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Study of Cell (Cytology)

1. Cell : Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

2. The word 'cell' was first coined by British scientist Robert Hook in the year 1665.

3. The smallest cell is Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

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4. The longest cell is Neuron.

5. The biggest cell is egg of Ostrich.

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6. Schilden and Schwan established cell theory in the year 1838-39.

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Main features of the cell theory :

1. All organism are composed of cell.

2. Body of every organism is made of cell. m

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3. Each cell arises from pre-existing cell.

4. Every organism starts its life from single cell.

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Cell is of two kinds

1. Prokaryotic cell : These are primitive cell having three basic structure of typical cell
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but lack nuclear membrane. Nuclear material is present in a region of cytoplasm called
nucleoid. Other membrane bound organelles are absent such as mitochondria, ribosome,
golgi bodies etc. Ex.-Virus, bacteria and cynobacteria are Prokaryotes.
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2. Eukaryotic cell : These are complete cell which contain membrane bound organelles
and nucleus. Unicellular and multicellular plant and animal have Eurkaryotic cell.
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Structure of typical cell : A cell have following structure.

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1. Cell wall : In plant cell there is a rigid cell wall which is non living and freely
permeable. It is made up of cellulose and chitin. It provide shape and rigidity to the cell.

2. Cell membrane : It is also known as plasma membrane which form the outer covering
of animal cell. In plant cell it is found within cell wall. It is thin, elastic, living, double
layer, permeable membrane. It is made up of phospholipid molecules.

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Function : It regulates movement of molecules inside and outside of the cell.

3. Protoplasm : The whole fluid present inside plasma-membrane is protoplasm. The

name protoplasm is given by Purkenje in 1839. Protoplasm is made up of various
chemical substances like water, ions, salt and organic molecule. It is the living part of
cell. Protoplasm is divided into two parts.

A. Cytoplasm : The fluid found outside the nuclear membrane.

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B. Nucleoplasm : The fluid found inside the nuclear membrane.

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4. Mitochondria : Discovered by Altman in the year 1886. These are cylindrical, rod
shaped or spherical structure found in cytoplasm. It is surrounded by double layered
membrane. Inner membrane has many fold called cristae. The fluid present inside
mitochondria is called matrix, which contain many enzyme and co-enzyme.

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Function : Mitochondria is the respiratory site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria
synthesize energy rich compound. ATP. It is also known as “Power Hosue” of the cell.
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5. Golgi bodies : Discovered by scientist Camilo Golgi. Golgi bodies are made up of
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group of tubes, vesicles and vacuoles. In plant it is more in number and here it is known
as dictyosomes.
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Function : It work as storage, processing and packaging of material. It also involved in

the synthesis of cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosomes.

6. Endoplasmic reticulum : Membranous network of tubules like structure found in

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cytoplasm is called endoplasmic reticulum. It is attached with the nucleus on one side and
on other side it is joined with plasma membrane.
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Function : Endoplasmic reticulum helps in the distribution of material. It forms

supporting framework of cell.
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7. Ribosome : Discovered by Palade. Small granules like structure found attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum or in free state. lt is made up of ribonucleic acid. (RNA)
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Function : Take part in protein synthesis.

8. Lysosome : Discovered by De Duve. These are sac like structure bounded by single
membrane and contain hydrolytic enzyme.

Function : It helps in intracellular digestion. The enzyme found in lysosome may digest
the entire cell. So it is also known as suicidal bag.

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9. Centrosome : Discovered by Boveri. It is only found in animal cell taking part in cell
division. It is not bounded by membrane consist of two centriole.

Function : Help in the formation of spindle fibre during cell division.

10. Plastid : Only found in plant cell. It is of three type : (a) Chloroplast (b) Chromoplast
(c) Leucoplast.

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(a)Chloroplasts : These are green pigment found in green plant involve in
photosynthesis. So, it is known as 'Kitchen of the cell'. Chloroplast is bounded by two

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unit membrane having grana and stroma. Grana are membrane bounded sac like structure
found in stacks containing chlorophyll molecule. Stroma is the matrix present inside the
chloroplast which contain photosynthetic enzymes and starch grain. Granum is the site of
light reaction during photosynthesis while stroma is the site of dark reaction.

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Function : Chloroplast provides green colour to plant & take part in photosynthesis.

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(b) Chromoplast provides various colours to the plant.
(c) Leucoplast is colourless. It stores the food in the form of starch, fat & protein.
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11. Vacoule : These are fluid filled single membrane bounded, dead organelles of cell. In
plant cell it is larger in size but in animal it is smaller in size.
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Function : It helps in osmoregulation. It stores toxic metabolic waste.

12. Nucleus : The nucleus is a spherical, centrally located is a major structure found in
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the cell. In plant cell it is shifted towards periphery. It is bounded by double layered
nuclear membrane having pore. Within nucleoplasm nucleolus and chromatin material is
present. Nucleolus is rich in protein and RNA. Chromatin material is thin thread like
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structure forming network. This is made up of genetic substance DNA (deoxyribo nucleic
acid) and histone protein. During cell division chromatin breaks into pieces and forms
chromosome.
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Function : It controls all the activity of cells. So it is also known as “control room” of
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cell. Chromatin transmits hereditary characters from parents to their offspring.

Chromosome

1. Chromosome is thread like structure found in the nucleus. It becomes visible during
cell division. Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids joined together at a point
centromere. Bead like structure found on chromosome is called gene. Genes are made up
of DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) which is the carrier of genetic information from

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generation to generation. In some viruses RNA is the genetic material called rietrovirus.
In prokaryotes there is only one chromosome, like bacteria and viruses.

2. Eukaryotic cell posses many chromosome. A particular kind of species have definite
number of chromosome in their cell, which are in pair known as diploid. The set of
impaired chromosome is called haploid. Gametes have haploid set of chromosome.

Nucleic Acid : Nucleic acid is complex organic compound found in cell. It contains

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special genetic instruction in coded form. Nucleic acids are of two kinds.

A. Deoxyribo nucleic Acid (DNA) : Frederic Meischer was the first who isolated DNA

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from the nucleus of pus cells. DNA is a macromolecule in which large number of
nucleotides are present. Chemically a nucleotide has three components. (1) Nitrogen base
(2) Sugar (3) Phosphate group.
---> Nitrogen base are of two type—Purines & Pyrimidines. Purines contain two nitrogen

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base—Adinine and Guanine. Pyrimidine nitrogen base are Thymine and Cytosine. Thus
there are four kinds of nucleotides present in DNA.
Watson and Crick give the structural model of DNA —
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1. DNA molecule is consists of two polynucleotide strand, forming a double helix. Each
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strand has a backbone of sugar and phosphate. Nitrogen base is attached to the sugar.

2. Nitrogenous base of the two strands of a double helix form a pair with the help of
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hydrogen bonds. Adenine pairs with thymine where as guanine pairs with cytosine.
Adenine and thymine are complementary to each other and cytosine is complementary to
guanine. Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous base holds the two strands together.
This structure can be compared with the steps of spiral staircase.
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Function : 1. It contain genetic information in coded form.

2. DNA synthesise RNA.
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Note : DNA is mainly found in nucleus. In small amount it is also found in mitochondria
and chloroplast.
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Gene : Gene is hereditary unit which is made by a segment of DNA found on the
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chromosome.

B. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) : RNA is single stranded nucleic acid made up of

phosphate, ribose sugar and nitrogen base uracil, adinine, guanine and cytosine. It is
found in nucleus as well as cytoplasm.

RNA is of three kind.

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1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) : It brings the massage from DNA found in the nucleus to
cytoplasm in the coded form.

2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : Present in ribosome which is the site of protein synthesis.

3. Transfer RNA (t RNA) : It is the carrier of amino acid and transfer it to the ribosome.

Function : Synthesis of protein.

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Difference between RNA and DNA

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---> Cell cycle : It is the sequence of events in which cell duplicates its genetic material,
synthesise the other constituents of cell and ultimately divide into two daughter cell.

---> Cell Division : The process in which cell increase in their number is cell division. It

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is needed for growth, development and repair of body. There are mainly two kind of cell
division.

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A. Mitosis : Mitosis cell division occur in somatic cell which take part in growth, repair
and development. In unicellular organism asexual reproduction takes place by this type of
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cell division.

---> Significance of Mitosis : 1. After Mitosis cell division one cell divided into two
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daughter cell in which number of chromosome is equal to the parent cell.

2. Uncontrolled Mitosis may cause tumor or cancerous growth.

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B. Meiosis : 1. Meiosis cell division occur in reproductive cell. This type of division
takes place during the formation of haploid gamete. i.e. ova & sperm.
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2. It is also known as reduction division during which each daughter cell have haploid
number of chromosome.
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3. Four daughter cells are produced from one meiotic cell division.
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Terms related to Cytology :

1. Karyokinesis : Division of nucleus during cell division called Karyokinesis.

2. Cytokinesis : Division of cytoplasm called cytokinesis.

3. Diploid : Two complete set of chromosome is called diploid, found in somatic cell.

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4. Haploid : Single set of chromosome in cell is called haploid found in gametes.

5. Crossing over : Exchange of genetic material between two non sister chromatids
takes place during meiosis cell division is called crossing over.

6. Homologous chromosome : A pair of chromosome having same size and shape

bearing corresponding gene.

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7. Phenotype : The character of organism which can be seen directly.

8. Genotype : Genetic constitution of organism is called genotype.

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9. Tonoplast : The membrane surrounding the vacuole.

10. Unit membrane : The basic trilamilar structure of cell membrane.

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 JK Chrome
jk chrome
JK Chrome I Employment Portal Contains ads

4 7 MB Rared for 3+ (l)

Install

·-. ,.. .

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About this app ➔
JK Chrome updates it's users with latest news &
job updates from J&K.

News & Magazines

Rate this app

Tell othe,s wha1 you think

JOBS

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JKChrome

jk chrome
Contains ads

www.jkchrome.com I Email : [email protected]