Digestive System
Digestive System
Digestive System
Chapter 16
The Digestive System
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The functions of the digestive system include the following:
•Ingestion of food
•Digestion of food
•Absorption of nutrients
•Elimination of body wastes
•First part of the digestive tract. It is bounded by the lip and cheek
muscle. It also contains the teeth and the tongue.
•Lips and Cheeks – Mastication
•Mastication – chewing; begins the process of mechanical
digestion
•Frenulum
•The tongue moves food in the mouth. For Deglutition, major
sensory organ for taste and one of the major organs of speech.
Fig. 16.4
Fig. 16.5
Fig. 16.6
Palate and Tonsils
The palate is the roof of the oral cavity. It prevents the food from
passing into the nasal cavity during mastication and deglutition.
Hard Palate and Soft Palate
Uvula
Tonsils (lateral posterior walls)
Salivary Glands
Produces saliva; mixture of serous and mucous fluids
Saliva – helps keep the oral cavity moist and contains
enzyme that begins the process of chemical digestion
Parotid Gland – serous gland (watery)
Submandibular Gland – more serous than mucous secretions
Sublingual Gland – mucous secretions (sticky)
Secretions of the Oral Cavity
Fluid or Enzyme Source Functions
Esophagus
It is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the
stomach.
Upper (Inferior Pharyngeal Sphincter) and Lower (Cardiac
Sphincter) Esophageal sphincter
Swallowing (Deglutition)
3 Phases: Voluntary Phase, Pharyngeal Phase and
Esophageal Phase
•Absorptive cells
•Goblet cells
•Granular cells
•Endocrines cells
Fig. 16.13
Fig. 16.14
Movement in the Small Intestine
Mixing and propulsion of chyme are the primary
events that occur in the small intestine.
Peristaltic contractions
Segmental contractions
Liver
It weighs about 1.36 kg and is located in right upper
quadrant of the abdomen, tucked against the inferior surface of
the diaphragm
Fig. 16.16bc
Fig. 16.17
Functions of the Liver
Function Explanation
Digestion Bile neutralizes stomach acid & emulsifies fats; fat digestion
Functions