipitate Absencc of Ca", Sr
ammonium hydroxide and| formed. or Ba" (Group V)
ammonium Carbonate solutions

GROUP 6: To the original salt White precipitate is Presence Mg

6
of
formed. (Group VI)
solution add NH,CI, NH,OH and| form
disodium hydrogen phosphate No White precipitate|Absence of Mg
solution. is formed. (Group VI)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS

 AMMONIUM (ZERO GRoUr):2 k3 y, 7+Nat 3NaoHN Mg0- )v+4kL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION 250 t3NaT
INFERENCE
To the oiginal salt Reddish brown precipitate is Ammoniumis confirmed
solution add Conc. NaOlH fomed. (ZEROgroup).
followed by nesslcr's NoReddish brown precipitate Absence of
rcagent is obtained. Ammonium
(ZEROgroup).
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.To the original salt| Yellow precipitate which is Presence of Lead IS
solution add potassiumsoluble
soluble in hotwater-and conformed
idtde solution. rcAPpeAtS on-coelingas
geBden yetBowspangles:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the original salt Chocolate brown precipitate Presence of Copper (Cu) is
solution add potassium is obtained. conformed.
ferrocyanide solution.
ALUMINIUM: AT t3 Na0H > ALCOH)a t 3Nat
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFCRENCE

To the original salt White precipitate soluble in Presence of Aluminium (Af)

solution add NaOH Cxcess of NaOH solution is is contirmed.
formed.
solution.e Alminm,
FERRATE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the original salt Deep blue (prusian blue) Presence of Ferrate (Fe) is
precipitate. is fored. contimcd
solution add potassium
ferrocyanide solution.
COBAJ.T
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT

To the original salt Bluc precipitate is sotuble in Preseace of Cobalt (Co") is

amunoniun chloide. confined.
solution add aq. NaOH
Solution.
NICKEI2
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the original salt Rosy red precipitate if Presence of Nickel is

solution NH,OH followed formed. confirmed
by dimethyl glyoxime
reagent is added.
MANGANESE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the original salt White precipitate changes to Presence of Manganese is

solution add sodium black or brown precipitate. confirmed

hydroxide followed by
bromine H,0
ZINC: ZrT+ NaDHZh CoH), + Na t
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the salt add sodium White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Zinc is confimed
bydroxide solution. ZnoH ) t 2 NaDH Nagzn+2H,0
CALCIUM:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To original salt solution White precipitate is formed. Presence of Calcium is

confirmed.
add ammonium oxalate
followed by NH,OH
solution. Scratch the
sides of the test tube with
glass rod.
STRONTIUME INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION

Presence of Strontium is
To the original salt White precipitateis formed. confirmed.
solution add ammonium
Sulphate solution
dil.H,SO.
BARIUM:
INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
of Barium is
Presence
original salt| Pale Yellow precipitate is confirmed.
To the formed.
solution add potassium

Bat+ k, cro, BaCrO

Bo tkt
 chromate solution.
MAGNESIUM:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the original salt Bluc colour appcars. Presence of Magncsium is
solution add magneson confirmed.
reagent

RESULT:
Acid radical of given salt is:
Basic radical of given salt is:
Given sample salt is:

Catbonale
co+Hhsoyso+ co +Hyo
Co, t aloH), Cac0gt H,o

chloxide: chroyl chigalda

t H 0 > H cYoy t QHcl
Ci) Co,dls
&lveynâ tsa to test -

taNHHOH>
+ NOg

Nbaz! No.t H,sa, Hso, + HNOg

t2HNO33e(s,),tt,D t2 ND
6 Feso t3Hys
Fasoy t NO+ SHa0 Fe(No)ts)s so
Sulphab:.
So+ Bacl> Baso, tae
Lead actat test
Pbso +l coo
t(Coo), Pb >