Lecture 5-2

Computer Programming-2
Lecture 5
Dr.Sara A.shehab
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
1
Objects and Classes
2
OO Programming Concepts
✓ Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves
programming using objects.
✓ An object represents an entity in the real world
that can be distinctly identified.
✓ For example, a student, a desk, a circle, a button,
and even a loan can all be viewed as objects.
✓ An object has a unique identity, state, and
behaviors.
3
OO Programming Concepts (Cont..)
✓ The state of an object consists of a set of data

fields (also known as properties) with their
current values.
✓ The behavior of an object is defined by a set of

methods.
Objects
Class Name: Circle A class template
Data Fields:
radius is _______
Methods:
getArea
Circle Object 1 Circle Object 2 Circle Object 3 Three objects of

the Circle class
Data Fields: Data Fields: Data Fields:
radius is 10 radius is 25 radius is 125
✓ An object has both a state and behavior.

✓ The state defines the object, and the behavior
defines what the object does.
5
Classes
✓ Classes are constructs that define objects of the
same type.
✓ A Java class uses variables to define data fields
and methods to define behaviors.
✓ Additionally, a class provides a special type of
methods, known as constructors, which are
invoked to construct objects from the class.
6
Classes
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field
/** Construct a circle object */

Circle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}
/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}
7
UML Class Diagram
UML Class Diagram Circle Class name
radius: double Data fields
Circle() Constructors and

Circle(newRadius: double) methods
getArea(): double
circle2: Circle circle3: Circle UML notation

circle1: Circle
for objects
radius = 1.0 radius = 25 radius = 125
8
Example: Defining Classes and
Creating Objects
Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

accessing data, and using methods.
TestCircle1 Run
9
Example: Defining Classes and
Creating Objects
Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

accessing data, and using methods.
TV
TestTV Run
10
Constructors
Circle() { Constructors are a special

} kind of methods that are
invoked to construct objects.
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}
11
Constructors, cont.
✓ A constructor with no parameters is referred to
as a no-arg constructor.
✓ Constructors must have the same name as the
class itself.
✓ Constructors do not have a return type—not
even void.
✓ Constructors are invoked using the new
operator when an object is created. Constructors
play the role of initializing objects.
12
Creating Objects Using Constructors
new ClassName();
Example:
new Circle();
new Circle(5.0);
13
Default Constructor
✓ A class may be declared without constructors.
✓ In this case, a no-arg constructor with an empty
body is implicitly declared in the class.
✓ This constructor, called a default constructor, is
provided automatically only if no constructors
are explicitly declared in the class.
14
Declaring Object Reference Variables
✓ To reference an object, assign the object to a
reference variable.
✓ To declare a reference variable, use the syntax:
ClassName objectRefVar;
✓ Example:
Circle myCircle;
15
Declaring/Creating Objects
in a Single Step
ClassName objectRefVar = new ClassName();
Assign object reference Create an object

Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();
16
Accessing Objects
✓ Referencing the object’s data:
objectRefVar.data
e.g., myCircle.radius
✓ Invoking the object’s method:

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments)
e.g., myCircle.getArea()
17
animation
Trace Code
Declare myCircle
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
SCircle yourCircle = new Circle();
yourCircle.radius = 100;
18
animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();
yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle
radius: 5.0
Create a circle
19
animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle reference value
yourCircle.radius = 100; Assign object reference : Circle

to myCircle
radius: 5.0
20
animation
Trace Code, cont.

radius: 5.0
yourCircle no value
Declare yourCircle
21
animation
Trace Code, cont.

radius: 5.0
yourCircle no value
: Circle
Create a new radius: 0.0
Circle object
22
animation
Trace Code, cont.

radius: 5.0
yourCircle reference value
Assign object reference

to yourCircle : Circle
radius: 1.0
23
animation
Trace Code, cont.

radius: 5.0
yourCircle reference value
: Circle
Change radius in radius: 100.0
yourCircle
24
Caution
Recall that you use
Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5)) to invoke a
method in the Math class.
Can you invoke getArea() using Circle1.getArea()? The answer is no.

All the methods used before this chapter are static methods, which are
defined using the static keyword.
However, getArea() is non-static. It must be invoked from an object
using
objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) (e.g., myCircle.getArea()).

More explanations will be given in the section on “Static Variables,
Constants, and Methods.”
25
Reference Data Fields
✓ The data fields can be of reference types.
✓ For example, the following Student class contains a
data field name of the String type.
public class Student {
String name; // name has default value null
int age; // age has default value 0
boolean isScienceMajor; // isScienceMajor has default value false
char gender; // c has default value '\u0000'
}
26
The null Value
If a data field of a reference type does not
reference any object, the data field holds a
special literal value, null.
27
Default Value for a Data Field
✓ The default value of a data field is null for a
reference type, 0 for a numeric type, false for a
Boolean type, and '\u0000' for a char type.
✓ However, Java assigns no default value to a local
variable inside a method.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student();
System.out.println("name? " + student.name);
System.out.println("age? " + student.age);
System.out.println("isScienceMajor? " + student.isScienceMajor);
System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender);
}
}
28
Example
Java assigns no default value to a local variable
inside a method.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
}
}
Compilation error: variables not

initialized
29
Differences between Variables of
Primitive Data Types and Object Types
Created using new Circle()
Primitive type int i = 1 i 1
Object type Circle c c reference c: Circle
radius = 1
30
Copying Variables of Primitive
Data Types and Object Types
Primitive type assignment i = j
Before: After:
i 1 i 2
j 2 j 2
Object type assignment c1 = c2
Before: After:
c1 c1
c2 c2
c1: Circle C2: Circle c1: Circle C2: Circle

radius = 5 radius = 9 radius = 5 radius = 9
31
Garbage Collection
✓ As shown in the previous figure, after the
assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to
the same object referenced by c2.
✓ The object previously referenced by c1 is no
longer referenced. This object is known as
garbage.
✓ Garbage is automatically collected by JVM.
32
Garbage Collection, cont
✓ TIP: If you know that an object is no longer
needed, you can explicitly assign null to a
reference variable for the object.
✓ The JVM will automatically collect the space
if the object is not referenced by any variable.
33

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Computer Programming-2

✓ The state of an object consists of a set of data

✓ The behavior of an object is defined by a set of

Circle Object 1 Circle Object 2 Circle Object 3 Three objects of

✓ An object has both a state and behavior.

/** Construct a circle object */

/** Return the area of this circle */

radius: double Data fields

Circle() Constructors and

circle2: Circle circle3: Circle UML notation

Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

Circle() { Constructors are a special

✓ To declare a reference variable, use the syntax:

Assign object reference Create an object

✓ Invoking the object’s method:

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

yourCircle.radius = 100; Assign object reference : Circle

Trace Code, cont.

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

Trace Code, cont.

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

Trace Code, cont.

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

yourCircle reference value

Assign object reference

Trace Code, cont.

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

yourCircle reference value

Can you invoke getArea() using Circle1.getArea()? The answer is no.

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) (e.g., myCircle.getArea()).

Compilation error: variables not

Object type Circle c c reference c: Circle

Object type assignment c1 = c2

c1: Circle C2: Circle c1: Circle C2: Circle

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