An investigation on the properties of polyester textured yarns produced

with different fiber cross-sectional shapes

SELCEN ÖZKAN HACIOĞULLARI

DOI: 10.35530/IT.069.04.1281 OSMAN BABAARSLAN

REZUMAT – ABSTRACT

Studiu asupra proprietăților firelor texturate de poliester cu diverse forme de secțiune transversală a fibrei
În acest studiu, s-au examinat efectele diferitelor forme de secțiune transversală a fibrei și ale valorilor densității liniare
asupra caracteristicilor firelor parțial orientate (POY) și firelor texturate. În cadrul experimentului, au fost utilizate cinci
forme diferite de secțiune transversală, și anume: rotunde, trilobale, tetralobale, hexalobale și octolobale, și două
densități liniare diferite și au fost aplicate testele de tenacitate-alungire, ondulare și contracție a firelor. Ca rezultat,
formele de secțiune transversală rotunde și octolobale au condus la formarea firelor cu tenacitate și alungire la rupere
ridicată, iar pe de altă parte cele cu forme trilobale și hexalobale au determinat o tenacitate și alungire la rupere scăzută.
Secțiunea transversală rotundă a condus la formarea firelor cu grad ridicat de ondulare și contracție scăzută, iar formele
hexalobale și tetralobale ale secțiunii transversale au determinat o ondulare mai scăzută și o contracție ridicată. De
asemenea, s-a observat că o creșterea a densității liniare determină o scădere a tenacității firelor, care conduce la un
comportament de ondulare și o contracție ridicată a firelor.
Cuvinte-cheie: polyester POY, fir texturat, secțiune transversală a fibrei, proprietățile firului

An investigation on the properties of polyester textured yarns produced with different fiber
cross-sectional shapes
In this study, the effects of different fiber cross-sectional shapes and yarn linear density values on Partially Oriented Yarn
(POY) and textured yarn characteristics have been examined. In experiment, five different cross-sectional shapes,
namely round, trilobal, tetra, hexsa and octolobal and two different linear densities have been used and tenacity-
elongation, crimp and shrinkage tests have been applied to the yarns. As a result, the round and octolobal cross-
sectional shapes lead to yarn formation with high tenacity and breaking elongation, on the other hand trilobal and hexsa
cause low tenacity and breaking elongation. The round cross-section has provided yarn formation with high crimp and
low shrinkage, the hexsa and tetra cross-sectional shapes have caused lower crimp and high shrinkage. It was also
observed that the increase in the linear density has caused a decrease in yarn tenacity, however this has increased the
crimp and shrinkage behaviours of the yarns.
Keywords: polyester POY, textured yarn, fiber cross-section, yarn properties

InTRodUCTIon With this process, it is also aimed to have the natural

Filament yarns can be produced with the melt spin- appearance and the feel of yarn which are obtained
ning process and these yarns have flat and unbulked from natural fibers. Moreover, filament yarn proper-
structure, low tenacity and highly breaking elonga- ties such as higher cover factor, higher thermal insu-
tion, high-luster properties, etc. Generally, these lation, higher water vapour permeability and higher
properties are developed with texturizing process. tenacity and lower breaking elongation can also be
Besides, there are various structural parameters obtained with the texturing process. Thus, a big major-
(number of filament, cross-sectional shape, linear ity of filament yarns are used after texturing process.
density, etc.) determined during the production of fil- False twist and air jet texturing processes are the
ament yarns and these parameters influence these most frequently used methods among various tech-
product features. Among these parameters, cross- niques. Also, when different texturing techniques are
sectional shape of fibers has a significant impor- applied on the same filament yarn groups, these tex-
tance. tured yarn properties can be different from each
Currently, it is known that a change in fiber cross-sec- other. Moreover, with changing production parame-
tional shape has an important effect on the features ters of the same texturing technique, the filament
of fabric such as feel, mechanical feature, comfort, yarn properties are also changing. Thus, texturing
etc. Several studies were carried out on the effect of process is complicated and contains many produc-
fiber cross-sectional shapes on yarn and fabric prop- tion parameters. When the previous studies on tex-
erties [1–4]. For instance, Varshney et. al. have car- tured yarn are examined, it is seen that these studies
ried out detailed studies on this subject in 2010 and mostly focus on the changing of textured yarn pro-
2011 [5, 6]. duction parameters (temperature, D/Y ratio, etc.) and
The texturing process is applied on flat, non-bulk syn- the effects of these parameters on yarn properties
thetic filament yarns with a rather brighter structure. [7–12]. Besides, the studies examining the effect

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industria textila 270 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4
 Fig. 1. Fiber cross-sectional shapes used in the study (X500 magnification) [14]

of different yarn structural parameters on product Table 1

properties are rather oriented towards staple fiber
and/or knitted/woven fabric performances [1–5, 13]. PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF PES
This paper examined the effect of different fiber FLAT YARN [15]
cross-sectional shapes on the properties of flat and Cross-sectional Round, trilobal,
textured yarns. tetra, hexsa and
Spinneret shape
octolobal
configuration Number of filament 34 and 47
EXPERIMEnTAL WoRK
Diameter of spinneret 9 cm
Materials and method
Flow speed of air-quench (m/s) 60
Polyester (PES) flat and textured yarns, which have
an important place and an extensive area of use The amount of lubricant (%) 0,3
among synthetic yarns, have been used as materials Godet 1 speed (m/min) 2900
in this study. Also, two different yarn groups have Pressure at intermingling (bar) 4
been used in the study with 34 and 47 filaments Godet 2 speed (m/min) 2880
because there were spinneret of 34 filaments for tetra
96 (283 dtex)
cross-sectional shapes and 47 filaments for hexsa dT (draw Tension) value-cn
50 (133 dtex)
cross-sectional shapes under the process condition
of the study. Hence, cross sectional shapes have
been grouped according to their number of filaments.
The first yarn group has round, trilobal, tetra and
octolobal cross-sectional shapes while the second
yarn group has round, hexsa and octolobal cross-
sectional shapes. The images of fiber cross-section-
al shapes before and after the texturing process have
been provided in figure 1.
It is seen in the pictures that the distinct cross-sec-
tional shapes of the individual filaments constituting
the yarn at the beginning have partially been
deformed after the texturizing process. PES flat yarns
have been produced according to melt spinning prin-
ciple. Production parameters of these yarns have
been provided in table 1.
False twist texturing technique was used and 1.6
drawing ratio applied on the flat yarns with the textur-
izing process. During the flat and textured yarns pro-
duction process, all other parameters except for the
factors whose effects were aimed to be investigated
were kept constant. False-twist texturing process and
production parameters of textured yarns are given in
figure 2 and table 2 respectively.
The shape of the filament cross-section slightly Fig. 2. False-twist texturing process [13]
changes the level of heat transfer during the contact

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industria textila 271 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4
 Table 2 The tenacity and breaking elongation tests repeated
thirty times for each yarn and the average values
PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF TEXTURED YARNS were obtained. Eighteen tests for each yarn sample
were performed during experimental studies of crimp
Feed Roller Speed (m/min.) 364
and shrinkage tests. While tenacity and breaking
Delivery Roller Speed (m/min.) 600 elongation tests were applied to flat yarns at 200 mm
Take-up Roller Speed (m/min.) 573 length and textured yarns at 500 mm, crimp and
Winding Roller Speed (m/min.) 576 shrinkage tests were applied to hank of textured
yarns. Information of these test conditions have been
Disc Speed (m/min.) 1711
given in table 3.
Yarn Speed (m/min.) 900 The effects of cross-sectional shape factor on the
D/Y Ratio 1,90 characteristics of textured yarns were statistically
First Heater Temp. (°C) 180 analyzed by using the general linear model-univariety
Second Heater Temp. (°C) 130 method. The statistical study was carried out at a reli-
ability level of a = 0,05.
Disc Fineness (mm) 6
Ceramic RESULTS And dISCUSSIon
Disc Material
Polyurethane
Yarn tenacity and breaking elongation
Lubricant Spreiton 1384
Tenacity and breaking elongation tests applied on the
Winding Angle (°) 27
yarns which have 34 filaments and round, trilobal,
Conical Angle (°) 80 tetra and octolobal cross-sectional shaped that con-
stituted the first group of the study have been provid-
heating of the rotating yarn in the first heater (figure ed in figures 3 and 4. When the graphics are exam-
2). Thus, the maximum yarn temperature in the end ined, one of the remarkable results is that after the
of the heater can depends on the particular filament texturizing process, the tenacity values increased but
cross-section. Hence, the observed differences in the breaking elongation values decreased. The high
mechanical properties of the yarns might be the influ- tenacity of the textured yarn compared to flat yarn
enced by the very crucial maximum yarn temperature can be explained that the texturizing process with
during the texturing [16]. drawing increased the orientation factor in the fila-
To determine the effect of fiber cross-sectional shape ment structure and that ultimately the textured yarn
and linear density parameters on the yarn properties tenacity increased. Because of drawing on texturizing
such as tenacity and elongation at break for flat and process for the yarns resulted that textured yarns
textured yarns were carried out. Crimp and shrinkage have lower breaking elongation compared to the flat
tests were also applied only on textured yarns which yarns. It can also be seen that the tenacity and break-
were taken as basis of the study. Tenacity and elon- ing elongation of flat and textured yarns with trilobal
gation tests were carried out with Uster Tensorapid-3 cross-sectional structure are lower than those with
test device according to BS EN ISO 2062, 1995 test other cross-sectional shapes, and that the highest
standard. Crimp and Shrinkage tests were carried out values lie with the round cross-sectionally shaped
with Texturmat-ME test device according to DIN yarns.
53840-2; 1983 test standard [17, 18]. Before starting It can be also seen that the flat yarns with 283 and
the tests, yarn samples were conditioned for 24 hours 133 dtex linear densities are lowered 178 and 84 dtex
at 20°C ± 2 temperature and 65% ± 2 relative humidi- linear densities respectively because of drawing at a
ty, which are the standard environment conditions. certain amount during texturizing process. With the

Table 3

INFORMATION OF TEST CONDITIONS OF FLAT AND TEXTURED YARNS [17, 18]

Test condition Test speed Clamp Hank length Pretension

Principle pressure-Pcl Time
Test name (mm/min.) (cm) (cn/tex)
(n/cm2)

Tenacity and breaking POY Tex. POY Tex. POY Tex.

CRE — *
elongation 750 380 225 338 8,9 27,6
5000 84 dtex 178 dtex Lg Lf Lb 10 min.
Crimp (loading — — (recovering
speed) 1400 700 2 0.1 10 period)
150 84 dtex 178 dtex 10 sec.
Shrinkage (loading — — 2.0 (loading
speed) 2800 6000 period)
* Time has changed depending on breaking time of yarns

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industria textila 272 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4
 Fig. 3. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn Fig. 4. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn
linear density on yarn’s tenacity-34 filaments linear density on yarn’s breaking elongation-34 filaments

drawing effect on the yarns the tenacity values of the other cross-sectional shaped yarns. Examining
these yarns are increased. As the significance level previous studies like this topic in the literature we can
of the tenacity results was found as 0,016 and that of see that round cross-sectional shape shows ideal
the breaking elongation results was found as 0,003 at mechanical properties according to lobed and chan-
a reliability level of a = 0,05, meaning that the effect neled cross-sectional shapes [14–15, 19].
of cross-sectional shape variable on the tenacity and According to the statistical analysis, the significance
breaking elongation of textured yarns are statistically level of the tenacity results was found as 0,057 and
significant. that of the breaking elongation results was found as
The second group of the study is composed of 47 fil- 0,043 at a reliability level of a = 0,05. Although there
aments with round, hexsa and octolobal cross-sec- is a difference in the tenacity test results of textured
tional shaped of flat and textured yarns. The effect of yarns, the finding was not significant statistically but
the cross-sectional shape and linear density values breaking elongation results found to be significant.
of these yarns on tenacity and breaking elongation
have been examined and the results have been inter- Textured yarn crimp and shrinkage properties
preted in figures 5 and 6. It is observed that after the “Crimp Contraction” property is essentially assessed
texturizing process the tenacity values of the yarns on false-twist textured yarns and is defined as the
increased and the breaking elongation values contraction of a textured yarn due to crimp develop-
decreased. In addition to this for flat and textured ment, expressed as percentage rate (CC%) on the
yarns, the yarns produced with hexsa cross-section- stretched out (uncrimped) yarn length [20]. When the
al shape had the lowest tenacity and breaking elon- CC% values of the yarns consisting of both groups
gation compared to other cross-sectional shapes. the highest crimp value was on round cross-section
This result can be explained that the adherence fea- and the lowest crimp value was on tetra and hexsa
tures because of hexsa cross-section compared with cross-sectional shapes (figures 7, 8). This result can

Fig. 5. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn Fig. 6. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn
linear density on yarn’s tenacity-47 filaments linear density on yarn’s breaking elongation-47 filaments

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industria textila 273 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4
 Fig. 7. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn Fig. 8. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn
linear density on yarn’s crimp-34 filaments linear density on yarn’s crimp-47 filaments [21]

be explained that round cross-sectional shaped fila- of filament, etc.) have affected crimp properties of
ments with a more bulky structure combine and pro- textured yarns.
vide formation of more bulked yarns. On the other Shrinkage in fibers, yarns and fabrics can be deter-
hand, because of channelled structures of tetra and mined by a great number of different methods in
hexsa cross-sectional shapes, they were deformed which the changes in length after contraction are
more easily while texturing and as a result they measured under defined conditions [22]. In this study,
caused more flat, thin and unbulked filaments (fig- hot-air shrinkage test has been applied on textured
ure 1). In addition to the increase in linear density filament yarns according to DIN 53840-2; 1983 test
standard with Texturmat-ME test device. Figures 9
provided that the yarns had a more bulky structure as
and 10 display the effects of cross-section and linear
expected. As also seen in figure 7 and figure 8, the
density on the shrinkage of textured yarns with 34
first group of yarns with 34 filaments possesses high-
and 47 filaments in yarn cross-section. It is observed
er %CC values than second group of yarns with
that the textured yarns have different shrinkage pecu-
47 filaments. It was also found that the significance liarities according to their cross-section and linear
level of the crimp test results of the first group yarns density. Textured yarns with 34 filaments and with
with reliability level a = 0,05 was 0,043 and that of the 84 dtex linear density the highest shrinkage was in
second group yarns was 0,014. Thus, the impact of the tetra cross-sectional shape and the lowest shrink-
the cross-sectional shape variable on the textured age was in the round and octolobal cross-sectional
yarn was statistically significant in both groups. shapes. Among the yarns with 178 dtex linear densi-
Consequently, structural parameters of filament ty the highest shrinkage value was in the round and
yarns (cross-sectional shape, linear density, number the lowest shrinkage value was in the octolobal

Fig. 9. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn Fig. 10. Effect of fiber cross-sectional shape and yarn
linear density on yarn’s shrinkage-34 filaments linear density on yarn’s shrinkage-47 filaments [21]

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industria textila 274 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4
cross-sectional shapes (figure 9). As a result, the high tenacity, high breaking elongation, high crimp
shrinkage values when compared with cross-section- value and low shrinkage on textured yarn. The first
al shapes display neither a certain increase nor a yarn group of this study, the tenacity and breaking
decline. elongation values of trilobal cross-sectional shape
The shrinkage test results of the second group tex- are lower than those with other cross-sectional
tured yarns with 47 filaments have been shown in fig-
shapes (round, tetra and octolobal) and that the high-
ure 10. As seen in figure, the highest shrinkage value
est values lie with the round cross-sectionally shaped
is at the hexsa cross-sectional shaped yarns and the
yarns in the same group. In the second group of this
lowest shrinkage value is at the round cross-section-
ally shaped yarns. Textured yarns produced with study, the yarns produced with hexsa cross-sectional
round cross-sectional shapes possess more resis- shape had lower tenacity and breaking elongation
tance to temperature compared to hexsa and values compared to other cross-sectional shapes.
octolobal cross-sectional shapes. This result can be Yarns with channeled and lobed cross-sectional
explained that due to the good cohesion and bulky shape gave the results of lower tenacity and breaking
structure of the round cross-sectional shape fila- elongation values. It was also observed that the
ments and they display a more resistance towards increase in the linear density value decreased the
the heat. Because of deep channel cross-sectional tenacity and breaking elongation values of the yarns.
shape of hexsa textured yarns, more heat has pene- When the CC% values of the yarns consisting of both
trated to their structure. According to the statistical
groups of the study are examined, the highest crimp
analysis results, the significance value of the shrink-
value was in the round cross-section and the lowest
age tests of the first group yarns with reliability level
crimp value was in the tetra and hexsa cross-sec-
a = 0,05 was found to be 0,288 and that of the sec-
ond group yarns was 0,027. It has been understood tional shapes. The shrinkage values of yarns when
that the effect of the cross-sectional shape on the compared with cross-sectional shapes display nei-
shrinkage of the first group textured yarns was not ther a certain increase nor a decline. Also, the
statistically significant but that its impact on the sec- increase in linear density value increased the shrink-
ond group yarns was statistically significant. age values as expected.

ConCLUSIonS ACKnoWLEdGEMEnTS
In the study, the effects of selected cross-sectional
We extend our thanks to SASA Polyester San. A.Ş.
shapes and two different linear density values on
Management and employees of related departments, who
PES flat and textured yarn features have been exam-
ined. Consequently, there was a tendency for provided all the necessary opportunities for the carrying out
increase in the tenacity values of the yarns and for of the tests and the production of the basic materials of this
decrease in the breaking elongation values after the study, which was conducted with the cooperation of
texturizing process. Furthermore, round cross-sec- Çukurova University and SASA Polyester San. A.Ş. within
tional shaped yarn has resulted positive effects on the scope of “Academic Support Project”.

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Authors:
SELCEN ÖZKAN HACIOĞULLARI
OSMAN BABAARSLAN
Çukurova University
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Textile Engineering
Saricam-01330, Adana-TURKEY
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Corresponding author:
SELCEN ÖZKAN HACIOĞULLARI
e-mail: [email protected]

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industria textila 276 2018, vol. 69, nr. 4