Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 2023, 9, 198-214

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jtst
ISSN Online: 2379-1551
ISSN Print: 2379-1543

Study on Licker-In and Flat Speeds of Carding

Machine and Its Effects on Quality of Cotton
Spinning Process

Md. Mominul Motin1*, Ayub Nabi Khan2, Md. Obaidur Rahman1

Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

1

Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2

How to cite this paper: Motin, Md.M., Abstract

Khan, A.N. and Rahman, Md.O. (2023)
Study on Licker-In and Flat Speeds of Spinning has a significant influence on all textile processes. Combinations of
Carding Machine and Its Effects on Quality all the capital equipment display the process’ critical condition. By trans-
of Cotton Spinning Process. Journal of
forming unprocessed fibers into carded sliver and yarn, the carding machine
Textile Science and Technology, 9, 198-214.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2023.93013
serves a critical role in the textile industry. The carding machine’s licker-in
and flat speeds are crucial operational factors that have a big influence on the
Received: July 15, 2023 finished goods’ quality. The purpose of this study is to examine the link be-
Accepted: August 25, 2023
tween licker-in and flat speeds and how they affect the yarn and carded sliver
Published: August 28, 2023
quality. A thorough experimental examination on a carding machine was car-
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and ried out to accomplish this. The carded sliver and yarn produced after expe-
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. rimenting with different licker-in and flat speed combinations were assessed
This work is licensed under the Creative
for important quality factors including evenness, strength, and flaws. To ac-
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
count for changes in material qualities and machine settings, the study also
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ took into consideration the impact of various fiber kinds and processing cir-
Open Access cumstances. The findings of the investigation showed a direct relationship
between the quality of the carded sliver and yarn and the licker-in and flat
speeds. Within a limited range, greater licker-in speeds were shown to in-
crease carding efficiency and decrease fiber tangling. On the other hand, ex-
tremely high speeds led to more fiber breakage and neps. Higher flat speeds,
on the other hand, helped to enhance fiber alignment, which increased the
evenness and strength of the carded sliver and yarn. Additionally, it was dis-
covered that the ideal blend of licker-in and flat rates varied based on the fi-
ber type and processing circumstances. When being carded, various fibers
displayed distinctive behaviors that necessitated adjusting the operating set-
tings in order to provide the necessary quality results. The study also deter-
mined the crucial speed ratios between the licker-in and flat speeds that re-
duced fiber breakage and increased the caliber of the finished goods. The re-

DOI: 10.4236/jtst.2023.93013 Aug. 28, 2023 198 Journal of Textile Science and Technology
 Md. M. Motin et al.

sults of this study offer useful information for textile producers and process
engineers to improve the quality of carded sliver and yarn while maximizing
the performance of carding machines. Operators may choose machine set-
tings and parameter adjustments wisely by knowing the impacts of licker-in
and flat speeds, which will increase textile industry efficiency, productivity,
and product quality.

Keywords
Spinning Process, Carding Machine, Yarn Count, Flat, Licker-In, Sliver Hank

1. Introduction
Carding, drawing, twisting, and spinning are the main processes involved in
making yarn. The carding section of a mill is sometimes referred to as the “heart
of a spinning” mill because of its central importance. Everybody in the spinning
industry uses the phrase “to card well is to spin well” often [1] [2] [3]. The func-
tioning of the card has been shown to have the strongest collaboration to both
quality and productivity [4] [5]. The carding process is the most crucial step in
the spinning process. It has a significant impact on the overall quality of the
yarn. Controlling the speeds (flat speed, taker-in speed, and cylinder speed), as
well as the settings (licker-in and feed plate, licker-in and under casing elements,
cylinder and flat tops, between the cylinder and doffer, and so on), are examples
of process parameters that need to be managed in order to produce yarn of high
quality at a cost that is relatively affordable to manufacture [6].
During the carding process, the licker-in is responsible for doing significant
opening and cleaning. More than half of the fibers pass onto the surface of the
main cylinder as tufts and slightly less than half as individual fibers when the
opening is conducted to this level in a carding machine with a single licker-in.
As a result, the licker-in provides harsh, but unfortunately not very delicate,
treatment [7].
Several studies have been conducted to analyze the licker-in and flat speeds of
carding machines and their effects on the quality of the carded sliver and yarn.
Here are some notable past studies in this field [8]. This study investigated the
influence of licker-in speed on carding process parameters and fiber properties.
Experimental results showed that an increase in licker-in speed improved card-
ing efficiency and reduced fiber entanglement. However, excessive licker-in
speed led to increased fiber breakage and Neps [9] [10]. This study explored the
effects of licker-in and flat speeds on yarn quality. It revealed that higher lick-
er-in speeds within a certain range improved fiber opening and separation, re-
sulting in higher yarn strength and improved evenness. However, beyond a cer-
tain limit, the excessive licker-in speed negatively impacted the yarn quality [11]
[12]. This study focused on the impact of flat speed on carded yarn quality. Ex-
perimental findings indicated that higher flat speeds enhanced fiber alignment

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Md. M. Motin et al.

during carding, leading to improved evenness and strength of the carded yarn.
However, excessively high flat speeds caused fiber breakage and loss of fiber
length [13]. In their research work, Z. Zhidan and S. Pengiz [14] conducted re-
search to identify the speed of the licker-in cylinder and the layout between the
fixed segments and the licker-in cylinder in the rear carding zone of the card. H.
R. Sheikh [15] also in his research studied the influence of the fixed segments of
the carding machine on the produced carding sliver. D. Simpson [16] and others
looked at how the main drum’s rotation and carding speed affected the produc-
tivity of the spinning process [17]. This study has identified that the quality of
card slivers directly reflects the quality of yarns such as decreasing unevenness,
imperfections and increasing strength. The higher the flat speed, and in this task,
the highest flat speed, the better the quality of the yarn becomes, i.e. 320
mm/min is the optimum flat speed. The peculiarity of low-grade cotton fibers
and fibrous waste is that they contain a large number of defective fibers and
trash. Therefore, this kind of fiber must be given special attention during card-
ing and intensive processing. On a card, the cleaning process is mostly carried
out in the area of the licker-in cylinder. Licker-in cylinder speed is an important
factor in maximizing fiber separation and cleaning. When studying the compo-
sition of fibrous waste, it was determined that they contain many tangled fibers
and seed skins with fibers. Defects in fibrous waste led to the formation of a
number of problems during the process of silver forming and spinning, as well
as a decrease in the quality of the yarn produced.

2. Material & Methods

2.1. Materials
West African cotton originated from Benin and was utilized as the raw material
to plan tests of sliver and yarn. The raw cotton fiber properties were tested with
the assistance of USTER HVI 1000. The sliver and yarn properties were tested
with the assistance of USTER AFIS PRO 2 and USTER EVENNESS TESTER-6
respectively as per the standard testing conditions that appeared in Table 1.
Sliver fineness Ne 0.119 and one sort of yarn count (Ne 30) were produced and
utilized as tested sample in Mondol Spinning Mills Ltd.

Table 1. Properties of Benin raw cotton recorded from USTER HVI 1000.

Properties Value

SCI (Spinning Consistency Index) 123.17

Micronaire value (µg/in) 4.47

UHML (Upper half mean length) 28.47 mm

Strength 29.60 g/tex

Yellowness (+b) 10.35

Reflectance (Rd) 73.10

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

Continued

Color grade upland 12.2

Maturity index 0.87

Uniformity index (%) 81.50

Elongation (%) 4.90

Short fiber index (%) 9.80

2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Carding Process
In this experiment, the licker-in and flat of Trutzschler carding machine (TC 19i)
was driven at four different licker-in speeds, that is 960, 1020, 1100 and 1180 rpm
and at three different flat speeds, that is 300, 340, and 380 mm/min, by keeping all
other parameters unchanged. Table 2, Table 3 contains the carding machine’s
process parameters. In Figure 1 the diagram represents Various Parts of a Carding
Machine. Four carded slivers were delivered for every level of licker-in speed to
take care of the output of breaker draw frame. Three carded slivers were delivered
for every level of flat speed to take care of the output of breaker draw frame.

Table 2. Process parameters of carding machine TC19i in Licker-in Speeds.

Technical Data Settings Technical Data Settings

Sliver hank 418 - 422 grain/6 yds. Feed roller to Licker-in 1.22 mm

DFK Feed roller

200 mm Licker-in to cylinder 0.30 mm
diameter

Back stationary flat to 0.35 mm, 0.40

Licker in diameter 172.5 mm
cylinder mm, 0.65 mm

960/1540/2040,
Licker in speed 1020/1600/2100, Revolving flat to cylinder 0.08 mm &
1st/2nd/3rd 1100/1680/2180 and (Auto-Monitor setting) Fixed-0.15 mm
1180/1760/2260 rpm

Front stationary flat to

1) 66, 10˚ 0.35 mm
cylinder
Licker in PPSI
2) 164, 20˚ Cylinder to doffer 0.30 mm

3) 210, 20˚ Doffer. to take of Roller 0.25 mm

Take-off roller to delivery

Cylinder diameter 1295 mm 0.15 mm
roller

Cylinder speed 560 rpm Delivery speed 269 m/min

Cylinder PPSI 949, 40˚ Doffer dia. 700 mm

No. of flats 84 Doffer PPSI 367, 30˚

(Around 286
No. of flats in action 30 Doffer speed
m/min)

Flat PPSI 580 Flat speed 380 mm/min

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Md. M. Motin et al.

Table 3. Process parameters of carding machine TC19i in flat speeds.

Technical Data Settings Technical Data Settings

Sliver hank 418 - 422 grain/6 yds. Feed roller to Licker-in 1.22 mm

DFK Feed roller

200 mm Licker-in to cylinder 0.30 mm
diameter

Back stationary flat to 0.35 mm, 0.40

Licker in diameter 172.5 mm
cylinder mm, 0.65 mm

Licker in speed Revolving flat to cylinder 0.08 mm &

1020/1600/2100 rpm
1st/2nd /3rd (Auto-Monitor setting) Fixed-0.15 mm

Front stationary flat to

1) 66, 10˚ 0.35 mm
cylinder
Licker in PPSI
2) 164, 20˚ Cylinder to doffer 0.30 mm

3) 210, 20˚ Doffer. to take of Roller 0.25 mm

Take-off roller to delivery

Cylinder diameter 1295 mm 0.15 mm
roller

Cylinder speed 560 rpm Delivery speed 269 m/min

Cylinder PPSI 949, 40˚ Doffer diameter 700 mm

No. of flats 84 Doffer PPSI 367, 30˚

No. of flats in (Around 286

30 Doffer speed
action m/min)

300, 340, 380

Flat PPSI 580 Flat speed
mm/min

Figure 1. Various parts of a carding machine.

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

2.2.2. Spinning Process

A ring outline machine, named Jingwei (JWF1566), was utilized for producing
yarn. Ne 30 checked yarn was produced from Ne 0.80 roving. In ring frame,
roving was placed on same spindle for every licker-in and flat speed. Important
cycle characteristics for the experiment parameter of spinning process are given
in Table 4.

Table 4. Important parameters of spinning process.

Name of the Parameters 30 Ne Yarn

Drawn sliver hank 0.119 Ne

Roving hank 0.80 Ne

Twist per inch (TPI) 20.73

Ring frame speed (RPM) 15,500

Drafting arrangement (ring frame) 3 over 3

Draft (ring frame) 39.43

Doubling (breaker draw frame) 6

Doubling (finisher draw frame) 8

2.2.3. Testing of Samples

The licker-in speed and flat speed variation has an effect on the end product.
Short fibers content, sliver unevenness, yarn unevenness properties, thin places,
thick places, neps are influenced by the licker-in speed and flat speed.
Neps: A Nep can be defined as a small knot (or cluster) of entangled fibers
consisting either entirely of fibers (i.e., a fiber nep) or of foreign matter (e.g., a
seed-coat fragment) entangled with fibers. Neps are produced when fibers en-
tangle during the harvesting, ginning, and other processes [18].
Neps content is measured in AFIS. The unit of neps content is neps content
per gram in the material.
The characteristics are greatly influenced by the neps-to-neps ratio:
Yarn evenness, Co-efficient of variation handle of the product.
Neps Removal Efficiency (NRE%): The neps provided to the card determine
how well they are removed. The efficiency of the neps elimination will be high if
we feed more neps. What is more important is the neps level in the outgoing
material [18].
Neps removal efficiency
( Neps content of card mat − Neps content of card sliver )
= × 100%
Neps content of card mat

Unevenness: Unevenness deals with the variation in yarn fineness. This cha-
racteristic is frequently assessed as the difference in mass per unit length along
the yarn. For a complete analysis of the quality of fiber assembly, along with
mass diagram, a numerical value of mass variation is also necessary. The irregu-

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Md. M. Motin et al.

larity or unevenness (U%) and the coefficient of variation (CV%) are used in
mathematics to accomplish this [19].
Unevenness = Mean Deviation/Mean * 100
Co-efficient of variation (CV%) = Standard Deviation/Mean * 100

Imperfection Index (IPI): Imperfections are regarded as regularly occurring

flaws that depend on the source material’s fiber quality. The conditions of the
production machinery strongly influence the amount of the imperfections in the
yarn. The total imperfection of a yarn is simply expressed by imperfection index
(IPI). The sensitivity settings for the detection of imperfections are −50%/km for
thin places, +50%/km for thick places and +200%/km for neps.
IPI = Thick Place (+50%) + Thin Place (−50%) + Neps (+200%) [19]
Classimat Faults: USTER Company invented a chart to indicate yarn which
thick, thin & neps faults/100km shown in specific class form is called Classimat
faults chart. The classification of yarn defects according to their size and length
into total 23 standards classes is used extensively to clarify yarn quality, to help
control spinning processes and to optimize yarn clearing at the winding stage
[20].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of Licker-In Speed on Carded Sliver
Neps Removal Efficiency (NRE%) and Neps Content per Gramme Are
Shown Graphically
Figure 2’s left graph shows the fluctuation in neps content in the carded slice
caused by changes in the carding machine’s licker-in speed.

Figure 2. Effects of Licker-in speed on Neps/gm of the sliver.

By observing the graph, we can say that the variation in the licker-in speed has an

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

effect on the variation of the neps content per gram of card sliver. When licker-in
speed is raised, more flat come into touch with the fibre treatment process. So, the
increase of licker-in speeds reduces the neps content per gram in the card sliver.
In the graph, we see that at licker-in speed 1180 rpm neps content per gram
was 96 whereas at licker-in speed 1100 rpm neps content per gram was low 75
and then increases neps gradually with decreasing speed. So, we may conclude that
with the medium licker-in speed neps content per gram of card sliver is reduced.
Figure 3 indicates the variation of NRE% in the carded sliver due to variation
in licker-in speed of carding machine.

Figure 3. Effects of Licker-in speed on Neps Removal Efficiency (NRE%) of the sliver.

In the graph, we see that at licker-in speeds 960, 1020, 1100 and 1180 rpm, the
NRE% are 78.08%, 70.47%, 72.68% and 67.71% respectively which is a decreas-
ing trend.
According to the graph, the variation in licker-in speed does affect the varia-
tion in the NRE% of card sliver. There is more beating and opening of fiber
flocks as licker-in speed is increased. So, the increase of licker-in speeds leads to
decrease in the NRE% of the card sliver.

3.2. Effect of Licker-in Speed on 30 Ne Cotton

3.2.1. Graphical Representation of Unevenness (U%) and Co Efficient of
Variance (CV%)
From the first part of Figure 4, it is much more observable that yarn unevenness
increases with low and high licker-in speed. At both licker-in speed 1020 rpm
and 1100 rpm, there is a steady decrease in the yarn unevenness 11.08% and
11.15% respectively.
Figure 5 makes it clear that yarn co-efficient of variation increases with low
and high licker-in speed. At both licker-in speed 1020 rpm and 1100 rpm, there
is a steady decrease in the yarn unevenness 14.08% and 14.18% respectively.
Hence, it can be said that at medium licker-in speed reduces the co-efficient of
variation of yarn.

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Md. M. Motin et al.

Figure 4. Effects of Licker-in speed on Unevenness (U%) of the yarn.

Figure 5. Effects of licker-in speed on Co-Efficient of Variation (CV%) of the yarn.

3.2.2. Graphical Representation of Thick Places (+50%/km) and Thin

Places (+50%/km)
In the first graph of Figure 6, it was observed that at licker-in speed 1180,
1100 and 1020 rpm, thin places −50% are 5, 4 and 3 respectively which is a
decreasing trend. But, thin places −50% is increased at 960 rpm. So, low and
high licker-in speed are not suitable for decreasing thin places, optimum
speed is 1020 rpm.

Figure 6. Effects of Licker-in speed on Thin Place −50% of the yarn.

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

In the first graph of Figure 7, it was observed that at licker-in speed 1180,
1100 and 1020 rpm, thick places +50% are 157, 123 and 104 respectively which is
a decreasing trend. But, thick places +50% is increased at 960 rpm. So, low and
high licker-in speed are not suitable for low thick places, optimum speed is 1020
rpm.

Figure 7. Effects of licker-in speed on Thick Place +50% of the yarn.

3.2.3. Graphical Representation of Neps (+200%/km) and Imperfection

Index (IPI)
In left sided graph of Figure 8 it was seen that at licker-in speed 1180, rpm, neps
+200% is 135 which is too high. Lowest neps have found at licker-in speed 1100
rpm which is 93, then neps is increasing with increasing speed.

Figure 8. Effects of licker-in speed on Neps +200% of the yarn.

In Figure 9 the graph represents a significant Effects of licker-in speed on IPI.

It is evident that at at licker-in speed 1180, 1100 and 1020 rpm, IPI are 297, 220
and 209 respectively which is a decreasing trend. But, IPI is increased at 960
rpm. So, low and high licker-in speed are not suitable for decreasing IPI, opti-
mum speed is 1020 rpm.

3.2.4. Graphical Representation of Classimat Faults

In Figure 10 the graph represents a significant effect on the Classimat Faults, at

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Md. M. Motin et al.

licker-in speeds 960, 1020, 1100 and 1180 rpm, the Classimat Faults are 62,670.2,
63,853.3, 60,008.4 and 63,652.8 respectively which is a mixed trend. So, at licker-in
speed 960 and 1100 Classimat Faults are increased and at 1020 and 1180 Classi-
mat Faults are decreased.

Figure 9. Effects of licker-in speed on IPI −50%, +50%, +200% of the yarn.

Figure 10. Effects of licker-in speed on Classimat Faults of the yarn.

3.3. Effect of Flat Speed on Carded Sliver

Graphical Representation of Neps Content per Gram and Neps Removal
Efficiency (NRE%)
Figure 11’s left graph shows the variation in neps content in the carded sliver
caused by changes in the flat speed of the carding machine.
By looking at the graph, we may infer that the variation in flat speed affects
the variation in neps content per gramme of card sliver. When flat speed is
raised, more flat come into touch with the fibre treatment operation. So, the in-
crease of flat speeds reduces the neps content per gram in the card sliver.
In the graph, we see that at flat speed 380 mm/min neps content per gram was
77 whereas at flat speed 300 mm/min neps content per gram was 77. Therefore,
we can draw the conclusion that the amount of neps in a gram of card sliver de-
creases as flat speed increases.

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

Figure 12 indicates the variation of NRE% in the carded sliver due to varia-
tion in flat speed of carding machine.

Figure 11. Effects of flat speed on Neps/gm of the sliver.

Figure 12. Effects of flat speed on Neps Removal Efficiency (NRE%) of the sliver.

In the graph, we see that at flat speeds 300 mm/min, 340 mm/min and 380
mm/min, the NRE% are 68.68%, 70.32% and 72.40% respectively which an in-
creasing trend is.
We can infer from the graph that changes in flat speed do have an impact on
changes in the NRE% of card sliver. When flat speed is increased, more number
of flat comes to the contact with fiber treatment operation. So, the increase of
flat speeds leads to increase in the NRE% of the card sliver.

3.4. Effect of Flat Speed on 30 Ne Cotton

3.4.1. Graphical Representation of Unevenness (U%) and Co Efficient of
Variance (CV%)
The first portion of Figure 13 clearly shows that yarn unevenness diminishes as
the card flat speed increases. As the card flat speed is increased from 300

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Md. M. Motin et al.

mm/min to 380 mm/min, there is a steady decrease in the yarn unevenness from
11.52 at flat speed 300 mm/min to 11.06 at flat speed 380 mm/min. It is evident
from the decreasing trend that the yarn unevenness is inversely proportional to
the card flat speed.

Figure 13. Effects of flat speed on Unevenness (U%) of the yarn.

Figure 14 makes it clear that yarn CV% decreases with an increase in the card
flat speed. As the card flat speed is increased from 300 mm/min to 380 mm/min,
there is a steady decrease in the yarn CV% from 14.55 at flat speed 300 mm/min
to 14.01 at flat speed 380 mm/min. It is evident from the decreasing trend that
the yarn CV% is inversely proportional to the card flat speed.

Figure 14. Effects of flat speed on Co-Efficient of Variation (CV%) of the yarn.

Hence, it can be said that the increase of flat speed reduces the co-efficient of
variation of yarn.

3.4.2. Graphical Representation of Thick Places (+50%/km) and Thin

Places (+50%/km)
In the first graph of Figure 15, it was observed that at flat speed 300, 340 and
380 mm/min thin places −50% are 2, 3 and 1 respectively which is a decreasing

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

trend.

Figure 15. Effects of flat speed on Thin Place -50% of the yarn.

In the first graph of Figure 16, it was observed that at flat speed 300, 340 and
380 mm/min thick places +50% are 144, 114 and 95 respectively which is a de-
creasing trend.

Figure 16. Effects of flat speed on Thick Place +50% of the yarn.

3.4.3. Graphical Representation of Neps (+200%/km) and Imperfection

Index (IPI)
In left sided graph of Figure 17 it was seen that at flat speed 300, 340 and 380
mm/min, neps +200% are 115, 112 and 82 respectively which is a decreasing trend.
It is clear that at flat speed of 300 mm/min, there are more neps, and at 380
mm/min, there are less neps. A decreasing trend of neps +200% is found with
the increase of flat speed.
Figure 18 represents that the yarn spun at flat speed 380 mm/min gives lower
IPI than yarn spun at flat speed 300 mm/min. The decrease in total yarn imper-
fections with the increase of flat speed can be explained by number of thick
places, thin places and neps of yarn.

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Md. M. Motin et al.

Figure 17. Effects of flat speed on Neps +200% of the yarn.

Figure 18. Effects of flat speed on IPI -50%, +50%, +200% of the yarn.

3.4.4. Graphical Representation of Classimat Faults

In Figure 19 the graph represents a significant effect on the Classimat Faults
with the increase of flat speed. It can be seen that the yarn Classimat Faults de-
creases with the increase in flat speed.

Figure 19. Effects of flat speed on Classimat Faults of the yarn.

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 Md. M. Motin et al.

4. Conclusions
As natural fibre like cotton which consumes about 30% of annual fibre con-
sumption, its physical & chemical properties vary according to seed, plantation
process, soil condition, natural resources, etc., so consistent quality in yarn is a
crucial issue. In this project work, the actual relationship between the licker-in
speed and flat speed of the yarn quality was studied. The graphical representa-
tions allow us to deduce that as the card is licked in faster, more neps and short
fibers are removed, which results in less unevenness in the card sliver. Card sliv-
ers’ quality, which includes diminishing unevenness, flaws, and yarn classimat
faults, directly represents the quality of yarns. The quality of yarn improves with
the decrease in licker-in speed and in this work; the medium licker-in speed i.e.,
1020 rpm is the optimum licker-in speed. There may be an optimum licker-in
speed lower than 1020 rpm after that yarn quality will start to decrease. Since we
have to employ the minimal licker-in speed of 960 rpm, finding the ideal lick-
er-in speed might be the subject of future research.
This project effort examined the actual connection between flat speed and
yarn quality. It may be inferred from the graphical representations that when flat
speed of card increases, more neps and short fibers are eliminated, resulting in
less unevenness of card sliver. The quality of card slivers directly reflects the
quality of yarns such as decreasing unevenness, imperfections and yarn classimat
fault. The quality of yarn improves as flat speed rises, and in this piece, the maxi-
mum flat speed is used. i.e., 380 mm/min is the optimum flat speed. There may
be an optimum flat speed higher than 380 mm/min after that yarn quality will
start to decrease. Since we were restricted to use maximum flat speed at 380
mm/min, so obtaining optimum flat speed may be the topic of further research.

Author Statement
We certify that all named authors have read and approved the article and that no
other individuals who meet the requirements for authorship but are not listed
have done so. We also reaffirm that we all approved of the order in which the
authors are listed in the manuscript.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express thank and guidance towards Mondol Spinning
Mills Ltd. Tangail, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for providing machineries and equip-
ment on time during the research work.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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DOI: 10.4236/jtst.2023.93013 214 Journal of Textile Science and Technology