Classes
Classes
Classes
with Java
Classes
l OO Programming Concepts
l Creating Objects and Object Reference Variables
¡Differences between primitive data type and object type
¡Automatic garbage collection
l Constructors
l Modifiers (public, private and static)
l Instance and Class Variables and Methods
l Scope of Variables
l Use the this Keyword
l Case Studies (Mortgage class and Count class)
OO Programming Concepts
Data Field
data field 1
radius = 5
... State
Method
data field n findArea
method 1
... Behavior
method n
Class and Objects
double findArea()
{
return radius*radius*3.14159;
}
}
Declaring Object Reference Variables
ClassName objectName;
Example:
Circle myCircle;
Creating Objects
objectName = new ClassName();
Example:
myCircle = new Circle();
Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();
Differences between variables of
primitive Data types and object types
c: Circle
Created using
new Circle() radius = 1
Copying Variables of Primitive Data
Types and Object Types
i 1 i 2 c1 c1
j 2 j 2 c2 c2
radius = 5 radius = 9
Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous
figure, after the assignment
statement c1 = c2, c1 points
to the same object referenced
by c2. The object previously
referenced by c1 is no longer
useful. This object is known
as garbage. Garbage is
automatically collected by
JVM.
Garbage Collection, cont
TIP: If you know that an
object is no longer needed,
you can explicitly assign null
to a reference variable for
the object. The Java VM will
automatically collect the
space if the object is not
referenced by any variable.
Accessing Objects
lReferencing the object’s data:
objectName.data
myCircle.radius
TestCircle Run
Constructors
Circle(double r)
{
radius = r; Constructors are a
}
special kind of
Circle() methods that are
{ invoked to construct
radius = 1.0; objects.
}
TestCircleWithConstructors Run
Visibility Modifiers and
Accessor Methods
By default, the class, variable, or data can be
accessed by any class in the same package.
l public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in
any package.
l private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the
declaring class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify
private properties.
Example 6.3
Using the private Modifier and
Accessor Methods
In this example, private data are used for the radius and the
accessor methods getRadius and setRadius are provided
for the clients to retrieve and modify the radius.
TestCircleWithAccessors Run
Passing Objects to Methods
TestPassingObject Run
Instance
Variables, and Methods
circle1:Circle 1 radius
instantiate -radius = 1
radius is an instance CircleWithStaticVariable -numOfObjects = 2
variable, and
numOfObjects is a -radius
class variable -numOfObjects
2 numOfObjects
+getRadius(): double instantiate
+setRadius(radius: double): void circle2:Circle
+getNumOfObjects(): int
+findArea(): double
-radius = 5 5 radius
-numOfObjects = 2
Example 6.5
Using Instance and Class Variables
and Method
… Circle object 1
TotalArea Run
Class Abstraction
Class abstraction means to separate
class implementation from the use of the
class. The creator of the class provides a
description of the class and let the user
know how the class can be used. The user
of the class does not need to know how the
class is implemented. The detail of
implementation is encapsulated and hidden
from the user.
Example 6.7 The Mortgage Class
Mortgage
-annualInterestRate: double
-numOfYears: int
-loanAmount: double
Mortgage
+Mortgage()
+Mortgage(annualInterestRate: double,
numOfYears: int, loanAmount: double)
+getAnnualInterestRate(): double TestMortgageClass
+getNumOfYears(): int
+getLoanAmount(): double
+setAnnualInterestRate(annualInteresteRate: double): void
+setNumOfYears(numOfYears: int): void Run
+setLoanAmount(loanAmount: double): void
+monthlyPayment(): double
+totalPayment(): double
Example 6.8 The Count Class
Count
-count: int
-numOfCounts: int
+Count() Count
+getCount(): int
+setCount(count: int): void
+getNumOfCounts(): int
+clear(): void
TestCount
+increment(): void
+decrement(): void Run
Java API and Core Java classes
l java.lang
Contains core Java classes, such as numeric
classes, strings, and objects. This package is
implicitly imported to every Java program.
l java.awt
Contains classes for graphics.
l java.applet
Contains classes for supporting applets.
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.
l java.io
Contains classes for input and output
streams and files.
l java.util
Contains many utilities, such as date.
l java.net
Contains classes for supporting
network communications.
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.
l java.awt.image
Contains classes for managing bitmap images.
l java.awt.peer
Platform-specific GUI implementation.
l Others:
java.sql
java.rmi