Unit V- FHP Motors

1. Resistance Split Phase Induction Motor

The Split Phase Motor is also known as a Resistance Start Motor. It
has a single cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main
winding and starting winding. Both the windings are displaced 90
degrees in space. The main winding has very low resistance and a high
inductive reactance whereas the starting winding has high resistance and
low inductive reactance. The connection diagram of the motor is shown
below:

Working:
A resistor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. The current
in the two windings is not equal as a result; the rotating field is not
uniform. Hence, the starting torque is small, of the order of 1.5 to 2 times
the stated running torque. At the starting of the motor both the windings
are connected in parallel.

As soon as the motor reaches the speed of about 70 to 80 % of the

synchronous speed the starting winding is disconnected automatically
from the supply mains. If the motors are rated about 100 Watt or more, a
centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the starting winding and for the
smaller rating motors relay is used for the disconnecting of the winding.

The current in the main winding (IM) lags behind the supply voltage V
almost by the 90-degree angle. The current in the auxiliary winding I A is
approximately in phase with the line voltage. Thus, there exists a time
difference between the currents of the two windings. The time phase
difference ϕ is not 90 degrees, but of the order of 30 degrees. This phase
difference is enough to produce a rotating magnetic field.
Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor
This type of motor is cheap and is suitable for easily starting loads where
the frequency of starting is limited. This type of motor is not used for
drives that require more than 1 KW because of the low starting torque.
The various applications are as follows:

 Used in the washing machine, and air conditioning fans.

 The motors are used in mixer grinders, floor polishers.
 Blowers, Centrifugal pumps.
 Drilling and lathe machine.

2. Capacitor start induction motor

Capacitor Start Motors are single-phase Induction Motors that employ
a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a greater phase
difference between the current in the main and the auxiliary windings.
The name capacitor starts itself shows that the motor uses a capacitor for
the purpose of starting. The figure below shows the connection diagram
of a Capacitor Start Motor.
The capacitor start motor has a cage rotor and has two windings on the
stator. They are known as the main winding and the auxiliary or the
starting winding. The two windings are placed 90 degrees apart. A
capacitor CS is connected in series with the starting winding. A
centrifugal switch SC is also connected to the circuit.
IM is the current in the main winding which is lagging the auxiliary
current IA by 90 degrees as shown in the phasor diagram above. Thus, a
single-phase supply current is split into two phases. The two windings
are displaced apart by 90 degrees electrical, and their MMF’s are equal
in magnitude but 90 degrees apart in the time phase.

The motor acts as a balanced two-phase motor. As the motor approaches

its rated speed, the auxiliary winding and the starting capacitor are
disconnected automatically by the centrifugal switch provided on the
shaft of the motor.
 Applications of the Capacitor Start Motor
The various applications of the motor are as follows:

 These motors are used for the loads of higher inertia where
frequent starting is required.
 Used in pumps and compressors
 Used in the refrigerator and air conditioner compressors.
 They are also used for conveyors and machine tools.
3. Capacitor start capacitor run motor

4. Permanent Capacitor Motor

The Permanent Split Capacitor motor also has a cage rotor and the two
windings named as main and auxiliary windings similar to that of
a Capacitor Start and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor. It has only
one capacitor connected in series with the starting winding. The capacitor
C is permanently connected in the circuit both at the starting and the
running conditions.
 It is also called a Single Value Capacitor Motor. As the capacitor is
always in the circuit and thus this type of motor does not contain any
starting switch. The auxiliary winding is always there in the circuit.
Therefore, the motor operates as the balanced two-phase motor. The
motor produces a uniform torque and has a noise-free operation.

The single value capacitor motor has the following advantages:

 No centrifugal switch is required.

 Efficiency is high.
 As the capacitor is connected permanently in the circuit, the power
factor is high.
 It has a higher pullout torque.
The limitations of the motor are as follows:

 The paper capacitor is used in the motor as an Electrolytic capacitor

cannot be used for continuous running. The cost of the paper capacitor
is higher, and the size is also large as compared to the electrolytic
capacitor of the same ratings.
 It has low starting torque, less than full load torque.
The various applications of the split motor are as follows:

 Used in fans and blowers in heaters and air conditioners.

 Used in refrigerator compressors.
 Used in office machinery.
5. Shaded Pole Induction Motor
The shaded pole induction motor is simply a self-starting single-phase
induction motor whose one of the poles is shaded by the copper ring. The
copper ring is also called the shaded ring. This copper ring acts as a
secondary winding for the motor. The shaded pole motor rotates only in
one particular direction, and the reverse movement of the motor is not
possible.

When the supply is connected to the windings of the rotor, the alternating
flux induces in the core of the rotor. The small portion of the flux link
with the shaded coil of the motor because it is short-circuited. The
variation in the flux induces the voltage inside the ring because of which
the circulating current induces in it.

The circulating current develops the flux in the ring which opposes the
main flux of the motor. The flux induces in the shaded portion of the
motor, i.e., a, and the unshaded portion of the motor, i.e., b have a phase
difference. The main motor flux and the shaded ring flux are also having a
space displacement by an angle of 90°.

As there is time and space displacement between the two fluxes, the
rotating magnetic field induces in the coil. The rotating magnetic field
develops the starting torque in the motor. The field rotates from the
unshaded portion to the shaded portion of the motor.

Applications of the Shaded Pole Induction Motor

 They are suitable for small devices like relays and fans because of
their low cost and easy starting.
 Used in exhaust fans, hairdryers, and also table fans.
  Used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and cooling fans.
 Record players, tape recorders, projectors, photocopying machines.
 Used for starting electronic clocks and single-phase synchronous
timing motors.
6. Universal Motor

Working of universal motor:

A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply. When
the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series
motor. When current flows in the field winding, it produces an
electromagnetic field. The same current also flows from the armature
conductors. When a current carrying conductor is placed in an
electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. Due to this
mechanical force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction of this
force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.
When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque.
Because, armature winding and field winding are connected in series,
they are in same phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes periodically,
the direction of current in armature and field winding reverses at the
same time. Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of
armature current reverses in such a way that the direction of force
experienced by armature conductors remains same. Thus, regardless of
AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the same principle that DC
series motor works.
Reversal of Rotation:

The direction of rotation of a universal motor can be changed by either:

(i) Reversing the field connection with respect to those of armature; or
(ii) By using two field windings woundon the core in opposite directions
so that the one connected in series with armature gives clockwise
rotation, while the other in series with the armature gives
counterclockwise rotation. The second method, i.e., the two-field method
is used in applications such as motor operated rheostats and servo
systems. This method has somewhat simpler connections than the first
method.

Application of Universal Motor:

1) Mixer
2) Food processor
3) Heavy duty machine tools
4) Grinder
5) Vacuum cleaners
6) Refrigerators
7) Driving sewing machines
8) Electric Shavers
9) Hair dryers
10) Small Fans
11) Cloth washing machine
12) portable tools like blowers, drilling machine, polishers etc.
7. Universal Motor
Working Principle of stepper Motor-
A stepper motor rotates through a fixed angular step in response to each
input current pulse received by its controller.
Types of Stepper Motor: - 1) Variable Reluctance Motor 2) Permanent
Magnet Motor
1. Variable Reluctance Motor

Working: - When Phase A is excited rotor attempts minimum

reluctance between stator and rotor and is subjected to an
electromagnetic torque and there by rotor rotates until its axis
coincides with the axis of phase A. Then phase ‘B’ is excited
disconnecting supply of phase ‘A’ then rotor will move 30
anticlockwise directions. The Same process is repeated for phase ‘C’
In this way chain of signals can be passed to get one revolution and
direction can be also changed.

2. Permanent magnet Motor

Working: - If the phase is excited in ABCD, due to electromagnetic

torque is developed by interaction between the magnetic field set up
by exciting winding and permanent magnet. Rotor will be driven in
clockwise direction.
Applications of stepper motor:
1.Suitable for use with computer controlled system
2. Widely used in numerical control of machine tools.
3. Tape drives
4. Floppy disc drives
5. Computer printers
6. X-Y plotters
7. Robotics
8. Textile industries
9. Integrated circuit fabrication
10. Electric watches
11. In space craft's launched for scientific explorations of planets.
12 Automotive
13. Food processing
14. Packaging