Fundamentals OF Information Technology: Presentation

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTATION BY…
RAKEEK MIRZA
17567
COMPUTER MEMORY
AND
STORAGE
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. RAM AND ITS TYPES
2. ROM AND ITS TYPES
3. RAM,ROM,CPU INTERACTION
4. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
5. MAGNETO OPTICAL DISK
6. MEMORY STICK
7. UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS-(USB)
8. MASS STORAGE DEVICES
MEMORY
COMPUTER MEMORY is the storage space in computer, where data is to be
processed and instruction required for processing are stored.
The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size
minus one.
STORAGE
Storage is the component within your computer that allows you to store and
access data on a long-term basis.
Usually, storage comes in the form of a solid-state drive or a hard drive. Storage
houses your applications, operating system and files for an indefinite period.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM):
• Random-access memory (RAM) is a temporary form of

computer memory.
• It is a volatile memory.
• It can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store
working data and machine code.
• A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or
written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of the data inside the memory.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF
RAM:
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
2. Static RAM (SRAM).
3. STATIC RAM
• In this type of RAM, data is stored using the state of a six
transistor memory cell.
• Static RAM is mostly used as a cache memory for the processor
(CPU).
2. DYNAMIC RAM
• It is a type of RAM which allows you to stores each bit of data in a
separate capacitor within a specific integrated circuit.
• Dynamic RAM is a standard computer memory of the many
modern desktop computers.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM):
• Read Only Memory refers to computer memory chips containing
permanent or semi-permanent data.
• Unlike RAM,ROM is non-volatile.
• Even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.
Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing
the boot firmware.
 TYPES OF ROM
1. PROM(Programmable read-only memory)- It can be programmed by
the user. Once programmed, the data and instruction in it cannot be
changed.
2. EPROM(Erasable Programmable read-only memory)-It can be erased
by applying an electric field.
3. MROM(Mask ROM)- Mask ROM is a kind of read memory, that is
masked off at the time of production.
RAM,ROM,CPU INTERACTION:
 CPU loads data and instruction from ROM and chook weather all
the major components like processor and hard disk are
functioning properly.
 CPU loads the operating system from the secondary storage into
RAM.
 After processing when the user saves the file and close the
respective application the file written to secondary storage device.
 If anything is opened /loaded it is placed into RAM.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES:
• Secondary storage is non-volatile, long-term storage.
• Without secondary storage all programs and data would be
lost the moment the computer is switched off.
• A secondary storage device is internal or external to the
computer.
• It can be any storage device beyond the primary storage that
enables permanent data storage.
 There are three main types of secondary storage:
o solid state storage devices, such as USB memory sticks.
o optical storage devices, such as CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs.
o magnetic storage devices, such as hard disk drives.
Magnetic Disk:-
• A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a
magnetization process to write, rewrite and access data.
• It is covered with a magnetic coating and stores data in the
form of tracks, spots and sectors.

• Hard disks, zip disks and floppy disks are common
examples of magnetic disks.
Magnetic Tapes:-
• It is a medium for magnetic recording,
made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow
strip of plastic film.
• Huge amount of data can be stored in the tape.
Advantage And Disadvantage Of
Magnetic Disk:
ADVANTAGES:
• Data records can be stored for both sequential and direct access.
• This disk was the high speed of access and update as no sorting of
transactions.
• The data transfer time rate for the magnetic disk system is normally
higher than a tape system.
• The magnetic disk is suitable for both online and offline storage of data.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Expensive than magnetic tapes.
• It must be stored in a dust-free environment in order to protect them from
crashing down.
• Difficult to maintain the security of information.
• A disk drive or disk failure results in loss of entire data stored on it.
FLOPPY DISK:
Floppy disks (also known as Floppy) is a kind of magnetic storage medium
used by the computer systems for storing data. It is nothing but a magnetic
disk placed inside a plastic case. The primary function of a floppy disk is to
transfer files between computers.
 ADVANTAGES OF FLOPPY DISK:

• Portability - Floppy disks are small and light weighted.
• Compatibility - Floppy disks are still compatible with the older
systems.
• Cost - In terms of pricing too, floppy disks are relatively inexpensive .
• Booting Disks - Floppy disks can also be used as a boot disk where it
saves the appropriate boot programs for it to load .
DISADVANTAGES OF FLOPPY
DISK:
• Storage Space - Floppies also suffers from limited storage
capacity.
• Reliability - Usage of floppy disks, have been stopped until
2000s.
• Speed - Floppy disks posses very slow data transfer rates.
• Physical Damages - Floppy disks are made up of plastic
casing which is very delicate and flexible .
HARD DISK
A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) is an electro mechanical data storage
device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and
one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic
material.
• A disk that is not flexible and that is used to store computer data.
• A rigid metal disk used to store computer data.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Large capacity • Relies on moving parts
• Faster than optical disks like DVD’s • Disk surface can be damaged
• Persistent storage • Heavy power consumption

• Easily replaced and upgraded • Slower read and write speed than
RAM
OPTICAL DISK
 An optical disk is an electronic data storage medium that can be
written to and read from using a low-powered laser beam.
 Most of today's optical disks are available in three formats:
compact disks, digital versatile disk and Blu-ray disks, which
provide the highest capacities and data transfer rates of the three.
 Different Types Of Optical Disk:

 CD-ROM
 DVD-ROM
 BLU-RAY
 RW DRIVES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF OPTICAL DISK
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cost - The manufacturing costs are Capacity - Optical disks cost more per
significantly lower. GB/TB than any other forms of storage
drives.
Durability - Optical disks are more Reliability - Unlike flash drives, Optical
durable than both Volatile and Non- disks are not protected by any plastic
Volatile memories. casings.
Simplicity - The process of backup is Duplication - Making a duplicate copy
made much easier using Optical using a optical disk is not easier as it
disks. seems on a USB flash drive.
Portability - All though Optical disks Security - When the Optical disks are
are fairly large enough, they are still used for backup purposes, it should be
portable. kept safe.
MAGNETO OPTICAL
•
DISK
A magneto-optical disk is a rewritable disk that makes
use of both magnetic disk and optical technologies.
• It is similar to a magnetic diskette except for its larger
size.
• Magneto-optical disks are less expensive and have
better writing time and reliability.
MEMORY STICK
• A memory stick is a small device that connects to a
computer and allows you to store and copy
information.
• Memory Stick is a type of flash memory developed by Sony.
It is used to store data for digital cameras, and other kinds of
electronics.
• Memory Stick cards are available in two versions: Memory
Stick PRO and Memory Stick PRO Duo.
UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS
• A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface that enables
communication between devices and a host controller such as a personal
computer or smartphones.
• It connects peripheral devices such as digital cameras, keyboards,
printers, scanners, media devices, external hard drives and flash drives.
• Because of its wide variety of uses, including support for electrical
power, the USB has replaced a wide range of interfaces like the parallel
and serial port.
MASS STORAGE DEVICES
• A mass storage device (MSD) is any storage device that makes it
possible to store and port large amounts of data across computers.
• MSDs are portable storage media that provide a storage interface
that can be both internal and external to the computer.
• Mass storage is distinct from memory, which refers to temporary
storage areas within the computer. Unlike main memory, mass
storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off.
• Examples are; USB storage ,flash memory cards , optical drives.
THANK
YOU!

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FUNDAMENTALS

• Random-access memory (RAM) is a temporary form of

form of tracks, spots and sectors.

 ADVANTAGES OF FLOPPY DISK:

• Persistent storage • Heavy power consumption

 Different Types Of Optical Disk:

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