Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar

General
Chemistry
(Organic)

Mark Angelo P. Aquino

BSCRIM-2A

Gerobel R. Valenzuela
Subject Teacher
 MODULE ASSESSMENT
ALCOHOL
1. What is Alcohol?
Anchored from the module, stated that Alcohols are one of the most
important molecules in Organic Chemistry. They can be prepared from many
different types of compounds, and they can be converted into many different
types of compounds. Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxyl
functional group (-OH) that is bonded to the carbon atom of an alkyl or
substituted alkyl. Alcohols also are those organic compounds that are
characterized by the presence of one, two, or more hydroxyl groups
(−OH) that are attached to the carbon atom in an alkyl group or hydrocarbon
chain.
2. Give the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol.
 Moored in the module, the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol
are the following:
 Color - Colorless
 Odor - They have a faint odor (alcoholic odor) except glycerol
which is odorless.
 Solubility - Completely miscible with water.
 Flammability - Flammable with blue, non-smoky flame.
 State - Liquid except for glycerol which is a viscous liquid.
 Acid-base Properties - Neutral
 Boiling Point of Alcohol (ethanol) - 78.37oc(ethanol)

3. Draw the process of fermentation and distillation. Give an example.

FERMENTATION

EXAMPLE: Ginger Beer

 DISTILLATION

EXAMPLE: Tequila

4. Differentiate proof and Alcohol percent. Give an example.

According to the module, alcohol proof is twice the volume percentage

of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the
ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage. It is also
a measure of how much ethanol (alcohol) is present in an alcoholic beverage.
Aside from that, the concept of alcohol proof is still a useful way to describe
the strength of alcoholic beverages. Proof can be used to help you make
informed decisions about how much alcohol to consume. The proof of the
liquor is exactly double that of the alcohol percentage. For example, if you
know that a particular liquor such as vodka is 80-proof, you can be sure that it
contains equal to 40% alcohol. This knowledge can help you pace yourself
and avoid becoming intoxicated more quickly than you intended.
 However, alcohol percent is denoted as the volume of pure alcohol in a
given alcoholic beverage or the degree to which a drink is an ethanol versus
water. Wherein it suggests that the higher the ethanol the higher the alcohol
by volume. In addition, it is also referring to the percentage of a drink that is
pure alcohol which helps to state the alcohol strength of a beverage and it
indicates how a drink will taste. For example, the liquor beer consists of 18
proofs and applying the alcohol percentage is equivalent to 8%.

5. How can you assess if the person is alcohol intoxicated? (In vehicular
accident settings and/or Emergency settings)

Concerning this situation, there are different ways how to assess if a

person is an alcohol intoxicated in which if a certain individual is under the
influence of alcohol we can evaluate their level of intoxication utilizing an
objective indicator such as a blood test or breathalyzer because some of the
highly tolerant individuals may be intoxicated without showing any of the signs
and symptoms of a person under the influence of alcohol. Meanwhile, there is
also another way of assessing if the person is alcohol intoxicated if there are
unprecedented occurrences such as vehicular accident settings and/or
emergency settings some of these are if the certain person has exaggerated
emotions, slurred speech, amnesia, and a lack of coordination.

6. What are Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) Test, Phosphatidyl ethanol (Peth)
Test, and Breath Alcohol Test? What is their purpose? What is the
sample required? What does the result mean?

Moored in the Grade 8-Health Book, Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) is also
known as Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), defined as the amount of
alcohol that entered the bloodstream at a certain period or the amount of
alcohol present in our blood as we drink a certain liquor. Wherein the
purposes of these are for legal evidence such as if you’ve been “driving while
drunk” that cause a motor vehicle accident, testing for alcohol poisoning, and
monitoring treatment for alcohol use disorder. When you drink a beverage that
contains alcohol, your stomach, and small intestines rapidly absorb the
alcohol and enter it into your bloodstream that is why this test required blood
as the sample to undergo the test. Whereas, the result mean that .02%
to .04% is light-headed, .05% to .70% is buzzed, .08% to .10% is legally
impaired, .11% to .15% is drunk, .16% to 19% is very drunk, .20% to .24% is
dazed and confused, .25% to .30% is stupor, and .31% to and up is coma.
On the other hand, the Phosphatidyl ethanol (Peth) Test is a highly
specific and modern alcohol testing method for proof of consumption within
the previous four weeks. This is utilized to differentiate social drinking from
alcohol abuse as well as this test provides the best view into past alcohol use
and can determine alcohol use patterns over several weeks. The sample
required for Peth is a blood biomarker as a clinical tool to identify past alcohol
consumption wherein the result in the Peth are evaluated in three levels: <20
ng/ml is light or no consumption, 20-200 ng.ml is significant consumption, and
>200ng/ml is heavy consumption.
 Lastly, Breath Alcohol Test is commonly called a breathalyzer which
measures blood alcohol content. This is often used by law enforcement to
determine whether you’ve been drinking and driving. In addition, the sample
required in this kind of test is the breath of the person suspected under the
control of alcohol. In which the result means that .02 there is some loss of
judgment, relaxation, and mood changes; .05% lowered inhibitions,
exaggerated behavior, trouble steering the wheel and lowered emergency
response; .08% impaired muscle coordination, focus, and judgment; and .10%
there is the noticeable deterioration of reaction time and control, and slurred
speech.

7. Complete the table below.

a. Effect of Alcohol on the different Organ/Organ Systems

Effects of Alcohol
Liver Excessive alcohol consumption can significantly affect the
liver and contribute to three types of liver disease:
 Excessive buildup of fat in the liver, also known as
fatty liver or hepatic steatosis
 Inflammation of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis
 Replacement of normal liver tissue by scared tissue
or alcohol-related cirrhosis

Central Nervous Some conditions which affect the central nervous system
System and can develop with prolonged alcohol abuse include:
 Dementia
 permanent damage to the brain’s nerve-signal
pathways
 psychosis
 depression and anxiety
 Nerve damage throughout the PNS results in
tingling, burning, pain, numbness, and bowel and
bladder problems.
 The breakdown of muscles causes tenderness and
swelling. The heart muscle is also weakened.
 Brain damage leads to memory loss and Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome. WKS causes abnormal eye
movements and double vision. It also causes
confusion and a serious type of amnesia that
prevents the formation of new memories.
 Fetal alcohol syndrome – women who drink heavily
while pregnant harm the nervous systems of their
fetuses which can cause life-long challenges for the
child.
Digestive System Alcohol abuse can cause havoc in every organ of the
digestive system. Some of the most common problems
include:

 Alcohol increases the risk that people will develop

 mouth cancer. It also causes some people to
develop gum disease.


Heartburn is frequently caused by excessive alcohol
intake. It does this by relaxing the sphincter that is
there to control the acidic contents of the stomach
from passing into the esophagus. If this fluid makes it
past the sphincter it can be highly irritating to the
esophagus, and this is what causes heartburn.
 Alcohol abuse can damage the lining of the stomach.
This can lead to problems including inflammation of
the stomach – gastritis.
 Alcohol may increase the risk of people developing
stomach cancer, but there is no conclusive proof of
this.
 Alcohol abuse can increase the risk of people
developing small intestine cancers.
 It can cause malabsorption so that the individual is
not absorbing all the nutrients from the food they
need.
 It may cause leaky gut syndrome where unwanted
toxins can leak through the intestine into the rest of
the body. These toxins then cause problems and
lead to ill health.
 It can exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome.
 Alcohol can cause both diarrhea and constipation
 Excessive alcohol intake can lead to inflammation of
the pancreas. This is known as pancreatitis and it
can lead to life-threatening complications. It can also
interfere with the ability of digestive system to
function effectively.
Skeletal and Some of the possible effects of alcohol on muscles include:
Muscle System  Alcohol’s effects on the joints and muscles may
extend to arthritis for some people. Arthritis is the
result of inflamed joints and can make movement
painful. While moderate drinking has been found to
reduce the risk of developing arthritis, heavy drinking
can cause more inflammation that may agitate
rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
 A possible long-term effect of alcohol on the
muscular system is type II muscle fiber atrophy. Type
II muscle fibers are considered anaerobic fast-twitch
muscle fibers. They are used for faster reactions but
fatigue easily. Atrophy is the gradual decrease in
muscle mass and strength that can make
movements harder. In one study of chronic
alcoholics, 33% of them had type II muscle fiber
atrophy. This condition can lead to noticeably
impaired movements, especially after an extended
 time of alcohol abuse.
 Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscles.
Because of alcohol’s effects on muscle tissues, one
of the major causes of rhabdomyolysis is chronic
alcohol use. In one study, as many as 67% of
nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis cases involved
alcohol. Not only does it leave a person weak, but
this condition also includes the release of myoglobin,
a damaging protein, into the bloodstream that can
harm the kidneys. Early detection of rhabdomyolysis
can minimize the damage.
Immune System Side Effects Alcohol Has on Your Immune System:
 It can change your gut microbiota.
 Your likelihood of developing alcoholic liver disease
increases.
 It could make you susceptible to pneumonia.
 It could impair wound healing.
 Worsen your cold

Cardiovascular  The cardiovascular effects of alcohol like increased

System blood pressure, increased heart rate, abnormal heart
rhythm, and weakened heart muscle all contribute to
an increased clot risk. These risk factors can lead to
two kinds of events that encourage clot formation in
the veins: damage to the vessels and stagnant
blood.
 Data from numerous epidemiologic studies over the
last two decades have revealed complex
associations between alcohol use and cardiovascular
(CV) conditions such as hypertension (HTN),
coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral
arterial disease (PAD), and cardiomyopathy.
Psychological  Alcohol numbs your emotions making you feel
Effect excited and not very lonely. You are less irritated,
time passes by faster and you feel relieved. But this
is temporary. Once the alcohol wears off, the
problems come right back. In the long run, alcohol
may cause depression. For most people, depression
symptoms reduce once stop drinking. Depression
can be treated with therapy or medication.
 Psychological effects of alcohol also include
aggression. Normally, people develop inhibitions to
keep their behavior towards each other civilized.
However, these inhibitions are no longer present
when you are affected by alcohol. Indulging in
alcohol may lead to outbursts of aggression, which
helps to explain the connection between alcohol and
domestic violence.
 Self-harm and suicide are some of the psychological
effects of alcohol. People tend to lose their inhibitions
after taking alcohol leading to actions that could not
have happened if they remained sober. People could
harm themselves or even commit suicide.
 Psychosis can be caused by extreme drinking which
involves taking more than 30 units of alcohol a day
for several weeks. Psychosis is a severe mental
illness where one develops hallucinations and
delusions of persecution. Heavy drinkers who
suddenly stop drinking can develop psychotic
symptoms associated with a condition called delirium
tremens.
C.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA IUPAC NAME CLASSIFICATION OF
ALCOHOL (PRIMARY,
SECONDARY, AND
TERTIARY)
2 – methylpropane – 1 Primary
– ol

1-ethylethan – 2 – ol Secondary

Ethanol Primary

1,1 – dimethylethan – Tertiary

1 – ol

SOURCES:
 https://recoveringchampions.com/alcohol/affect-cns/
 https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-
health/effects-of-alcohol-on-your-health-and-liver
 https://alcoholrehab.com/alcoholism/effects/alcohol-effects-on-the-digestive-
system/
 https://chennailiverfoundation.org/liver/effects-of-alcohol-on-the-liver-2/
 The Effects of Alcohol on Muscles & Joints - Banyan Heartland (banyantreatmentcenter.com)
 MODULE ASSESSMENT
KETONES and ALDEHYDES
1. Compare and contrast aldehydes and ketones. Discuss their functional
group.
According to the module, the aldehyde has only carbon and hydrogen
atoms bonded to the carbonyl group and it has at least one H atom bonded to
the carbonyl group also. The chemical formula of aldehyde is R-CHO where
the carbon atom is double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to hydrogen
and R or an alkyl group. This organic compound is named by using the suffix
– al and it is more reactive than ketones. Aside from that, the aldehydes are
more natural to undergo oxidation because of their hydrogen atom in one of
its sides. The aldehydes form when the primary alcohol compounds are
oxidized and can be removed from the mixture via distillation before it forms
carboxylic acid. In addition, in the case of the aldehydes functional group, it is
all compounds with the formula R–CHO. Here, –CHO is the functional group
and R is either a hydrogen atom or a carbon chain. The functional group of
aldehydes is composed of a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a hydrogen atom.
The electrons of the carbonyl group are pulled closer to oxygen than carbon,
resulting in an electric dipole moment.
Meanwhile, ketones as defined in the reference it has two alkyl groups
bonded to the carbonyl group. Ketone also is a class of organic compounds
that are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (CO) as a
functional group and its nomenclature is named by using the suffix – one.
Apart from that, the ketones are less reactive to the oxidation process since it
lacks the Hydrogen atom, unlike the aldehydes. But once they're exposed to
overheating, they can be oxidized with powerful oxidizing agents. Ketones are
organic compounds having the carbonyl group C=0 and have alkyl groups on
both sides. They are represented in the form of R-(C=0)-R', where R and R'
are alkyl groups, present on the left and right sides of the compound. They
occur in the middle of a Carbon chain because of the presence of alkyl on
both ends. The IUPAC approves the naming of ketones with the suffix 'one'
like acetone, and pentanone, and can undergo reduction to yield respective
alcohols. They are generally used as industrial solvents across many
manufacturing processes.

2. Discuss the physical properties of ketones and aldehydes.

Physical properties are one of the characteristics that we can foresee
in any kind of organic compound. With this, the physical state of ketone and
aldehyde is that methanal is a pungent-smelling gas. Aldehydes and Ketones
contain up to eleven carbon atoms and are colorless liquids while higher
members are solids. On the other note, except for the lower carbon
aldehydes, which have unpleasant odors, all other aldehydes and ketones
 generally have a pleasant smell. As the size of the aldehyde and ketone
molecules increases, the odor becomes less pungent and more fragrant.
Many naturally occurring aldehydes and ketones have been used in the
blending of perfumes and flavoring agents. In the means of solubility,
the aldehydes and ketones with up to 4 carbon atoms are miscible in water
because of the presence of hydrogen bonding between the polar carbonyl
group and water molecules.
The solubility of aldehydes and ketones decreases by increasing the
length of the alkyl chain. All aldehydes and ketones are fairly soluble in
organic solvents and ketones are good solvents themselves. On the other
hand, the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than those of
non-polar compounds (hydrocarbons) or weakly polar compounds of
comparable molecular masses. However, their boiling point is lower than
those of corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids. This is because
aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds having sufficient intermolecular
(between the molecules) dipole-dipole interactions between the opposite ends
of carbonyl dipoles.

3. Discuss the Reactions of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols.

Aldehydes react with one molecule of monohydric alcohol in the
presence of dry hydrogen chloride to yield an alkoxy alcohol intermediate.
This intermediate is known as hemiacetals, which react with one more
alcohol molecule to give a gem-dialkoxy compound known as acetal.
However, ketones react with ethylene glycol in the presence of dry
hydrogen chloride to form cyclic products known as ethylene glycol ketals.
Dry hydrogen chloride protonates the oxygen of the carbonyl group, which
in turn increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon. This facilitates
the nucleophilic attack of ethylene glycol. Both acetals and ketals are
hydrolyzed with aqueous mineral acids to yield corresponding aldehydes
and ketones, respectively.