M2 ATOMS Newnew
M2 ATOMS Newnew
M2 ATOMS Newnew
I. Introduction
In module 1, you learned that matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see with
the unaided eye or even with the use of the ordinary light microscope. When the idea of the
atom was conceived by the ancient Greek philosophers, they thought the atom is indivisible,
that it has no parts.
Scientists have proven, however, that the atom is composed of even smaller particles. From
experiments conducted in the latter part of the 19th century to the early half of the 20th century,
scientists collected evidence that atoms are composed of three types of particles, namely, (1)
protons, (2) electrons and (3) neutrons.
1. Identify and determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a particular
atom;
2. Determine how these components differ from each other;
3. Identify how these components are arranged inside an atom.
Scientists have conducted various experiments to be able to understand better the structure
and characteristics of the atom. Much of what people know about the atomic structure is the
result of investigations conducted by different scientists. In this module you will find out about
the investigation conducted by each of them that led to the discoveries of the subatomic
particles.
ATOMS of which all objects are made are electrical in nature. Objects are electrically
neutral but they carry electrical charges.
ATOMS contain particles with charges.
PROTON - carries a positive charge (+1)
ELECTRON - carries a negative charge (-1)
NEUTRON - does not carry any charge or neutral.
ATOM is composed of smaller particles namely: proton; electron and neutron. These
components of the atom are collectively referred to as the subatomic particles.
Neutron was detected 30 years after the electron and protons were discovered.
Compiled by: Johairia P. Makil – Ombao
MSU –UTC
Activity 2
The Big Difference!
Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. Compare the masses of the subatomic particles using different ways of visual
representation
2. Infer which subatomic particle contributes to the mass of the atom
Materials Needed:
pencil/pen ; crayons or colored pencils , short bond paper
Procedure:
1. Refer to the masses of the subatomic particles in the table given below. Arrange the
subatomic particles in increasing mass. Answer the questions that follows.
2. Show a comparison of the masses of the three subatomic particles using a bar graph. Refer
to Figure 2, assuming that the first bar represents the mass of the proton; draw the bars to
represent the masses of the neutron and the electron. Take note that the masses are expressed
in the -28 exponent.
4. A seesaw can show a comparison between two masses of an object. A seesaw goes up and
down depending on the mass it carries on each side.
Q4. How does the mass of the neutron compare with the mass of the proton? Using circles to
represent the particles show the comparison by drawing a seesaw with the particles on it.
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Q5. How many electrons should be placed on one side of the seesaw to balance it if the other
side has 1 proton on it, like the one shown below? Write the number on the space provided in
the illustration below.
ELECTRONS
The following provided evidence for the properties and presence of electrons in an atom.
CATHODE-RAY TUBE
- Ernest Rutherford
- He performed the alpha scattering experiment to determine the position of nucleus in
1910.
- They tested Thomson’s model by bombarding a very thin sheet of gold foil with
positively- charged alpha particles.
- They observed that most of the alpha particles go through the gold foil undeflected,
but there were few particles that practically bounced back towards the source and
some were deflected at smaller angles.
- These lead to the nuclear model of atom.
Eugen Goldstein
- He proved the presence of positively charged particles called protons in 1886.
James Chadwick
- He is a British physicist who tested the presence of neutral particles called neutrons in
1932.
PLANETARY MODEL
- The electrons were thought to move in orbits around the nucleus.
- Proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913.
Since the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, the mass number designated
as A is equal to the sum of the masses of the protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number
Ba Chemical Symbol
56
Henry G. Moseley- is an English chemist who determined the atomic numbers of different
elements.
Example: Complete the given table below. Fill in the correct answer.
Symbol Z A p+ n0
1. Ca
2. Cs
3. Co
4. Zn
5. He
6. Xe
Activity 3
What’s in a Number?
Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. Locate the atomic number in a periodic table,
2. Identify the subatomic particles associated with mass number,
3. Determine the number of neutrons from the mass number,
4. Define an isotope,
5. Interpret shorthand notations for isotopes and atoms,
6. Infer that ions are formed from the removal or addition of electron/s,
7. Evaluate the overall electrical charge of an atom, and
8. Make an inventory of subatomic particles of a given element.
Procedure:
1. Refer to the periodic table. Locate the atomic number, and answer the following
questions.
Q6. How many protons are there in the C-13 isotope? How about the number of neutrons?
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3. Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of a particular element. It is the average of the
mass numbers of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element multiplied with their
respective abundance. You will not compute for atomic mass. However, you have to
know, at least, where to find it in the periodic table.
.
Q7. What is the atomic mass of magnesium (Mg)? How about for potassium (K)?
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4. The figure shows a shorthand notation. Consider the Lithium ion shown in the notation below.
Q8. How many protons are there in the lithium ion?
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Q9. How many neutrons are there in this lithium ion?
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Q10. How many electrons are there in the lithium ion?
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ISOTOPES
Are atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in an
atom.
The shorthand notation for isotopes includes the element’s symbol and mass number.
Example: Find the number of protons and neutrons of the following isotopes:
a. Fe – 55; Fe – 47; Fe – 45 b. Ba – 137; Ba - 139
This figure is another shorthand notation. Information on the subatomic particles may be derived
from this.
Al
number of neutrons may be of electrons may be determined.
derived.
For example: Find the number of proton, electron, and neutron of the following elements.
A. 65 B.
80 +1
Zn Br
30 35
Rb Na
37 11
Construct a concept map using the following terms and names of scientists to
summarize the important concept learned in this module.
Bucat, R.B. (Ed.). (1984). Elements of chemistry: Earth, air, fire and water, Vol. 2. Canberra
City, A.C.T., Australia.
Elvins, C., Jones, D., Lukins, N., Miskin, J., Ross, B., & Sanders, R. (1990). Chemistry one:
Materials, chemistry in everyday life. Port Melbourne, Australia: Heinemann Educational
Australia.
Hill, J.W. & Kolb, D.K. (1998). Chemistry for changing times (8th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Mendoza, E. Religioso, T.You and the Natural World Chemistry (3rd Edition), Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
Link
Interactive Simulations: http://phet.colorado.edu/