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MODULE 2: “ATOMS: INSIDE OUT”

I. Introduction

In module 1, you learned that matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see with
the unaided eye or even with the use of the ordinary light microscope. When the idea of the
atom was conceived by the ancient Greek philosophers, they thought the atom is indivisible,
that it has no parts.

Scientists have proven, however, that the atom is composed of even smaller particles. From
experiments conducted in the latter part of the 19th century to the early half of the 20th century,
scientists collected evidence that atoms are composed of three types of particles, namely, (1)
protons, (2) electrons and (3) neutrons.

II. Learning Competencies/Objectives:

In this module, the learner should be able to:

1. Identify and determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a particular
atom;
2. Determine how these components differ from each other;
3. Identify how these components are arranged inside an atom.

III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Scientists have conducted various experiments to be able to understand better the structure
and characteristics of the atom. Much of what people know about the atomic structure is the
result of investigations conducted by different scientists. In this module you will find out about
the investigation conducted by each of them that led to the discoveries of the subatomic
particles.

A. What are the Subatomic Particles?

ATOMS of which all objects are made are electrical in nature. Objects are electrically
neutral but they carry electrical charges.
ATOMS contain particles with charges.
 PROTON - carries a positive charge (+1)
 ELECTRON - carries a negative charge (-1)
 NEUTRON - does not carry any charge or neutral.

ATOM is composed of smaller particles namely: proton; electron and neutron. These
components of the atom are collectively referred to as the subatomic particles.

Neutron was detected 30 years after the electron and protons were discovered.
Compiled by: Johairia P. Makil – Ombao
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Activity 2
The Big Difference!

Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. Compare the masses of the subatomic particles using different ways of visual
representation
2. Infer which subatomic particle contributes to the mass of the atom

Materials Needed:
pencil/pen ; crayons or colored pencils , short bond paper

Procedure:
1. Refer to the masses of the subatomic particles in the table given below. Arrange the
subatomic particles in increasing mass. Answer the questions that follows.

Q1. Which subatomic particle is the lightest? _______________________


Q2. Which subatomic particle is the heaviest? ______________________
Q3. Which subatomic particles have almost the same mass? __________

2. Show a comparison of the masses of the three subatomic particles using a bar graph. Refer
to Figure 2, assuming that the first bar represents the mass of the proton; draw the bars to
represent the masses of the neutron and the electron. Take note that the masses are expressed
in the -28 exponent.

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3. This time, using a pie chart, show the proportion of the masses of the subatomic particles for
an atom composed of only 1 proton, 1 neutron and 1 electron.

4. A seesaw can show a comparison between two masses of an object. A seesaw goes up and
down depending on the mass it carries on each side.

Q4. How does the mass of the neutron compare with the mass of the proton? Using circles to
represent the particles show the comparison by drawing a seesaw with the particles on it.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q5. How many electrons should be placed on one side of the seesaw to balance it if the other
side has 1 proton on it, like the one shown below? Write the number on the space provided in
the illustration below.

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PROPERTIES OF THE THREE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass in grams Location in the
(symbol) Atom
Electrons (e-) -1 9. 109 x 10 -28 Outside the nucleus
Protons (p+) +1 1. 672 x 10 -24 Inside the nucleus
Neutrons (n˚) 0 1. 675 x 10 -24 Inside the nucleus

 Protons and Neutrons are collectively called nucleons.


 Nucleons are tightly packed forming the nucleus in the center of the atom.
 Electrons are very much lighter than the proton and neutron. Its mass is negligible.

The Subatomic Particles and Atomic Models

ELECTRONS
The following provided evidence for the properties and presence of electrons in an atom.

 Joseph John Thomson (19th Century)


- Investigated the nature of cathode rays using the cathode-ray tube.
- He was able to discover that atoms have negatively- charged particles, which he
called ELECTRONS.
- It led him to propose a new model for the atom which he called the PLUM PUDDING
MODEL.

Cathode-Ray Tube Plum Pudding Model

CATHODE-RAY TUBE

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- The positive electrode called anode and negative electrode called cathode are
terminals connected to a battery. By lining the screen with a fluorescent material or
materials that glows in the presence of electricity, a stream of radiation is produced.

PLUM PUDDING MODEL


- Thomson proposed that the negatively-charged electrons were embedded in a kind
of cloud or soup of positive charge.

- Ernest Rutherford
- He performed the alpha scattering experiment to determine the position of nucleus in
1910.
- They tested Thomson’s model by bombarding a very thin sheet of gold foil with
positively- charged alpha particles.

Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment Nuclear Model


ALPHA PARTICLE SCATERRING EXPERIMENT

- They observed that most of the alpha particles go through the gold foil undeflected,
but there were few particles that practically bounced back towards the source and
some were deflected at smaller angles.
- These lead to the nuclear model of atom.

NUCLEAR MODEL (Rutherford, 1911)


- All the positive charge and mass of the atoms were concentrated in a very thin
region of the atom called nucleus. The tiny electron with a very small mass move in
a large empty space through which the alpha particles could travel undeflected.

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

 Eugen Goldstein
- He proved the presence of positively charged particles called protons in 1886.

 James Chadwick
- He is a British physicist who tested the presence of neutral particles called neutrons in
1932.

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Planetary Model Electron Cloud Model

PLANETARY MODEL
- The electrons were thought to move in orbits around the nucleus.
- Proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913.

ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL


- The current and the modern model of atom.
- Proposed by Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenberg.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Since the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, the mass number designated
as A is equal to the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons.

MASS NUMBER (A)


 The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom.
Mass Number (A) = Number of protons (p+) + Number of neutrons (n˚)

*from this formula, we can get the number of neutrons:


Number of neutrons (n˚) = Mass Number (A) - Number of protons (p +)

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)


 The number of protons in an atom
Proton – identifies the atoms of an element.
- All atoms of an element have same number of proton in its nuclei. Therefore,
Atomic Number (Z) = Number of Protons (p+)

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Consider the given shorthand notation below. The Chemical Symbol of the element
Barium is given. The left superscript is the mass number, A. The left subscript is the atomic
number, Z.

Mass Number 137

Atomic Number
Ba Chemical Symbol
56

Henry G. Moseley- is an English chemist who determined the atomic numbers of different
elements.

Example: Complete the given table below. Fill in the correct answer.
Symbol Z A p+ n0
1. Ca
2. Cs
3. Co
4. Zn
5. He
6. Xe

Activity 3
What’s in a Number?

Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. Locate the atomic number in a periodic table,
2. Identify the subatomic particles associated with mass number,
3. Determine the number of neutrons from the mass number,
4. Define an isotope,
5. Interpret shorthand notations for isotopes and atoms,
6. Infer that ions are formed from the removal or addition of electron/s,
7. Evaluate the overall electrical charge of an atom, and
8. Make an inventory of subatomic particles of a given element.

Procedure:
1. Refer to the periodic table. Locate the atomic number, and answer the following
questions.

Q1. What is the element with an atomic number of 15?

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_____________________________________________
Q2. How many protons does the atom of this element have?
_____________________________________________
Q3. How many protons are there in an atom of aluminum?
_____________________________________________
Q4. Which element has the smallest number of protons in its atom?
_____________________________________________
2. Consider two isotopes of carbon, C-12 and C-13.
Q5. How many protons are there in the C-12 isotope? How about the number of neutrons?
_____________________________________________

Q6. How many protons are there in the C-13 isotope? How about the number of neutrons?
_____________________________________________

3. Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of a particular element. It is the average of the
mass numbers of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element multiplied with their
respective abundance. You will not compute for atomic mass. However, you have to
know, at least, where to find it in the periodic table.
.
Q7. What is the atomic mass of magnesium (Mg)? How about for potassium (K)?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4. The figure shows a shorthand notation. Consider the Lithium ion shown in the notation below.
Q8. How many protons are there in the lithium ion?
_____________________________________________
Q9. How many neutrons are there in this lithium ion?
_____________________________________________
Q10. How many electrons are there in the lithium ion?
_____________________________________________

5. Complete the table below.


Isotopes Element’s # of p+ # of e- # of n Charge
Name
B-6 Boron 5 1 0
N – 14 Nitrogen 7 0
Fluorine 9 10 -1
Neon 10 10
Mg – 24 12 10
Al – 27 +3
Si – 32 14
S – 32 0

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K - 35 +1

ISOTOPES
 Are atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in an
atom.
 The shorthand notation for isotopes includes the element’s symbol and mass number.

Chemical Symbol Ca - 40 Mass Number

Example: Find the number of protons and neutrons of the following isotopes:
a. Fe – 55; Fe – 47; Fe – 45 b. Ba – 137; Ba - 139

This figure is another shorthand notation. Information on the subatomic particles may be derived
from this.

The LEFT SUPERSCRIPT denotes 27 +3 The RIGHT SUBSCRIPT denotes


the MASS NUMBER, wherein the the CHARGE, wherein the number

Al
number of neutrons may be of electrons may be determined.
derived.

The LEFT SUBSCRIPT denotes the 13 Element’s Symbol


ATOMIC NUMBER, wherein the
number of protons may be
known.
IONS
 Are charged particles.
CATIONS – atoms that carries a positive charge, they tend to LOSS electrons.
ANIONS – atoms that carries a negative charge, they tend to GAIN electrons.

For example: Find the number of proton, electron, and neutron of the following elements.
A. 65 B.
80 +1
Zn Br
30 35

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C. 85 -3 D. 23 +1

Rb Na
37 11

IV. Assessment/ Assignment


Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
For nos. 1 to 8, choose from the following:

a. Neutron b. proton c. electron d. both a and b

1. It is neutral. 5. Basis for atoms individuality.


2. It is positively charged. 6. Found in the nucleus of an atom.
3. It is negatively charged. 7. Almost have the same mass.

4. Revolves around the nucleus. 8. Responsible for the mass of an atom.

Construct a concept map using the following terms and names of scientists to
summarize the important concept learned in this module.

Atom Electron Democritus


Anion Mass number John Dalton
Cation Atomic Number Eugen Goldstein
Proton Alpha Scattering James Chadwick
Isotope Cathode Ray tube Ernest Rutherford
Neutron Subatomic particles Joseph John Thomson
V. References and Links
Brady, J.E.,& Senese, F. (2004). Chemistry: Matter and its changes (4th ed.). River Street
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bucat, R.B. (Ed.). (1984). Elements of chemistry: Earth, air, fire and water, Vol. 2. Canberra
City, A.C.T., Australia.

Elvins, C., Jones, D., Lukins, N., Miskin, J., Ross, B., & Sanders, R. (1990). Chemistry one:
Materials, chemistry in everyday life. Port Melbourne, Australia: Heinemann Educational
Australia.

Hill, J.W. & Kolb, D.K. (1998). Chemistry for changing times (8th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.

Philippines. Department of Education. (2004).Chemistry: Science and technology textbook for


3rd year. (Revised ed.). Quezon City: Author.

Compiled by: Johairia P. Makil – Ombao


MSU –UTC
Silberberg, M.S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry. McGraw-Hill: New York

Mendoza, E. Religioso, T.You and the Natural World Chemistry (3rd Edition), Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.

Link
Interactive Simulations: http://phet.colorado.edu/

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