Physics

PROJECT WORK
TO STUDY THE USES OF

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
IN NEPAL
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME:Prayash Adhikari Physics Teacher
ROLL NO:801086
SECTION:Babbage
SUBJECT:Physics
Acknowledgement:-
It’s my great pleasure to do this wonderful project ‘STUDY OF

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN NEPAL’. Firstly I would
like to acknowledge the college for providing such an
opportunity.
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all those who

directly or indirectly helped and supported me throughout the
project.
Firstly, I am highly indebted to all our Physics teachers for

their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project. I
would also like to extend my gratitude to our principal Mr.
Rajesh Karki for giving me a chance to work on this project.
Without the help of all of these people, this project would not
have been possible. I am truly grateful for their support. I am
especially grateful for their help in brainstorming ideas,
providing feedback on my work, and encouraging me to push
myself to my best.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
3. INTRODUCTION 3
4. OBJECTIVES 7
5. METHODLOGY 8
6. FINDINGS 9
7. CONCLUSION 10
8. REFERENCES 10
2
INTRODUCTION
Nepal, country of Asia, lying along the southern slopes of

the Himalayan mountain ranges. It is a landlocked
country located between India to the east, south, and west and
the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north. Nepal is
of roughly trapezoidal shape, about 800 kilometers (500 mi)
long and 200 kilometers (120 mi) wide, with an area of
147,516 km2 (56,956 sq mi).
Nepal has no known major oil, gas, or coal reserves, and its
position in the Himalayas makes it hard to reach remote
communities. So most of the areas of Nepal met their energy
needs biomass, imported kerosene and petrol, etc. in the past.
Currently, hydropower is playing a big role in the contribution
of total energy consumption in Nepal.
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work in simple terms.

But In physics, energy is the quantitative property that
is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable
in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of
energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not
created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in
the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Whereas,
energy sources are the sources from which energy can be
derived or used.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF ENERGY
Sources of energy can be classified into two types, they are

given below:-
a. Renewable sources of energy
b. Non-renewable sources of energy
3
Fig: Classification of sources of energy
Most natural resources, such as coal and petroleum, were

formed millions of years ago. Other resources, such as
sunlight, were present even before the earth was formed.
Regardless, we all depend on these resources in some way or
another. These resources are termed natural resources and
are very important for life on earth. Natural resources are
classified into renewable resources and non-renewable
resources.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
The resources which cannot be exhausted even after
continuous utilization are termed renewable resources.
Examples of renewable resources are the sun, wind, and tidal
energy.
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
The resources which cannot be immediately replaced once
they are depleted are called non-renewable resources.
Examples of non-renewable resources include fossil fuels,
such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and rare minerals
typically found in meteorites.
4
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
We now know that alternative energy sources are any source

we use to supplement or even replace traditional energy
sources used for power generation. You could almost say the
same thing about renewable energy sources. But there is one
subtle difference between the two. All renewable energy
sources fall under the category of alternative energy sources,
but it doesn’t work the other way around.
That’s because renewable
energy sources are derived from naturally replenished
sources or processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and
water. We refer to these resources as renewable or
sustainable (as in sustainable energy) since, unlike fossil
fuels, this naturally occurring continual renewal makes them
inexhaustible. However, it’s possible for there to be
alternative energy sources that are exhaustible, and therefore
not renewable. That’s the difference.
When we talk about alternative energy in Nepal then biomass,

biogas, hydropower, solar energy, wind energy etc. are the
main sources that are favorable for Nepal. These sources of
energy are briefly discussed below:-
1. BIOMASS
Biomass is by far the most important primary energy
source in Nepal. Biomass comprises wood, agricultural
residues and dung. Wood and wood residues is the
largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used
as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other
forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for
instance maize, switchgrass, miscanthus and bamboo.The
main waste feedstock are wood waste, agricultural
waste, municipal solid waste, and manufacturing waste.
Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be
achieved by different methods, broadly classified as
thermal, chemical, or biochemical.
5
2. BIOGAS
Farming system in Nepal is heavily dependent on
livestock, with at least 1.2 million households owning
cattle and buffalo. The technical biogas potential is
therefore high and is estimated to be at least one million
household-size plants, 57% located in the Terai plains, 37%
in the hills and 6% in remote hills. Biogas takes advantage
of a process called anaerobic digestion, where
microorganisms break down organic matter into methane
and carbon dioxide without oxygen. A positive byproduct
of biogas is that excess wastes produced by the system
can be used as organic fertilizer. Biogas as an alternative
energy source helps reduce dependence on low grade
energy sources (biomass) which pose significant health
risks and contribute to GHG emissions.
3. HYDROPOWER
Hydropower is the use of falling or fast-
running water to produce electricity or to power
machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational
potential or kinetic energy of a water source to produce
power. Hydropower is a method of sustainable
energy production. Hydropower is an attractive alternative
to fossil fuels as it does not directly produce carbon
dioxide or other atmospheric pollutants and it provides a
relatively consistent source of power.
The government of Nepal (GoN) has identified the
development of hydropower resources as the path to
the country's economic development in the long term.
Consequently, GoN has set a target to develop 15 GW by
ten years and around 40 GW by 2040, which GoN plans to
utilize mainly for domestic load demand and export to
neighboring countries.
4. SOLAR ENERGY
Nepal has favorable solar resources, receiving average
solar radiation of 3.6 to 6.2 kW/m2/day. Sunshine duration
is around three hundred days per year or 6.8
6
hours per day, equivalent to approximately 2100 hours
annually. This indicates good potential for solar power
generation across most regions in Nepal. Nepal's
favorable solar resources have attracted interest in solar
technology due to their relatively low upfront costs and
fast installation. As a result, some solar applications like
household lighting, water pumping, water treatment,
domestic space, and water heating have been used in
Nepal over the past few decades.
5. WIND ENERGY
Nepal has substantial wind energy potential, with
estimates of over 3000 MW total capacity. Around 448
MW is commercially viable for electricity
generation. Nepal's wind energy potential is concentrated
in the high mountains and mid-hills regions, with
favorable sites over 3,300 meters above sea level. Despite
low population density and arduous geographical
conditions, Khumbu Region, Kagbeni, Chusang,
Thakmarpha, and Khanjiroba are some of the high-
potential mountain areas for wind energy.
OBJECTIVE
This project work talks about the alternative sources of
energy in Nepal and its potential and brief description. Some
of the primary objectives of this project work are given
below:
• To introduce and get knowledge about the energy
and its types.
• To know about the energy consumption and the
types of sources of energy used mostly in Nepal.
• To know about the alternative source of energy and

its types.
• To know about the potential of alternative energy

and the way to utilize that potential.
7
• To know the uses and advantages of alternative
energy in Nepal.
• To know about the principles of producing
alternative energy, technologies related to it and
its impact on the future.
METHODOLOGY
There is a huge importance of Alternative energy sources in

Nepal to successfully acquire large amount of energy. We
now know, why use alternative sources of energy? What are
the differences in renewable and alternative energy
sources? Why discourage non-renewable energy?, etc.
The integration of know-how in energy performance such as

energy efficiency, energy use and consumption in
organizations needs a knowledge management system and a
procedure for the consideration of energy aspects. The new
approach is to link a systematic methodology for the
identification of energy saving potential to the proposal of
measures for their improvement. This approach requires a
detailed analysis of the technical and structural facts in
production processes. The outcomes of this analysis
combined with a database of common measures are
generating company-specific measures. The measures are
going to be evaluated by defined criteria. The results will be
provided for the different roles in an organization. Examples
are user-specific checklists or processes for individual tasks.
With this approach it is possible for organizations to
recognize and to document their knowledge about energy
efficiency and to build up a base for a continuous
improvement process.
8
FINDINGS
Other names for renewable

energy that you may hear are
clean energy or green energy.
When we use renewable
resources to produce energy,
it’s much gentler on the
environment than burning
fossil fuels.
Governments and individual
consumers alike have the
ability to make a substantial
reduction in their carbon
Fig: some alternative energy sources
footprint, directly impacting
global warming and climate change by seeking alternative
energy sources. Let’s take a look at the environmental benefits
of clean energy, along with the economic benefits it can offer:
• Conserve fossil fuels: We generate renewable energy by

tapping into virtually inexhaustible resources. When we
use these natural resources, we’re allowed to conserve
and extend our time with non-renewable fossil fuels, which
are dangerously close to depletion.
• Reduce severe weather: By slowing the effects of climate
change and eventually reversing them, we can expect to
see a reduction in extreme weather like droughts, floods,
and storms caused by global warming.
• Minimize fuel dependency: We can diversify our energy
supply by implementing the widespread use of large- scale
renewable energy technologies and minimizing our
imported fuel dependency.
9
CONCLUSION
In Conclusion, Nepal's renewable energy potential

in hydropower, wind, and solar is extensive. High snow-
covered mountains, glaciers rivers, and high solar radiation
show its higher potentiality. However, Investment in such
sources is less. So Nepal must focus on attracting
investment, addressing infrastructure challenges,
implementing supportive policies, and engaging with the
local community. The transition to renewable energy is not
only a sustainable energy choice but also an opportunity
for Nepal to enhance energy access, reduce its carbon
footprint, and contribute to regional energy security.
As alternative energy technologies continue to improve, the

cost simultaneously falls. Solar and wind power have
unlocked the potential to generate an energy reserve
plentiful enough to meet the world’s demand. When you
look at how affordable, effective, and economically friendly
these powerhouses are, you begin to see how we could
displace fossil fuels within the next 30 years.
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal
https://enerypedia.info/wiki/Nepal_Energy_Situation
https://Nepal.gov.np
https://vikaspedia.in/energy/energy-basics/sources-of-
energy
https://justenergy.com/blog/why-alternative-energy-
sources-are-future/
https://byjus.com/physics/renewable-energy/
10

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PROJECT WORK

TO STUDY THE USES OF

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

It’s my great pleasure to do this wonderful project ‘STUDY OF

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all those who

Firstly, I am highly indebted to all our Physics teachers for

Nepal, country of Asia, lying along the southern slopes of

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work in simple terms.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sources of energy can be classified into two types, they are

Most natural resources, such as coal and petroleum, were

We now know that alternative energy sources are any source

When we talk about alternative energy in Nepal then biomass,

• To know about the alternative source of energy and

• To know about the potential of alternative energy

There is a huge importance of Alternative energy sources in

The integration of know-how in energy performance such as

Other names for renewable

• Conserve fossil fuels: We generate renewable energy by

In Conclusion, Nepal's renewable energy potential

As alternative energy technologies continue to improve, the

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