Rezolvare Subiectul 2 Bac Limba Romana

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D`cc pectdln sd adomenlc nrtdstdlc


D`cktdjdld tcan peczdcd (trclcrcn drcvcrsdhdmn n tdapumud ctl). Zczd lnrc c ntaesjcrn gckcrnmn (mdkdȔtc,
zhuldua ctl), scktdacktcmc (`c hulurdc, trdstcșc, ctl) pc lnrc vrcn sn mc trnksadtČ cum mdrdl. @upČ lc nd
rcnmdznt lcmc ackșdekntc and sus, vcd `cslepcrd d`ccn pectdln. Cn ku c ukn ukdvcrsnmn mn jdclnrc lrcnșdc
mdrdln, jdclnrc pcrsenkČ ëkșcmcgèk` rcmntdv `djcrdt acsnoum. @upČ lc nd d`cktdjdlnt d`ccn lcktrnmČ,
d`cktdjdld adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc (jdgurd `c stdm? pcrsekdjdlnrcn, leapnrnșdn, cpdtctum, actnjern ctl Ȕd dangdkd
nrtdstdlc? vdzunmc, `dknadlc, emjnltdvc ctl). Nped, leacktczd strejn rcnmdznk` e pnrnmcmn dktrc d`ccn prdkldpnmn
Ȕd adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc lnrc spercsl cxprcsdvdtntcn peczdcd.
peczdcd.
 
Adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc sukt jdgurdmc
sukt jdgurdmc `c stdm Ȕd
stdm Ȕd dangdkdmc nrtdstdlc.
 D`ccn pectdln rcprczdktn d`ccn dk ourum lnrudn cstc rcnmdzntn peczdn/strejn, mn lc nkuac sc rcjcrn
pectum dk strejn rcspcltdvn.
 Mcgnturn `dktrc lcmc `eun cstc urantenrcn 1 d`cdmc pectdlc sukt cxprdantc prdk dktcrac`dum
adomenlcmer nrtdstdlc.
 
D`ccn pectdln sd adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc. \lfcaČ?
Dk peczdn mud.. dktdtumntn... sc nher`cnzn tcan... prdk dktcrac`dum aetdvcmer mdtcrnrc ...
 Nlcnstn d`cc sc rcgnscstc
rcgnscstc dk tcxt prdk dktcrac`dum
dktcrac`dum adomenlcmer
adomenlcmer nrtdstdlc? jdgurd `c stdm sd dangdkd
dangdkd
nrtdstdlc
 Npnr nstjcm (cxcapmc jdgurd `c stdm sd dagndkd nrtdstdlc)
 

Cxcapmc `c suhdcltc ëk lnrc npnrc d`ccn pectdlČ Ȕd adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc?

 peczdc
 jrngackt cxtrns `dktr-uk reank
 jrngackt cxtrns `dktr-e epcrČ `rnantdlČ

 
RMNK  
D. Dktre`ulcrc
  - tcan peczdcd (`csprc lc cstc
cstc verhn
verhn ëk
peczdc) Reczdn mud ... cstc e peczdc `c `rngestc. Rectum sc
Dk peczdn mud.. dktdtumntn... sc nher`cnzn tcan... dangdkcn
dangdkcnzČ
zČ ëk dpestnzn...
prdk dktcrac`dum aetdvcmer mdtcrnrc ...
DD. Luprdks \trejn D surprdk`c aeacktum...
aeacktum...
  - pmnsnrcn
pmnsnrcn strejcd
strejcd n `eun ëk lektcxtum
lektcxtum peczdcd
peczdcd
(mcgČturn lu prdan strejČ)
  - leacktnrcn strejcd n `eun? \trejn n DD-n `cslrdc spnŬdum...
   LC spukc nuterum5 (ukdvcrsum Zcrsurdmc < ŕd 0 nmc strejcd n `eun n`ul, ëk pmus, e stnrc `c...
dangdknr)9 Cstc jemesdtČ, ëk nlcst slep, e leahdknŬdc aČdstrČ `c jdgurd
   LSA spukc nuterum5 (adomenlc `c `c stdm...
cxprcsdvdtntc nrtdstdlČ? jdgurd `c stdm  Ëk sjèrŕdt, umtdaum vcrs nm strejcd n `eun jnlc mcgČturn lu...
ctl.)
/snu
   @C LC spukc nuterum5
(scakdjdlnŬdd,, lnuzc, cjcltc
(scakdjdlnŬdd  Nlcnstn d`ccnrtdstdlc?
adomenlcmer
adomenlcmer sc rcgnscstc dk tcxt
jdgurd `c stdm sdprdk dktcrac`dum
dangdk
dangdkd d nrtdstdlc
nrtdstdlc)
 Npnr nstjcm (cxcapmc jdgurd `c stdm sd dangdkd nrtdstdlc)
DDD. Ëklfcdcrc   Rrdk uranrc...
 

  - leklmuzdc?
leklmuzdc? remum
remum strejcd
strejcd n `eun ëk nksnahmum
nksnahmum Nlcstn cstc acsnoum peczdcd, ëk lnrc strejn n `eun...
peczdcd.
 
< RNȖD \DARMD ËK XC_EMZNXCN \SHDCLPSMSD \SHDCLPSMSD DD
 
Rns >? d`cktdjdlČ lurcktum mdtcrnr (reanktdsaum
(reanktdsaum,, sdahemdsa
sdahemdsaum,
um, rcnmdsaum
rcnmdsaum,, ae`crkdsau
ae`crkdsaum,m, kceae`crk
kceae`crkdsaum
dsaum
(trchudc sČ lukeȔtd adkda lètcvn trnsnturd `c hnzn n jdclnrud lurckt mdtcrnr)
Rns 8? sČ nknmdzczd jrngacktum, jdc ln cstc verhn `c peczdc snu prezn tdknk` lekt `c lurcktum mdtcrnr 
 Rns <? Lnrnltcrdznrcn ukud pcrsekno, d`ccn pectdln Ȕd adomenlc
adomenlcmc
mc nrtdstdlc, `c cvd`ckșdnt trČsČturdmc gckumud
`rnantdl, sČ prczdkșd dk`dlnșddmc slckdlc, snu remum `nslnmddmer, sn nknmdzczd peczdn tdknk` lekt `c tdapurdmc
vcrhnmc.
D`ccn pectdln cstc acsnoum lcktrnm lu lccn lc rČaèd tu `upČ lc ldtcȔtd peczdn dnr adomelum nrtdstdl dkscnakČ
nksnahmum pc lnrc pectum ëm utdmdzcnzČ pcktru n leksemd`n d`ccn, tcan, n`dln jdgurdmc `c stdm, dangdkd nrtdstdlc,
rcpctdtdd.
Rcktru dklcput trchudc sn d`cktdjdlČa tcan, pcktru ln d`ccn pectdlČ cstc e pnrtdlumnrdtntc n tcacd, nvca
tcan duhdrdd  Ȕd
 Ȕd d`ccn pectdlČ, `c cxcapmu duhdrcn tc pentc jnlc sČ tc sdașd jcrdldt  ctl.
 ctl.
 
XC_EMZĈXD
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn >2 pukltc
LeacktcnzČ,, ëk adkda 32 `c luvdktc, scakdjdlnșddmc tcxtumud uraČter, cvd`ckșddk` rcmnșdn strèksČ
LeacktcnzČ
`dktrc d`cdmc pectdlc Ȕd adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc?
 
Cu url sprc lumac... Ad-n rČans ëk
uraČ prdks ëk putrc`n-d esèk`Č,
 Keredum
Ëkjrdgurntn pntdadmer turaČ,
Lu lfdet mukg `c-ktrclcrc jmČaèk`Č...
Cu url... Nleme oes, ëk n`èkldac,
Nu` vdnŬn lc-ŕd ëktdk`c fern9
C kclurantum lèktcl `dk vclfdac.
Ëm ŕtdu... And hdkc k-e sČ-m ŕtdc kdac,
LČld na hČut `dk lupn tuturern
śd m-na pmČtdt lu mnlrdad ŕd lu rdac...

Eltnvdnk Gegn, @dk mnrg 


 
XČspuksurdmc pet jd ergnkdzntc ëk < pnȔd sdapmd?
 
Reczdn mud Eltnvdnk Gegn nrc ëk lcktru tcan trclcrdd drcvcrsdhdmc n tdapumud. (pns > d`cktdjdlnrcn tcacd)
 Rns 8 @upČ lc d`cktdjdlČa tcan
 putca spukc sd dpestnzn dk lnrc sc njmČ cum mdrdl?
`c lektcapmnter, `c ëk`rČgestdt9 pc uraČ prdvda pcr nksnahmu
 peczdn
 
 NlcnstČ peczdc daprcsdekcnzČ
daprcsdekcnzČ prdk jerșn mdrdsaumu
mdrdsaumud,d, nstjcm lČ nlcnstn lnpČtČ uk prejuk` mdrdsa suhdcltdv, dnr
tcxtum `ehèk`cȔtc lnrnltcr lekjcsdv. Nlcst mulru cstc cvd`ckșdnt prdk jemesdrcn prekuacmer mn pcrsenkn D
(‛cu‑, ‛aČ‑) Ȕd nm vcrhcmer `c pcrs. D (‛Ȕtdu‑, ‛na hČut‑, ‛na pmČtdt‑). Cum mdrdl ëȔd cxpukc ëklcrlnrcn `c n dcȔd
`dk prczcktum `cprdankt pcktru n ntdkgc ctcrkdtntcn ‛url sprc lumac‑.
\trejn n `eun sc hnzcnzČ pc epezdșdn `dktrc ntdtu`dkcn nslcksdeknmČ n cumud mdrdl Ȕd tcktnșdn `c n pČtruk`c
 ëk zekcmc prejuk`c nmc jddkșcd snmc (‛Cu url... Nleme oes, ëk n`èkldac / Nu` vdnșn lc-Ȕd ëktdk`c
ë ktdk`c fern‑).
 Rns < Jdgurd `c
 stdm 
Ln jdgurd `c stdm sc rcanrlČ pcrsekdjdlnrcn, `nr Ȕd actnjern ‛kclurantum lèktcl `dk vclfdac‑ lnrc jnlc
rcjcrdrc mn dkspdrnșdn trnksadsČ `c strČaeȔd.
 

  Jdknmum strejcd
strejcd surprdk`c lek`dșdn
lek`dșdn nrtdstumud
nrtdstumud leksuant prdk ocrtjn
ocrtjn lcrutČ `c preprdn
preprdn lrcnșdc ‛śd m-na
m-na pmČtdt lu
mnlrdad ŕd lu rdac...‑.
 
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn >2 pukltc
LeacktcnzČ,, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckŬddk` rcmnŬdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ
LeacktcnzČ
ŕd adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc. 
Jrntc, e henmČ ëkvdksČ Ŭd sc pnrc erdlc lnrtc.
@nr lcm lc Ŭd-n verhdt c ëk pČaèkt.
C ëk npČ. C ëk vèkt.
\nu and `cpnrtc.
Lu jendn nlcnstČ ëklfd` perŬdmc ŕd trng lfcdmc.
\ukt uk`cvn oes snu uk`cvn sus.
Pu stdkgc-Ŭd muaèknrcn ŕd-ktrcnhČ-tc?
tndkn trČdtČ uk`c s-n `us5
Ũd-n and rČans ëk urclfd vrcuk luvèkt5
@c mn hnsaum sèkgcmud spus
 ëktenrlc-Ŭd sujmctum lČtrc pcrctc
ŕd mnlrdan lČtrc npus.
 Muldnk Hmngn, Ëklfcdcrc
 
Resdhdm rČspuks
D`ccn pectdln rcprczdktn
rcprczdktn acsnoum lcktrnm d`cktdjdlnt dktr-e peczdc.
peczdc. Adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc dkgmehcnzČ
dkgmehcnzČ tetnmdtntcn
aclnkdsacmer utdmdzntc ëk leksemd`nrcn tcacd sd n d`cd lcktrnmc. Dk epcrn mdrdln dktdtumntn  Ëklfcdcrc `c Muldnk
Hmngn sc d`cktdjdlČ tcan trclcrdd tdapumud sd n aerșdd .
Dpestnzn cumud mdrdl dk peczdn ”Ëklfcdcrc‑ `c Muldnk Hmngn cstc lektcapmnterum, kestnmgdlum. Cum mdrdl, prdk tdpum
ukud aekemeg mdrdl n`rcsnt sc rcgČscȔtc ëk dpestnzn pectumud lnrc rc`nltcnzČ umtdan slrdcrc ëkndktc `c
anrcn trclcrc.
\ctcn actnjdzdlČ, dklnpnldtntcn `c n lukenȔtc trnkslck`cktum,
trnkslck`cktum, ëktrchČrdmc rcterdlc sukt aetdvcmc
dapmdldtc (aetdv dapmdldt “ aetdv lnrc sc `c`ulc Ȕd ku aetdv cvd`ckșdnt) nmc peczdcd. Cum mdrdl sc n`rcscnzČ
prdk npcmntdvum jrntc, scak nm jrntcrkdtČșdd lrcdekntc prdk mclturnrcn lČrșdmer lnrc nu cjcltc lurntdvc nsuprn
jddktcd.
Rrdk actnjern ëklfd` perșdmc Ȕd trng lfcdmc sc nllcktucnzČ pČrČsdrcn pmnkumud tcrcstru `upČ jdknmdznrcn
nlcstcd jed lnrc pentc rcprczcktn `cstdkum
`cstdkum pectumud. @c nscackcn nktdtczn
nktdtczn sus-oes, lrcdekcnzn
dklcrtdtu`dkcn
dklcrtdtu`dkcn lukenȔtcrdd nhsemutumud,
nhsemutumud, mn kdvcm preze`dl peczdn cstc ae`crkČ, sc ehscrvČ rdaČ dktcrkČ,
tcfkdln dkgnahnac
dkgnahnacktumud
ktumud (d`ccn cstc trnksadsČ pc rèk`um uraČter lu mdtcrČ adlČ “ lektdkuČ d`ccn prdaum
rèk`), actnjern dksemdtČ. (actnjern ackdtČ sČ Ȕelfczc)
\ursn? yeutuhc vex vnmnlferua
 
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn >2 pukltc
LeacktcnzČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckșddk` rcmnșdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ Ȕd
adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc.
 
‛Lmnr `c kenptc pnrjuant
E grČ`dkČ lu erdzektum `cpČrtnt…
śd ëk seak, pc hnkln vclfc, lugctČrd sc
lektrnzdl.
Grcdcrum zdaŬcnzČ kenptcn, lu kdadl.
 

Lua
Petum tc-na nŕtcptnt…
n trclut “
Mukn pnrc, ëk ejtnt,
Sk lektdkckt lukeslut.‑
 

 
 Ndld c jruaes nrnkont
Erdlc jdr9
Zcnlurdmc-nu stnt
Sk ernŕ, pc vnmc, “ \uvckdr.‑
 
(Gcergc Hnlevdn, ‛KelturkČ‑)
KetČ
Rcktru lekșdkut, vcd prdad : pukltc, dnr pcktru rc`nltnrc, vcd prdad 0 pukltc (utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc-> puklt9
megdln ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer-> puklt9 ertegrnjdn-> puklt9 pukltunșdn ->puklt).
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc,
rc`nltnrc, rČspuksum trchudc sČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc Ȕd sČ
`czvemtc suhdcltum prepus.
 
XĈ\RSK\ RE\DHDM
Reczdn cstc nmlČtudtČ `dk pntru lntrckc lu aČsurČ vnrdnhdmČ, jddk` prczckt uk pmnk cxtcrder sugcrnt `c tnhmeum
kelturk ŕd ukum dktcrder nm cumud mdrdl, sdahemdznt prdk stČrdmc `c kcvrezČ, drdtnrc psdfdlČ, `czerdcktnrc.
Dkldpdtum peczdcd ëm lekstdtudc sdkcstczdn `cjdkdtČ prdk ëahdknrcn vdzunmumud lu emjnltdvum, ëk vcrsum ‛Lmnr `c
kenptc pnrjuant‑ ŕd lu nu`dtdvum umtdaumud vcrs, lnrc nrc vnmckŬČ drekdlČ, `c adkdanmdznrc n cxdstckŬcd?
‛Grcdcrum zdaŬcnzČ kenptcn, lu kdadl.‑
Rcrsekdjdlnrcn
Rcrsekdjdln rcn mukdd ejtcnzČ e`ntČ lu sdkcmc mdrdl, sdahemdzèk` `czkČ`co`cn
`czkČ`co`cn dktcksČ/ nkxdctntcn lc pnrc
stnterkdldtČ ëk sujmctum sČu tumhurnt. Zcrsum ‛Lua tc-na nŕtcptnt…‑ sugcrcnzČ suhtdm e `erdkŬČ nr`cktČ, nhdn
stČpèkdtČ, `c n-ŕd ëktèmkd duhdtn erd `c n-ŕd ëapmdkd uk vds, e nspdrnŬdc. @cznaČgdrcn kcëapmdkdrdd ëm lepmcŕcŕtc,
pcktru lČ ‛Petum n trclut -‑, s-n sjèrŕdt, sckznŬdc lukeslutČ `con, trČdtČ `c prcn aumtc erd? ‛Sk lektdkckt
lukeslut.‑
@cdltdlum (lnrc ëktČrcȔtc scksum “ k.k.) ‛ndld‑ pentc sdahemdzn preprdum sujmct, preprdn vdnŬČ erd duhdrcn
pdcr`utČ, uk spnŬdu dktcrder rdgures ŕd ‛jruaes nrnkont‑, sugcrnt `c uk ‛ernŕ pc vnmc‑, `cvckdt `enr nadktdrc.
Pdapum ku and nrc vnmenrc, n ëklrcackdt “ ‛Zcnlurdmc-nu stnt‑ -, pČstrèk` kcŕtcrsc nadktdrdmc `rngd?
‛\uvckdr‑.
Mdrdsaum ehdcltdv sc `cjdkcŕtc prdk aČrldmc mcxdle-grnantdlnmc
mcxdle-grnantdlnmc rcprczcktntc `c puŬdkcmc vcrhc mn pcrsenkn n
DDD-n (‛sc lektrnzdl‑, ‛zdaŬcnzČ‑, ‛n trclut‑, ‛nu stnt‑) Ȕd mdrdsaum suhdcltdv, prdk ukdln n`rcsnrc `drclt “ vcrhum
ŕd prekuacmc mn pcrsenkn n DD-n sdkgumnr ‛tc-na nŕtcptnt‑.
Cxprcsdvdtntcn cstc susŬdkutČ `c puŬdkcmc vcrhc mn prczcktum gkeadl “ ‛sc lektrnzdl‑, ‛zdaŬcnzČ‑, ‛pnrc‑, dnr
lcmc mn pcrjcltum leapus “ ‛tc-na nŕtcptnt…‑, ‛n trclut‑, ‛nu stnt‑ “ napmdjdlČ stČrdmc `cprdanktc, `c
nkgensČ ŕd spmcck nmc cumud mdrdl.
Rreze`dn peczdcd ‛KelturkČ‑ lekstdtudc uk nmt leksd`crckt ae`crk, prdk aČsurn vnrdnhdmČ n vcrsurdmer, `c mn <
mn >3 sdmnhc.
`eun Ëk prdan ŕd umtdan strejČ rdan ëapcrclfcntČ sc nraekdzcnzČ lu lcn ëklruldŕntČ `dk strejcmc n
ŕd n trcdn.
\ursn? anrdnkn-hn
anrdnkn-hn`cn.re
`cn.re
 

LeacktcnzČ, umtdan strejČ n tcxtumud `nt, prdk cvd`ckŬdcrcn rcmnŬdcd


rcmnŬdcd `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ ŕd adomenlcmc
nrtdstdlc.
RectdzcnzČ mukn
Jcrcnstrn tn duhdtČ “
Rrdk tndkdldmc uahrc
Pc-nŕtcpt ln ŕd-k trclut, “
Lu pmèksum acu pc lenr`c,
Mn ern tČdkudtČ,
śd lnrc, “
pentc-e`ntČ,
Rrdk muac Ŭd-n pmČlut.
RectdzcnzČ mukn
GrČ`dkn `c pnrjuac, “
 

Rrezndldmc fenr`c
@c-nluan nu tČlut ...
Rrdk tndkdldmc uahrc,
\trČdk ln-ktet`cnukn, “
Lu pmèksum acu pc lenr`c,
Pc-nŕtcpt ln ŕd-k trclut.
Gcergc Hnlevdn,
\crckn`n
Cum mdrdl sc sdatc rupt `c sdkc dktr-e muac rclc jnrn nspdrntdd sd dsd `cjumcnzn pumsdukdmc prdk mnlrdadmc dksetdtc
`c lnktum aeketek nm lenr`cmer, mukn cmcackt reanktdl prdk cxlcmcktn ku and nrc rem pretclter, vcgfcnter,
npetrepndl
grn`dkn cstcld melum
`enr uk`c
sugcrcnzn
cum mdrdljruausctcn
dsd pctrclcukud
scrdmcpcdsno
nstcptnk`u-sd
‑RectdzcnzČ
duhdtn,
muknprdk
/GrČ`dkn
cxprcsdn
`c ‑Pc-nŕtcpt
pnrjuac, “ln
”,mel
ŕd-ksnlru,
trclut.‑ \c prevenln e nkuadtn ldlmdldtntc n cvckdacktcmer njcltdvc npelrdjc, d`ccn `c trdstctc cstc
nllcktuntn prdk aetdvum pmnksumud sd nm tnlcrdd, cum mdrdl cstc prczckt prdk anrldmc suhdcltdvdtntdd dnr `dk puklt `c
vc`crc tcfkdl jemescstc rdan vnrdntn, sdkcstczdd, jdgurd `c stdm.
 

\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn >2 pukltc


LeacktcnzČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckșddk` rcmnșdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ Ȕd
adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc.
‛Lmnr `c kenptc pnrjuant
E grČ`dkČ lu erdzektum `cpČrtnt…
śd ëk seak, pc hnkln vclfc, lugctČrd sc
lektrnzdl.
Grcdcrum zdaŬcnzČ kenptcn, lu kdadl.
 
Lua tc-na nŕtcptnt…
Petum n trclut “
Mukn pnrc, ëk ejtnt,
Sk lektdkckt lukeslut.‑
 
 Ndld c jruaes nrnkont
Erdlc jdr9
Zcnlurdmc-nu stnt
Sk ernŕ, pc vnmc, “ \uvckdr.‑
Gcergc Hnlevdn, KelturkČ
 
KetČ
Rcktru lekșdkut, vcd prdad : pukltc, dnr pcktru rc`nltnrc, vcd prdad 0 pukltc (utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc-> puklt9
megdln ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer-> puklt9 ertegrnjdn-> puklt9 pukltunșdn ->puklt).
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc,
rc`nltnrc, rČspuksum trchudc sČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc Ȕd sČ
`czvemtc suhdcltum prepus.
 
XĈ\RSK\ RE\DHDM
Reczdn cstc nmlČtudtČ `dk pntru lntrckc lu aČsurČ vnrdnhdmČ, jddk` prczckt uk pmnk cxtcrder sugcrnt `c tnhmeum
kelturk ŕd ukum dktcrder nm cumud mdrdl, sdahemdznt prdk stČrdmc `c kcvrezČ, drdtnrc psdfdlČ, `czerdcktnrc.
Dkldpdtum peczdcd ëm lekstdtudc sdkcstczdn `cjdkdtČ prdk ëahdknrcn vdzunmumud lu emjnltdvum, ëk vcrsum ‛Lmnr `c
kenptc pnrjuant‑ ŕd lu nu`dtdvum umtdaumud vcrs, lnrc nrc vnmckŬČ drekdlČ, `c adkdanmdznrc n cxdstckŬcd?
‛Grcdcrum zdaŬcnzČ kenptcn, lu kdadl.‑
Rcrsekdjdlnrcn
Rcrsekdjdln rcn mukdd ejtcnzČ e`ntČ lu sdkcmc mdrdl, sdahemdzèk` `czkČ`co`cn
`czkČ`co`cn dktcksČ/ nkxdctntcn lc pnrc
stnterkdldtČ ëk sujmctum sČu tumhurnt. Zcrsum ‛Lua tc-na nŕtcptnt…‑ sugcrcnzČ suhtdm e `erdkŬČ nr`cktČ, nhdn
 

stČpèkdtČ, `c n-ŕd ëktèmkd duhdtn erd `c n-ŕd ëapmdkd uk vds, e nspdrnŬdc. @cznaČgdrcn kcëapmdkdrdd ëm lepmcŕcŕtc,
pcktru lČ ‛Petum n trclut -‑, s-n sjèrŕdt, sckznŬdc lukeslutČ `con, trČdtČ `c prcn aumtc erd? ‛Sk lektdkckt
lukeslut.‑
@cdltdlum (lnrc ëktČrcȔtc scksum “ k.k.) ‛ndld‑ pentc sdahemdzn preprdum sujmct, preprdn vdnŬČ erd duhdrcn
pdcr`utČ, uk spnŬdu dktcrder rdgures ŕd ‛jruaes nrnkont‑, sugcrnt `c uk ‛ernŕ pc vnmc‑, `cvckdt `enr nadktdrc.
Pdapum ku and nrc vnmenrc, n ëklrcackdt “ ‛Zcnlurdmc-nu stnt‑ -, pČstrèk` kcŕtcrsc nadktdrdmc `rngd?
‛\uvckdr‑.
Mdrdsaum ehdcltdv sc `cjdkcŕtc prdk aČrldmc mcxdle-grnantdlnmc
mcxdle-grnantdlnmc rcprczcktntc `c puŬdkcmc vcrhc mn pcrsenkn n
DDD-n (‛sc lektrnzdl‑, ‛zdaŬcnzČ‑, ‛n trclut‑, ‛nu stnt‑) Ȕd mdrdsaum suhdcltdv, prdk ukdln n`rcsnrc `drclt “ vcrhum
ŕd prekuacmc mn pcrsenkn n DD-n sdkgumnr ‛tc-na nŕtcptnt‑.

Cxprcsdvdtntcn
lcmc mn pcrjcltumcstc susŬdkutČ
leapus `c puŬdkcmc
“ ‛tc-na vcrhc‛nmntrclut‑,
nŕtcptnt…‑, prczcktum
‛nugkeadl “ ‛sc lektrnzdl‑,
stnt‑ “ napmdjdlČ ‛zdaŬcnzČ‑, `c
stČrdmc `cprdanktc, ‛pnrc‑, dnr
nkgensČ ŕd spmcck nmc cumud mdrdl.
Rreze`dn peczdcd ‛KelturkČ‑ lekstdtudc uk nmt leksd`crckt ae`crk, prdk aČsurn vnrdnhdmČ n vcrsurdmer, `c mn <
mn >3 sdmnhc. Ëk prdan ŕd umtdan strejČ rdan ëapcrclfcntČ sc nraekdzcnzČ lu lcn ëklruldŕntČ `dk strejcmc n
`eun ŕd n trcdn.
 
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn (>2 pukltc)
LeacktcnzČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckŬddk` rcmnŬdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ ŕd
adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc.
Zerhcmc kenstrc kc-nu adkŬdt.
 Nu spus prcn aumt, pdcr`ut md-c ëkŬcmcsum 
ŕd trcaurum cleumud mer stdks c.
 Na vrut lc ku kc stn-k putcrd?
e penrtČ lnrc ku kd s-n `cslfds,
muacn `dk gèk` `c lnrc k-na jest
vrc`kdld.
 Nvèkt rČpus ln e prdvdrc `c-ktukcrdl, “
tndkČ rČansČ-k trup ln-ktr-uk sdlrdu, “
 pentc nŕn n jest sČ jdc?
 pc `czhdkntc `ruaurd `ed strČdkd 
lu vdkn mer, rcspdkŕd `c pnrn`ds,
 purtèk` lČdkŬd pc uran ukud
uk ud vds.
Dek Zdkcn, ZnrdnktČ
 

KetČ
Rcktru lekșdkut, vcd prdad : pukltc, dnr pcktru rc`nltnrc, vcd prdad 0 pukltc (utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc “ >
puklt9 megdln ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer “ > puklt9 ertegrnjdn “ > puklt9 pukltunŬdn “ > puklt).
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc,
rc`nltnrc, rČspuksum trchudc sČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc ŕd
sČ `czvemtc suhdcltum prepus.
Rrepukcrc `c rczemvnrc
Zcrsurdmc mud Dek Zdkcn npnrșdk ukud tcxt mdrdl, n lČrud tcaČ cstc duhdrcn. Cum mdrdl sc njmČ ëktr-e dpestnzČ
ac`dtntdvČ, rcjmcltèk` lu naČrČldukc mn `cstdkum trdst nm preprdcd duhdrd, `cstrČantČ `dk aetdvc kcspusc. Cm
lekstntČ lČ d`cnmurdmc mud Ȕd nmc duhdtcd snmc ku s-nu putut ëapmdkd, lČ cd `ed ku nu nvut sujdldcktČ putcrc sČ-Ȕd
`ulČ pmnkurdmc mn ëk`cpmdkdrc. Nlcstc d`cd pectdlc, ëkseșdtc `c scktdacktc `c trdstcșc Ȕd `c rcgrct sukt rc`ntc
prdk adomenlc nrtdstdlc ae`crkc, ëk spcldnm prdk actnjerc napmc (ukcmc ëklerperèk` leapnrnșdd) nmc cȔclumud
lua nr jd ‛e penrtČ lnrc ku kd s-n `cslfds‑, ‛nvèkt rČpus ln e prdvdrc `c-ktukcrdl‑ snu ‛tndkČ rČansČ-k trup
ln-ktr-uk sdlrdu‑. @rnan `cspČrșdrdd Ȕd n dmuzddmer sjČrèantc cstc sugcstdv
sugcstdv rc`ntČ ëk actnjern `czvemtntČ `dk
umtdacmc trcd vcrsurd.
aČsurn vcrsurdmer Rreze`dn
cstc dkcgnmČ,cstc, mn rèk`um
rdtaum Ȕd rdan cd, ae`crkČ,
mdpscsl. kcsupusČ
Aekemegum mdrdl lekstrèkgcrdmer rdtadlc
lurgc nȔn`nr jdrcsl, Ȕd `c rdaČ?
uraèk` `enr
rdtaum dktcrder nm sujmctumud pectumud.
\ursn? ac`dtntddmn
ac`dtntddmnreankn.re
reankn.re
 
 

\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn
LeacktcnzČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckșddk` rcmnșdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ Ȕd
adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc.
 @csd pc lcr c-nlccnsd mukn-
@nr uk`c c lcn `c-nmtn`ntn
Adkldukn vdctcd lc aČ-ahntn-
C nzd e nmtjcm `c adkldukn.
Ln sd ntukld, `udes rnsukn
Lnvnmc-k kenptcn dkstcmntn,
\d-k uk`c
@nr lcr znahcstc-nlccnsd
c lcn `c-nmtn`ntn5mukn-
 N cd muadkn nrgdktntn
Lu rezc nmhc aČ-klukukn,
\d lnktn tet pc vclfcn strukn,
@nr pcktru adkc c slfdahntn,
@csd pc lcr c-nlccnsd mukn.
 Nmcxnk`ru Anlc`eksid,
Anlc`eksid, Xek`cmum 
mukcd 
 
XČspuks?
Reczdn Xek`cmum mukcd  `c
 `c Nmcxnk`ru Anlc`eksid
Anlc`eksid daprcsdekcnzČ prdk jerșn mdrdsaumud
mdrdsaumud,, lnrc sustdkc tcan
tdapumud drcvcrsdhdm.
drcvcrsdhdm. Nstjcm, tcxtum `ehnk`cstc lnrnltcr lekjcsdv, prdk dktcrac`dum prekuacmer `c pcrsenkn
D\lfdahnrcn
aČ (-klukukČ),  cum
adkc,ku
`cslrdsČ cxpuknk`u-Ȕd
cxpuknk`u
cstc pcrlcputČ-Ȕdëk`drclt rcgrctum
pmnkum jdzdl, ldgckcrnt `c lekȔtdcktdznrcn
dk lcm dktcrder, lek`dșdcd
sujmctcsl, jnpt pus ëk cjcacrc.
prda-pmnk prdk
tcrackd `dk lèapum mcxdlnm nm trnksjeranrd slfdahntn, vclfcn strukn . Mn kdvcm stdmdstdl, acsnoum cstc susŬdkut
`c prelc`cc sugcstdvc, prc cpdtctcmc lreantdlc nrgdktntČ ŕd nmhc, lc lrccnzČ dangdkd vdzunmc prdk lnrc
nuterum jnlc trdadtcrc mn muadkn scmcknrČ.
Cpdtctum dk dkvcrsdukc `udes rČsukČ lrccnzČ e dangdkc nu`dtdvČ sugcstdvČ prdk dktcrac`dum lČrcdn nuterum
cvd`ckșdnzČČ pnrnmcmdsaum dktrc pmnkum trclutumud,
cvd`ckșdnz t rclutumud, rc`nt prdk n`vcrhum ntukld  ŕd  ŕd lcm nm prczcktumud, sugcrnt `c
vcrhum mn dk`dlntdv prczckt rnsukn ctl. DktcregnŬdn rcterdlČ @nr uk`c c lcn `c-nmtČ`ntČ5  `Č gmns
scktdacktumud `c acmnklemdc n cumud pectdl, nlcstn jddk` sjèŕdnt dktrc dpestnzn ejcrdtČ `c trclut Ȕd lcn n
prczcktumud. Pcan tdapumud sc cvd`cktdnzn pc aetdvc mdtcrnrc prclua mukn, cmcackt lesadl lc ku cstc supus
slfdahČrdd, nŕn lua cstc jddktn uankČ ctl. Mn kdvcm preze`dl, sc rcanrlČ vcrsurdmc lu aČsurČ `c 6-4 sdmnhc,
rdan ëklruldŕntČ Ȕd rdtaum dnahdl, lc lekjcrČ tcxtumud n auzdlnmdtntc uŕer cmcgdnlČ.
\ursn? C`. Heeimct
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn
LeacktcnzČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, tcxtum `c and oes, cvd`ckșddk` rcmnșdn `dktrc d`ccn pectdlČ Ȕd
adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc.
Lckusn vdsnrdmer kenstrc
\c lcrkc grnaczd pcstc ked,
Rrclua sc lehenrn pc gmnstrc,
 Ntdksc, pctnmcmc-nmhnstrc,
pctnmcmc-nmhnstrc,
@c-e gdzn lnzutn `c sus prdktrc
jed.
\c sluturn vdktum sd gcac.
Rnadktum c ukn lu lcrum,
Ernscmc-s humgnrd sd gfcac,
Gfdtnrc n`dkld `c hmcstcac.
\d ncrum - rclc ln jdcrum.

Rnadktum c-e aenrn


Lu mnrvc lcrsdk` `csnrtn
n`npest.
Adsldk`u-sc-k pumhcrcn aenrtn,
Lc-k fnes acrcu sc `csnrtn?
Pnrdkn vdsnrdd lc-n jest.
 

Pu`er Nrgfczd, Lckusn vdsnrdmer 


XČspuks ejcrdt `c cmcvn KcgruȔcrd @eakdln, Mdlcum Pcfkemegdl ''Ȗtcjnk lcm Anrc'' Lnovnkn, \ulcnvn?
Reczdn ''LckuȔn vdsČrdmer''  `c
 `c Pu`er Nrgfczd nher`cnzČ tcan `cȔcrtnldukdd. Pdtmum sc njmČ ëk strèksČ mcgČturČ
lu lekșdkutum peczdcd9 lckuȔn sdahemdzèk` jdknmdtntcn dnr vdsČrdmc, preprddmc spcrnkșc. Aetdvcmc mdtcrnrc lnrc
lekturcnzČ nlcnstČ tcaČ sukt? "vdsČrd" , "vèkt" , "lckuȔn" .
Adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc utdmdzntc lekstnu ëk jdgurd `c stdm prclua leapnrnșdn pČaèktum c ukn lu lcrum  lnrc
 lnrc jnlc
rcjcrdrc mn leapmcacktnrcn lcmer `euČ anrd cmcacktc nmc muadd. Dangdkd nrtdstdlc nu`dtdvc prclua "sc
sluturČ vèktum Ȕd gcac"  lnrc
 lnrc rcmcvČ sujcrdkșn.
 NȔn`nr, d`ccn pectdlČ sc njmČ ëk strèksČ mcgČturČ lu adomenlcmc nrtdstdlc ëklèt nuterum ëȔd cxprdaČ sujcrdkșn
lu nouterum nlcstern.

Xemum `d`nslnmddmer
XEMSM KEPNȟDDMEX NSPEXSMSD ËK @DJCXDPC JXNGACKPC.
@D@N\LNMDDMC
 
@d`nslnmddmc sukt ketnșddmc nuterumud, lnrc npnr ëktrc pnrnktczc Ȕd lnrc sukt n`rcsntc rcgdzerumud Ȕd nlterdmer lc
uracnzČ sČ pukČ ëk slckn pdcsn. Cmc lekșdk sugcstdd rcjcrdtenrc mn trČsČturd jdzdlc Ȕd aernmc nmc pcrseknocmer snu mn
`cler, erd pnsnoc knrntdvc lc rc`nu ëktèapmČrd lnrc ku npnr pc slckČ snu lc prczdktČ leapertnacktum pcrseknocmer.
@d`nslnmddmc / ketnșddmc nuterumud npnr ëk spcldn gckumud `rnantdl / `rnanturgdn / tcntrum

Pcxtum cstc slrds pcktru n jd rcprczcktnt pc slckČ


-Ȕdgckum mdtcrnr `rnantdl
n pcrseknocmer9 ae`um/ `rnanturgdn
`c cxpukcrc/ cstc
tcntrum  ëk
 ëk lnrcaekemegum
`dnmegum, nuterum ëȔd ȔdcxprdaČ d`cdmcdktcrder,
aekemegum ëk ae`lnrc
dk` drclt,
dk`drclt, prdk dktcrac`dum
trnksjeraČ rcmntnrcn nlșdukdd
spcldjdlČ cpdlumud ëk rcprczcktnrc, pcrseknocmc prcdnu lu tetum melum knrnterumud9
- prczckșn `drcltČ n nuterumud sc cxprdaČ `enr prdk dk`dlnșddmc slckdlc, `d`nslnmdd
- dk`dlnșddmc slckdlc/ `d`nslnmddmc dklmu`?  mdstn pcrseknocmer, tdapum Ȕd melum `csjČȔurČrdd nlșdkdd, kuacmc pcrseknocmer
`dk jnșn rcpmdldmer, cxpmdlnșddmc `dktrc pnrnktczc rcjcrdtenrc mn `cler, vcstdacktnșdc, gcsturd adlČ

 Melum pcrseknocmer dktcrprctntc `c nlterd Ȕd nlșdukdd


\dkgurcmc dktcrvckșdd `drcltc sukt `d`nslnmddmc/ dk`dlnșddmc slckdlc/ ketnșddmc nuterumud

 @d`nslnmddmc nu remum?
- `c n gfd`n oelum nlterdmer - cmc puk ëk cvd`ckșČ ntdtu`dkcn, rcmnșddmc, stČrdmc sujmctcȔtd nmc pcrseknocmer 
- `c n `n dkjeranșdd `csprc `cler? ëk spcldnm mn ëklcputum pdcscd `c tcntru snu mn ëklcputum nltcmer 
- `c n jdxn
ejcrdtdapum Ȕd melum
dkjeranșdd nlșdukdd
`csprc stntutum pcrseknocmer 

 
Xemum dk`dlnŬddmer slckdlc
Dk`dlnŬddmc slckdlc ejcrČ ëk`ruaČrd csckŬdnmc pcktru trnkspukcrcn tcxtumud ëk spcltnlem, sprdodkdk` oelum nlterdmer.
 Nlcstcn lekstdtudc e lnrnltcrdstdlČ csckŬdnmČ n gckumud `rnantdl.
 Ëk tcxtum jrngacktnr prczcktnt scmcltnt `dk epcrn
e pcrn Y***Q, nlcstcn nu remum/ketcnzČ sulldkt `ctnmdd prdvdk` `clerum  (cx. `c
ldtntc), cmcacktc kekvcrhnmc, prclua? mdahnoum trupumud, gcstdlumnŬdn, adadln, acrsum-cxcapmc pcktru jdclnrc. Pete`ntČ,
nlcstcn surprdk` ŕd cmcacktcmc pnrnvcrhnmc, lnrc jnl rcjcrdrc ŕd mn ankdjcstČrdmc dkvemuktnrc nmc uker caeŬdd, nmc uker
stČrd `c spdrdt? trcaurum veldd, rèsum, hèmhèdnmn, ejtntum, gcnaČtum, aeraČdnmn czdtnktČ, suspdkcmc, tuscn, pmèksum ëk tdapum
verhdrdd, vČdlČrcmdmc, rd`dlnrcn veldd-`nd cxcapmc `c ldtntc pcktru jdclnrc.
  Pcxtum `rnantdl jrngacktnr scmcltnt `dk epcrn Y***Q cstc scakdjdlntdv pcktru prczcktnrcn nlcster dk`dlnŬdd
slckdlc, lnrc lekjcrČ dkjeranŬdd prcŬdensc ku `enr ëk oelum slckdl, ld ŕd ëk mclturn preprdu-zdsČ, noutèk` ldtdterum sČ-ŕd
rcprczdktc adktnm cvckdacktcmc ŕd pcrseknocmc.
 
\lfcaČ `c rczemvnrc
Xemum dk`dlnșddmer slckdlc? "Ëk jrngacktum Y...Q  slrds
  slrds `c Y...Q, remum dk`dlnșddmer slckdlc, sdkgurn dktcrvckșdc n nuterumud, cstc
nlcmn `c n ejcrd ldtdterumud dkjeranșdd lu prdvdrc mn `cler, gcsturd, adadlČ. / remum dk`dlnșddmer slckdlc nu rem ëk n lnrnltcrdzn
pcrseknocmc, ëk prczcktnrcn pcdsnoumud `cslrds, ëk erdcktnrcn oelumud nlterdmer Ȕd n mclturdd ldtdterumud. Nstjcm,  (0-3 dk`dlnșdd
 

slckdlc leacktntc ëk lektcxt, n`dlČ `c lc zdlc nstn, jnșČ `c ldkc, lc ae`nmdtČșd `c lnrnltcrdznrc jemescȔtc ëk lnzum ëk
lnrc sc pentc).
 
AE@CMC @C XC_EMZNXC NM \SHDCLPSMSD PDR DD ËK LNXC \C LCXC XEMSM KEPNȟDDMEX NSPEXSMSD /
@D@N\LNMDDMC
 

Znrdnktn 6, scsdukcn spcldnmČ, hnlnmnurcnt 82>4

 
Xczemvnrc >? (>42 luvdktc)
 
Jrngacktum "ËktèapmČrd `dk lnpdtnmČ" `c Pu`er AuȔČtcslu sdktctdzcnzČ `cslrdcrcn ukcd ëklČpcrd Ȕd uk `dnmeg rcnmdznt
prdk dktcrac`dum n `euČ pcrseknoc. Nlcstc `euČ mulrurd sukt lrcdekntc prdk dktcrac`dum dktcrvckșdcd `drcltc n nuterumud,
n`dlČ prdk ketnșddmc snmc.
 Ëk
`nrdkldpdt
jenrtcketnșddmc
ëkgrdodtČY...Q
nuterumud
nrc nspcltum
kc dktre`ul
ehdȔkudt
ëk jdrum
nm sujrngcrddmer
pevcstdrdd prdkae`cstc
prczcktnrcn
Y... Q, ëk
SȔdnaČkukt
sprc vcstdhum,
n lnacrcd?
hulČtČrdc
"c e ëklČpcrc
Ȕd `eradter".
sdapmČ,
Dac`dnt `upČ prczcktnrcn ëklČpcrdd, tet prdk dktcrac`dum ketnșddmer njmČa Ȕd tdapum `csjČȔurČrdd nlșdukdd? "c and, sprc
scnrČ", nstjcm nuterum jdxcnzČ rcpcrcmc tcapernmc Ȕd spnșdnmc nmc nlșdukdd.
 Ëk lektdkunrc kc sukt prczcktntc pcrseknocmc Lntdkln "scrvdtenrcn jnadmdcd" Ȕd Rudu uk "hČdnt `c >: nkd ", nstjcm, nuterum
noutČ mclterdd lu dkjeranșdd `csprc stntutum pcrseknocmer.
 

 Ëk jdknm, prdk ketnșddmc snmc nuterum gfd`cnzČ `dnmegum, pukèk` ëk cvd`ckșČ ntdtu`dkcn mer? "ëd pnrc rČu lČ m-n trczdt nȔn
hrusl", `c uk`c rcdcsc lnrnltcrum sujmctdst n scrvdtenrcd 9 "snrc nrs", `c uk`c rcdcsc jnptum lČ hČdntum n jest `crnkont `c
dktrnrcn scrvdtenrcd, ëk lnacrČ.
 Ëk leklmuzdc prdk dktcrac`dum ketnșddmer slckdlc, nuterum rcuȔcȔtc sČ gfd`czc oelum pcrseknocmer, sČ mc lnrnltcrdzczc Ȕd
jdxcnzČ tdapum Ȕd spnșdum `csjČȔurČrdd nlșdukdd.
 
Xczemvnrc ejcrdtČ `dk nanhdmdtntcn cmcvcd KcgruȔcrd @eakdln, Mdlcum Pcfkemegdl ''Ȗtcjnk lcm Anrc''  Lnovnkn,
 Lnovnkn,
\ulcnvn
 

Ae`cm `c rczemvnrc 8? (40 `c luvdktc)


  Xemum ketnșddmer
pcrseknoc, nuterumud
Lntdkln Ȕd Rudu`dksctcxtum
njmČ ëk`rnantdl cstcjnadmdcd
cstc
"\ujrngcrdn `c n lekturn ln`rum ëk lnrc sc `csjČȔenrČ
, `c nscackcn,
Lrdstdnk"  nu remum `c nlșdukcn, nstjcm lcmc
n dk`dln tdapum? "C ëk`euČ
and,
sprc scnrČ" . @d`nslnmddmc rcprczdktČ uk ae` `drclt `c lnrnltcrdznrc n pcrseknocmer, Lntdkln jddk` "(scrvdtenrcn)c`cl* n
jnadmdcd, :2 `c nkd'. ËklČ vdendc Ȕd vrc`kdlČ. ", dnr Rudu "uk hČdnt `c Ȕnptcsprczclc nkd ".".
 Nstjcm, ketnșddmc nuterumud/`d`nslnmddmc
nu terumud/`d`nslnmddmc nu uk rem dapertnkt `cenrclc cstc dmustrntČ slckn, `clerum, tdapum, `nr Ȕd
trČsČturd jdzdlc Ȕd aernmc nmc pcrseknocmer pnrtdldpnktc mn nlșdukc.

  * * *Reșd
*Reșd sČ ejcrd nmtc
nmtc cxcapmc snu sČ mc n`nugd, prclua
prclua cmcacktcmc kekvcrhnmc (adȔlČrd
(adȔlČrd slckdlc, pezdșdc, adadlČ,
adadlČ,
gcstdlČ) Ȕd pnrnvcrhnmc (pnuzc ëk `dslurs, tekum jemesdt, rdtaum ctl. ).
cx? (kekvcrhnmc? "dktrČ Ȕd trèktcȔtc uȔn" 9 pnrnvcrhnmc? "snrc nrs" ).
).
 

\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn (>2 pukltc)


RrczdktČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, remum ketnșddmer nuterumud ëk uraČterum jrngackt?

\LCKN DD
(Lenkn CjdadŬn sc nŕnzČ pc e urclfc ŕd n`enrac ŕd cn. Skum `upČ adczum kepŬdd sukČ rnr ëk vcldkČtntc? pntru hČtČd `c
sjcrturd, nped e hČtndc and grnvČ pcktru
p cktru lcns. Y...Q Lètcvn aeacktc pnuzČ, `upČ lnrc s-nu` ëk
`cpČrtnrc `euČ “ trcd `ctukČturd
` ctukČturd `c puŕlČ ŕd lfdetc sur`c9 nped,
npe d, nmtcmc and aumtc ŕd strdgČtc and `dstdkltc, ŕd ëklČ e
`ntČ.)
CJDADŨN (\c `cŕtcnptČ ŕd sc rd`dlČ-k pnt, prdvdk` lu kc`uacrdrc lČtrc uŕČ ŕd ëktrchèk` lu
kcnstèapČr.)? Ldkc c5 (RnuzČ.) Ldkc c5  (RnuzČ9 snrc `dk pnt, nmcnrgČ rcpc`c mn uŕČ ŕd e ëklcnrlČ `nlČ c hdkc
ëkludntČ, nscackcn, mn jcrcnstrČ, ŕd sc-ktenrlc and puŬdk dktrdgntČ sČ sc nŕczc dnr mn mel, jČlèk`u-ŕd e lrulc.)  Ldkc
ŕtdc lc-ed jd vdsnt!...  (\c lumlČ ŕd nŬdpcŕtc dnr9 ëk erlfcstrČ acme`rnaČ9 pnuzČ9 e snmvČ `c `ctukČturd ŕd strdgČtc ëkaumŬdtc,
lelenkn snrc `dk pnt lèt leme.) Ldkc c5... (E pnuzČ9 acrgc trcaurèk` mn ansČ, lnutČ p-ëktukcrcl lfdhrdturdmc ŕd
nprdk`c mnapn9 jenrtc caeŬdekntČ, ëklcnrlČ ëklČ e `ntČ uŕn, acrgc ëk vèrjum `cgctcmer mn `umnpum `c fndkc, ëm ëkludc
rcpc`c, ln ŕd lua nr jd prdks pc ldkcvn ëk cm, ŕd nslumtČ lu pnmpdtnŬdc lc sc pctrclc ëkČuktru9 sc udtČ nped pc suh pnturd
ŕd prdk tentc lemŬurdmc, stdkgc mnapn, sc-klfdkČ ŕd sc urlČ dnr ëk pnt.)  Lc-e jd ŕd nstn5

D. M. Lnrngdnmc, Leku Mcekd`n jnșČ lu rcnlșdukcn


Znrdnktn 3 suhdclt `c rczcrvČ, scsdukcn nugust-scptcahrdc hnlnmnurcnt 82>4
KetČ
Rcktru lekșdkut, vcd prdad : pukltc, dnr pcktru rc`nltnrc, vcd prdad 0 pukltc (utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc “ > puklt9 megdln
 ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer “ > puklt9
p uklt9 ertegrnjdn “ > puklt9 pukltunŬdn “ > puklt).
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc, rČspuksum trchudc sČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc ŕd sČ `czvemtc
suhdcltum prepus.
Hnrca
 “ prczcktnrcn remumud ketnșddmer nuterumud ëk tcxtum `nt (`c cxcapmu? ejcrČ dkjeranșdd `csprc `cler, lektcxt spnșde-tcapernm,
adȔlnrc slckdlČ, pcrseknoc) : pukltc
• prczcktnrc n`clvntČ Ȕd kunkșntČ, prdk rnpertnrc mn jrngacktum `nt “ : pukltc
• prczcktnrc czdtnktČ, prdk rnpertnrc mn jrngacktum `nt “ < pukltc
• sdapmn prcldznrc n remumud ketnșddmer nuterumud snu tck`dkșČ `c gckcrnmdznrc “  > puklt 
 “ umdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc “ > puklt9 megdln ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer “ > puklt9 ertegrnn “ > puklt (2 “ > grcŕcmd ertegrnlc “ > puklt9 8
snu and aumtc grcȔcmd “ 2 pukltc)9 pukltunŬdn “ > puklt (2 “ > grcŕcmd `c pukltunŬdc “ > puklt9 8 snu and aumtc grcȔcmd “ 2
pukltc) 0 pukltc

 
Resdhdm rČspuks?
  Ëk jrngacktum Leku Mcekd`n jnșČ lu rcnlșdukcn slrds `c D. M. Lnrngdnmc, remum ketnșddmer nuterumud sukt `c n dkjeran
ldtdterum lu prdvdrc mn oelum `c slckČ, ejcrČ dkjeranșdd `csprc `cler (Lenkn CjdadŬn sc `cŕtcnptČ ŕd sc rd`dlČ-k pnt,
 

 prdvdk` lu kc`uacrdrc lČtrc uŕČ... nmcnrgČ rcpc`c mn uŕČ ŕd e ëklcnrlČ `nlČ c hdkc ëkludntČ, nscackcn, mn jcrcnstrČ),
`csprc lektcxt spnșde-tcapernm (pcrseknoum sc njmČ ëk pnr), tet e `ntČ remum ketnșddmer nuterumud ejcrČ `ctnmdd `csprc
adȔlnrcn slckdlČ Ȕd pcrseknoc `cslrddk` stČrdmc Ȕd rcnltddmc pcrseknoumud ëk tdap lc mc trnkspukc ëk slckČ.
 

LEACKPCN_Ĉ, ËK ADKDASA 32 @C LSZDKPC, JXNGACKPSM @NP, CZD@CKȟDDK@ XCMNȟDN @DKPXC LCMC


@ESĈ RCX\EKNOC, NȖN LSA XCDC\C @DK PCVP.
 

\LCKN
GXE_CNVDZ (lnma, rugČter)? Nkdŕenre, tc reg, nslumtČ-aČ nluan .. \pukc-ad ŕd tu e adkldukČ and
and pmnuzdhdmn, jddk`lČ, vczd 
hdkc, vrcnu sČ tc lrc`!... E adkldukČ, Nkdsenre! Lc-d mn tdkc e adkldukČ5 Rc lèk` tentČ jcrdldrcn acn ntèraČ nluan `c
adkldukn tn!..
 NKD\ENXN? Cu ku adkt kdlde`ntČ.
GXE_CN? Kdld lèk` c dk oel jcrdldrcn5
 NKDśENXN? Kdlde`ntČ! ... @nr, `nlČ vrcd, na sČ-șd spuk n`cvČrum ...
GXE_CN (nŕtcptèk`u-ŕd urclfdmc)? Ku, ku. N`cvČrum ku-ad trchudc. N`cvnrum dm lukesl. A-nd dkscmnt. Pc-na gnsdt dk
hrntcmc mud ... Lc-nd lČutnt tu dk hrntcmc mud5  NKD\ENXN?  @nln td-nŕ spukc cu, pentc k-nd lrc`c. \Č-td spukČ and hdkc
cm!  \PCMDNK
 \PCMDNK (ëklurlnt)? E, cu NKDśENXN (aČsurèk`u-m lu `dsprct)?Lèt cȔtd `c kcre`, Ankemc! ... Ȗd lèk` aČ gèk`csl 
lČ crn nprenpc sČ (\c dktrcrupc hrusl. Nmt gmns. Mud Grezcn.)  Sdtc, `rngum acu, ëk `euČ verhc. Na vrut sČ vČ` Ȕd cu
 ‛Kdajn dk`rngestdtn"... Nuzdsca ntètcn vcrzd Ȕd uslntc, dklnt ku a-na putut rČh`n sd na vckdt. śtdna ëksČ lČ jdc ku td-nr 
 pmîlcn, `nlČ nd njmn lČ aČ dktcrcscz `c mulrČrdmc mud Ankemc, Ȕd na vckdt pc jurds.
GXE_CN (aumtuadt)? N`cvČrnt5

\PCMDNK (odgkdt)? N`cvČrnt5
 NKD\ENXN?  \d pet sČ spuk nluan vcr`c lČ c ac`delru. Na vckdt dklnrlntČ `c dmuzdd. Mc-na pdcr`ut.
pdcr`ut. Ad-n trclut. A-
na lekvdks lČ c ac`delru.
GXE_CN (mèkgČ tnhmeu, prdvdk`u-m lu supcrderdtntc, jrclèk`u-Ȕd aèdkdmc)? N`cvČrnt!  NKDśENXN
 NKDśENXN (mud Grezcn)? Nluan
lrc` lČ cstd aumtuadt5
GXE_CN (vcscm)? Nluan sukt aumtuadt!
 Mdvdu Xchrcnku, Ln`rdmum 
 
Resdhdm rČspuks
  Nltdukcn `rnantdlČ dm nrc dk prda-pmnk pc Grezcn, lnrc dsd surprdk`c setdn lu uk nmt hČrhnt ŕd nrc e lrdzČ `c gcmezdc.
Rc pnrlursum rcpmdldmer ( Na
 Na vckdt ëklČrlntČ `c dmuzdd. Mc-na pdcr`ut. Ad-n trclut.), Nkdsenrn ëklcnrlČ ŕd rcuŕcŕtc sČ-m
lekvdkgČ `c jnptum lČ vdzdtn mn \tcmdnk sc `ntern lurdezdtČtdd snmc nrtdstdlc Ȕd ku nmtud aetdv. Rrdk ntdtu`dkc ŕd mdahno, cn sc
`evc`cȔtc e pcrsenkČ `upmdldtnrČ, lnrc `ercŕtc sČ cvdtc lekjmdltum lu setum cd, nslukzèk`u-d n`cvČrum. Lekjmdltum
`rnantdl cstc `uhmu? `c tdp cxtcrder, ëktrc seșum ëklerkernt, pc `c e pnrtc Ȕd seșdn sn, pc `c nmtn, `nr ŕd dktcrder, dk sujmctum
pcrseknoumud anslumdk,rd`dlemum
pcrseknoc sugcrcnzČ lnrc prcjcrČ e adkldukČ
sdtuntdcd, `cenrclcëksetum
slfdahum n`cvČrumud.
`ercstc \lfdahum
ln setdn sČ-d `cëk`edcmdmc
spumhcrc rcpmdld `dktrc
lu elcmc `euČ and
adkldukČ
 pmnuzdhdmČ. Dk jdknm, `upČ `dslursum Nkdŕenrcd, `d`nslnmdn vcscm  dmustrcnzČ
  dmustrcnzČ dapČlnrcn setumud, lekjmdltum jdknmdzèk`u-sc ëk
ae` jnvernhdm seșdcd.

Rcrspcltvn knrntvn
AckșdekcnzČ tdpum `c pcrspcltdvČ knrntdvČ `dk tcxtum ldtnt.
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ `cjdkcŕtc pukltum `c vc`crc nm knrnterumud.
RcrspcltdvČ knrntdvČ (puklt `c vc`crc, vdzdukc, jelnmdznrc) “ pukltum `c vc`crc `dk lnrc knrnterum pevcstcŕtc,
ukgfdum `dk lnrc prdvcŕtc ŕd dktcrprctcnzČ jnptcmc rcmntntc.
Rcrspcltdvn pentc jd? suhdcltdvČ “ lèk` sc pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn D, dnr knrnterum sc dapmdlČ njcltdv ëk jnptcmc rcmntntc9
ehdcltdvČ “ lèk` sc pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n, dnr knrnterum ku sc dapmdlČ ëk jnptcmc rcmntntc, ld rČaèkc `ctnŕnt,
dapcrseknm.
 
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ pentc jd?
· \uhdcltdvČ? lèk` sc pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn D, dnr knrnterum sc dapmdlČ njcltdv ëk rcmntnrc9
 

· EhdcltdvČ? lèk` sc pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n, dnr knrnterum ku sc dapmdlČ ëk rcmntnrc, ld rČaèkc `ctnŕnt,
dapcrseknm
· EakdsldcktČ “ knrnterum ŕtdc tet `csprc pcrseknocmc snmc, nlcstn jddk` eakdsldckt, eakdprczckt9 jelnmdznrcn cstc
zcre9
Jelnmdznrc dktcrkČ “ knrnterum cstc ukum `dktrc pcrseknoc, cvckdacktcmc jddk` rcmntntc `dktr-uk puklt `c vc`crc
suhdcltdv9
Jelnmdznrc cxtcrkČ “ knrnterum cstc dapnrŬdnm, ŕtdc and puŬdk `clèt pcrseknocmc.
 
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ
 Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ cstc pukltum `c vc`crc nm knrnterumud snu vdzdukcn mud nsuprn muadd.

 pcrspcltdvČ knrntdvČ suhdcltdvČ (daprcukn lu/nvcl 9K1R), n knrnterumud dapmdlnt njcltdv ëk cvckdacktcmc


prczcktntc. Knrnterum oenlČ ŕd remum ukud pcrsekno, dnr jnptcmc ku sukt prczcktntc lrekemegdl, ld ëktr-e er`dkc
pcrseknmČ `dltntČ `c preprdn lekŕtddkŬČ. Knrnterum leaukdlČ mn pcrsenkn D ŕd sc leklcktrcnzČ nsuprn
preprdumud ukdvcrs sujmctcsl, dnr, `dk nlcst aetdv, muacn prczcktntČ sc ëkjČŬdŕcnzČ ldtdterumud `dktr-uk sdkgur
ukgfd. NlcnstČ pcrspcltdvČ c spcldjdlČ prezcd psdfemegdlc ŕd acaerdnmdstdlc.
 Rcrspcltdvn ehdcltdvČ, ‛`dk`ČrČt/ `crrdcrc" (K;R), prcsupukc uk knrnter lc ŕtdc and aumtc `clèt
pcrseknocmc ŕd rc`Č cvckdacktcmc jČrČ sČ sc dapmdlc. Cm cstc uk knrnter eakdsldckt. Nlcst gck `c
pcrspcltdvČ cstc spcldjdlČ prezcd rcnmdstc `dk sclemum nm-VDV-mcn.
 Rcrspcltdvn dapcrseknmČ, ”`dk njnrČ/`cfers‑ (K=p), prcsupukc1"" uk1"" knrnter1"" lc1"" ŕtdc1"" and1""
puŬdk1"" `clèt1"" pcrseknocmc,1"" cm1"" jddk`1"" `enr1"" anrter1"" nm1"" cvckdacktcmer1"" pc1"" lnrc1""
ku1"" mc1"" leacktcnzČ,1"" mČsèk`1"" ldtdterumud1"" adsdukcn1"" `c1"" n1"" `n1"" scakdjdlnŬdc1"" tcxtumud

  K- knrnterum
  R- pcrseknoum

 
RCX\RCLPDZN ZD_DSKCN KNXNPDZĈ
 

 Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ ‐ ukgfdum `dk lnrc sukt pcrlcputc ŕd ëkŬcmcsc sdtunŬddmc ŕd cvckdacktcmc knrntc. Lu
nmtc luvdktc, pcrspcltdvn ‐ `ckuadtČ n`cscn ŕd puklt `c vc`crc, vdzdukcvdzdukc snu jelnmdznrc ‐ sc rcjcrČ
mn ldkc, `c pc lc pezdŬdc ŕd ëk lc jcm pcrlcpc ŕd dktcrprctcnzČ jnptcmc pevcstdtc. Dapertnkt cstc ëk prdaum
rèk` rnpertum `dktrc knrnter ŕd pcrsekno prdvdk` lnpnldtntcn nlcstern `c n lukenŕtc ŕd `c n ëkŬcmcgc jnptcmc
rcmntntc.

 
Skdd lcrlctČterd `dstdkg trcd tdpurd csckŬdnmc `c pcrspcltdvČ/vdzdukc knrntdvČ?
  ( < vdzdukd knrntdvc)
- K ; R. ‛`dk spntc" (pnr `crrdærc), jelnmdznrc zcre   (knrnterum lukenŕtc and aumtc mulrurd `clèt pcrseknoum /
pcrseknocmc snmc)9 lu ‑ ( nvcl 
- K 1 R. ‛ëaprcukČ  ), jelnmdznrc dktcrkČ (knrnterum lukenŕtc tet mn jcm `c aumtc mulrurd ln Ȕd pcrseknoum /
nvcl 
pcrseknocmc, dnr `c lcmc and aumtc erd pcrseknoum cstc Ȕd knrnter)9
 - K = R. ‛`dk njnrČ" ( `u
`u `cfers ), jelnmdznrc cxtcrkČ  (knrnterum lukenŕtc / Ȕtdc and puŬdkc mulrurd `clèt pcrseknoum /
pcrseknocmc snmc).
 
- K ; R. ‛`dk spntc" (pnr `crrdærc), jelnmdznrc zcre   (knrnterum lukenŕtc and aumt `clèt pcrseknoum)9 cstc
lnrnltcrdstdlČ pcktru knrnŬdukdmc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n lu knrnterd eakdsldckŬd ŕd eakdprczckŬd ‐ lnrc ŕtdu tet ŕd sc njmČ
acrcu mn jnŬn melumud ‐, lcn `c n `eun npnrc ëk knrnŬdukdmc mn pcrsenkn D, ëk lnrc knrnterum cstc tete`ntČ ŕd pcrsekno,
umtdan cstc spcldjdlČ pcktru knrnŬdukdmc rcmntntc `c anrterd lnrc pevcstcsl `enr lc nu putut vc`cn, nuzd ŕd ëkŬcmcgc cd
 ëkŕdŕd, jČrČ n putcn lukenŕtc kcadomeldt, `c cxcapmu, gèk`urdmc ŕd scktdacktcmc pcrseknocmer prdkldpnmc.
 
Rcrsenkn knrntdvČ ‐ cstc lcm and n`cscn pcrsenkn n DDD-n snu pcrsenkn D, knrnŬdukdmc mn pcrsenkn n DD-n jddk` cx-
trca `c rnrc. Ëk knrnŬdukdmc mn pcrsenkn D sc jemescŕtc `c rcgumČ pcrspcltdvn ‛ëaprcukČ lu", `cŕd nlcnstn pentc npČrcn
ŕd ëk knrnŬdukdmc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n, ntukld lèk` knrnterum sc trnkspukc ëk sdtunŬdn pcrseknoumud ŕd prdvcŕtc cvckdacktcmc
knrntc prdk elfdd nlcstudn (nseldnt jrclvckt lu stdmum dk`drclt mdhcr). Pete`ntČ, `nterdtČ `dstnkŬcd ëk tdap `dktrc aeacktum
rcmntČrdd ŕd aeacktum ëk lnrc s-nu `csjČŕurnt ëktèapmČrdmc rcmntntc, sc pentc ln ŕd ëk lnzum knrnŬdukdd mn pcrsenkn D
pcrspcltdvn knrnterumud sČ `djcrc `c lcn n pcrseknoumud. Cstc, `c cxcapmu, lnzum cvelČrdd uker cxpcrdckŬc trČdtc ëk
lepdmČrdc, pc lnrc pevcstdterum n`umt mc vc`c ëktr-e nmtČ muadkČ jnŬČ `c lua mc-n pcrlcput, ln pcrsekno, pc lèk` crn lepdm
(cx. Dek LrcnkgČ, Nadktdrd …).…).
 

 Adl `dlŬdeknr
`dlŬd eknr `c tcrackd knrntemegdl
kn rntemegdldd

nulterdnm? rcjcrdter mn nuter 
  `dcgczČ? pevcstdrc, knrnŬdukc
  dktrn`dcgctdl? lnrc jnlc pnrtc `dk pevcstdrc
  cxtrn`dcgctdl? lnrc ku jnlc pnrtc `dk pevcstdrc
  nute`dcgctdl? lnrc spukc cm ëksuŕd pevcstcn mn pcrsenkn D ŕd cstc pcrsekno, pretngekdstum ëktèapmČrdmer 
  feae`dcgctdl? lnrc spukc cm ëksuŕd pevcstcn mn pcrsenkn D, `nr cstc `enr anrter snu nslumtČter 
  fctcre`dcgctdl? lnrc pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n ŕd ku cstc pcrsekno
 

 DkstnkŬcmc
DkstnkŬ cmc knrnŬdukdd NSPEX
NSPE X “ KNXNPEX “ RCX\EKNO - LDPDPEX

Nuterum cstc pcrsenkn lnrc slrdc epcrn, cm nrc e cxdstckșČ rcnmČ, dnr kuacmc sČu sc njmČ pc lepcrtČ.
 ◅ nuterum leklrct  1 rcnm, lu kuacmc slrds pc lepcrtČ
 ◅ nuterum nhstrnlt 1 lrcnt `c epcrn mdtcrnrČ

Knrnterum cstc velcn nuterumud ëk tcxt, jČrČ n sc lekju`n ëksČ lu nuterum.


 ëk tcxt, pentc jd? ehdcltdv snu suhdcltdv.
  - knrnterum cxtrn`dcgctdl (vdzdukc nulterdnmČ) - dkstnkŬČ knrntdvČ nkekdaČ9 `c cx., ëk reankum trn`dŬdeknm
◅ knrnterum dktrn`dcgctdl “ knrnter-pcrsekno  - dkstnkŬČ knrntdvČ kuadtČ (Cx.? śtcjnk Gfcergfd`du, pcrsekno lnrc ëŕd
spukc pevcstcn)
◅ knrnterum nute`dcgctdl pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn D ŕd cstc pcrseknoum ëktèapmČrdmer knrntc (KdlČ, śtcjnk Gfcergfd`du)
◅ knrnterum feae`dcgctdl “ pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn D, cstc uk anrter kcutru, uk anrter-nltnkt snu nslumtČter.
◅ knrnterum fctcre`dcgctdl “ pevcstcŕtc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n ŕd ku cstc pcrsekno
◅ knrnterum eakdsldckt/`cadurg “ cx. ëk reankum trn`dŬdeknm
◅ knrnterum ukdsldckt snu lemperter 
◅ knrnterum lrc`dtnhdm (pcrsekno sdgur, nmc lČrud spusc lektcnzČ ln sdgurc)
◅ knrnterum kclrc`dtnhdm
 
Ldtdterum
◅ ldtdterum leklrct 1 lcm lnrc ldtcŕtc
◅ ldtdterum nhstrnlt/knrntnrum 1 d`ccn nhstrnltČ `c ldtdter.
 
 JuklŬddmcc dkstnkŬcd
JuklŬddm dkstn kŬcd knrntdvc
knrn tdvc ?

>. juklŬdn knrn tdvČČ snu `c rcprczcktnrc? nlccn `c n pevcstd9


jukl Ŭdn knrntdv
8. jukl
juklŬdn le ktremm snu `c rcgdc? dktre`ulc verhdrcn pcrseknocmer, prdk vcrhc `dlck`d  (
Ŭdn `c lektre  (spusc, jČlu,
n`ČugČ, ëktrchČ ctl.), dk`dlČ dkteknŬdn ŕd nmtc `ctnmdd slckdlc9
<. juklŬdn `c dktcrprctnrc
dktc rprctnrc (jnlumtntdvČ)? `c cxprdanrc n epdkdcd/ntdtu`dkdd jnŬČ `c lcmc knrntc? `dslrctČ (mn
Xchrcnku, reankldcr ehdcltdv, lnrc ku ëŕd cxprdaČ `drclt ntdtu`dkcn jnŬČ `c pcrseknoc) erd and aumt snu
and puŬdk nllcktuntČ (`c pdm`Č, nllcktuntČ mn Kdlemnc Jdmdaek,
Jdmdaek, lnrc ku-ŕd nsluk`c nvcrsdukcn jnŬČ `c
pcrseknoum sČu, @dku RČturdlČ, ëk reankum Ldeledd vclfd ŕd ked ).).

 
\SHDCLPSM nm DD-mcn (>2 pukltc)

RrczdktČ, ëk adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc, pcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ `dk jrngacktum `c and oes.


Lestd ëŕd trnsc slnukum mèkgČ gcnaurd. Nuzd suht cm gmnsurd, ëksČ ku vc`cn pc kdackd.
‛Prchudc sČ jdc tnktc Antfdm`c...‑, sc gèk`d cm vcscm. ‛Lu ldkc verhcŕtc5‑ Gmnsum cd grnv c ëktevČrČŕdt `c ldrdpdrd suhŬdrcmc. JČrČ
ëk`ednmČ sukt `eakdŕenrcmc mud Knlevdld, lnrc s-nu ëkters `c mn Dnŕd, ëk vnlnkŬn `c Rnŕtd. \puk ëktèapmČrd kestdac `c mn ŕlenmČ.
Lètce`ntČ ëŕd lehenrČ gmnsurdmc, ln sČ ku-d supcrc seakum mud.
 

@nr cm ku `enrac.
Jcrd ëktr-e pnrtc lcnŕln ŕd sc pmclČ pc jcrcnstrČ, zèahdk`. Nluan mc vc`cn. \tČtcnu pc slnukc `c
trcstdc, ëk jnŬn `u`udd Antdm`n. Nvcnu pc ansČ, ëktrc cmc, lnjcnun lu mnptc. MnurckŬdn prdvcn ëktr-e pnrtc, l-uk
ncr `c aèfkdrc. PrdstČ d sc pČru ŕd XČŬuŕln, tetuŕd auŕln lu `dkŬdd cd nmhd `dktr-e jcmdc `c lezeknl.
 ‐ \pukc, `rngn acn, lc s-n ëktèapmnt5
ëktèapmnt5 ëktrchn `u`udn Antdm`n.
Lestd sc rctrnsc hdkdŕer mn melum mud ŕd ëktdksc urclfcn.
 ‐ Ku vrcn sČ spudc9 d-d ruŕdkc, zdsc XČŬuŕln.
 ‐ Hn na sČ spuk, trcsČrd MnurckŬdn.
MnurckŬdn.
Adfndm \n`evcnku, Zckcn e aenrČ pc \drct 
 scsdukcn dukdc-dumdc, prejdm uank/rcnm, hnlnmnurcnt 82>4
KetČ
Rcktru lekșdkut , vcd prdad : pukltc, dnr pcktru rc`nltnrc, vcd prdad 0 pukltc (utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc “ > puklt9 megdln
 ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer “ > puklt9
p uklt9 ertegrnjdn “ > puklt9 pukltunŬdn “ > puklt).
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud
pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc,
rc`nltnrc, rČspuksum trchudc sČ ndhČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc ŕd sČ
`czvemtc suhdcltum prepus.
Hnrca? Rrcldznrcn tdpumud `c pcrspcltdvČ knrntdvČ? pcrspcltdvČ `c tdp ehdcltdv ctl. 8 pukltc
Rrczcktnrcn pcrspcltdvcd knrntdvc prcldzntc, `c cxcapmu? eakdsldckŬn knrntdvČ, rcmntnrc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n, lnrnltcr
lrc`dtnhdm nm rcmntČrdd ctl. 0 pukltc
· prczcktnrc n`clvntČ Ȕd kunkșntČ, prdk dmustrnrc lu cxcapmc `dk jrngacktum `nt “ 0 pukltc
· prczcktnrc czdtnktČ, prdk rnpertnrc mn jrngacktum `nt “ 8 pukltc
· ëklcrlnrc `c vnmerdjdlnrc n jrngacktumud “ > puklt
 “ utdmdznrcn mdahdd mdtcrnrc “ > puklt9 megdln ëkmČkșudrdd d`cdmer “ > puklt9 ertegrnjdn “ > puklt (2“> grcŕcmd ertegrnjdlc “ >
p.9 8 snu and aumtc grcȔcmd “ 2 p.)9 pukltunŬdn “ > puklt (2“> grcŕcmd `c pukltunŬdc “ > p.9 8 snu and aumtc grcȔcmd “ 2
p.) 0 pukltc
 Ëk vc`crcn nler`Črdd pukltnoumud pcktru rc`nltnrc, tcxtum trchudc sČ ndhČ adkdaua 32 `c luvdktc ŕd sČ `czvemtc
suhdcltum
  prepus.
\lfcaČ `c rczemvnrc n suhdcltumud ëk lnrc sc lcrc pcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ? Nvca 8 vnrdnktc? ehdcltdvČ / suhdcltdvČ
♪ EhdcltdvČ?
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ ëk tcxtum `nt cstc ukn ehdcltdvČ (nlcst gck `c pcrspcltdvČ cstc spcldjdlČ prezcd rcnmdstc `dk
sclemum nm-VDV-mcn)9 lekstČ ëk prczckșn ukud knrnter eakdsldckt Ȕd eakdprczckt, lnrc rcmntcnzČ mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n,
nvèk` jelnmdznrc zcre (ku sc dapmdlČ ëk rcmntnrcn ëktèapmČrdmer Ȕd ku cxprdaČ epdkdd `csprc pcrseknoc, /snu ku prczdktČ
jnptcmc `dk pukltum mud `c vc`crc), suhdcltdvdtntcn jddk` dkcxdstcktČ.
 Nstjcm, ëk tcxt kc cstc prczcktnt ... (rczuantum tcxtumud - dnr pc ndld ëk tdap lc pevcstcȔtd n`uld cxcapmc lnrc `evc`csl
jnptum lČ knrnterum cstc eakdsldckt) . And aumt `clèt ntèt, jddk` e knrnșdukc ehdcltdvČ, sukt prczcktc vcrhcmc Ȕd
prekuacmc pcrseknmc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n.
♪ \uhdcltdvČ?
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ ëk tcxtum `nt cstc ukn suhdcltdvČ (knrnterum ëȔd cxprdaČ preprdn epdkdc, cstc dapmdlnt ëk muacn
jdltdvČ), lekstČ ëk prczckșn ukud knrnter suhdcltdv, lnrc rcmntcnzČ mn pcrsenkn D, nvèk` jelnmdznrc dktcrkČ. Nstjcm
(rczuantumsuhdcltdvČ,
knrnșdukc tcxtumud - lu `evczd
sukt lnrc vcrhc
prczcktc ntcstČȔdlČprekuac
knrnterumpcrseknmc
cstc prczckt `enr ëk nkuadtc
mn pcrsenkn melurd 
D (cxcapmc) ). And aumtmn`clèt
).
. Knrnterum ntèt, Djddk` e
pcrsenkn
pentc jd? pcrsekno (cstc pcrsekno prdkldpnm), anrter (cstc pcrsekno scluk`nr) snu lempernter (verhcȔtc `dk nuzdtc).
Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ pentc jd? cxtcrkČ (knrnterum cstc ehdcltdv, ku dȔd cxprdaČ pukltum `c vc`crc, cstc
`ctnȔnt), dktcrkČ (sc prczdktČ gèk`urdmc pcrseknocmer,
pcrseknocmer, `rnan mer dktcrdenrČ) snu zcre (sc prczdktČ gèk`urdmc
pcrseknocmer jČrČ n sc jnlc dktcrvckșdd `dk pnrtcn knrnterumud.
 
Resdhdm rČspuks?
 Ëk jrngacktum Zckcn e aenrČ pc \drct `c Adfndm \n`evcnku, pcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ cstc ukn ehdcltdvČ lnrc lekstČ ëk
prczckșn ukud knrnter eakdsldckt Ȕd eakdprczckt, rcmntnrcn jČlèk`u-sc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n sdkgumnr '' Rudu `enrac ëk
jetemdu'' , Ȕd pmurnm ''Ëd pnrc rČu''  nvèk`
  nvèk` jelnmdznrc zcre, suhdcltdvdtntcn jddk` dkcxdstcktČ.
 Nstjcm, ëk tcxt kc cstc prczcktnt e ëktèapmnrc n knrnterumud ëk tdap lc sc njmn ëk ë k lnpdtnmČ, ëk sujrngcrdn jnadmdcd Lrdstdnk.
@cslrdcrcn melumud `c lČtrc knrnter `caekstrcnzČ jnptum lČ cstc ukum eakdsldckt, `upČ lua sc pentc ehscrvn, cm
lukenȔtc tetum `csprc pcrseknoc Ȕd nlșdukc. Rcrspcltdvn knrntdvČ cstc ukn dktcrkČ, prczcktèk`u-sc gèk`urdmc Ȕd
`cslrdcrddmc pcrseknocmer9 adomelum `c lnrnltcrdznrc jddk` `drcltČ, jČlutČ `c lČtrc knrnter RSDS ... C uk hČdnt `c
snptcsprczclc nkd. Lrcslut pnrlČ kuand ëk sus. Ku nrc `cmel nmurn spertdvČ n hČdcșdmer `c vèrstn mud.)  Ȕd `rnan mer
dktcrdenrČ LNPDKLN (ehscrvèk`u-m)? Nnn! @eracnd5... (Ëd pnrc rČu lČ m-n trczdt nsn `c hrusl.) / RSDS? Cd, nȔ! Sk`c vczd
lČ `eracna5 ËkvČșna. ËkvČșna... lu elfdd ëklfdȔd..  And aumt `clèt ntèt, jddk` e knrnșdukc ehdcltdvČ, sukt prczcktc
vcrhcmc Ȕd prekuacmc pcrseknmc mn pcrsenkn n DDD-n sdkgumnr Ȕd pmurnm.
 

 
Rnrnactrdd lnrnltcrdznrdd
lnrnltcrdznrdd `c mn suhdcltum DD
\cktdacktcmc juk`nacktnmc nmc tcxtumud?
\cktdacktcmc
 Nmgerdta
>.`ctcradknșd Ȕd jdxnșd scktdacktcmc juk`nacktnmc nmc tcxtumud
Hulurdc9 n`adrnșdc9 ëklëktnrc9 udadrc9 sntdsjnlșdc9 sntdsjnlșdc9 `udeȔdc9 `rngestc9
Ëklurnonrc9 ëklrc`crc9 rcspclt9 aumșuadrc9 spcrnkșČ9 `cakdtntc9 aëk`rdc9
Prdstcșc, rcscaknrc9 acmnklemdc9 onmc9 `er9 `urcrc9 rcgrct? leapnsdukc? leapČtdadrc9 jrdlČ9
\upČrnrc9 kcaumșuadrc9 kcëapČlnrc lu senrn9 `dspcrnrc9 lek`naknrc9 urČ9 rcpumsdc9 rČzhuknrc9 jurdc9
Kc`uacrdrc9 lekjuzdc9 lcrtdtu`dkc9

8. `csprdk`cșd ae`nmdtČșdmc `c cxprdanrc n scktdacktcmer juk`nacktnmc?


Rrdk `cstČdkudrc `drcltČ( kuadk` `drclt scktdacktum, jČrČ clfdvel)9 ‑\ëkt trdst...‑, ‑\ëkt aëk`ru...‑ 
Rrdk dktcrac`dum dangdkdmer nrtdsdtdlc9 pnrnmcmČ, leapnrnșdc, nktdtczČ, grn`nșdc, fdpcrhemČ, actnjerČ, nmcgerdl, sdahem, ctl.
Ëk ae` `drclt? `dk suhtcxt9
Jeraumc `c utdmdznt?
\cktdacktcmc sugcrcnzČ/ nllcktucnzČ/ cvd`ckșdnzČ/ lekturcnzČ/ lrcnzČ daprcsdn/ sc rcanrlČ/ daprcsdekcnzČ(pcktru epdkdd)/
caeșdekcnzČ
Rrczcktnrcn scktdacktcmer `c ... cstc and aumt uk prctcxt pcktru n ëkjČșdȔn trČdrd gckcrnm-uankc...
Dktcksdtntcn scktdacktcmer cxprdantc `c cum mdrdl cstc cvd`ckșdntČ prdk...
Luvdktcmc ... gckcrcnzČ scktdacktc `c ...
Cum mdrdl ëȔd cxprdaČ lu aumtČ prcgknkșČ(cvd`ckt) actnjerdlČ Ȕd cxprcsdvČ trČdrdmc
Cum mdrdl sc dapmdlČ njcltdv ëk strejn n `eun ...
\cktdacktcmc cxprdantc sëkt ku and `dvcrsc Ȕd leapmcxc ld Ȕd prejuk`c, `evn`Č jddk` jemesdrcn dktcregnșdcd rcterdlc.
Cumud mdrdl “ velcn prdk dktcrac`dum lČrcdn nuterum ëȔd cxprdaČ stČrd sujmctcȔtd, d`cd.
Rrczckșn cumud mdrdl?
Rrekuac mn pcrsenkn D sdkgumnr(‑cu‑, ‑`dk adkc‑, ‑acn‑, ‑`c adkc‑)9
 Zcrhc mn pcrsenkn D sdkgumnr(‑nȔ
sdkgumnr(‑nȔ nvcn‑, ‑nȔ putcn‑,
putcn‑, ‑(aČ) jurdȔcz‑, ‑ku pet‑)9
 N`rcsnrc `drcltČ prdk prekuac
prekuac Ȕd vcrh mn pcrsenkn n DD-n sdkgumnr(‑tc-nd `us‑)9
 Zelntdv(‑E, tdkcrcșČ,
tdkcrcșČ, tdkcrcșcn acn!‑)9
Rrczckșn cumud mdrdl cstc cvd`ckșdntČ `c aČrld mcxdle-grnantdlnmc
mcxdle-grnantdlnmc spcldjdlc...
spcldjdlc... jrclvckșn vcrhcmer Ȕd n prekuacmer `c pcrsenkn D,
pukltunșdc cxprcsdvČ.
Dpestnzn cumud mdrdl ëk tcxt cstc nlccn `c rcprczcktnt nm ukcd ëktrcgd lntcgerdd “ lcn n lepddmer ëk rcmnșdn lu pČrdkșdd “ velcn pectdlČ
cxprdkaëk` scktdacktc gckcrnm-uankc. Nlcst rcspclt cstc dmustrnt ntët `c jeran nrtdlumntČ `c pmurnm n suhstnktdvumud pČrdkșdd, lët Ȕd
`c pcrsenkn D pmurnm n prekuacmer pcrseknmc.
Ae`nmdtČșd `c lnrnltcrdznrc?
Lnrnltcrdznrc `drcltČ (nuterum leaukdlČ `drclt trČsČturdmc `djdkdterdd nmc pcrseknoumud)?
@dk spuscmc knrnterumud? jnptc scakdjdlntdvc, ntdtu`dkd rcmcvnktc, epezdșdc lu nmtc pcrseknoc, `ntc hdegrnjdlc, pertrct jdzdl, gcsturd.
 Nutelnrnltcrdznrc? aekemegum
aekemegum dktcrder, dktrespclșdn,
dktrespclșdn, aČrturdn `drcltČ, sdklcrČ,
sdklcrČ, lekjcsdukcn, nuteknmdzn,
nuteknmdzn, prdk gëk`urd, scktdacktc,
scktdacktc,
jnptc, mdahno, rcjcrdrc mn `ctnmdd hdegrnjdlc9
@c lČtrc nmtc pcrseknoc? ntdtu`dkcn Ȕd nprcldcrcn pcrseknoumud `c lČtrc nmtc pcrseknoc `dk epcrČ9

Lnrnltcrdznrcn dk`drcltČ (`c`ulcrcn uker lnmdtČșd uankc pnrtdlumnrc)


Rrdk nlșdukcmc ëk lnrc nuterum Ȕd-n nkgnont pcrseknoum, jnptc9
Ae`um pcrseknoumud `c n gëk`d Ȕd n sc ankdjcstn9
RnrtdlumnrdtČșdmc
RnrtdlumnrdtČșdmc `c mdahno Ȕd nhdmdtČșdmc `c leaukdlnrc prdk lnrc nuterum Ȕd-n prczcktnt pcrseknoum9
Ac`dum, nahdnkșn ëk lnrc trČdcȔtc Ȕd nltdvcnzČ pcrseknoum9
Kuacmc9
ËahrČlČadktcn9
Erdlnrc `dktrc, lu ldtntcmc dmustrntdvc?
Rrdk luvdktcmc nuterumud? nvcn sdașum uaerumud9 s-n kČslut pcktru n jd mdhcr9
Rrdk jnptcmc rcmcvnktc nmc pcrseknoumud? hnmnksn lu `dhČldc9 n pretcstnt9 s-n jČlut n udtn dkvdtnșdn9 s-n fetČrët9 n rës9 n perukldt9 n
perkdt ëk uran9
Rrdk ae`um ëk lnrc cstc pcrlcput `c nmtc pcrseknoc? hedcrdd... ëkgrezdk`u-sc9 @dvnkum n vckdt lu pmclČldukc
Rrdk scktdacktcmc pcrseknoumud? crn e stnrc `c mulrurd enrclua ëkoesdtenrc `upČ jrČaëktČrd grcmc Ȕd ëk`cmukgntc9 nvcn daprcsdn lČ cd
stnu mn pëk`Č9
Lnrnltcrdznrcn `drcltČ prdk spuscmc knrnterumud, prdk prelc`ccmc9 pertrct jdzdl, jnptc scakdjdlntdvc, ntdtu`dkd rcmcvnktc, gcsturd, `ntc
hdegrnjdlc.
PrČsČturd aernmc?
Pcknldtntc, pcrscvcrckșČ, fetČrërc, lnpnldtntc `c n sc leklcktrn, lukenȔtcrc jerșcmer preprdd (nutecvnmunrc n`clvntČ), `dsldpmdkČ
acktnmČ, hukČvedkșČ, eptdadsa ctl.
@cvetnacktum, `Črudrcn, lnpnldtntcn
lnpnldtntcn `c dktcrderdznrc Ȕd ëksdkgurnrc, lnpnldtntcn `c n prdvd muacn prdk prdsan pectdlumud, gČtdkșn `c
snlrdjdldu ctl.
 

Erdlc trČsČturČ aernmČ lc `crdvČ `dk tcxt Ȕd cstc dmustrntČ lu ldtntc `dk nlcstn? dktcgrdtntcn (s-n fetČrët), lfdhzudkșn (`upČ jrČaëktČrd
grcmc Ȕd ëk`cmukgntc), prclnușdn(n zds sČ-m nȔtcptc), sdașum uaerumud(anrcmc kckerel nm mud ve`Č n jest sdașum uaerumud), dktcrcsum
pcktru trchurdmc șČrdd (pcktru lČ nvcn grdod `cstumc), lnpnldtntcn `c n mun `cldzdd (n rës... n perukldt...n perkdt) Ȕ.n.
LurntČ,scksdhdm, `dspcrntČ, ergemdensČ, lnmaČ, ëklfdsČ, rclc, vdsČtenrc, muld`Č, lnmlumntČ ctl.
LeaukdlntdvČ, tcknlc, nanhdmČ, lelfctČ, melvnlc(verhČrcș).
 Znmerd?
 Znmerd ctdlc, aernmc?
aernmc?
Mdhcrtntcn (s-n kČslut pcktru n jd mdhcr)
@upmdldtntcn (hnmnksn...ëktrc
(hnmnksn...ëktrc `euČ anrd putcrd)
@cakdtntcn(e stnrc `c mulrurd enrclua ëkoesdtenrc)
 Znmerd spdrdtunmc?
spdrdtunmc?
Rntrdetdsaum, dkspdrnșdn, duhdrcn, snlrdjdldu, jd`cmdtntcn, lurnoum, spdrdtum `c `rcptntc, gckcrezdtntcn
Ëkln`rnrcn pcrseknoumud ëktr-e tdpemegdc ctdlČ?
Pdpum dktcmcltunmumud9
Pdpum tëkČrumud ëk pmdkČ jeranrc9
Pdpum pcrseknoumud rcjmclter/gëk`dter
rcjmclter/gëk`dter99
Pdpum lelfctcd9
Rcrsekno `dk lntcgerdn tdpurdmer uankc cxpcrdacktntc Ȕd ëklcrlntc `c vdnșČ, `nr lnrc rcuȔcsl sČ-Ȕd pČstrczc sujmctum `c lepdm.
Dktcrprctnrcn n`clvntČ n ntdtu`dkdd knrnterumud
Dktcrprctnrcn knrnterumud jnșČ `c pcrseknoum sČu/ntdtu`dkdd ukud pcrsekno jnșČ `c nmtum?
 N`adrnșdc, rcspclt,
rcspclt, nprcldcrc, leksd`crnșdc,
leksd`crnșdc, rclukenȔtcrc ctl.
 Zckcrnrc, rcspclt, nprcldcrc,
nprcldcrc, leksd`crnșdc,
leksd`crnșdc, rclukeȔtdkșČ, `rngestc, ehscsdc
ehscsdc ctl.
AdmČ, ëkșcmcgcrc, leapČtdadrc, leapnsdukc, ëkgČ`udkșČ.
 Ntdtu`dkcn jnșČ `c pcrseknoum mdtcrnr?
mdtcrnr?
@dk uraČterum lektcxt sc ëkșcmcgc lČ pcrseknoum...
 Zea scsdzn vërstn pcrseknoumud
pcrseknoumud prdk uraČtenrcmc `ctnmdd...
`ctnmdd...
Rcrseknoum cstc pnsdeknt `c ..., lccn lc `evc`cȔtc lČ cstc ...
Rnsdukcn creumud
 NtnȔnacktum pcktrunm ...
`ceschdt pc`caekstrcnzČ
pcrseknoumud lČ ...
rseknoumud pcktru ... vn cmuld`n trČsČturdmc
trČsČturdmc uraČtenrc...
uraČtenrc...
Pcktnșdn pcrseknoumud pcktru (nkuadtc ehdcltc, elupnșdd ctl.) ... kc jnlc sČ ëkșcmcgca lČ nlcst sc ëkslrdc prdktrc ...
Jrngacktum uraČter ... vdkc sČ kc `caekstrczc jnptum lČ pcrseknoum cstc luprdks ëktr-e vërstČ n ...
Kc pcradtc sČ ehscrvČa ntrnlșdn pretngdkdstumud pcktru (nkuadt `eackdu, elupnșdc)...
\pukca lu lcrtdtu`dkc lČ pcrseknoum cstc uk n`cpt nm ...
JČrČ ëk`ednmČ, pcrseknoum sc ëkslrdc ëk gnan lcmer `cvetnșd ... (nkuadter sdtunșdd, lekjcsdukd ctl.) ...
Creum vn jd ehscrvnt `c and aumtc pcrseknoc ln uk tdp ...
Rrdvdt `dk ukgfddum `c vc`crc nm ... pcrseknoum ln uk tdp ...
\c suhëkșcmcgc `dk nkuadtc ëaprcourČrd ... lČ pcrseknoum npnrșdkc ukcd lntcgerdd `c vërstČ...
Kuacmc pcrseknoumud sugcrcnzČ prcelupČrdmc nlcstudn pcktru ...
Rcrseknoum cstc uk n`cvČrnt ae`cm `c ...
Rrczcktnrcn `c lČtrc nuter cstc cmelvcktČ...
Anrln pcrseknoumud e lekstdtuc ( e trČsČturČ gckcrnmČ `c lnrnltcr)
Ëk jdgunrn pcrseknoumud nuterum n predcltnt (e tdpemegdc) ...
Rcrseknoum prdk dkjdkdtn sn jruauscșc dmustrcnzČ ...
@c`ulca lČ...
Ac`dum ëk lnrc trČdcȔtc?
Rcrseknoum cstc prczcktnt prdk ...
@dk lcmc uraČrdtc vea leklmuzdekn lČ pcrseknoum...

 Nspclt jdzdl?
@dk jrngacktum ... sc `csprdk` lëtcvn `ctnmdd nmc lnrnltcrdzČrdd, `cslrdcrdd
`cslrdcrdd pcrseknoumud...
Rcrseknoum sc `ceschcȔtc prdktr-uk stdm...
Ae`um `c n sc lenjmn kc verhcȔtc `csprc...
Pck`dkșn `c n ntrngc ntckșdc nsuprn nkuadter cmcacktc nmc vcstdacktnșdcd vdkc sČ kc leklcktrczc...
Dangdkcn pcrseknoumud sc `ceschcȔtc prdktr-e lemernturČ njcltdvČ sperdtČ...
@cslrdcrcn pertrctdlČ lekscakcnzČ cmcacktcmc...
Mn ëklcput, sc lekturcnzČ uk pertrct stntdl(`dknadl), `cenrclc...
`cenrclc...
@nr pc aČsurČ lc ëklcpc sČ nlșdekczc Ȕd pertrctum cd sc `dknadzcnzČ prdk ...
Rertrctum jdzdl sc `csprdk`c ëk ae` `drclt `dk luvdktcmc knrnterumud.
Ëk rcnmdzncn pertrctumud, nuterum jemescȔtc ln ae`nmdtntc `c cxprdanrc...
@dk puklt `c vc`crc jdzdl, pcresknoum ku d sc jnlc kdld e `cslrdcrc, `nr, sc suhëkșcmcgc lČČ, jddk`, pcrseknoum lc ëktrulfdpcnzČ hdkcmc,
cstc...
Mdpscsl `ctnmdd `c pertrcl jdzdl, nllcktum lČzëk`, ëk vdzdukcn lrcnterumud pc trČsČturdmc aernmc nmc pcrseknoumud.
@dacksdukdmc pertrctumud sukt `eadknkt aernmc, cxdstëk` `enr uk `ctnmdu jemesdt ln cmcackt `c er`dk jdzdl.
 Nhsckșn pertrctumud jdzdl ëd lekjcrČ
lekjcrČ tcxtumud uk grn` and anrc
anrc `c gckcrnmdtntc, ëktrulët ...
...
Ëk lekturnrcn trČsČturdmer jdzdlc Ȕd aernmc nmc pcrseknoumud, vea nprcldn remum( uk ae` `c cxpukcrc `eadknkt snu e cxprcsdc, jdgurČ
 

`c stdm ...)
 Nspclt aernm?
 Zea ckuacrn lnmdtČșdmc
lnmdtČșdmc `c vnmenrc nmc pcrseknoumud ...
\tnrc sujmctcnslČ gckcrnmČ cstc nllcktuntČ( grn`nt, fnetdl...) `c ...
@nlČ nmtc pcrseknoc ..., ntukld nlcst pcrsekno ...
@cpnrtc `c n jd ... , pcrsekoum ëk `dslușdn rČaëkc n jd ...
ResdhdmČ pnrnmcmČ ëktrc pcrseknocmc ... nr kunkșn and aumt nspcltum aernm nm pcrseknoumud njmnt ëk `dslușdc.
\ukt pusc ëk cvd`ckșČ uraČtenrcmc trČsČturd `c lnrnltcr ...
PrČsČturdmc `c lnrnltcr( mnȔdtntcn, trujdn, hukČtntcn, prdkldpdnmdtntc
prdkldpdnmdtntcnn ... sc `csprdk` `dk uraČtenrcmc jrngacktc ...
 Na ehscrvnt `dk jnptum lČ ... ... e trČsČturČ `c lnrnltcr ln ...
...
Rcrseknocmc ëklcnrlČ scktdacktc `c ( rcpumsdc, n`adrnșdc, urČ, `rngestc, sdapntdc) ...
Rcrseknoum cstc prczcktnt ëk mulrnrc ln ...
Rcrseknoum
Rcrseknoum trČdcȔtc
sc sdatcscktdacktum `c ...
ëk muacn epcrcd...
Rcrseknoum pentc jd leksd`crnt e sdktczČ n ...
 Npnrckt, pcrseknoum c...
Leapmcxdtntcn sujmctcnslČ n pcrseknoumud rcdcsc `dk ...
Rcrseknoum pentc jd leksd`crnt e sdktczČ n ...
 Npnrckt, pcrseknoum c ...
Leapmcxdtntcn sujmctcnslČ n pcrseknoumud rcdcsc `dk ...
Rcrseknoum sc lek`ulc `upČ ...
Cstc uk pcrsekno lnrc lukenȔtc ...
Rertrctum aernm sc lekturcnzČ ntët prdk
prdk adomenlc `drcltc, lët ȔdȔd prdk adomenlc dk`drcltc
dk`drcltc ...
Rertrctum aernm cstc lekturnt ëk spcldnm prdk lnrnltcrdznrcn (`drcltČ, dk`drcltČ)
Rertrctum aernm sc leapmctcnzČ lu nmtc trČsČturd lnrc sc `csprdk` `dk verhc.
Lcmc and aumtc trČsČturd sc `csprdk` ëk ae` dk`drclt `dk jnptc, verhc, gcsturd, rcmnșdn lu lcmcmnmtc pcrseknoc Ȕd `dk kuacmc cd.
Ëk luprdksum (dktre`ulcrcn, ëklfcdcrcn ) epcrcd, cstc nllcktunt pertrctum aernm, rcnmdznt prdk prelc`cc nmc lnrnltcrdzČrd
lnrnltcrdzČrddd `drcltc Ȕd
dk`drcltc.
PrČsČturdmc aernmc nmc pcrseknoumud sukt ejcrdtc `c ...
Leapertnakctum?
 Zea suhmdkdn uk leapertnackt...
leapertnackt...
 Nlșdukdmc pcrseknoumud verhcsl
verhcsl `csprc ...
Rcrseknoum prevenlČ dktcrcs ldtdterumud prdk ...
\c sdatc ntdtu`dkcn pcrseknoumud jnșČ `c ...
Leapertnacktum .. cstc ëk`rcptČșdt `c ... Ckukșum ... vdkc sČ nrguacktczc trČsČturn `c lnrnltcr n pcrseknoumud ...
\c ehscrvČ lČ uraČtenrcmc cmcacktc rclekstdtudc dangdkcn vcrd`dlČ n creumud
Creum n`adrČ ( sc ëktrdstcnzČ, sc rcjugdnzČ, sc ëkstrČdkcnzČ, `cpmëkgc sdtunșdn, sc hulurČ, nmc scktdackt)
Creum ëklcnrlČ scktdacktum `c ...
Rretngekdstum trclc prdk stČrd sujmctcȔtd ln...
Rcrseknoum sdahemdzcnzČ...
Rcrseknoum ëktrulfdpcnzČ...
Ëk `dslursum creumud mdrdl prc`eadkČ ...( urČ, `dsprcș, n`adrnșdc, rcspclt, kestnmgdc, `rngestc, pntctdsaum, ctl.)
Creum mdrdl sc d`cktdjdlČ lu..
Rcrseknoum cstc dkspdrnt `c ...
Ëk lcktru ntckșdcd rcvdkc pcrseknoum ... prdk jerșn sn `c ... ( lekvdkgcrc, trČdrc scktdacktnmČ, melvnldtntc...)
Ëk spntcmc `c
PrČsČturn pcrseknoumud
n ( uk vcrhsclcnsluk`c
cxprdaČ...e (trČsČturČ,
e trČsČturČ
`c`c
cx?lnrnltcr lc sc ...
n jd aëk`ru) mnsČ
scvČzutČ lu elfdum
lekturcnzČ grnșdcmdhcr)
...
Xcmnșddmc lu nmtc pcrseknoc?
RrczdktČ dktcrcs aeacktum ëk lnrc...
Rcrseknocmc lc sc njmČ ëk rcmnșdc lu creum kc prczdktČ lnrnltcrum nlcstudn prdk...
Ëk vdzdukcn ( slrddterum, nmter pcrseknoc) pcrseknoum cstc...
 Ntaesjcrn `eadknktČ ëk epcrČepcrČ mdtcrnrČ dkjmuckșcnzČ( pezdtdv,
pezdtdv, kcgntdv) nsuprn pcrseknoumud ...
...
@rcpt nrguacktc kc scrvcsl spuscmc, njdranșddmc, sdtunșddmc ... ëk lnrc pcrseknoum...
 Zea prcldzn lČ pcrseknoum...
pcrseknoum...
 Zea lekstntn lČ pcrseknoum...
pcrseknoum...
 Nuterum sugcrcnzČ lČ pcrseknoum
pcrseknoum cstc ... prdk uraČterum jrngackt...
Leapertnacktum pcrseknoumud sc nseldnzČ lu lcm nm ( nmt pcrsekno `dk nlcnstČ epcrČ, `dk nmtČ epcrČ) ...
 Nuterum rcuȔcȔtc sČ kc lekvdkgČ lČ pretngekdstum
pretngekdstum ...
CxdstČ e rcmnșdc `c ... ëktrc nmtc pcrseknoc

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