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    Digestion

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    Double Decker
    Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components through hydrolysis to acquire biomolecules for energy synthesis. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing while chemical digestion uses enzymes and fluids to further break it down. Digestion begins in the mouth where saliva contains amylase to break down carbs. In the stomach, gastric juice breaks down proteins and carbs continue to break down. In the small intestine, pancreatic juice and bile aid digestion and nutrients are absorbed through the villi. The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates waste through defecation.

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    Digestion

    Uploaded by

    Double Decker
    8 views3 pages
    Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components through hydrolysis to acquire biomolecules for energy synthesis. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing while chemical digestion uses enzymes and fluids to further break it down. Digestion begins in the mouth where saliva contains amylase to break down carbs. In the stomach, gastric juice breaks down proteins and carbs continue to break down. In the small intestine, pancreatic juice and bile aid digestion and nutrients are absorbed through the villi. The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates waste through defecation.

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    Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components through hydrolysis to acquire biomolecules for energy synthesis. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing while chemical digestion uses enzymes and fluids to further break it down. Digestion begins in the mouth where saliva contains amylase to break down carbs. In the stomach, gastric juice breaks down proteins and carbs continue to break down. In the small intestine, pancreatic juice and bile aid digestion and nutrients are absorbed through the villi. The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates waste through defecation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views3 pages

    Digestion

    Uploaded by

    Double Decker
    Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components through hydrolysis to acquire biomolecules for energy synthesis. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically through chewing while chemical digestion uses enzymes and fluids to further break it down. Digestion begins in the mouth where saliva contains amylase to break down carbs. In the stomach, gastric juice breaks down proteins and carbs continue to break down. In the small intestine, pancreatic juice and bile aid digestion and nutrients are absorbed through the villi. The large intestine absorbs water and eliminates waste through defecation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Digestion

    Monday, October 16, 2023


    12:06 PM
    What is digestion?

    Breaking down of food into smaller components through the process of hydrolysis. It is necessary
    because it is to acquire the different biomolecules in order to utilize and synthesize energy.

    Two Kinds of Digestion

    Mechanical Digestion - breaking down complex forms of food into simple forms of food; through the
    action of the teeth by chewing, grinding and cutting.

    Chemical Digestion - breaking down complex forms of food into simple forms of food through the aid of
    enzymes and other fluids in the body. Breaking down of food is assisted by chemicals.

    FACTORS THAT AID IN DIGESTION - allow food to be broken down while we consume food

    DIGESTION

    Mouth- where digestion occurs.

    Saliva- facilitates swallowing, diluent for irritant substances


    -mucin is found in the saliva; produced by glands on the face
    -composed mostly of water; dilutes water you drink and consume in the mouth
    -secretes salivary amylases (ptyalin) breaks down starch/carbohydrates.
    -breaks down carbohydrates into dextrin and maltose

    Gastric juice- consists of water and solid matter - has a pH 1-3


    -breaks down proteins

    Pancreatic juice - released by the pancreas.

    Intestinal juice - it is produced and secreted in the intestines.


     Duodenum , jejunum, ileum produces these intestinal juice
     Enteropeptidase - lining of the small intestine releases trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
    are activated.
     The presence of this enzyme will activate the three enzymes
     Aminopeptidase - found in the microvilli
    Dipeptidase - dipeptides
    -nucleic acids

    Intestinal juice neutralizes HCl


    Bile - breaks down lipids through emulsification, dispersing of lipids in to the solution; it does not
    dissolve
    -breaks down fats, reacted by the bile and phospholipids allows small droplets to breakdown to form
    miscells are absorbed by the microvilli. Forms into its triglyceride form
    -allow absorption of fats in the small intestine

    THE DIGESTION PROCESS

    Anabolism - building up of complex molecules from simple ones


     Performed in the microvilli

    Catabolism - breaking down of complex molecules to simple ones.


    Ingestion - process of taking food in the mouth by swallowing
    Mechanical digestion (mastication)
    Chemical digestion (ptyalin)

    Bolus- the slippery mass of partially broken-down food; mixture of food and saliva
    Ideal times to chew food, 18 times

    Passes down the esophagus

    Esophageal peristalsis - sequential involuntary muscle contraction in the esophagus that pushes the
    bolus down.

    Esophageal sphincter - a muscular ring seals the esophagus from the stomach.

    In the stomach - proteins are broken down into polypeptides by the action of the gastric juice.
    Carbohydrates are partially broken down in the mouth
    Lipids and Protein digestion starts in the stomach
    Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
    Chyme- secreted by the stomach

    In the small intestine

    Duodenum - pancreas secretes pancreatic juice


     Starch is further broken down into maltose (amylopsin) then into glucose (maltase)
     Gallbladder discharges bile to emulsify fats converts them into smaller globules.
     Other enzymes are lactase, sucrase and maltase

    Jejunum and Ileum - absorption of nutrients and minerals in food take place through the villi and
    microvilli - absorbed in the bloodstream
    -types of transport mechanism - active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion
    -how each biomolecule is absorbed; glucose - active transport ; fructose - bloodstream assisted by
    facilitated diffusion; gluc2 - all of the carbs, gluc 5 - glucose, ngl-t1 - fructose
    Biomolecule that cannot be carried to the blood capillaries - Lipids
    Lipids are carried to the lacteal- enters through the lacteal

     Iron is absorbed in the duodenum


     Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal Ileum.
     Water and lipids are absorbed by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine; water and
    salts absorbed in the large intestine
     Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by amino acid co-transport
     Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion

    In the large intestine to the anus


     Absorption of water from undigested food take place and convert them to stool
     It is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated through the anus via defecation.
     Eliminated through the anus.

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