.

"
,./

L-3/T-2/ME Date :08/12/2014

,BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-'3/T-2, B. S,c. Engineering Examinations 2012-2013
Sub: IPE 331 (Production Processes)
Full Marks: 280 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin iridicate full marks.
USE SEP ARA TE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
••••••• .M ••••••••• __ •• __ •••• __ ••••••• M_ •••••••••••• __ •••••••••••• ~ ••• __ ••• _-_ •••• ~_ •• _ ••••• _ ••••••••• _._ ••••••• _-_._._ ••••• - ••••• __ •••••• _ ••••••• __ •• _- •••••••••••• __ ••••••• _- •••• -- •••••••••••• -- •••••••••• -------.

SECTION-A
There (lfe FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) Write short notes on the following: (12)

(i) Skin dry molding
(ii) Gated pattern
(iii) Follow board pattern
(b) Briefly describe the properties required in good molding sand. How does this sand

differ from that used for cores? Explain. (12)

(c) With the help of suitable diagrams, describe the following: (12)
(i) Squeeze casting
(ii) Centrifugal casting
(d) What are the functions of a chill? Discuss the considerations that must be taken into

account for designing risers in molds. (10%)

2. (a) Draw a single point turning tool and visualize its different rake angles, clearance

angles and cutting edge angles. Also state why those angles are provided. (12)
(b) Based on the relevant machining condition and type of material, deduce the following

expressIOn: (12)

, Pz= 2'ts So t cotp, where the notations indicate their usual meaning.

(c) SAE 133 cold rolled steel rod of 200 mm diameter is turned at a speed of 650 rpm,
feed of 0.25 mmlrev. and 6.00 mm depth of cut by a tool having rake angle 20° and

principal cutting edge angle 60°. It was noted that the magnitudes of the tangential

component and the axial component of the cutting force is 1000 N and 347 N
respectively and'the value of chip reduction coefficient is 1.732. Using Merchant's

analysis, calculate: (12)

(i) direction and magnitude of resultant force
(ii) shear plane angle
(iii) friction force and friction angle and
(iv) cutting power consumption
(d) What are thenecessary characteristics of cutting fluids? List the different cutting tool
I

mateqal and enumerate the advantages, limitations and applications of each. (10%)
Contd P12
 =2=

IPE 331

3. (a) Differentiate among autogenous, homogenous and heterogenous welding processes.

Sketch the various types of weld joints and welds used in making a joint. (12)
(b) With the help of neat sketch, describe briefly the principles of operation of submersed

arc welding. For what types of applications might thermit welding be attractive? (12)
(c) With the help of suitable diagrams, describe the following: (12)'

(i) Resistance projection welding

(ii) Percussion welding
(d) Explain the similarities and differences between Electron-beam and Laser-beam

welding. Give typjcal applications for each. (10%)

4. (a) Why is it important to design the geometry of the gating system to control the rate of
metal flow from the pouring ladle into the mold cavity? Why is it important to provide a

means of venting gases from the mold cavity? (12)

(b) What factors restrain increase in cutting velocity, feed and depth of cut in turning
) ,
operation and how? Explain. State the causes and effects of high cutting temperature in

machining. (12)
(c) What are some of the process variable that must be specified when setting up an arc
welding process? What are the differences between the seams produced by roll-spot

welding and continuous seam welding? Explain. (12)

(d)Use sketches to illustrate the different types of machining chips and explain when and
why you can expect to have each of these types. Explain the stages involved in the

formation of the built-up-edge (BUE). . (10%)

SECTION -B
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Differentiate generating and forming process of machining. Explain different

machining operations in which generating and forming are combined to create shapes. (11)
(b) State the various methods for cutting tapers in a lathe. With the help of neat sketch,

describe the method of taper turning using 'taper turning attachment' in a lathe machine. (12)
(c) What are the different operations that can be performed on a lathe? Explain any five

in detail. (10)
(d) Describe the quick return motion mechanism of hydraulic shaper with sketches. Write

down the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic shapero (13 %)

Contd P/3
"
 =3=

IPE 331

6. (a) Briefly describe the parameters, which influence the performance of a grinding wheel. (15)

(b) Classify grinding operation based on the type of surface produced and describe each

type with necessary sketches. (9)

(c) What is the metal removal rate when a 25 mm diameter hole, 60 mm deep, is drilled
in 1020 steel at a cutting speed of 44 m/min with a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev? Calculate

the machining time required for making 15 holes. [Here, the drill point angle is 120°] (10)
(d) With neat sketches show the constructional features of a twist drill and label the.

important features. (12%)

7. (a) Briefly describe the principle parts and movements of a Column and Knee type

milling machine. (11)

(b) Calculate the indexing requirement for 319 divisions on a milling machine equipped

with a differential indexing head. The available index plates are: (12)

Plate 1: 15, 16,17,18,19,20 holes

Plate 2: 21,23,27,29,31,33 holes
Plate 3: 37,39,41,43,47,49 holes
The change gear set available is 24, 24, 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 86, 100. In the
available dividing head the number of worm start is 1 and the number of worm-wheel
teeth is 40.
(c) What do you mean .by extrusion? Describe various extrusion processes with

appropriate sketches. (8)

(d) What is flat rolling? How roll force can be reduced in flat rolling? List the defects

commonly observed after flat rolling. (15%)

8. (a) With the help of diagram, discuss the following: (12)

(i) Precision forging
(ii) Cogging operation
(iii) Coining operation
(iv) Roll forging
(b) What are the steps involved in closed-die forging? Explain with sketch the various

features of a typical forging die. (12)

(c) How will you manufacture an aluminum beverage can using metal forming processes?
Explain each process with neat sketch. (12)

(d) Briefly describe some shearing operations used in sheet metal cutting. (10%)
L-3rr-2/ME . Date: 06/0112015
BANGLADESH;.UNIVERSI:ry OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-2 B.Sc. Engin~ering Examinations 7012-2013

Sub: ME 343 (Machine Design II)

Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Mechanical Engineering Design textbook will be supplied for use.
,
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

1. An inlet valve spring is to be designed for an automobile engine as shown in Figure Q. 1.

The spring is required to keep the inlet valve port closed by pushing the valve stem
upwards with a force of 30 N. The length of the spring at this position is 60 mm. The

valve stem diameter is 10 mm. Allow a diametral clearance of 1.25 mm between the stem
and the uncompressed spring to avoid interference. It is further specified that the free
length of the spring should be 70 nun and solid length should be less than 49 mm. The
factor of safety for the spring when closed solid should be more than 2.0. The spring
should have squared and ground ends for accurate load transfer. The specific weight of

the spring material is 80 kN/m3. (35)

(i) Perform a design assessment for a 2 mm wire diameter helical compression spring
of Chrome-vanadium A232 material for the valve.
(ii) Estimate the critical frequency of the spring.
(iii) If the load applied on the spring during operation ranges between a minimum of
30 N to a maximum of 50 N, estimate the factor of safety guarding against fatigue
failure using the Sines torsional fatigue criterion with Zinunerli data ..

Figure for Q I

I
. 1. Rubber ring 4. Valve spring •
2. Upper spring seat 5. Valve seal (intake valve)
3. Retainer 6. Lower spring seat

2. (a) A pressure-fed bearing has a journal diameter of 50.00 nun with a unilateral tolerance
of -0.05 mm. The bushing bore diameter is 50.084 mm with a unilateral tolerance of 0.1 0
mm. The length of the busing is 55 mm. Its central annular groove is 5 nun wide and is

fed by SAE 30 oil is 55°C at 200 kPa supply gauge pressure. The journal speed is 2880
rev/~in carrying a load of 10 kN. The sump can dissipate 300 watts per bearing if
necessary. For minimum radial clearances, perform a design assessment using Trumpler's

criteria. (25)
Contd P/2
 =2=

ME 343
Contd ..• Q. No.2
(b) A full j oumal bearing with shaft diameter of 25 mm and bore diameter of 25.04 mm,
has l/d ratio of unity. The journal rotates at 1200 rev/min supporting a bushing load of
1.25 kN. The average viscosity of the oil is 50 mPa.s. Find the power loss, and the
percentage of side flow. (10)

3. (a) Two tapered roller bearings support a rotating outer outer hub around a stationary
shaft shown in Figure 3a. The device is to operate at 250 rev/min, 8 hours per day, 5 days
per week, for 5 years, before bearing replacement is necessary. The radial force carried
by the bearing on the left side is 12 kN and the radial force at.the right-side bearing is 25
kN. In addition, the outer hub applies a rightward force of 5 kN. Assuming bearings are
available with K = 1.5, find the required. radial rating for each bearing. The required
reliability is 90% on each bearing and application factor is 1.2. Use Timken data for
Weibull parameters if necessary. (20)

Figure for Q 3 (a)

(b) An angular contact ball bearing with the inner.ring rotating is to be selected for an
application with a design life of 25 kh at a speed of 350 rev/min. The radial load is
3.5 kN and an application factor of 1.2 is required. The reliability goal is 0.90. Find the
multiple of rating life xp required, and the catalog rating CIOwith which to enter a bearing
table. Choose a 02-series bearing, and estimate the reliability in use. The Weibull
parameters are Xo = 0.02, (8-xo) = 4.439 and b = 1.483. (15)

4. (a) The brake shown in figure 4(a) has a coefficient of friction of 0.3, a face width of 50
mm and a limiting shoe lining pressure of 1 MPa. Find the limiting actuating force F and
the braking capacity. (25)

Contd P/3

Figure for Q•....

4..'-'(u..L.) •
 =3=

ME 343
Contd .eo Q. No.4

(b) A plate clutch has a single pair of mating friction surface 250~mm OD by 175-mm ID.
The mean value of the coefficient of friction is 0.30, and the actuating force is 4 kN. Find
the maximum pressure and the torque capacity using the uniform-wear model. Also find

the maximum pressure and the torque capacity using the uniform-pressure model. (10)

SECTION -B
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.
Assume reasonably any missing data. Symbols carry their usual meaning.

5. (a) (i) Why is involute profile used fo~ gear teeth? (10)
(ii) List two advantages of helical gears over spur gears from design point of view.
(ii,i) When is a worm gear set specially needed? What is its major drawback from
practical point of view?
(b) Following data are for a pair of spur gears:
t
~= 14.5°, m = 12 mm, Np = 25, mG = 3, W = 1 .kN, b = 4p. Calculate the separating

force, yg and Lewis bending stress for the pinion. (15)

(c) A pair of straight bevel gears have following particulars: the gears are of equal .,ize,
the driver gear (50 teeth) runs at 480 rpm and transmits 1 kW which increases by 10%

due to mild shock. ~ = 20° and average pitchradius = 75 mm. Calculate the radial and

axial forces on the driven bevel gear. (10)

6. An I8-tooth (~n = 20° FD) helical pinion with a right-hand helix angle of 30° runs at

H20 rpm and drivers a 72-teeth helical gear and transmits 75kW. Find safety factor

using AGMA equations and follo~ing data: (35)

normal module = 10 mm, b = 4Pb power source has light shock but driven machine has
moderate shock, both gears are made of ASTM A48 Grey C.l. class40, transmission
accuracy level no. 7, pinion life = 107 cycles with 50% reliability, gears are straddle
mounted with bearings immediately adjacent, teeth are crowned.

7. Directly connected to a 2.5 hp (l hp = 33000 ft-Ib/min) electric motor that runs at 1450
rpm, a double treated C.l. worm transmits power to a machine through a 50 teeth chilled-

cast bronze gear. Given: (35)

~n = 25°, Pt = 5 teeth/inch, Fe = 1 inch, dw = 2" load application factor = lA, acobling

air fan is attached on worm shaft, lateral area of case is twice the minimum lateral area
recommended by AGMA.
Calculate: f, fiG, efficiency of the drive~ safety factor according to AGMA equations and
safety factor according to Buckingham wear load. Also find temperature rise of the sump
oil.
Contd P/4
 =4=.

ME 343
8. (a) A skip for a mine shaft weighs 1000 kg and lifts a load of 1250 kg from a depth of

300 m. The maximum speed 6 mls is attained in 5 seconds. Given: (20)

Ff '.
---- = 2, D = 68 d, Er = 83 GPa, indefinite life.
MaximumF,

(i) Specify sizes of 6 x 10 IPS regular lay rope and pulley. Also specify the sheave

material.
(ii) Find static and fatigue safety factors considering rope bending at the pulley, and
find the maximum static and dynamic elastic deflections of the rope.
(b) Smaller pulley (d = 200 mm) of a V-belt drive is connected to a 9 kW motor running

at 1450 rpm. Five B3000 belts are proposed with Ks = 1.4 and nd = 1.1 and driven pulley

dia D = 300 mm. Calculate: (15)

nsf and life of the belts in no. of pass. Take: Fbi =;= 1.1 FI andFb2 = 0.8 Fl.
L-3/T-2/ME Date: 11/0112015
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-2 B. 'Sc. Engineering Examinations 2012-2013

Sub: ME 303 (can.vection, Boiling, Condensation and Mass Transfer) /j. .. 'A
A...~I)U ..
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours ~~~I ,
The figures in the margin indicate full marks. , •
Assume reasonable value for any missing data. The symbols have their usual meanings.
USE SEP ARA TE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.
The necessary chart, table, equations etc. have been attached.

1. (a) Air at 1 atm and 300 K flows across a 20-em-square plate at a free-stream velocity of
20 m/s. The last half of the plate is heated to a constant temperature of 350 K. Calculate

the heat lost by the plate. (18)

(b) Atmospheric air at T ce = 5°C and a free-stream velocity Uce = 6 mls flows across a
single tube of outside diameter D =25 em. The tube's surface is kept at a uniform

temperature T w = 180°C: Determine the average heat transfer coefficient. (17)

2. (a) Deriv~ the expression of two-dimensional conservation of momentum in x-direction

(i.e. x-momentum equation). (20)

(b) Air at 300 K and 1 atm enters a smooth tube having a diameter of 2 em and length of
10 em. The air velocity is 40 m/s. What constant heat flux must be applied at the tube

surface to result in an air temperature rise of 5°C? What average wall temperature would

be necessary for this case? (15)

3. (a) Derive the expression of heat transfer in a parallel-flow double-pipe heat exchanger

by using log mean temperature difference. (18)

(b) Describe with neat sketch the working principle of a plate type liquid-to-liquid heat

exchanger. (17)

4. (a) How is thennal resistance due to fouling in a heat exchanger accounted for? How do

the fluid velocity and temperature affect fouling? (15)

(b) A two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat exchanger with the flow arrangement shown in
Fig. 4(b) is used to cool processed water flowing at a rate mh = 5 kg/s from tl = 75°C to

t2 = 25°C on the tube side, with cold water entering the shell side at T I = 10°C at a rate

Il1c = 6 kg/so The overall heat transfer coefficient is UIn = 750 W/m2.0C. Calculate

(i) the heat transfer surface area, and (b) the outlet temperature of the coolant water. (20)

Contd P12
 =2=

ME 303
SECTION -B
'There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

(15)

6. (a) Describe the different flow regimes encountered in flow boiling in a tube with a neat

sketch. How does heat transfer coefficient vary along the tube? Discuss. (15)
(b) What do you mean by critical heat flux? Describe its physical meaning. Why is the

critical heat-flux avoided in the design of boilers? (7)

(c) Discuss some methods of enhancing boiling heat transfer. (8)

(d) Write short note on 'nanofluids' (5)

7. (a) A horizontal pipe 2 cm OD is at l30°C, calculate the heat transfer coefficient and rate
of heat transfer per meter length to the surrounding medium when the pipe is surrounded

by, (i) air at 25°C, (ii) Water at 25°C (18)

Make any assumption you may think appropriate. Assume Nu = O.53(Ra)O,25
(b) A hot plate and a cold plate are placed vertically near to one another as shown in
figure for Q 7(b). Show and discuss the velocity and temperature profile of air in

between. (10)

(c) Discuss the physical meaning of Grashofand Prandtl number. (7)

T:l.

Contd P/3

~ A't. ~b
-
 =3=

ME 303

8. (a) Surface of a mild steel component is generally hardened by packing the component in
a carbonaceous material in a furnace at high temperature for a predetermined time.
Consider such a component with uniform initial carbon concentration of 0.15 percent by
mass. The mild steel component is now.packed in a carbonaceous materiai and is placed
in a high temperature nace. The diffusion coefficient of carbon in steel at the furnace
temperature is 4.8 '10--4 m2/secand the equilibrium concentration of carbon in the iron
. erfaces determined from equilibrium data to be 1-2 percent by mass. Calculate
how long the component should be kept in the furnace for' the mass concentration of .

carbon 0.5 mm below the surface to reach 1 percent. (16)

(b) In order to avoid over pressurization as well as maintain a pressure close to one
atmosphere, an industrial pipe line containing ammonia gas is vented to ambient air.
Venting is achieved by tapping the pipe line and inserting a 4mm diameter tube, which
extends upto 25 meter into the atmosphere. With the entire system operating at 20°C,

calculate: (14)
(i) the mass rate of contamination of the atmospheric air with ammonia in kg/hr
..
(ii) the mass rate of air diffused with ammonia in the pipe line inkg/hr
4 2
Assume the following: mass diffusivity of ammonia in air = 0.28 x 10- m /sec molecular
•.:
~-

weight of ammonia: 17 kg/kmol, molecular weight of air: 29 kg/lanaI,

R:. 8.3x 1O-2m3.atrn/krnol K

(c) Discuss the relation sh = f (ReSc) where the symbols have their usual meanings .. (5)
 Principles of ConVection 257

Summary of equations for flow over flat plates Properties evaluated at

Tf = (T~, + too)/2 unless otherwise noted.

Restrictions Equation Equation number

Heattransfer

Laminar; local Tw = canst, Rex < 5 x 105 Nux = 0.332 Re~/2Prl/3 (5-44)
0.6 < Pr < 50

Laminar, local (5-51)

Laminar, local qw = canst, Rex < 5 x 105 (5-48)

0.6 < Pr < 50 .
0.4637 Rel12 Prl/3
Laminar, local :qw =coJist, Rex <5x 105
Nux = [ ..' (0.02. ~7)2/3]1/4 (5-51)
1+ '-'--'
. Pr.'

Laminar, average ReL < 5 x 105, Tw = canst NUL = 2 NU,t=L = 0~664 Re~2 Pr1/3 (5-46)
LamiJiar; local . Tw;:::const,Rex < 5x 105 Nu;= 0.564(RexPt)1/3
Pc« 1(liquid meta]s)
Laminar, local Tw = const, starting at (5-43)
5
x =xo,R,ex < 5 x 10 ,
0.6 < Pr < 50
'<Tw ;:::const; " St.x Pr. 2/3 :::::0.0296 Re-O.2
. '.' . x (5-81)
5 7
5xl0 ;<Re<
.... , '..
. .. x . 10
Turbulent, local Tw = canst, Stx Pr2/3 = 0. 185(log Rex )-2.584 (5-82)
107 < Rex < 109
'turbulent;JocaI qiJi=const; Nux =1 :04 NUxTw=consl (5-87)
5x lOS <
Rex < 107
Laminar-turbulent, Tw = const,Rex < 107 StPRZ/3 = 0.037 ReL"°) - 871 ReL"1 (5-84)
average Recrit = 5 x 105 NUL =Prl/3(0.037 Re2.8 - 871) (5-85)
~tnitiar-tur~ulent,T;JJ== COf1st,Rex < 107 . NUL = 0.()36 Pr°.43(Reo.8 _ 9200)
• L
(MOO)
.. iJ.w
1/4 (5-86)
av~ra,ge "':liqulds;fL at Too
..... /kwat Tw.
Same as for low-speed flow with properties
Tw = const,.
High-speed flow evaluated at
q = hA(Tw - Taw)
T* = Too + 0.5(Tw - Too) + 0.22(Taw - Too)
r = (Taw - T(xJ/(To - Tcx;,)
= recovery factor
= Pr!/2 (laminar)

= Pr!/3 (turbulent)
0.62Rel/2PrI/3 [ ( Re )1/2]
NUm = 0.3 + [1 + (0.4/Pr)2/3]l/4 1+ 282,000 . ---'" Flow o.c.ross 0. 'hJ.he

- for 20,000 < Re < 400,000

(6)
 2.0

',:,"
I

!
I.
r
'i

i"Ii8 1.5

1.0
o 10 20 30 40
x
D

Fig. Turbulent thermal entry Nusselt numb~rs for circular tubes with qw = constant.

Cold Water
T) = JOoC
T. IS:""id ,l,'
iJI""'''''''''''''~:
(m, C'l
mc = 6 kg/s
Tube n:Jid (mcpll = ('I . I~

! 100
I
Two shell passes
4,8, 12, etc., tube passes

'I = 7SoC
~
80
Water '~
"
mil = 5 kg/s '"
0.
60
T2 ''""
"'<::'"
U
m
=750 W/(m2 .0C)
'"
>
:;:: 40
u
~
'-
U.l

2 3 4 5
N =AUmlCmin

, . 24'3
. CHf,P!£R" .

• erfc (1) eric (1) 1) erfc (,1) erfe ( )

erfc (1)l erfc( ) 1)

0.2825 1.14 0.1069 1-.52 0.03159 1.90 0.00721

1.00000 0.38 0.5910 0.75
0.2700 1.16 0.10090 1.54 0.02941 1.92 0.00552
0.9774 0.40 0.5716 0.78 0.OC0508
0.2579 1.18 0.09515 1.56 0.02737 1.94
0.9549 . 0.42 0.5525 0.80 0.DC557
02452 . 1.20 0.08969 1.58 0.02545 1.96
0.9324 0.44 0.5338 . 0.82
0.2349 1.22 0.08447 1.60 0.02365 1.98 0.00511
0.9099 0,46 0.5153 0.84
0.85 0.2239 1.24 0.07950 1.62 0.02196 2.00 0.00468
0.8875 0,48 "0.4973 0.00298
0.2133 1.26 0.07476 1.64 0.02038 2.10
0.8652 0.50 0.4795 0.88 0.00186
0.2031 1.28 0.07027 1.66 0.01890 2.20
0.8431 0.52 0.4621 0.90 0.00114
0.54 0.4451 0.92 0.1932 1.30 0.06599 1.68 0.01751 .2.30
.0.16 0.8210 2.40 0.00J69
0.1837 . 1.32 0.06194 . 1.70 0.01612
0.55 0.4284 0.94
0.18
0.20
0.7991
0.7773 0.58 0.4121 0.96 0.1746
0.1658
i
1.34
1.36
0.05809
0.05444
1.72
1.74
0.01500 I 2.50
0.01387\2.60
0.OC')41
0.00024
0.22 0.7557 0.60 0.3961 0.98 O.OOJ13
1.00 1573 1.38 0.05098 1.76 0.01281 2.70
0.24 0.7343 0.62 0.3806 O.OCC08
1.02 0.
0.14921 lAO 0.04772 1.78 0.01183 2.80
0.26 0.7131 0.64 0.3654 O.()(X){)4
. 0.5921 0.66 0.3506 .1.04 0.1413 1.42 0.04462 1.80 0.01091 12.90
0.28 Up 0.01005 3~OO 0.00;02
0.5714 0.58 0.3362 1.05 0.1339 I 1.44 0.04170
0.30 1.84 0.00926 3.20 O.Oee01
• 0.32 0.6509 0.70 0.3222 1.08 1267 1.46 0.03895
0.
. 0.1198 1 1.48 0.03635 . 1.86 0.00853 I 3.40 o.ocooo
0.34
5°.36
0.6306
0.5107
0.72 0.3086
0.74 0.2953
1.10
1.12 0.1132 1.50 0.03390 1.88 0.00784 I
3.60 O.OOJOO
 {'"

304 Heat Transfer

~.

Table 6.8 Summary offorced-convection relations (See text for property evaluation).
Subscripts: b = bulk temperature, f= film temperature, 00 = free stream temperature,
w = wall temperature
Geometry' Equation Restrictions Equation
,
number. (
i"

Tube flow NUd = 0.023 Re~.8Pr" Fully developed turbulent flow, (6-4a)
n = 0.4 for heating,
n = 0.3 for cooling,
0.6 < Pr < 100,
2500' < Red < 1.25 x 105
Tube flow NUd = 0.0214(Re~.8 - 100)Pr°.4 0.5 < Pr < 1.5, .(6-4b)
104< Red < 5 x 106
NUd = 0.012(Re~.87- 280)Pr°.4 L5 < Pr < 500, (6-4c)
3000 < Red < 106
Tube flow NUd = 0.027 Re~.8Prl/3 (

(d)
~
YO.14l

0;055
Fully developed turbulent flow (6-5)
I
t:
Tube flow, entrance NUd =0.036 Re3.8prl/3 L. . Turbulent flow (6-6)
region
L
See alsoFigures 6.5 and 6.6 10<-<400
d
Tube flow Petukov relation Fully developed turbulent flow, (6-7)
0.5 < Pr < 2000,
104 < Red < 5 x 106,
0< f,Lb < 40
f,Lw

Tube flow u =3 6 . . 0.0668(djL) ReiPr .., ,.

.6 + 1 + 0.04[(dIL) Red Pr]2/3 Laminar,Tw =const (6-9)

r.
N d

14
Tube flow N.Ud = L
1.86 (Red Pr)I/3 (dY/3 ( :w Fully developed laminar flow, (6-10)
w
T = constant
d
Red Pr > 10
L
;.
Rough tubes St P 2/3
b rf = 8'f or Equation (6~7) Fully developed turbulent flow (6~12)

Noncircular ducts Reynolds number evaluated on Same as particular equation (6-14)

basis of hydraulic diameter for tube flow
4A
DH=-
P
A = flow cross-section area,
P = wetted perimeter

., Continued
 ' .•.• ,"11)"

. ,~.' .
. . .. ~ ",

?;/ ./'
. •.. ~ : !"..: \ .

4t 0 Conderi~81lon~nd boll Inghea~lranSfer

.'~he hefl~transier'coefficient is now writ~n

h dx.<TID - Til) ~ -kdx Tg ~ Tw .

.k
or ,h =6
3
80 that. '. h -[p(p - PI!)ghfllk ]l/4 (9-7)
1- 4p.x(T/1 - Till) .

Expressed in dimensioIilessform in terms of the Nusselt number, this is

Nu '= hx =[p(P -PvjghIDx3]1I4 (~~8)
. .r.k 4fJ-k(T,.- TID)
The average value 6fthe heat-transfer coefficient is obtained by integrating
over the length of the plate: .

•ft = iJo hzdx,t lh

L

... '.:.
zcL

. ~
or Ii = 0 ~43 [p (p',- p,Jghfllk}] 1/4
-

.' •......
-

,(9-10)
,

, • LUI<T/1 - Till)
More renned analyses of film condensation are presented in detail by
Rohsenow [37]. The most significant refinements take into account a
nonlinear temperature profile in .the film and modifications to the.energy
balance to .include additional energy to cool,.the. film. below the saturation
temperature. Both'eft'ect8 'can be handled by replacing h", with hJa" defined
by
hi, "" hf, + 0.68c(Tg - T..,) (9-11)
where c is the specific heat of the liquid. Otherwise, properties in Eq:s. (9-7)
and (9-10) should be evaluated' at the film temperature
T ~T,+Tw
/-2
With these substitutions Eq; (9~10)..may.be used. fQrvertical plates and
cylinders and fluids with Pr>O:5and'cTlk/g :s 1.0.
For laminar film condensation orihorizontal. tubes Nusselt obtained the
relation

Ji= 0.725 [p(P- pv)ghfg ""]1/4' (9-12)

. fJ-fd(TIi .~ TID)
where d is the diameter of the tube. When condensation occurs on a
horizontal tube bank with n tubes placed directly over one another in the
vertical direction, theheat-transfercoefllci~ntmay be calculated by r,~pJ.~~~
ing the diametf3r in'Eq. (9-12) withiid.:>~." .' ',:~.;;J';
..),';
When aplatEl on which c~)Ddensation occurs is sufficientiy large or there is
a sufficient amount of condensate flow, tUrbulence may appear in the
f 'fable A.5 Properties'of air at atmospheric pressure.t.
Table A.9 Propertiesof Water (Saturated Uquid)t
-
Tbe values of Jl., k, cp' and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent
and may be used over a faidy wide range of pressures
. Note: Gr~Pr = (~)X3AT . ~
p P. x x 106 k ax 104
I I
__ II
lOS V
Cv
! :!
T,K kg/m3 kJ/kg .oC kglm's ro2/s, W/m'oC m2/s pr
~.C
:! cP'
kJ/kg'.C
p,
kg/m3
p..,
kglm.s
I
I
k,
W/m'.C
I
~
II gf3pZc"
--;;k'
lIm3 C
.100 3.6010 1.0266 0.6924 1.923 0.009246 0.02501 0.770 ••

150 . 2.3675 1.0099 1.0283 4.343 0.013735 0.05745 0.753 32 I 0 i 4.225 999.8 1.79 x 10- 3
I 0.566 13.25
200 1.7684 1.0061 1.3289 7.490 0.01809 0.10165 0.739 40 4.44 i 4.208 999.8 1.55 I 0.575 11.35 1.91 X 109
0.02227 0.15675 0.722 50 10 I 4.195 i 999.2 : 1.31 0.585 9.40 6.34 X 109
250 1.4128 1.0053 1.5990 11.31
60 15.56\ 4.186'. 998.6 i 1.12 0.595 7.88 1.08 X 10'0
300 . 1.1774 1.0057 1.8462
2.075
15.69
20.76
0.02624
0.03003
0.22160
0.2983
0.70g
0.697
70 21.11 I 4.179.; 997.4 I 9.8 x 10-4 0.604 6.78 1.46 X
1.91 X
1010
10'0
350 0.9980 1.0090 80 26.67 4.179 995.8 i 8.6 0.614 5.85
1.0140 2.286 25.90 0.03365 .0.3760 0.689 90 32.22 I 4.174 994.9 I 7.65 0.623 5.12 2.48 X 10'0
400 0.8826
450 0.7833 1.0207 . 2.484 31.71 0.03707 0.4222 0.683 100 37.78! 4.174 993.0 i 6.82 0.630 4.53 3.3 X 10'0
110 43.33: 4.174 990.6 i 6.16 0.637 4.04 4.19 X 10'0
500 0.7048
0.6423
1.0295
1.0392 .
.2.671
2.848
37.90
44.34
0.04038
0.04360
0.5564
0.6532
0.680
0.680
120
130
\1 48.89:
54.44.
4.174
4.179
988.8;.
985.7 ;
5.62
5.13
0.644
0.649
I 3.64
I 3.30
4.89 X
5.66 X
10'0
10'0
550 .\
600 0.5879 1.0551 3.018 51.34 0.04659 0.7512 0.680 140, 60 4.179. 983.3 . 4.71 I 0.654 I 3.01 6.48 X
7.62 X
10'0
10'0
1.0635 3.177 58.51 0.04953 0.8578 0.682 150 I' 65.55: 4.183 980.3 4.3 0.659 I 2.73
650 0.5430 8.84 X 10'0
0.9672 0.6S4 160 71.11 4.186. 977.3 4.01 0.665 2.53
3.332 66.25 0.05230
700 0.5030 1.0752 170 I' 76.67. 4.191 973.7 3.72 0.668 2.33 9.85 X 10'0
73.91 0.05509 1.0774 0.686
1 750 0.4709 1.0856 3.481 180 I 82.22: 4.195 970.2 3.47 0.673 2.16 1.09 X 10"
i 1.0978 3.625 82.29 0.05779 1.1951 0.689 190' 87.78. 4.199 966.7 3.27 0.675 2.03
800
850
0.4405
0.4149 1.1095 3.765 90.75 0.06028 1.3097 0.692 200 93.33 4.204 963.2 3.06 0.678 I 1.90

I 0.696 220 104.4! 4.216 .955.1 2.67 . 0.684 1.66

900 0.3925 1.1212 3.899 99.3 0.06279 1.4271
240 115.6! 4.229 946.7 2.44 0.685 I 1.51
0.3716 . Ll321 . 4.023 108.2 0.06525 1.5510 0.699 260 I 126.7' 4.250 937.2 2.19 0.685 i 1.36
950
0.702 i 1.24
1000
HOO
0.3524
0.3204
1.1417
1.160
4.152
4.44
117.8
138.6
0.06752
0.0732
1.6779
1.969 0.704
280 :
3OO!
. 350 j
137.8
148.9
176.7
4.271
4.296
4.371
928.1
918.0
890.4
1.98
1.86
1.57
0.685
0.684
0.677
I \.17
1.02
1200 0.2947 1.179 4.69 159.1 0.0782 2.251 0.707
400 204.4 4.467 859.4 1.36 0.665 i 1.00

II 1300
1400
1500 ....
0.2707
0.2515
0.2355: '..
1.197
1.214
1.230
4.93
5.17
5.40
182.1
205.5
229.1
0.0837
0.0891
0.0946
2.583
2.920
3.262
0.705
0.705
0.705
450
500
550
600
232.2
260
287.7
315:6
4.585
4.731
5.0~4
5.703_
825.7
785.2
735.5
678.7
1.20
1.07
9.51 x 10-3
8.68 '----
0.646
0.616
I 0.85
i

I
0.83

L__~J~ _
0.705
I, 1600 0.2211
0.2082'
1.248
1.267
5.63
5.85
254.5
280.5
0.100
0.105
3.609
3.977 0.705 tAuapled from A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco. "Introduction to Heal Transfer." 3d ed., McGraw.HilI Book

I 1700 ..
i 0.704 Company. New York. 1958.
1800 0.1970 1.287 6.07 308.1 0.1Il 4.379
0,704
I II
i
;J900 .
2000
0.1858 .. . • 1.309
0.1762 1.338
6.29
6.50
338.5
369.0
0.117
0.124
4.8'11
5.260 0.702
0.1682 1..372 6.72 . 399.6 0.131 5.715 0.700
!I 210Q;
0.707
432.6 0.139 6.120
2200 0.1602 1.419 6.93
.
Ii
I
I
2300
2400
0.1538
0.1458
1.482
1.574
7.14
7.35
464.0
504.0
0.149
0.161
6.540
7.020 '
0.710
0.718
\; 0.1394 1.688 7.57 543.5 0.175 7.441 0.730
2500
i
t From Nat!' Bur. Stand, (U.S.) Cire. 564, 1955.
.•••• ~_,"";'".. .,.-:-~...".""_--.- __,_, ••:A_:" •..-:,., •.. -' .• , __ '_.,~ '_."_~'
L-3/T-2/ME Date: 16/0112015
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3iT-2 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2012-2013
Sub: ME 323 (Fluid Mechanics II)
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
Assume reasonable data if necessary. Symbols carry their usual meaning.

USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any TRHEE.
The questions are of equal value.
Moody diagram is supplied.

1. (a) Explain hydraulic jump in reference to open channel. Derive the conditions for
maximum velocity and maximum discharge through a circular open channel.
(b) Water is flowing at the rate of 0.20 m3/s through a circular open channel of 0.7 m
diameter. Calculate the slope of the bed of the channel considering maximum velocity of

flow. Take Chezy's constant C = 65.

2. (a) Explai~ boundary layer thickness with diagram. Derive the expreSSIOns of

displacement thickness arid momentum thickness.

(b) Find the power requires to deliver crude oil of specific gravity 0.86 and kinematic
viscosity of 9.32 x 10-6 m2/s through a hori;lOntal pipe of 500 mm diameter. The length
of pipe is 1200 m and the flow rate of oil is 0.25 m3/s. Neglect minor losses. The wall

roughness of pipe is 0.00005 m.

3. (a) Show that friction factor is 64/NRe for laminar flow through ,a smooth circular pipe.
Here, NRe is the Reynolds number based on diameter of the pipe.
(b) Mercury is flowing through a 5 m long and 5 mm diameter smooth tube at an average
of 3 mls. Calculate the head loss and the pressure drop. Absolute viscosity of mercury is

equal to 1.56 x 10-3 Ns/m2.

4~ Write short notes on the following:

(i) Minor losses
(ii) Laminar and turbulent flows
(iii) Most economical section of open channel..

Contd P/2
 =2=

ME 323
SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
5. (a) Define Machimmber and classify the flow regimes based on this number: Mention at

least one example of each ofthe classified flows. (10)

(b) What do you mean by stagnation condition in context to fluid flow? Deduce an
expression of stagnation pressure for isentropic compressible flow starting from the Euler

equation of motion. (17)

(c) A bicycle tire is filled with air at a pressure of 170 kPa abs. In a certain case, the valve
breaks and air starts to exhaust out of the tire into the atmosphere (Pa = 100 kPa abs. and

Ta = 20 C). Frictional losses can be ignored here. Find the Mach number and velocity of
D

air at the exit plane of the valve (initially). (8)

6. (a) Derive an expression of local Mach number with respect to the ratio of critical area to
local area for isentropic flow of compressible fluid through a variable area duct. Simplify

this expression for the case of air flow (k = 1.40). (15)

(b) A converging-diverging nozzle is used for supersonic air jet from a large reservoir as
shown in Fig. for Q. No. 6(b). The reservoir pressure is kept at 500 kPa. Determine the
Mach number and static pressure at the points shown in the figure for Q. No. 6(b).
Consider 1D isentropic flow in your calculation. Plot your results.

(c) Explain in brief the "Chocking Phenomena" in context of nozzle flows. (IS)

The locations of the points are given in the following table:

Point 1 2* 3 4 5 6
r (mm) 25 20 22 25 28 31

po ~ ~
• • • • • • • •
Supersonic air jet
/ 1 2* 3 4 5
-6
x
•

Fig. for Q. 6(b)

7. (a) Show that the strength of normal shock wave which occurs in the diverging section in

case of overexpanded nozzle flows can be expressed by the following relation (20)

LIp =~ (M\2 -1); where the symbols have their usual meaning.
p\ k+l

Contd P/3
 =3=

ME 323
Contd ... Q. NO.7

(b) Consider a converging-diverging nozzle feeding air from a reservoir in which the
pressure is 400 kPa as shown in Fig. for Q. No. 7(b). At a particular off-design operation,
2
a normal shock wave appears with M( = 2.2. If the throat area is 20.3 cm . then

determine- (15)
(i) Secti~mal area of the nozzle where shock wave appears
(ii) Mach number and pressure downstream of the shock
.(iii) Percent loss of total pressure due to shock wave.

"

-
p= 400 kPa

shock
-.--
,
:, Me
I

,
I

Fig. for Q. 7(b)

8. (a) Explain nozzle flows in under-expanded condition. (10)

(b) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of dimensional analysis .. (10)

(c) Sonic velocity in a assumed to be a function of gas density p, pressure p, and dynamic

viscosity fj. Determine a functional relationship using dimensional analysis. (15)

\.

.'." ,
 (
G
0.1
0.09

0.08 . Complele turbulence, rou~h pipes

0.07 ... I • I
0.05
0.04
~~
0.06 0.03

0.05 0.02
- 0.015 j

0.O4~ 0.01 ~
f" !
0.008 "'I~
Rcr.....• g~
III I I I I t-< 0.006 :a
c: f
. 0.03 .. - -_.~
• • •••• ~~~'T~" 0.004
.c.
~ •
~
G>
f
~ .~
J!! 0.025
0.002 ~

•
c:
.S!
11"

- 0::

...
U
.;::
0.001
0.02 .• LJ..J...L..--!..ii 10) 3 o.ooos
1 9 3 4 ~ 6 1 9 4 2 1\0' I 3 4 5 6'
0.0006
~O 10
-f-.- mm---l 0.015
~
0.0004
Riveted steel
Concrete
0.9.9.
93.l " .~
......-;;:
0.0002
Wood slave ',,- 0.18.0.9 •.•.•....
Casl iron
Galvanized iron
015
0.15
~
~""--~ -~ f.:: a.OOQl
0.000,05
Asphalted cast iron 0.12 001 Smoolh pipes ~
Commercial steel or . ~0.000,001
/1
wrought iron 0.046 0.009 ...,.....
1',"
-.LL0.OOO,OO5 r III I I
Drawn tubing 0.0015 0.008 '. . ~" '-L I I I 0.000,01
2ltos)
6
19 S 3 45619 2(10 ) 34 S67 9 2(1()') 34.5619.
10 . 6 10 107 . ios
Reynolds number R- ~D , consistent units

Figure Moody diagram.

..1'
L-3/T-21ME Date: 15/12/2014
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-2 B.Sc. Engineering Examinations 2012-2013
Sub: IPE 381 (Measurement and Quality Control)
Full Marks: 210
. The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Time: 3 Hours
~
. A'\
,,\\'\1\\
................. _--_ _---_
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
_ _-_ _.__ _ __ ._-_ _-__._-------_ __
_-_ _._ _ _ _ _- .._ " , , " -
SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this' Section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) Define frequency distribution. What are the differences between frequency
distribution and cumulative frequency distribution? A data set consists of 145

observations that range from 56 to 490. What size class interval do you recommend? (8)
(b) How does probabilistic reasoning differ from statistical reasoning? In a game of
Yahtzee, where 5 dice are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting 4 of a

kind. (2+5)
(c) A producer of a certain type of electronic component ships to suppliers in lots of
twenty. Suppose that 60% of all such lots contain no defective components, 30% contain' .
one defective component, and 10% contain two defective components. A lot is picked,

two components from the l6t are randomly selected and tested, and'neither is defective. (8)
(i) What is the probability that zero defective components exist in the lot?
(ii) What is the probability that one defective exists in the lot?

(d) Write short notes on the following topics, (12)

(i) Stem and leaf plot (ii) Tree diagram (iii) The law of total probability

2. (a) What do you understand by probability distribution? From a box containing 4 black
balls and 2 green balls, 3 balls are drawn in succession, each ball being replaced in the
box before the next draw is made. Find the probability distribution for the number of

green balls. (4+8)

(b) What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Bernoulli's experiment and
Poisson experiment? The acceptance scheme for purchasing lots containing a large

number of batteries is to test no more than 75 randomly selected batteries and to reject a

lot if a single battery fails. Suppose the probability of a failure is 0.001. (6+8)
(i) What is the probability that a lot is accepted?
(ii) What is the probability that a lot is rejected on the 20th test?
(iii) What is the probability that it is rejected in 10 or fewer trials?
(c) Write down the conditions for approximating normal distribution to binomial
distribution. Using approximation solve the following problem. A multiple-choice quiz
has 200 questions, each with 4 possible answers of which only 1 is correct. What is the
probability that sheer guesswork yields from 25 to 30 correct answers for the 80 of the

200 problems about which the student has no knowledge? , (3+6)

 =2=

IPE 381
3. (a) List the advantages of acceptance sampling plan. (5)
(b) A company and its customer have agreed to follow a double sampling plan. The first
sample size nt = 40 and maximum allowable no. of nonconforming products for first
sample Ct = 2. For second sample, n2 = 80 and C2 = 4. Lot size for this sampling plan,
N = 3000. Calculate the probability of acceptance if company follows 2-sigma control

limit for the process and products' quality measures follow normal distribution. (18)
(c) Write short notes on the following topics. (12)
(i) Average Outgoing Quality
(ii) Centre, Limit theorem
(iii) Measures of central tendency

4. (a) Briefly describe the Ishikawa diagram. (5)

(b) Why is it difficult to eliminate natural causes than assignable causes? Explain. Also

discuss some patterns that would be considered as indication of out of control. (10)
(c) A taxi company manager is trying to decide whether the use of radial tires instead of
regular belted tires improves fuel economy. Twelve ..cars were equipped with radial tires
and driven over a prescribed test course. Without changing driverl), ~he same cars were
then equipped with regular belted tires and driven once again over the test course.

The gasoline consumption, in kilometers per liter, was recorded as follows: (20) .
-- -_:~ .._-,:::;'~'~., --
Car
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel economy than those
equipped with belted tires? Assume the populations to be normally distributed.

SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this Section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) What do you understand by type I error and type II error in test of hypothesis? A soft
drink machine at a steak house is regulated so that the amount of drink dispensed is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 200 milliliters and a standard

deviation of 15 millilIters. (18)

 =3=

IPE 381
The machine is checked periodically by taking a sample of 9 drinks and computing the
- -
average content. If x fa~ls in the interval 191 < x < 209, the machine is thought to be
operating satisfactory; otherwise, we conclude that f.I. #- 200 milliliters.

(i) Find the probability of committing a type I error when f.I. = 200 milliliters.

(ii) Find the probability of committing a type II error when f.I. = 215 milliliters.

(b) Show that the mean square error

2 SSE
S =-'--
k(n-l)
for the analysis of variance in a one-way classification is an unbiased estimate of ri. (10)

(c) What is P-Value? Briefly discuss its significance with example. (7)

6. (a) What are the objectives of quality circle? State the steps the team member of QC
)

follow to achieve these objectives. (8)

(b) According to Deming's Quality Principles what do you understand by eliminating

exhortations? What canan organization do to follow the principle? (7)

(c) Calculate the dimensions of pl!1g and ring gauges to control the production of 50 mm

shaft and hole pair ofH7/ds as per IS specification. Given, 50 mm lies in diameter step of

30 and 50 mm and tolerance factor i (in microns) = 0.45 V D + O.OOID. Also consider

gauge maker's tolerance to be 10% and wear allowance to be 5% of the work tolerance. (20)

7. (a) Explain the various instruments used for linear measurements. (10)
(b) Describe the working principle of 'Autocollimator'. (9)
(c) Describe a method to measure the effective pitch diameter of a screw plug gauge.

Also explain how the errors in pitch and angle affect the virtual effective diameter. . (10)

(d) Derive an expression for the best size wire. (6)

8. (a) Write down the uses of non-destructive testing. Briefly describe the 'Ultrasonic

Inspection method' with neat sketch. (12)

(b) What is meant by roughness and waviness of machined surface? How does the

'Tomlinson surface recorder' work? Explain with necessary sketch. (15)

(c) Explain the 'constant chord method' of measuring tooth thickness. (8)
"

Shaft .1(fi,t)ictOn:i '.$/iiJ.ft lii:~nlcitms

.- ::.- .
..... - - ,

Desi~rtati{)n ff6f D'itio!ti#1J< '[)~$~~ltqji~n ifOr .:p", iIHt~m)'

," . ~.", " ;~'.
:;....,~
....~~h6J+f;3l»'. ..j5:ioj~ .~Oi()rrnUl~ .
.fQi' DS12Q .
. .;
artd;;:"'-}S~D , K4.tok8.~ ..
Jor Dc?;/lg ..
.. '.' ....

.:::.~J40,;+:J):S5DJ...
...
'{l!tJ)~'I6()-
,,:=;.,-FSD',
forD >.jpP"'
.,
.:tc' • .~ "-S2.J)()i2
.'ftlcD :;':40-
....
~:;~~~,t~:D~
. ..

= _16fYJ".4'i. '+
~,- '"
' .'~:

.t
'"" ."',: .
,,= .".: JilJif,:4L .
. :-:<. "'>,

:,'

t
......:j, "~j+lrJ. +/0,'"
:~,.

,.\ #;+"fJj'h.i25J),'
.~\j,it7;tl6~" ",
-"-,.- -.' ..

=:t:,;t,ltt +2il'
~+jtfJ +~~ji?:\,",
...• ,"
'~'!:1:8,+,J+<~d~~>i'.
'=:f+'l~+~l),-:. '.,.

~ :,
"1f:~tltJ',+i5J)..!l?',"'> ' ..
F,qrjs. ;X~:(h~vU1ti,9n\~r~:~'q~~r'tq,#::.Jt~);:
.'....

Table 2: Standard Tolerances

IT6 IT7 ITS IT9 ITIO ITIl IT12 ITl3 ITl4 ITIS IT16
lOi 16i 25i 40i 64i IOOi 160i 250i 400i 640i IOOOi
 !

Table A.3 Normal Probability Table 735

J,

"f'"
(~f
Table A.3 Areas under the Normal Curve
oj z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
j 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
.,l -3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0,0003 0.0003
i
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
'jI ": -3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
.E '. 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
'~ -3.1 0.0010
,;~'
~~
... -3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
.~:~ 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.9
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0..0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
0.0062 0.0060 0.00.59 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.5
~
0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.o.Q73 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.00.66 0.0064' -
-2.4 0.0082
-2.3 0.0107- 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0..0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110.
-2.2
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0..0183
-2.0 0.0228 ,.

-1.9 0.0287 0..0281 0.0274 0..0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.02~3
0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.8
-1.7 0,0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
0,0548 0.0537 0.0526 0:0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.6
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0.618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 ' 0.0571 0.0559
0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0..0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.4 0.0808
0..0968 0.0951 0.0934 . 6.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.3 /'

-1.2 0.1151 0.i131 0.1112- 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.10.38 0.1020 0..1003 0..0.985
0.1357 0.1335 0..1314 0..1292 " 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.1
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0:1539 0.1515 0.1492 - 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379

0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.9
0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.8
0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.7
-0.6 0.2743 0..2709 0..2676 0.2643 0..2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 - 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 : 0..2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776

-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 ~0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522"- 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840. 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

'...
 Table A.4 Student t-Distribution Probability Table 737
I,

. ,
1 ;

Table A.4 Critical Values' of the t-Distribution

a
' ..
1 !
v 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182
'4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776
,:i
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.156 1.476 . 2.015 2.571
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447
;.;
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.108 1..397 1.860 2.306
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262
10 0.260 0.542 0.879\ 1.093 1.372 1.8i2 2.228
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145
15 0.258 0.536 .0.866 1.074 . 1.341 1.753 2.131
16 0:258 0.535 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 , 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 .2.080
22 '0.256 0.532 0.858 1.061. 1.321 1.717 2.074
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 . 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 . 2.021
60 0.254 0;527 0.848 1.045 1.296 , 1.671 2.000
120 0.254 . 0.526 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980
00 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960

\, !
~ ' I

P~--6
 • //
//
///
'" ../// "
,,/""

"
".'/'~
/~,./'

,( 738 Appendix A
~/<'t.,...;) Statistical Tables and.Proofs
""/. .•.
.- Table A.4 (continued) Critical Values of the t-Distribution
~..'../".

a
v 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0.0005
1 15.894 .21.205 31.821 42.433 63.656 127.321 636.578
2 4.849 5.643 , 6.965 8.073 9.925' 14.089 31.600
J ;
3 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.047 5.841 7.453 12.924
4. 2.999 3.298 3.747. 4.088 4.604 5.598 8.610
5 2.757 3.003 3.365 3.634 4.032 4.773 6.869
6 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.372 3.707 4.317
, 5.959
7 2.517 2.715 2.99~ 3.203 3.499 4.029 5,.408
8 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.085 3.355 3.833 5.041
9 2.398 2.574 2.821 2.998 3.250 3.690 4.781
10 2.359 2.527 2.764 2.932 3.169 3.581 4.587
11 2.328 2.491 2.718 ~ 2.879
3.106 3.497 4.'437
12 2.303 2.461 2.681 2.836 3.055 3.428 4.318
13. 2.282. 2.436 2.650 2.801 3.012 3.372
\
4.221
14 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.771 2.977 3.326 4.140
15 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.746 2.947 3.286 4.073
16 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.724 2.921 3.252 4.015
17 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.706 2.898 3.222 3.965
18 2.214 2.356 2.552' 2.689 2.878 3.197 3.922
19 2.205 2.346 2.539' 2.674 2.861 3.174 3.883
20 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.661 2:845 3.153 3.850
21 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.649 2.831 . 3.135 3.819
22 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.639 2.819 3.119 3.792
23 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.629 2.807 3.104 3.768
24 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.620 2.797 3.091 3.745
25 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.612 2.787 3.078 3.725
26 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.605 2.779 3.067 3.707
27 . 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.598 2.771 , 3.057 3..689
28 '2.154 2.286 2.467 . 2.592 2.763 3.047 -
3.674
29 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.586 2.756 3.038 3.660
30 . 2..147- 2.278 2.457 2.581 2.750 3.030 3.646
40 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.542 2.704 2.971 3.551
60 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.504 2.660 2.915 .3.460
120 2.076 2.196 2.~58 2.468 2.617 2.860 3.373
00 2.054 2.17.0 2.326 2.432 2.576 2.807 3.290