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    Csca0201 ch05

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    This document discusses computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and their core function of storing data. It then describes four main types of storage: primary, secondary, tertiary, and offline. Primary storage examples include RAM, ROM, and cache. Secondary storage is typically a hard disk. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media like magnetic tapes or optical discs. Offline storage requires human intervention, with examples being floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards. The document also covers storage device features such as volatility, accessibility, mutability, and addressability.

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    Csca0201 ch05

    Uploaded by

    Saad
    35 views47 pages
    This document discusses computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and their core function of storing data. It then describes four main types of storage: primary, secondary, tertiary, and offline. Primary storage examples include RAM, ROM, and cache. Secondary storage is typically a hard disk. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media like magnetic tapes or optical discs. Offline storage requires human intervention, with examples being floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards. The document also covers storage device features such as volatility, accessibility, mutability, and addressability.

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    This document discusses computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and their core function of storing data. It then describes four main types of storage: primary, secondary, tertiary, and offline. Primary storage examples include RAM, ROM, and cache. Secondary storage is typically a hard disk. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media like magnetic tapes or optical discs. Offline storage requires human intervention, with examples being floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards. The document also covers storage device features such as volatility, accessibility, mutability, and addressability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views47 pages

    Csca0201 ch05

    Uploaded by

    Saad
    This document discusses computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and their core function of storing data. It then describes four main types of storage: primary, secondary, tertiary, and offline. Primary storage examples include RAM, ROM, and cache. Secondary storage is typically a hard disk. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media like magnetic tapes or optical discs. Offline storage requires human intervention, with examples being floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards. The document also covers storage device features such as volatility, accessibility, mutability, and addressability.

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    of 47

    CSCA0201

    FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING

    Chapter 5
    Storage Devices

    1
    Storage Devices

    1. Computer Data Storage


    2. Types of Storage
    3. Storage Device Features
    4. Other Examples of Storage Device

    2
    Storage Devices
    Storage Devices

    • A storage device is used in the computers to store


    the data.
    • Provides one of the core functions of the modern
    computer.

    3
    Storage Devices
    Types of Storage

    There are four type of storage:

    • Primary Storage
    • Secondary Storage
    • Tertiary Storage
    • Off-line Storage

    4
    Storage Devices
    Primary Storage

    • Also known as main memory.


    • Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to
    the central processing unit via a memory bus.
    • The CPU continuously reads instructions stored
    there and executes them as required.
    • Example:
    – RAM
    – ROM
    – Cache

    5
    Storage Devices
    Primary Storage

    RAM

    • It is called Random Access Memory because any of


    the data in RAM can be accessed just as fast as any
    of the other data.
    • There are two types of RAM:
    – DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
    – SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

    6
    Storage Devices
    Primary Storage

    RAM
    Static RAM Dynamic RAM
    • Faster • Slower
    • More expensive • Less expensive
    • More power consumption • Less power consumption
    • does not need to be refreshed • needs to be refreshed thousands
    of times per second

    7
    Storage Devices
    Primary Storage

    ROM
    • This memory is used as the computer
    begins to boot up.
    • Small programs called firmware are
    often stored in ROM chips on hardware
    devices (like a BIOS chip), and they
    contain instructions the computer can
    use in performing some of the most
    basic operations required to operate
    hardware devices.
    • ROM memory cannot be easily or
    quickly overwritten or modified.

    8
    Storage Devices
    Primary Storage

    Cache

    • Cache is a high-speed access area that can be


    either a reserved section of main memory or a
    storage device.
    • Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2
    cache, while older computers included only L1
    cache.

    9
    Storage Devices
    Secondary Storage

    • It is not directly accessible by the CPU.


    • Computer usually uses its input/output channels to
    access secondary storage and transfers the desired
    data using intermediate area in primary storage.
    • Example:
    – Hard disk

    10
    Storage Devices
    Secondary Storage

    Hard Disk
    • The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest,
    data storage device in a computer.
    • It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to 2
    terabytes.
    • Hard disk speed is the speed at which content can
    be read and written on a hard disk.
    • A hard disk unit comes with a set rotation speed
    varying from 4500 to 7200 rpm.
    • Disk access time is measured in milliseconds.

    11
    Storage Devices
    Secondary Storage

    Hard Disk

    Internal Hard disk External Hard disk

    12
    Storage Devices
    Secondary Storage

    Hard Disk

    Internal Hard disk External Hard disk


    Portability No Yes
    Price Less expensive More expensive
    Speed Fast Slow
    Size Big Small

    13
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    • Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will


    mount (insert) and dismount removable mass
    storage media into a storage device.
    • It is a comprehensive computer storage system that
    is usually very slow, so it is usually used to archive
    data that is not accessed frequently.
    • This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data
    stores, accessed without human operators.

    14
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    • Examples:
    – Magnetic Tape
    – Optical Disc

    15
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    Magnetic Tape

    • A magnetically coated strip of


    plastic on which data can be
    encoded.
    • Tapes for computers are similar to
    tapes used to store music.
    • Tape is much less expensive than
    other storage mediums but
    commonly a much slower solution
    that is commonly used for backup.

    16
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    Optical Disc

    • Optical disc is any storage media that holds content


    in digital format and is read using a laser assembly
    is considered optical media.
    • The most common types of optical media are
    – Blu-ray (BD)
    – Compact Disc (CD)
    – Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

    17
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    Optical Disc

    CD DVD BD
    Capacity 700MB 4.7GB – 17GB 50GB
    Wavelength 780nm 650nm 405nm
    Read/Write 1200KB/s 10.5MB/s 36MB/s
    Speed
    Example • CD-ROM, • DVD-ROM • BD-R
    • CD-R • DVD+R/RW • BD-RE
    • CD-RW • DVD-R/RW
    • DVD-RAM

    18
    Storage Devices
    Tertiary Storage

    Optical Disc

    19
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    • Also known as disconnected storage.


    • Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device
    that is not under the control of a processing unit.
    • It must be inserted or connected by a human
    operator before a computer can access it again.

    20
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    • Also known as disconnected or removable


    storage.
    • Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device
    that is not under the control of a processing unit.
    • It must be inserted or connected by a human
    operator before a computer can access it again.

    21
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    • Examples:
    – Floppy Disk
    – Zip diskette
    – USB Flash drive
    – Memory card

    22
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    Floppy Disk

    • A soft magnetic disk.


    • Floppy disks are portable.
    • Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks
    and have less storage capacity, but they are much
    less expensive.
    • Can store data up to 1.44MB.
    • Two common sizes: 5 ¼” and 3 ½”.

    23
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    Floppy Disk

    5 ¼ inch Floppy Disk 3 ½ inch Floppy Disk

    24
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    Zip Diskette

    • Hardware data storage device


    developed by Iomega that
    functions like a Standard 1.44"
    floppy drive.
    • Capable to hold up to 100 MB of
    data or 250 MB of data on new
    drives.
    • Now it less popular as users
    needed larger storage
    capabilities.

    25
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    USB Flash Drive

    • A small, portable flash memory


    card that plugs into a
    computer’s USB port and
    functions as a portable hard
    drive.
    • Flash drives are available in
    sizes such as 256MB, 512MB,
    1GB, 5GB, and 16GB and are
    an easy way to transfer and
    store information.

    26
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    Memory Card

    • An electronic flash memory storage disk commonly


    used in consumer electronic devices such as digital
    cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other
    small portable devices.
    • Memory cards are usually read by connecting the
    device containing the card to your computer, or by
    using a USB card reader.

    27
    Storage Devices
    Off-line Storage

    Memory Card

    Secure Digital card (SD) MiniSD Compact Flash Memory Stick

    MultiMedia card XD-Picture card Memory card reader

    28
    Storage Devices
    Storage Device Features

    • Volatility
    • Accessibility
    • Mutability
    • Addressability

    29
    Storage Devices
    Volatility

    • Two types of volatility:


    – Volatile Memory
    – Non-Volatile Memory

    30
    Storage Devices
    Volatility

    Volatile Memory

    • Requires constant power to maintain the stored


    information.
    • The fastest memory technologies.
    • All contents are erased when the system's power is
    turned off or interrupted.
    • It has been more popularly known as temporary
    memory.

    31
    Storage Devices
    Volatility

    Non-Volatile Memory

    • Will retain the stored information even if it is not


    constantly supplied with electric power.
    • Non volatile memory is the device which keeps the
    data even when the current is off.
    • It is suitable for long-term storage of information.

    32
    Storage Devices
    Accessibility

    • Refers to reading or writing data records


    • Two types of accessibility:
    – Random access
    – Sequential access

    33
    Storage Devices
    Accessibility

    Random Access

    • Any location in storage can be accessed at any


    moment in approximately the same amount of time.
    • Such characteristic is well suited for primary and
    secondary storage.

    34
    Storage Devices
    Accessibility

    Sequential Access

    • The accessing of pieces of information will be in a


    serial order, one after the other; therefore the time to
    access a particular piece of information depends
    upon which piece of information was last accessed.
    • Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage.

    35
    Storage Devices
    Mutability

    • Allows information to be overwritten at any time.


    • A computer without some amount of read/write
    storage for primary storage purposes would be
    useless for many tasks.
    • Three types of mutability:
    – Read/write storage or mutable storage
    – Read only storage
    – Slow write, fast read storage

    36
    Storage Devices
    Mutability

    Read/Write Storage or Mutable Storage

    • Allows information to be overwritten at any time.


    • A computer without some amount of read/write
    storage for primary storage purposes would be
    useless for many tasks.

    37
    Storage Devices
    Mutability

    Read Only Storage

    • Retains the information stored at the time of


    manufacture, and write once storage (WORM)
    allows the information to be written only once at
    some point after manufacture.
    • These are called immutable storage.

    38
    Storage Devices
    Mutability

    Slow Write, Fast Read Storage

    • Read/write storage which allows information to be


    overwritten multiple times, but with the write
    operation being much slower than the read
    operation.

    39
    Storage Devices
    Addressability

    • Three types of addressability


    – Location-addressable
    – File addressable
    – Content-addressable

    40
    Storage Devices
    Addressability

    Location-addressable

    • Each individually accessible unit of information in


    storage is selected with its numerical memory
    address.

    41
    Storage Devices
    Addressability

    File addressable

    • Information is divided into files of variable length,


    and a particular file is selected with human-readable
    directory and file names.

    42
    Storage Devices
    Addressability

    Content-addressable

    • Each individually accessible unit of information is


    selected based on the basis of (part of) the contents
    stored there.
    • Content-addressable storage can be implemented
    using software (computer program) or hardware
    (computer device), with hardware being faster but
    more expensive option.
    • Hardware content addressable memory is often
    used in a computer's CPU cache.

    43
    Storage Devices
    Other Example of Storage Devices

    • Punch card
    • Cloud storage

    44
    Storage Devices
    Other Example of Storage Devices

    Punched Card

    • Early method of data storage used with early


    computers
    • Punch cards also known as Hollerith cards
    • Containing several punched holes that represents
    data

    45
    Storage Devices
    Other Example of Storage Devices

    Cloud Storage

    • Cloud storage means "the storage of data online in


    the cloud," wherein a data is stored in and
    accessible from multiple distributed and connected
    resources that comprise a cloud.
    • Cloud storage can provide the benefits of greater
    accessibility and reliability; rapid deployment; strong
    protection for data backup, archival and disaster
    recovery purposes.

    46
    Storage Devices
    Other Example of Storage Devices

    Cloud Storage

    • Examples:
    – Google Drive
    – Flickr
    – Microsoft Sky Drive

    47

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